tu,f'rD

rdef;cav;wa,mufu “[ifhtif;” vdk@ajym&if “tif;” vdk@t"dy`g,f&wwfw,f?

oHwrefwa,mufu “tif;” vdk@ajym&if “[ifhtif;” vdk@t"dy`g,f&wwfw,f?

rdk;av0oynm&Sifwa,mufu “jzpfEdkifw,f” vdk@ajym&if “tif;” qdkwJht"dy`g,fa&m/ “[ifhtif;” qdkwJht"dy`g,f

a&m &wwfw,f?

a&S@aewa,mufu “tif;” vdk@ajym&if “[ifhtif;” vdk@t"dy`g,f&jyD; “[ifhtif;” vdk@ajym&if “tif;” vdk@t"dy`g,f

&wwfw,f?

ppfom;wa,mufu “tif;” vdk@ajym&if “tif;” vdk@bJ t"dy`g,f&jyD; “[ifhtif;” vdk@ajym&if “[ifhtif;” vdk@bJ
t"dy`g,f&w,f?

'guawmh [moqHqH EdkifiHwumqdk±;dk pum;wckyg? EdkifiHwumrSm rSefaumif;rSefEdkifayrJh usaemfwdk@

ArmjynfrSmawmh aemufqHk;tcsufu tvGJ}uD;vGJaeygw,f? Armjynfu etzppfwyfrSmawmh “tif;” awG
tm;vHk; “[ifhtif;” t"dy`g,fa&muf/ “[ifhtif;” awGtm;vHk; “tif;” t"dy`g,fa&mufukefygw,f? ppfom;pH
rrSDawmhwJh Armjynfppfom;rsm;tjzpfu tJ'Dvdkyg?
90 cka&G;aumufyGJjyD;&if tEdki&f ygwDudk tm%mv$Jay;r,f? ² ² ² tm%m=um=umr,lbl;// ² ² ² ppfwef;
vsm;jyefr,f? ² ² ² 90 cka&G;aumufyGJu “jynfol@v$wfawmf” a&G;aumufyGJ (wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmf a&G;aumuf
yGJr[kwf)? ² ² ² wdkif;jynf}uD;zGH@jzdK;wdk;wufvsuf&Sd? ² ² ² jynfolrsm;csrf;omºuG,f0vsuf&Sd? ² ² ² EdkifiHtwGif;
jidrf;csrf;om,mvsuf&Sd? ² ² ² &Sd ² ² ² &Sd ² ² ² &Sd? ² ² ² tif; ² ² ² tif; ² ² ² tif;? ² ² ²ArmjynfrSm td'fpfr&Sd? ² ² ²
rl;,pfaq;0g;r&Sd? ² ² ² t"rR vkyftm;ay; r&Sd? ² ² ² cav;ppfom; r&Sd? ² ² ² etzppfom;awGu wdkif;&if;ol &Srf;/
u&if/ u&ifeD trsdK;orD;awG udk rk'drf;usifhwmr&Sd? ² ² ² r&Sd ² ² ² r&Sd ² ² ² r&Sd? ² ² ² [ifhtif; ² ² ² [ifhtif; ² ² ²
[ifhtif;?

∗∗∗

etz wyf0if;xJ0ifoGm;&if qdkif;bkwf}uD;wck jyL;aeatmif axmifxm;wm awG@&ygr,f? “vlysdKppfonf

