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PROGRAME DE ANALIZA SIMBOLIC A CIRCUITELOR

ANALOGICE
1. DESCRIEREA PROGRAMELOR ASINOM ANALIZA SIMBOLIC BAZAT PE
METODA
NODAL MODIFICAT I GESIFT GENERAREA SIMBOLIC A
FUNCIILOR DE TRANSFER
Metodele de formulare simbolic, parial simbolic sau numeric a
ecuaiilor nodale modificate pentru circuitele liniare i/sau neliniare
electronice analogice descrise n [51 au fost implementate n dou programe
numite ASINOM - Analiza SImbolic bazat pe Metoda NOdal Modificat i
GESIFT + Generarea Simbolic a Funciilor de Transfer, pe un microcalculator
Pentium 3 compatibil IBM, [39]. Fereastra de utilizare a programului ASINON
este prezentat n figura 1, iar cea a programului GESIFT n figura 2..
Pornind de la descrierea circuitului printr-un fiier de intrare de tip netlist,
ASINOM i GESIFT au, conform cu ferestrele de utilizare din figura 3.1 i
figura 3.2, urmtoarele capabilitii:
Genereaz simbolic, parial simbolic sau numeric ecuaiile nodale
modificate pentru circuitele electrice i electronice liniare i/sau neliniare;

Fig. 1. Fereastra de utilizare a programului ASINOM.


2

Fig.2. Fereastra de utilizare a programului GESIFT.


3

Formeaz simbolic matricea extins a sistemului de ecuaii i determin


soluia simbolic, parial simbolic sau numeric a sistemului i a
circuitului (tensiunile i curenii laturilor subcircuitelor i ale ntregului
circuit);
Calculeaz valoarea determinantului matricei sistemului ecuaiilor nodale
modificate (ENM). n cazul analizei circuitelor liniare n operaional
ASINOM determin zerourile determinantului i localizarea acestora n
planul complex;
Calculeaz senzitivitatea oricrei mrimi (curent, tensiune sau potenial)
specificat de utilizator n raport cu oricare parametru al circuitului i
reprezint grafic n spaiul 3D modulul senzitivitii n raport cu frecvena
i valorile parametrului considerat n domeniile de variaie ale acestor
mrimi indicate de utilizator;
Programul GESIFT genereaz n form simbolic, parial simbolic sau
numeric, n raport cu porile intrare ieire specificate de utilizator,
oricare din cele patru tipuri de funcii de circuit (impedana de transfer
Zei, admitana de transfer Yei, factorul de transfer (amplificare) n
tensiune Aei i factorul de transfer (amplificare) n curent Bei) pentru
circuitele electronice analogice liniare i/sau neliniare liniarizate n jurul
unui punct de funcionare;
Calculeaz senzitivitatea funciei de circuit n raport cu oricare parametru
specificat de utilizator;

Determin modulul i argumentul funciei de circuit i reprezint grafic


variaiile acestor mrimi n raport cu frecvena;
Reprezint grafic n spaiul 3D variaiile modulelor funciei de circuit i ale
senzitivitilor n raport cu frecvena i parametrul circuitului specificat de
utilizator;
Calculeaz polii i zerourile funciei de circuit i reprezint grafic distribuia
polilor n planul complex.
Programele ASINOM i GESIFT sunt scrise n limbaj C++ i constituie
instrumente interactive care mbin tehnicile de calcul simbolic i numeric.
Datele de intrare ale programelor sunt:
nl , nnod, unde nl reprezint numrul de laturi, iar nnod este numrul
de noduri ale circuitului.
Urmeaz apoi un set de nl linii care descriu laturile circuitului. Fiecare
latur de circuit este descris de nodul iniial, nodul final i tipul elementului
de circuit. n cazul unei surse comandate trebuie de asemenea s se
introduc numrul laturii de comand. Elementele de circuit sunt descrise
similar cu cele de la programul Pancia [40].
Programul ASINOM genereaz cele patru tipuri de funcii de circuit
astfel: aplic la bornele porii de intrare mrimea de excitaie
corespunztoare funciei de circuit dorite, apoi calculeaz, cu metoda nodal
modificat, mrimea de ieire specific funciei de circuit generate i n final,
fcnd raportul dintre expresia mrimii de ieire i mrimea de intrare, se
5

obine expresia funciei de circuit. Fiierul de intrare pentru programul


ASINOM are extensia .smb, iar pentru programul GESIFT .crt.
Exemplul 1. n figura 3 se prezint schema pe o faz a unui motor
asincron n regim permanent sinusoidal.

