FUNCIONES TRIGONOMTRICAS HIPERBLICAS.

Definicin de las funciones.

Un crculo unitario con cntro n l ori!n "i!u la #$r%ula 1 y x
2 2
+ & un 'unto (a(o
'or l 'ar or(na(o
( ) y , x
" 'u( r'r"ntar co%o #unci$n ( un )n!ulo t ( la
"i!uint %anra
( ) ( ) sent , t cos y , x
. * i!ual %anra+ una ,i'-r.ola unitaria con
cntro n l ori!n "i!u la #$r%ula 1 y x
2 2
& un 'unto (a(o 'or l 'ar or(na(o
( ) y , x
" 'u( r'r"ntar co%o #unci$n (l )n!ulo t ( la "i!uint %anra
( ) ( ) senht , t cosh y , x
. E"ta" #uncion" " (no%inan #uncion" tri!ono%-trica"
,i'r.$lica"+ n 'articular+ co"no ,i'r.$lico / "no ,i'r.$lico.
La" #uncion" tri!ono%-trica" ,i'r.$lica" 'r"ntan 'ro'i(a(" an)lo!a" a la" ( la"
#uncion" tri!ono%-trica" o circular". La #unci$n
( ) ( ) x senh x f
" (#in co%o
( )
2
e e
x senh
x x

+ %intra" 0u la #unci$n
( ) ( ) x cosh x f
" ( )
2
e e
x cosh
x x
+
.
Al i!ual 0u la" #uncion" tri!ono%-trica" circular"+ n la" #uncion" tri!ono%-trica"
,i'r.$lica" " cu%'ln la" "i!uint" i(nti(a(" #un(a%ntal".
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
e e
2
x senh
1
x h csc
e e
2
x cosh
1
x h sec
e e
e e
x senh
x cosh
x coth
e e
e e
x cosh
x senh
x tanh

+

+

*.i(o a "to+ " l$!ico 'n"ar 0u ,a.r) una rlaci$n 0ui1alnt al Tor%a (
Pit)!ora". A"+ 'ara la" #uncion" ,i'r.$lica" " "a. 0u 1 x senh x cosh
2 2
.
Ejemplo 1.
*%o"trar 0u 1 x senh x cosh
2 2
.
1 1
1
4
4
1
4
2
4
2
1
4
e e 2
4
e e 2
1
4
e e e 2 e
4
e e e 2 e
1
2
e e
2
e e
1 x senh x cosh
x x x x
x 2 x x x 2 x 2 x x x 2
2
x x
2
x x
2 2

+ +

,
_

,
_

Grfica de las funciones.
Sa la #unci$n ( ) ( )
2
e e
x senh x f
x x

. La" intr"ccion" " 'u(n ncontrar

i!ualan(o la #unci$n a cro.
( )
0 x
0 x 2
1 ln x 2
1 e
1
e
e
e e
0 e e
0
2
e e
x 2
x
x
x x
x x
x x

La #unci$n "no ,i'r.$lico tin una "ola ra2 n x=0. Para o.tnr lo" 'unto" crtico"+
" i!uala a cro la (ri1a(a ( la #unci$n3
( ) ( )
( )
( ) 1 ln x 2
1 e
1
e
e
e e
0 e e
0 e e
2
1
e e
2
1
e e
dx
d
2
1
2
e e
dx
d
dx
df
x 2
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x x x
x x




+
+
+

,
_

'or lo tanto+ no ,a/ 'unto" crtico". E" intr"ant notar 0u la (ri1a(a ( la #unci$n
senh(x) " la #unci$n cosh(x).
Por 4lti%o+ 'unto" in#l5i$n " 'u(n ncontrar n (on( la "!un(a (ri1a(a " i!ual
a cro.
( ) ( ) ( )
x x x x x x
2
2
e e
2
1
e e
dx
d
2
1
e e
2
1
dx
d
dx
f d

+ +
La "!un(a (ri1a(a no" ll1$+ nu1a%nt+ a la #unci$n senh(x). E"ta #unci$n /a "
i!ual$ a cro 'ara ncontrar la" intr"ccion". El r"ulta(o " 0u n x=0 ,a/ una ra2
0u+ a "u 12+ " un 'unto ( in#l5i$n.
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
La %i"%a #unci$n ( ) ( )
2
e e
x senh x f
x x