rsm; tdrfaxmifonfvdkif;odk@ oGm;a&mufcGifhrjyK” qdkwJhqdkif;bkwfudk etzwyf aemufwef;XmecsKyfwdkif;rSm axmif
xm;&ygw,f? 'DvdkwyfrsdK;a=umifh 2002 arvrSm &Srf;vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@/ &Srf;trsdK;orD;tzGJ@awG&J@ “rk'drf;usifhcGifh
vdkifpif” tpD&ifcHpm/ 2004 {jyDvrSm u&iftrsdK;orD;tzGJ@&J@ “jrnf[def;vSaom wdwfqdwfr_rsm;” tpD&ifcHpmawG
xGufay:vmwm bmrSrqef;ygbl;? udk,fhwyfxJrSmawmif pdwfrcs&jzpfaerSawmh awmxJawmifxJ o&Jr&JpD;awmh
wm taotcsmygbJ?
wu,fawmh 'grsKd ;awG[m rqvacwfuwnf;u &SdcJhwm b,fvdkrS jiif;r&Edkifygbl;?
&Srf;jynftv,fydkif; rSm ausmif;q&mvkyfae&if; udk,fawG@=uHKcJh&wJh uG,fvGefol&Srf;trsdK;om;aw;jyKpmqdk
pdkif;crf;oD (pdkif;crf;vdwf. tudk) u 'gudk “armifht±dkif;yef;” emrnfeJ@ ajymifajrmufwJhoDcsif;wyk'fpyfjyD;
pdkif;xD;qdkif udk oDqdkapcJhzl;ygw,f?
1988 tm%modrf;+yD;+yD;csif;rSmvnf; awmxJawmifxJ rajymeJ@/ &efukef rEWav; +rdK@awmf}uD;awGay:rSm
awmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfyHk/ cGyfa'gif;yHkygwD&Syf 0wfvmrdwJh ArmvlrsdK;rdef;cav;awGudk vlv,facgif tuôs
qGJc|wf qkwfjzJypfjyD; 'Dtwdkif; (twGif;cH abmfvD b&mpD,m odk@r[kwf xrD&if&Sm;eJ@) tdrfjyefcdkif;wJhwyfrsdK;yg?
rjyefcif “jynfol@ppfom; usra,mufsm;” vdk@awmif toHukef atmfcdkif;vdkufygao;w,f? 'DvdkwyfrsKd;u &Srf;r/
u&ifrawGudk rk'drf;usifhwJhta=umif; vl@tcGifhta&;tpD&ifcHpmawG twdtusxGufvmwmudk etzu
rcHr&yfEdkif jzpfjyvdkufygao;w,f?

∗∗∗

1962 upcJhwJh aoG;awG/ ac|;awG/ rsuf&nfawG[m wcgrS ajcmufzdk@tcsdefr&cJhygbl;? ajcmufr,f=uH&if;

xyfus&if;eJ@ Armjynf[m aoG;yifv,f/ ac|;eJ@rsuf&nfork'N&mxJ arsmygaewm b,fvdkrS arh&ufp&mr&Sdygbl;?
'gayrJhvJ arhcsifwJhvlawGu arhypf csifae=uygw,f?
1962 tm%modrf;jyD;p 7 &ufZlvdkif aoG;awGpdk&$JaeqJumvrSmuwnf;u vuf0J-vuf,mygwD0ifawG
rqvygwD0ifcGifh&zdk@ tvkt,ufav#mufv$mwif=uwmawG/ “qdk&S,fvpfoaE<om;udk om;av#matmif
vkyfwm” vdk@ ausmif;om;awGudk pGyfpGJwmawG/ “acG;uwufuae&ae& tvkyftau|;jyKr,f” vdk@aºuG;a=umf
t+rD;eef@jywmawG &SdcJhygw,f? 'DvlubJ etzvufxufrSm ppftkyfpkeJ@ NLD =um; w&m;ol}uD;vkyfay;r,f
qdk+yD; wcgxa=umifvdkufao;w,f? 1963 rSmvnf; apm[efwmomar$; eJ@vif;xifwdk@ ay:vmcJhw,f? 1980 rSm
vuf0Jua&m vuf,mua&m ukyfacsmif;acsmif;eJ@0ifoGm;=uwm vlvwfydkif;awG rSwfrd=urSmyg? 'geJ@bJ 8
av;vHk;ta&;tcif;xd a&mufvmcJhygw,f?