Figura 3. Schema echivalent pe o faz a motorului asincron.


Fiierul de intrare pentru circuitul din figura 3, Mas_Epa_1011.smb, este:
7
5

2 3 L2
3 4 L3

3 5 L5
3 5 R6
6

1 2 R1

4 5 R4

5 1 e7
200A

1.0K

(74.591m,133.638)
Cuplul activ Mn

100A

0.5K

0
0s

0A
0s
20ms
40ms
60ms
80ms
(3.0*2.5167*rms( I(L3))*rms( I(L3)))/(6.28*20.0*0.974)
Time

(65.535m,117.190)
(69.937m,46.327)

20ms
40ms
rms( I(L2)) rms( I(L3)) rms( I(L5))
Time

60ms

80ms

400A

200A

is1 =i(L2) - green, ir1 =i(L3) - red, iLm =i(L5)


(22.097m,215.032) (38.333m,164.246)
(41.936m,77.161)

0A

-200A
0s
20ms
I(L2) I(L3) I(L5)

40ms

60ms

80ms

Time

Simularea cu Maple.

Simularea cu Spice.

3.0K
pRcu1 - green pCu2 - red pFe - mauve

2.0K

1.0K

0
0s
20ms
40ms
0.053* I(L2)* I(L2)
0.065434* I(L3)* I(L3)
200.0*( I(L2)- I(L3)- I(L5))*( I(L2)- I(L3)- I(L5))
Time

60ms

80ms

Simularea cu Spice.

Simularea cu Maple.

> restart;Digits:=8;with(linalg);

Analiza in regim armonic a unui motor asincron


MOTORUL ASINCRON DE TRACTIUNE TIP MABT-2 PENTRU RAMELE
DE METROU
9

Date tehnice: Pn = 100 kW; Un =560 V; In = 130 A; fn = 60 Hz;


n1=1200 r/m; sn= 2,6 %; mp=1; 1 mn=1,8; cosfin = 0,87; R1 =
0,053 ohmi - prin masurare direct.
Conexiunea stea.
Ufn = 323,32 V; Ifn = 130 A; Rs = 0,053 ohmi ; Lmiu = 28,1 mH .
Xssigma = 0,39 ohmi ; X'rsigma = 0,36 ohmi ; Xmiu = 10,59 ohmi ;
Is0 = Ufn/ Xmiu = 30,53 A ; is0 = Is0 / Ifn = 0,235 = 23,5 % ; r'r =
0,0262; sn =0,026; (r'r - rezistenta relativa rotorica raportata la
stator) xssigma = Xssigma / Zn = 0,157 ; Ls = Lssigma + Lmiu
=29,134 mH ; L'r = L'rsigma + Lmiu =29,055 mH ; Lmiu = 28,1 mH ;
J = 3,38 kgm2. nn = n1 (1 - sn) = 1168,8 rot/min ; Sn = 128094,8
VA M2 = M0 - k1n = 500 - 1.n; n [0; 120 rot/min] ; M2 = ct. = 380
Nm; M2 = M0 - k1n = 500 - 60.n; n [0; 2 rot/s] ,M2 = ct. = 380 Nm;
n = 30 Omega/Pi = 30 omega/Pi.p ; n [rot/min] n = omega/2Pi =
omega/2Pi.p ; n [rot/s]; Jt = 10 J = 33,8 kgm^2; R'r = 0,0657
ohmi ; Zb = Zn = Ufn/ Ifn = 2,48 ohmi ; fn = 60 Hz ; Lssugma = 1,
034 mH; p = 3; L'rsigma = 0,955 mH ;rs = 0,0214; x'rsigma =
X'rsigma / Zn = 0,145 ; xmiu = Xmiu / Zn = 4,27 ; Mn = 817 Nm ;
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Se considera schema echivalenta pe o faza a unui motor asincron


reprezentata in figura 3.
Fisierul de intrare, Senz_motor_as.crt, are structura:
6
5
1
2
3
4
3
3

