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T-x-y Diagram

@ 1 atm

Tboil, B

T Tboil, A

xA, yA

1 How to improve the liquid quality?

T-x-y Diagram
@ 1 atm

Tboil, B

T Tboil, A

xA, yA

1 How to improve the vapor quality?

T-x-y Diagram
@ 1 atm

Tboil, B

T Tboil, A

xA, yA

How to improve the quality of BOTH streams (vapor and liquid)?

EXAMPLE
A 1 mol/h liquid feed of 45%mol benzene in toluene at its bubble point is flashed isothermally to create a vapor containing 55%mol benzene. i) What percentage of the feed is vaporized? ii) What temperature must the flash drum be operated at? iii) If the liquid residuals are then flashed again at 376K, what is the flowrate of toluene leaving the second flash drum in the liquid bottoms?
1 0.9 0.8 380 0.7 0.6 0.5
0.4
T (K)

390 385

375 370 365 360

yB

0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 xB 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 355 350 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 xB, yB 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

V1 yA1, yB1 = 1-yA1 F zA, zB = 1-zA

V2 yA2, yB2 = 1-yA2

T1
Q1
(steam)

2 L1 xA1, xB1 = 1-xA1 Q2


(steam)

V3 yA3, yB3 = 1-yA3 T2 3 L2 xA2, xB2 = 1-xA2 Q3


(steam)

T3

To generate a high purity liquid

L3 xA3, xB3 = 1-xA3

T3 > T2 > T1

Rectifier
y1

D, xD L, xD 1
y2
x1

2
y3 x2 xn-1

yn

n
yn+1 xn xN-2

yN-1

N-1
yN xN-1

N
xN

F, zF

B, xB

To generate a high purity vapor

V3 yA3, yB3 = 1-yA3

V2 yA2, yB2 = 1-yA2

3 T3

V1 yA1, yB1 = 1-yA1 F zA, zB = 1-zA

Q3 2 T2 Q2
(water)

L3 xA3, xB3 = 1-xA3

1 T1

(water)

Q1
(steam)

L2 xA2, xB2 = 1-xA2

L1 xA1, xB1 = 1-xA1

T3 < T2 < T1

Stripper

V, y1

F, zF 1
y2 x1

2
y3 ym m x2 xm-1 xm xN-2 N-1 yN N B, xB yB V
Q

ym-1
yN-1

xN-1

L, xN

Rectifier

If zF = 0.4 If xD = 0.8

Rectifier

If zF = 0.4 If xD = 0.8

Rectifier

If zF = 0.4 If xD = 0.8

Rectifier

If zF = 0.4 If xD = 0.8

Stripper

If zF = 0.5
If xB = 0.1

Stripper

If zF = 0.5
If xB = 0.1

Stripper

If zF = 0.5
If xB = 0.1

Stripper

If zF = 0.5
If xB = 0.1

EXAMPLE

V, y1 1 y2 2 y3 ym m ym-1 yN-1 N-1 yN N B, xB yB V


Q

F, zF

x1

x2 xm-1 xm xN-2

xN-1

L, xN

EXAMPLE (stripper)

V, y1 1 y2 2 y3 ym m ym-1 yN-1 N-1 yN N B, xB yB V


Q

F, zF

x1

x2 xm-1 xm xN-2

xN-1

L, xN

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6


yB

0.5
0.4

0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 xB 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

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