∗∗∗

1988 =o*kwfv 25 &ufrSm “ppfwyfudk pdwfeJ@awmif rypfrSm;eJ@” qdkwJhemr,fausmf tqdktrdef@}uD;

xGufvmjyefygw,f? atmif}uD;wifru vGwfvyfa&;acwf ArmjynfaoG;acsmif;pD;r_awG&J@ vufonfwOD;jzpfwJh
ocifpdk;uyg a':atmifqef;pk=unfvyk faewm rSm;w,fqdkjyD; e0w-etz&J@&ufpuf,kwfrmcsufawGudk rD;avmif
avyifhvkyfay;cJhw,f? jynfolawGuawmh aoG;tdkifxJ epfaeqJ?
jAdwdefEdkifiHrSm ausmif;xdkifaejyD; “vl@tcGifhta&;q&mawmf” vdk@emr,f}uD;vkdufao;wJh OD;a&0w[m
axmifwef;tuscH ESdyfpufn‡Of;yrf;cHjyD; ywWdeduUKZ…euHaqmif=uwJh jynfwGif;uoHCmawG rsufESmraxmufbJ
tpdrf;a&mif'umawmf}uD;rsm;&J@ OyZÆm,fq&mtcGifhta&;udk ,loGm;cJhw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfab;rSm
aecJhw,fqdkwJh rod*ô qdkol pma&;q&mra,mifa,mif *sme,fvpfa,mifa,mifwa,mufuvnf; etz&J@
trJ±dk;udk ar#mfvifhvdk@ a':pkudk qJqdkuefxGufoGm;+yD; axmufvSrf;a&;awGeJ@ tykyfeH@waxmif;axmif;xoGm;w,f?
1998 =o*kwfvrSm *syefjynfa&muf pwef@rif;orD; jrjr0if;/ “oGm;” q&m0ef 0if;Edkif/ uAsmq&m yef;ar$;
wdk@oHk;a,muf ujymu&meJ@ pwef@vkyf “oGm;” vdkuf=uw,f? 1999 ZGev f rSmawmh trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pD
tzGJ@csKyfu a&G;aumufcH udk,fpm;vS,fawmf trwfrif;}uD;rsm; jzpf=uwJh OD;=unf0if;/ OD;odrf;=unf/ OD;oef;xGef;/
OD;wifxGef;armif/ a':cifat;jrifhwdk@u a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ NLD A[dk[m wdkif;jynfudk 'Drdkua&pD&atmif
rvkyfEdkifbl;/ igwdk@uom etzeJ@ tajrmftjrif&Sd&Sd aysmhaysmhajymif;ajymif;eJ@ aphpyfaqG;aEG;jyD; wdkif;jynfrSm
'Drdkua&pD&atmifvkyfjyr,fqdkum etz ppfabmif;bD *G=um;atmuf 0ifa&mufoGm;jyefygw,f? tck a':atmif
qef;pk=unfwdk@ NLD eJ@ SNLD &Srf;trwfawGu trsdK;om;nDvmcHudk oydwfarSmufcsdefrSm tJ'DtzGJ@u
t&Sufr&Sd rsufESmajymifwdkufjyD; woD;yk*~vtrwfawGtjzpf trsdK;om;nDvmcHqdkwm}uD;xJ 0ifxdkif aeygw,f?
OD;=unf0if;[m 1974 OD;oef@ta&;tcif;rSm oydwfaumfrwDOuUÏ awmifjzpfcJhjyD; axmifuscJhw,f?
'gayrJh axmifwGif;umv wav#mufvHk;rSmawmh bmrSxufxufjrufjruf &Gy&f Gyfc|Hc|H r&SdcJhbJ touf 18 ESpf
atmuf 6 wef; - 7 wef; ausmif;om; av;awGutp axmifwGif;wdkufyGJawG w+cdrf;+cdrf;wdkufaecsdefrSm
rwufrºuGeJ@bJ tusOf;umvudk jzwfoef;cJhol jzpfygw,f? 1974-75-76 tzrf;cHausmif;om;awGxJu 90
ckESpfrSm jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawG jzpfvmwJh eef;cifaxG;jrifh (&efukef pD;yGm;a&;wuUodkvf/ zg;tH NLD)/
udkapmvd_if (&efukef 0dZ…mody`HwuUodkvf/ tif;awmf NLD)/ udk^m%fat; (&efukef pD;yGm;a&;wuUodkvf/ jrdwf
NLD)/ udjk r0if; (&efuek f aq;wuUodkvf 1/ t*Fyl NLD) wdk@eJ@ axmifwGif;jzwfoef;r_0rf;pmcsif; ,SOfvkd@r&ygbl;?
 ∗∗∗