2
3
4
5
5
5

R1
L2
L3
R4
R5
L6

Calculul senzitivitatilor in raport cu parametrii motorului asincron


din figura 1. Se considera ca functie de transfer impedanta de
intrare Zii = Z1_5_1_5.
> restart;Digits:=8;with(linalg);

Calculul impedantei de intrare Zii = Z1_5_1_5 cu programul


GESIFT (figura 2).
Fisierul de intrare, Senz_motor_as.crt, are structura:
11

7
5
1
2
3
4
3
3

2
3
4
5
5
5

R1
L2
L3
R4
R5
L6

Fisierul de iesire furnizat de programul GESIFT


(figura 2) are urmatoarea structura:
>

sis:={
(+1/R1)*V1+(-1/R1)*V2+0+0=-Ji,
(-1/R1)*V1+(+1/R1+1/(s*L2))*V2+(-1/(s*L2))*V3+0=0,
0+(-1/(s*L2))*V2+(+1/(s*L2)+1/(s*L3)+1/R5+1/(s*L6))*V3+(-1/(s*L3))*V4=0,
0+0+(-1/(s*L3))*V3+(+1/(s*L3)+1/R4)*V4=0
};
nec:={
V1,
V2,
V3,
V4
};

12

rez:=solve(sis,nec);
V1g:=subs(rez,V1);
V5g:=subs(rez,V5);
I7g:=subs(rez,I7);
rez1:={
Zei=collect(convert(limit(-evala(((V1g)-0)/Ji),inf=infinity),float),s)
};
save rez1,out3;
writeto(out4);
rez1;
writeto(terminal);
> Z1_5_1_5:=subs(rez1,Zei);
> Z1_5_1_5:=collect(simplify(subs(R4=R2/a,Z1_5_1_5)),s);
> Z1_5_1_5 := (s^3*L2*L3*L6*a+
(L6*a*L3*R5+L2*L6*a*R5+L6*a*L3*R1+L2*a*L3*R5+L2*L6*R2)*s^2+
(L6*R5*R2+L2*R5*R2+L6*a*R1*R5+L6*R1*R2+a*L3*R1*R5)*s+R1*R5*R2)/(s^2*L6*a*L3+
(L6*a*R5+L6*R2+a*L3*R5)*s+R5*R2);
> Z1_5_1_5_f:=subs(s=6.28*f*I,Z1_5_1_5);
> Z1_5_1_5_fan:=subs(a=0.026,Z1_5_1_5_f);
> Z1_5_1_5_fan := (-6.4395019*I*f^3*L2*L3*L6-39.4384*(.26e-1*L3*R5*L6+L2*L6*R4+.26e1*L2*L3*R5+.26e-1*L2*R5*L6+.26e-1*R1*L3*L6)*f^2+6.28*I*(.26e1*R1*R5*L6+R1*L6*R4+.26e-1*R1*L3*R5+R5*L6*R4+L2*R5*R4)*f+R1*R5*R4)/(1.0253984*L3*f^2*L6+6.28*I*(.26e-1*L3*R5+.26e-1*R5*L6+L6*R4)*f+R5*R4);
> Z1_5_1_5_f := (-247.673152*I*f^3*L2*L3*L6*a39.4384*(L3*R5*L6*a+R1*L3*L6*a+L2*L3*R5*a+L2*R5*L6*a+L2*L6*R4)*f^2+6.28*I*(R5*L6
13