" 'u( 1r co%o la r"ta ( (o"

#uncion" 5'onncial"3
2
e
2
e
2
e e
x x x x

. La !r)#ica ( "ta" (o" #uncion"

5'onncial" " %u"tra n a2ul 65'onncial 'o"iti1a7 / 1r( 65'onncial n!ati1a7.
La r"ta ( a%.a" 'unto 'or 'unto " la #unci$n senh(x).
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Derivadas.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) u cosh
dx
du
u senh
dx
d
x cosh
2
e e
2
e e
dx
d
x senh
dx
d
x x x x

+

,
_

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) u senh
dx
du
u cosh
dx
d
x senh
2
e e
2
e e
dx
d
x cosh
dx
d
x x x x

,
_

( )
( ) ( ) u h sec
dx
du
u tanh
dx
d
x h sec
x cosh
1
x cosh
x senh x cosh
x cosh
senhx
dx
d
x tanh
dx
d
2
2
2 2
2 2

,
_

( )
( ) ( ) u h csc
dx
du
u coth
dx
d
x h csc
x senh
1
x senh
x cosh x senh
senhx
x cosh
dx
d
x coth
dx
d
2
2 2
2 2

,
_

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) u h sec u tanh
dx
du
u h sec
dx
d
hx sec x tanh
x cosh
1
x cosh
senhx
x cosh
senhx
x cosh
1
dx
d
x h sec
dx
d
2


,
_

,
_

,
_

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) u h csc u coth
dx
du
u h csc
dx
d
hx csc x coth
senhx
1
senhx
x cosh
x senh
x cosh
senhx
1
dx
d
x h csc
dx
d
2


,
_

,
_

,
_

Ejemplo 2.
*ri1ar la #unci$n ( ) ( ) 3 x 4 tanh x f
2
.
La #unci$n %)" 5trna " la ra2+ 'or lo tanto+ " la 'ri%ra n (ri1ar".
( )
( )
( )
( ) 3 x 4 tanh 2
3 x 4 h sec x 8
3 x 4 tanh
dx
d
3 x 4 tanh 2
1
dx
df
2
2 2
2
2

,
_

Ejemplo 3.
*ri1ar la #unci$n
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 x 3 cosh 2 x 3 tanh ln x f
2 2
+ +
.
La #unci$n %)" 5trna " l lo!arit%o+ 'or lo tanto+ " l 'ri%ro n (ri1ar".
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 2 x 3 cosh 2 x 3 tanh
2 x 3 xsenh 6 2 x 3 h sec x 6
dx
df
2 2
2 2 2
+ +
+ +

Integrales.
Utili2an(o l Tor%a Fun(a%ntal (l C)lculo " 'u( "ta.lcr 0u
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) c u h csc du u coth u h csc
c u h sec du u tanh u h sec
c u coth du u h csc
c u tanh du u h sec
c u senh du u cosh
c u cosh du u senh
2
2
+
+
+
+
+
+

Utili2an(o "ta" #$r%ula" " 'u(n "ta.lcr la" "i!uint".

Ejemplo 4.
Hallar la #$r%ula 'ara la int!ral ( la tan!nt ,i'r.$lica.
( )
( )
( )

dx
x cosh
x senh
dx x tanh
S ,ac un ca%.io ( 1aria.l n (on(
( ) ( )dx x senh du x cosh u
. Al "u"tituir+ la
int!ral antrior ca%.ia a
( )
( )
( )
( ) c x cosh ln c u ln
u
du
dx
x cosh
x senh
dx x tanh + +

S 'u( utili2ar l %i"%o 'roc(i%into 'ara ,allar la" "i!uint" #$r%ula".
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) c u senh ln du u coth
c u cosh ln du u tanh
+
+

Ejemplo 5.
R"ol1r la" "i!uint" int!ral".
( )

dx x 3 senh x
3 2
S rali2a l ca%.io ( 1aria.l dx x
9
du
x 3 u
2 3
+ 'or lo tanto+ la int!ral "
'u( "cri.ir co%o
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

+ + c x 3 cosh
9
1
c u cosh
9
1
du u senh
9
1
9
du
u senh dx x 3 senh x
3 3 2
( )
dx
x
x ln h sec
2