16 ESpf=umvmwJhtcsdefrSm b,foluacgif;rmw,fqdkwm yHkrSefpdwftajctae&Sdolwdkif; oabmrayguf

p&mr&Sdawmhygbl;? cif!Gef@[m aysmhajymif;ovm; raysmhajymif;ovm;qdkwmvJ axmufvSrf;a&;&J@ ppfa=uma&;
pcef;awG/ tusOf;axmifawGudk jzwfoef;cJhzl;olawGu oufaocHEdkifygw,f? qifh[dk'if;udk [dktaumifu
ar#mfovdkbJ etz&J@ trsdK;om;nDvmcHqdkwm}uD;rSm aumfr&SifOuUÏqdkolu pwdwfcHkay:uae rdkufrdkuf±dkif;±dkif;
ykqdk;vSefjywmudk rkefvmOvdkvdk rd_vdkvdkjrifjyD; oGm;&nfwjrm;jrm;usaeolawG &Sdaeygw,f?
jrjr0if;wdk@/ =unf0if;wdk@vrf;udk tckaemufqHk; xyfvdkufav#mufol yk*~dKvfausmfuawmh ArmjynfwGif;
ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awG/ jynfol@vy_ &f Sm;r_awGrSm wcgrSrygcJhzl;bJ 88 ckESpf ArmjynfolawG &uf&ufpufpuf
towfcHae&csdef/ 88 uae tcktxd wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkawG &GmzsufcH/ towfcH/ trsdK;orD;awG rk'drf;usifhcHae
&csdefrSm tar&duefrSmZdrfusaewJh a'gufwmbGJ@&qdkol armifZmenf ygbJ? a&S@u ol@tudktrrsm;u xl;jcm;
atmifvkyfjyr[Jh qdkjyD; oGm;vdkuf=uwm 'Duae@xd Armjynf}uD; bmjzpfoGm;ovJqdkwmvJ tm;vHk;rsufjrifyg?
62 wHk;u “acG;uwufuae& ae&” pum;rsKd ;udk tck 2004 rSm pum;vHk;av; eJeJajymif;+yD; jyef=um;&wm
xl;ayrJhrqef;ygbl;? awmfvSefa&;atmifzdk@ em&Dydkif;tvdkrSmawmif &efol@qDvufeufcsol &Sdwwfw,fvdk@ =um;zl;
xm;ygw,f?
'gayrJh b,fvdkbJjzpfjzpf tbwdk@ tefu,fwdk@upcJhjyD; tr}uD;jrwdk@/ tudk=unf0if;wdk@tv,f usaemf
armifarmifZmenftxd qdkufywfawGu ADvdefb0wufjyD; tu,f'rD&atmif }udK;pm;ae=uwm t&ifuvJ
ratmifjrif/ tckvJ=unfhraumif;/ aemifrSmvJ tu,f'rD&zdk@ tvm;tvm eJeJav;rSr&SdwJhta=umif; pdwf
raumif;pGmeJ@ ajymvdkufyg&ap? etzqdkwm EdkifaewHk;rSm ±_H;zdk@awmifrcsefygbl;? t"rRvkyftm;ay;uae t"rR
ppfom;wifruawmhbJ t"rRjynfol@ppf/ t"rRpGrf;tm;&SifawGeJ@ 1999 wHk;u ta&S@wDarmyHkpHrsdK; Zmwfcif;zdk@om
jyifaeygawmhw,f?

*gr%d