*R4+R1*L6*R4+R1*L3*R5*a+R1*R5*L6*a+L2*R5*R4)*f+R1*R5*R4)/(39.4384*L3*f^2*L6*a+6.28*I*(L3*R5*a+R5*L6*a+L6*R4)*f+R5*R4);
> R1 = 0.053 ohm, R'2 = 0.065434 ohmi, L2=0.001035,L3=0.000955,L6=0.0281, RFe = 200.0
ohmi.
> Z1_5_1_5_fa
:=subs(R1=0.055,R4=0.065434,L2=0.001035,L3=0.000955,L6=0.0281,R5=200,Z1_5_1_5_f);
> plot3d(abs(Z1_5_1_5_fa),f=0.0..3000,a=-1.0..1.0);
> Z1_5_1_5_fan:=subs(a=0.026,Z1_5_1_5_fa);
> Z1_5_1_5_fan := (-.17885551e-6*I*f^3-.11747123e-1*f^2+2.4472832*I*f+.71977400)/
(-.27517079e-4*f^2+.96036712*I*f+13.086800);

0.1788555110-6 I f 3 0.011747123
f 2 +2.4472832I f +0.71977400
Z1_5_1_5_fan
:=
0.000027517079
f 2 +0.96036712I f +13.086800
> plot(abs(Z1_5_1_5_fan),f=0.0..500);

14

Fig. 4. Variaia impedantei de intrare Z1_5_1_5 cu frecvena cnd a = an = 0.026.


> Z1_5_1_5_fna:=subs(f=60.0,Z1_5_1_5_fa);
> Z1_5_1_5_fna := (-1.4858765*I*a1616.1328*a+.44958235+376.800*I*(.31960500*a+.38138505))/(3.8100571*a+376.800*I*(5.811000*a+.18386954e-2)+13.086800);
Z1_5_1_5_fna
:=
1.4858765I a 1616.1328a +0.44958235+376.800I ( 0.31960500a +0.38138505
)
3.8100571a +376.800I ( 5.811000a +0.0018386954
) +13.086800

> plot(abs(Z1_5_1_5_fna),a=0.0..1.0);

Fig. 5. Variaia impedantei de intrare Z1_5_1_5 cu alunecarea cnd f = fn = 60 Hz.


> restart;Digits:=8;with(linalg);

15

Calculul impedantei de intrare Zii = Z1_5_1_5 cu programul


ASINOM (figura 1). Se conecteaza la bornele de intrare n1 - n5 o
sursa ideala independenta de curent j7.
Fisierul de intrare, Senz_motor_as.smb, are structura:
7
5
1
2
3
4
3
3
5

2
3
4
5
5
5
1

R1
L2
L3
R4
R5
L6
j7

Fisierul de iesire furnizat de programul ASINOM


(figura 1) are urmatoarea structura:
>
sis:={
(+G1)*V1+(-G1)*V2+0+0=+J7,
(-G1)*V1+(+G1+1/(s*L2))*V2+(-1/(s*L2))*V3+0=0,
0+(-1/(s*L2))*V2+(+1/(s*L2)+1/(s*L3)+G5+1/(s*L6))*V3+(-1/(s*L3))*V4=0,
16

0+0+(-1/(s*L3))*V3+(+1/(s*L3)+G4)*V4=0
};
nec:={
V1,
V2,
V3,
V4
};
rez:=evala(convert(solve(sis,nec),float));
save rez,out1 ;
writeto(out2);
rez;
writeto(terminal);
V1g:=subs(rez,V1);
V2g:=subs(rez,V2);
V3g:=subs(rez,V3);
V4g:=subs(rez,V4);
rez1:=factor(simplify({
U1=((V1g)-(V2g)),
I1=(G1*((V1g)-(V2g))),
U2=((V2g)-(V3g)),
I2=(1/(s*L2)*((V2g)-(V3g))),
U3=((V3g)-(V4g)),
I3=(1/(s*L3)*((V3g)-(V4g))),
17