S rali2a l ca%.io ( 1aria.l

x
dx
du x ln u
+ 'or lo tanto+ la int!ral " 'u(
"cri.ir co%o
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) c x ln tanh c u tanh du u h sec dx
x
x ln h sec
2
2
+ +

( ) ( )

1
0
dx x cosh x senh
S rali2a l ca%.io ( 1aria.l
( ) ( )dx x senh du x cosh u
+ 'or lo tanto+ la int!ral
" 'u( "cri.ir co%o
( ) ( )

1 x
0 x
1
0
2
du u dx x cosh x senh
Sin %.ar!o+ (a(o 0u u=senh(x)+ "i x=0+ ntonc"+ ( ) 0
2
e e
0 senh u
0 0

. Cuan(o
x=1+ ntonc"+
( )
e 2
1 e
2
e
1 e
2
e
1
e
2
e e
1 senh u
2
2
1 1

. La int!ral "
( ) ( )
( )
2
3
2
2
3
2
3
2
e 2
1 e
0
2
3
e 2
1 e
0
1 x
0 x
1
0
2
e 2
1 e
3
2
0
3
2
e 2
1 e
3
2
u
3
2
du u du u dx x cosh x senh
2
2

,
_

,
_

Inversas.
La" #uncion" tri!ono%-trica" ,i'r.$lica" tinn #uncion" in1r"a" 0u+ co%4n%nt+
" (notan co%o
1
senh

o .in co%o arcsenh (on( la #unci$n rci. l no%.r (

"no ,i'r.$lico in1r"o. *a(o 0u la" #uncion" "t)n (#ini(a" n t-r%ino" (
5'onncial"+ " ( "'rar" 0u "u" in1r"a" inclu/an lo!arit%o" natural". S
'u(n (#inir co%o
( )
( )
1 x 0 para
x
x 1 1
ln x h sec
1 x para
x 1
x 1
ln
2
1
x tanh
1 x para 1 x x ln x cosh
1 x x ln x senh
2
1
1
2 1
2 1
<

,
_

<
,
_

+
+ +

La" (ri1a(a" int!ral" ( "ta" #uncion" " r"ul1n i!ual 0u la" #uncion"
tri!ono%-trica" in1r"a".
Ejemplo .
O.tnr la #$r%ula 'ara la (ri1a(a ( la #unci$n ( ) x senh y
1
.
*a(o 0u no " conoc la (ri1a(a (l "no ,i'r.$lico in1r"o 'ro " la (l "no
,i'r.$lico+ " 'u(n utili2ar l conc'to ( la #unci$n in1r"a / la (ri1a(a i%'lcita
'ara ,allar la #$r%ula n cu"ti$n.
( )
( )
( )
( ) y cosh
1
y
1 y cosh y
x y senh
x senh y
1

S "a. 0u 1 y senh y cosh
2 2
+ 'or lo tanto+ 1 y senh y cosh
2 2
+ / la #unci$n
senhy=x+ ntonc"+ 1 x y cosh
2
+ . Al "u"tituir " o.tin
1 x
1
y
2
+

.
El %i"%o %-to(o " 'u( utili2ar 'ara ncontrar cual0uira ( la" "i!uint" #$r%ula".
1 u
dx
du
u senh
dx
d
2
1
+

1 u ,
1 u
dx
du
u cosh
dx
d
2
1
>

1 u ,
u 1
dx
du
u tanh
dx
d
2
1
<

1 u 0 ,
u 1 u
dx
du
u h sec
dx
d
2
1
< <

Ejemplo !.
*tr%inar "i la #unci$n ( ) ( ) 3 x xsenh x f
2 1
+

" crcint o (crcint n l 'unto
x89.
S (. r"ol1r la (ri1a(a ( la %ulti'licaci$n.
( )
( )
( )
( )
10 x 6 x
x 2
3 x senh
1 9 x 6 x
x 2
3 x senh
1 3 x
x 2
x 3 x senh
dx
df
2 4
2
2 1
2 4
2
2 1
2
2
2 1
+ +
+ +

+ + +
+ +

1
1
]
1

+ +
+ +

S .u"ca conocr co%o " la #unci$n n x89+ 'or lo tanto+ " "u"titu/ n la (ri1a(a.
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
( ) 77 3 13 1 64 2
07 7
8
07 14 ln
2 !
8
2 ! 7 ln
2 2!
8
2 2! 7 ln
!0
8
1 49 7 ln
10 24 16
8
7 senh
dx
df
1
2 x
+ +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ +
+

La #unci$n " crcint3 crc a una ra2$n ( :.;;.