U4=((V4g)-0),
I4=(G4*((V4g)-0)),
U5=((V3g)-0),
I5=(G5*((V3g)-0)),
U6=((V3g)-0),
I6=(1/(s*L6)*((V3g)-0)),
U7=(0-(V1g))
}));
save rez1,out3;
writeto(out4);
rez1;
writeto(terminal);
> Z1_5_1_5_Asinom:=collect(subs(rez1,-U7),{J7})/J7;
>
Z1_5_1_5_Asinom:=collect(simplify(subs(G1=1.0/R1,G4=a/R2,G5=1.0/R5,Z1_5_1_5_Asinom)),s
);
> Z1_5_1_5 := (s^3*L2*L3*L6*a+
(L6*a*L3*R5+L2*L6*a*R5+L6*a*L3*R1+L2*a*L3*R5+L2*L6*R2)*s^2+
(L6*R5*R2+L2*R5*R2+L6*a*R1*R5+L6*R1*R2+a*L3*R1*R5)*s+R1*R5*R2)/(s^2*L6*a*L3+
(L6*a*R5+L6*R2+a*L3*R5)*s+R5*R2);Z1_5_1_5_Asinom := (s^3*L2*L3*L6*a+
(L6*a*L3*R5+L2*L6*a*R5+L6*a*L3*R1+L2*a*L3*R5+L2*L6*R2)*s^2+
(L6*R5*R2+L2*R5*R2+L6*a*R1*R5+L6*R1*R2+a*L3*R1*R5)*s+R1*R5*R2)/(s^2*L6*a*L3+
(L6*a*R5+L6*R2+a*L3*R5)*s+R5*R2);

18

Z1_5_1_5:=( s3 L2 L3 L6 a + ( L6 a L3 R5 + L2 L6 a R5 + L6 a L3 R1 + L2 a L3 R5 + L2 L6 R2) s2
+ ( L6 R5R2 + L2 R5R2 + L6 a R1R5 + L6 R1R2 + a L3 R1R5) s + R1R5R2)

s2 L6 a L3 + ( L6 a R5 + L6 R2 + a L3 R5) s + R5R2)
Z1_5_1_5_Asinom
:=( s3 L2 L3 L6 a + ( L6 a L3 R5 + L2 L6 a R5 + L6 a L3 R1 + L2 a L3 R5 + L2 L6 R2) s2
+ ( L6 R5R2 + L2 R5R2 + L6 a R1R5 + L6 R1R2 + a L3 R1R5) s + R1R5R2)

s2 L6 a L3 + ( L6 a R5 + L6 R2 + a L3 R5) s + R5R2)
> x_Z:=simplify(Z1_5_1_5/Z1_5_1_5_Asinom);

Deci: cele doua rezultate sunt identice!!


Calculul senzitivitatilor impedantei de intrare Z1_5_1_5
> restart;Digits:=8;with(linalg);
> Z1_5_1_5_fan := (-6.4395019*I*f^3*L2*L3*L6-39.4384*(.26e-1*L3*R5*L6+L2*L6*R4+.26e1*L2*L3*R5+.26e-1*L2*R5*L6+.26e-1*R1*L3*L6)*f^2+6.28*I*(.26e1*R1*R5*L6+R1*L6*R4+.26e-1*R1*L3*R5+R5*L6*R4+L2*R5*R4)*f+R1*R5*R4)/(1.0253984*L3*f^2*L6+6.28*I*(.26e-1*L3*R5+.26e-1*R5*L6+L6*R4)*f+R5*R4);
> SZ_R1:=collect(simplify(diff(Z1_5_1_5_fan,R1)*R1/Z1_5_1_5_fan),f);
> SZ_R1 := 32.*R1*(320437.*L3*f^2*L6+(-51025.*I*L3*R5-51025.*I*R5*L61962500.*I*L6*R4)*f-312500.*R5*R4)/
(64395019.*I*f^3*L2*L3*L6+(10253984.*L2*R5*L6+10253984.*L3*R5*L6+10253984.*R1*L3*
L6+.39438400e9*L2*L6*R4+10253984.*L2*L3*R5)*f^2+(-1632800.*I*R1*L3*R562800000.*I*R5*L6*R4-1632800.*I*R1*R5*L6-62800000.*I*L2*R5*R462800000.*I*R1*L6*R4)*f-10000000.*R1*R5*R4);
19

>
SZ_R1_f:=subs(R1=0.055,R4=0.065434,L2=0.001035,L3=0.000955,L6=0.0281,R5=200,SZ_R1)
;
> SZ_R1_f := 1.760*(8.5990873*f^2-300114.72*I*f-4089625.0)/
(1.7885551*I*f^3+117471.23*f^2-24472831.*I*f-7197740.0);
> plot(abs(SZ_R1_f),f=0.0..60.0);
> SZ_Ls1:=collect(simplify(diff(Z1_5_1_5_fan,L2)*L2/Z1_5_1_5_fan),f);
> SZ_Ls1 :=
f*(64395019.*I*f^2*L3*L6+(10253984.*L3*R5+10253984.*R5*L6+.39438400e9*L6*R4)*f62800000.*I*R5*R4)*L2/
(64395019.*I*f^3*L2*L3*L6+(10253984.*L2*R5*L6+10253984.*L3*R5*L6+10253984.*R1*L3*
L6+.39438400e9*L2*L6*R4+10253984.*L2*L3*R5)*f^2+(-1632800.*I*R1*L3*R562800000.*I*R5*L6*R4-1632800.*I*R1*R5*L6-62800000.*I*L2*R5*R462800000.*I*R1*L6*R4)*f-10000000.*R1*R5*R4);
>
SZ_Ls1_f:=subs(R1=0.055,R4=0.065434,L2=0.001035,L3=0.000955,L6=0.0281,R5=200,SZ_Ls1
);
> SZ_Ls1_f := .1035e-2*f*(1728.0725*I*f^2+60311052.*f-.82185104e9*I)/
(1.7885551*I*f^3+117471.23*f^2-24472831.*I*f-7197740.0);
> plot(abs(SZ_Ls1_f),f=0.0..3000.0);
> SZ_Ls2:=collect(simplify(diff(Z1_5_1_5_fan,L3)*L3/Z1_5_1_5_fan),f);
> SZ_Ls2 :=
-13.*L3*f^3*L6*((78500.*L2*L6*R4+2041.*L2*R5*L6)*f+.40246887e11*I*R5^2*L612500.*I*L2*R5*R4)/
(64395019.*I*f^3*L2*L3*L6+(10253984.*L2*R5*L6+10253984.*L3*R5*L6+10253984.*R1*L3*
L6+.39438400e9*L2*L6*R4+10253984.*L2*L3*R5)*f^2+(-1632800.*I*R1*L3*R520

62800000.*I*R5*L6*R4-1632800.*I*R1*R5*L6-62800000.*I*L2*R5*R462800000.*I*R1*L6*R4)*f-10000000.*R1*R5*R4)/(320437.*L3*f^2*L6+(-51025.*I*L3*R551025.*I*R5*L6-1962500.*I*L6*R4)*f-312500.*R5*R4);
>
SZ_Ls2_f:=subs(R1=0.055,R4=0.065434,L2=0.001035,L3=0.000955,L6=0.0281,R5=200,SZ_Ls2
);
> SZ_Ls2_f := -.3488615e-3*f^3*(12.021274*f+.45237500e14*I)/
(1.7885551*I*f^3+117471.23*f^2-24472831.*I*f-7197740.0)/(8.5990873*f^2-300114.72*I*f4089625.0);
> plot(abs(SZ_Ls2_f),f=0.0..3000.0);
> SZ_R2:=collect(simplify(diff(Z1_5_1_5_fan,R4)*R4/Z1_5_1_5_fan),f);
> SZ_R2 := 6500.*R4*f^2*L6*(157.*L2*L6*f^2*L3-.49298000e9*R5^2*L6-25.*I*L2*f*L3*R5)/
(64395019.*I*f^3*L2*L3*L6+(10253984.*L2*R5*L6+10253984.*L3*R5*L6+10253984.*R1*L3*
L6+.39438400e9*L2*L6*R4+10253984.*L2*L3*R5)*f^2+(-1632800.*I*R1*L3*R562800000.*I*R5*L6*R4-1632800.*I*R1*R5*L6-62800000.*I*L2*R5*R462800000.*I*R1*L6*R4)*f-10000000.*R1*R5*R4)/(320437.*L3*f^2*L6+(-51025.*I*L3*R551025.*I*R5*L6-1962500.*I*L6*R4)*f-312500.*R5*R4);
>
SZ_R2_f:=subs(R1=0.055,R4=0.065434,L2=0.001035,L3=0.000955,L6=0.0281,R5=200,SZ_R2)
;
> SZ_R2_f := 11.951520*f^2*(.43606344e-5*f^2-.55410952e12-.49421250e-2*I*f)/
(1.7885551*I*f^3+117471.23*f^2-24472831.*I*f-7197740.0)/(8.5990873*f^2-300114.72*I*f4089625.0);
> plot(abs(SZ_R2_f),f=0.0..3000.0);
> SZ_RFe:=collect(simplify(diff(Z1_5_1_5_fan,R5)*R5/Z1_5_1_5_fan),f);