La" #$r%ula" 'ara la int!raci$n "aln utili2an(o l Tor%a Fun(a%ntal (l C)lculo /
a 'artir ( la" #$r%ula" ( (ri1aci$n.

> +
,
_

0 a , c
a
u
senh du
u a
1
1
2 2

> > +
,
_

0 a u , c
a
u
cosh du
a u
1
1
2 2

< > +
,
_

a u , 0 a , c
a
u
tanh
a
1
du
u a
1
1
2 2
a u 0 , 0 a , c
a
u
h sec
a
1
du
u a u
1
1
2 2
< < > +

,
_

Ejemplo ".
R"ol1r la int!ral

dx
e 2!
e
x 6
x 3
.
E"ta int!ral " co%o la ( la tan!nt ,i'r.$lica in1r"a (on( ! a 2! a
2
+
dx e
3
du
e u e u
x 3 x 3 x 6 2

. Al "u"tituir "to n la int!ral+
c
!
e
tanh
1!
1
c
!
e
tanh
!
1
3
1
u 2!
du
3
1
u 2!
3
du
x 3
1
x 3
1
2 2
+

,
_

+
1
]
1

,
_

#plicaciones.
La 1loci(a( ( la" ola" n l %ar .a<o cirta" con(icion" ('n( ( + la lon!itu(
( on(a 6(i"tancia ntr cr"ta / cr"ta7 / ( la 'ro#un(i(a( (l a!ua 'or (on( 1ia<an
la" ola"+ h . La #unci$n 0u rlaciona "ta" 1aria.l" "

,
_

h 2
tanh
2
"
#
2
(on( # " la 1loci(a(+ / " " la !ra1(a(.
Su'onin(o 0u " %antin h con"tant+ "to "+ 0u l ola< " 'ro'a!a 'or un
oc-ano ( 'ro#un(i(a( con"tant 6=> %7+ (tr%inar "i la 1loci(a( au%nta o
(i"%inu/ cuan(o
$ !
.

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
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_

, 9
, "c
!, , 9
tan,
9
!
, 9
tan,
9
!
9
?
(
(1
, 9
, "c
, 9
9
! , 9
tan,
9
!
, 9
tan,
9
!
9
?
(
(1
, 9
tan,
9
!
1
, 9
tan,
9
!
1
9
9
9
9
S "u"titu/n lo" 1alor" nu%-rico" n cu"ti$n
( )( ) ( )
( ) ( )( ) ( )
;9 . @
(
(1
=
=> 9
, "c
=
=> @? . A
=
=> 9
tan,
9
@? . A
=
=> 9
tan,
9
= @? . A
9
?
(
(1
9

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

Entonc"+ 'ara "t 1alor ( la lon!itu( ( on(a / ( la 'ro#un(i(a(+ la 1loci(a( ( la

ola 1a au%ntan(o r"'cto a la lon!itu( ( on(a.
Si " r0uir+ a,ora+ "a.r co%o 1a ca%.ian(o la 1loci(a( ( 'ro'a!aci$n (l ola<
r"'cto a la 'ro#un(i(a( (l %ar 'ara una lon!itu( ( on(a ( = %+ " (.r)+
ntonc"+ (ri1ar r"'cto a h. Sa una 'ro#un(i(a( ( ; %+

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

, 9
tan,
9
!
9
, 9
, "c !
(,
(1
, 9
, "c
9
9
!
, 9
tan,
9
!
9
?
(,
(1
, 9
tan,
9
!
1
9
9
S "u"titu/n lo" 1alor" nu%-rico" n cu"ti$n
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
;
;
9
9
?> B . ?
=A . =
?> A? . @
=
?C
tan,
9
>= . CA
9
=
?C
, "c @? . A
(,
(1
=
; 9
tan,
9
= @? . A
9
=
; 9
, "c @? . A
(,
(1

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

A" 0u+ aun0u la 1loci(a( ( 'ro'a!aci$n (l ola< 1a au%ntan(o r"'cto a la

'ro#un(i(a(+ la ra2$n ( ca%.io " %u/ '0uDa.