21

> SZ_RFe := R5*f^2*L6*((26533.*L2*L3*L6+26533.*L2*L3^2+.32857559e13*L3^2*L6)*f^2+


(-.40246887e14*I*L3*L6*R4-162500.*I*L2*L3*R4)*f-.12324500e15*L6*R4^2)/
(64395019.*I*f^3*L2*L3*L6+(10253984.*L2*R5*L6+10253984.*L3*R5*L6+10253984.*R1*L3*
L6+.39438400e9*L2*L6*R4+10253984.*L2*L3*R5)*f^2+(-1632800.*I*R1*L3*R562800000.*I*R5*L6*R4-1632800.*I*R1*R5*L6-62800000.*I*L2*R5*R462800000.*I*R1*L6*R4)*f-10000000.*R1*R5*R4)/(320437.*L3*f^2*L6+(-51025.*I*L3*R551025.*I*R5*L6-1962500.*I*L6*R4)*f-312500.*R5*R4);
>
SZ_RFe_f:=subs(R1=0.055,R4=0.065434,L2=0.001035,L3=0.000955,L6=0.0281,R5=200,SZ_RF
e);
> plot(abs(SZ_RFe_f),f=0.0..120.0);
> SZ_Lm:=collect(simplify(diff(Z1_5_1_5_fan,L6)*L6/Z1_5_1_5_fan),f);
> SZ_Lm := -1.*L6*f*R5*(26533.*f^3*L2*L3^2+(162500.*I*L2*L3*R4+.52320953e12*I*L3^2*R5)*f^2+.64087400e13*f*L3*R5*R4-.19625000e
14*I*R5*R4^2)/
(64395019.*I*f^3*L2*L3*L6+(10253984.*L2*R5*L6+10253984.*L3*R5*L6+10253984.*R1*L3*
L6+.39438400e9*L2*L6*R4+10253984.*L2*L3*R5)*f^2+(-1632800.*I*R1*L3*R562800000.*I*R5*L6*R4-1632800.*I*R1*R5*L6-62800000.*I*L2*R5*R462800000.*I*R1*L6*R4)*f-10000000.*R1*R5*R4)/(320437.*L3*f^2*L6+(-51025.*I*L3*R551025.*I*R5*L6-1962500.*I*L6*R4)*f-312500.*R5*R4);
>
SZ_Lm_f:=subs(R1=0.055,R4=0.065434,L2=0.001035,L3=0.000955,L6=0.0281,R5=200,SZ_Lm)
;
> plot(abs(SZ_Lm_f),f=0.0..120.0);
> SZ_R1_f := 1.760*(8.5990873*f^2-300114.72*I*f-4089625.0)/
(1.7885551*I*f^3+117471.23*f^2-24472831.*I*f-7197740.0);SZ_Ls1_f := .1035e22

2*f*(1728.0725*I*f^2+60311052.*f-.82185104e9*I)/(1.7885551*I*f^3+117471.23*f^224472831.*I*f-7197740.0);;SZ_Ls2_f := -.3488615e-3*f^3*(12.021274*f+.45237500e14*I)/
(1.7885551*I*f^3+117471.23*f^2-24472831.*I*f-7197740.0)/(8.5990873*f^2-300114.72*I*f4089625.0);SZ_R2_f := 11.951520*f^2*(.43606344e-5*f^2-.55410952e12-.49421250e-2*I*f)/
(1.7885551*I*f^3+117471.23*f^2-24472831.*I*f-7197740.0)/(8.5990873*f^2-300114.72*I*f4089625.0);SZ_RFe_f := 5.6200*f^2*(84207.031*f^2-70671685.*I*f-.14828000e11)/
(1.7885551*I*f^3+117471.23*f^2-24472831.*I*f-7197740.0)/(8.5990873*f^2-300114.72*I*f4089625.0);SZ_Lm_f := -5.6200*f*(.25045716e4*f^3+95436034.*I*f^2+.80095752e11*f-.16805313e14*I)/
(1.7885551*I*f^3+117471.23*f^2-24472831.*I*f-7197740.0)/(8.5990873*f^2-300114.72*I*f4089625.0);

SZ_R1_f:=

1.760( 8.5990873f 2 300114.72I f 0.40896250107 )


1.7885551I f 3 +117471.23f 2 0.24472831108 I f 0.71977400107

SZ_Ls1_f:=
SZ_Ls2_f:=

SZ_R2_f:=
SZ_RFe_f:=

0.001035f ( 1728.0725I f 2 + 0.60311052108 f 0.82185104109 I )


1.7885551I f 3 + 117471.23f 2 0.24472831108 I f 0.71977400107
0.0003488615f 3 ( 12.021274f + 0.452375001014 I )

( 1.7885551I f 3 + 117471.23f 2 0.24472831108 I f 0.71977400107 ) ( 8.5990873f 2 300114.72I f 0.40896250107 )

11.951520f 2 ( 0.4360634410-5 f2 0.554109521012 0.0049421250I f )


( 1.7885551I f 3 + 117471.23f 2 0.24472831108 I f 0.71977400107 ) ( 8.5990873f 2 300114.72I f 0.40896250107 )
5.6200f 2 ( 84207.031f 2 0.70671685108 I f 0.148280001011 )

( 1.7885551I f 3 + 117471.23f 2 0.24472831108 I f 0.71977400107 ) ( 8.5990873f 2 300114.72I f 0.40896250107 )

23

SZ_Lm_f:=

5.6200f ( 0.000025045716
f 3 + 0.95436034108 I f 2 + 0.800957521011 f 0.168053131014 I )
( 1.7885551I f 3 + 117471.23f 2 0.24472831108 I f 0.71977400107 ) ( 8.5990873f 2 300114.72I f 0.40896250107 )

> with(plots):
Fs:=plot(abs(SZ_R1_f),f=0.0..120.0,style=line,color=blue):
Gs:=plot(abs(SZ_Ls1_f),f=0.0..120.0,style=line,color=red):Hs:=plot(abs(SZ_Ls2_f),f=0.0..120.0
,style=line,style=line,color=green):Fs1:=plot(abs(SZ_R2_f),f=0.0..120.0,style=line,style=line,col
or=cyan):Gs1:=plot(abs(SZ_RFe_f),f=0.0..120.0,style=line,style=line,color=black):Hs1:=plot(ab
s(SZ_Lm_f),f=0.0..120.0,style=line,style=line,color=brown):display({Fs,Gs,Hs,Fs1,Gs1,Hs1},axe
s=boxed,title=`abs(SZ_R1_f) - blue, abs(SZ_Ls1_f) - red, abs(SZ_Ls2_f) - green, abs(SZ_R2_f) cyan, abs(SZ_RFe_f) - black, abs(SZ_Lm_f) - brown`);

24

Fig. 6. Variaiile cu frecvena f ale senzitivitilor impedantei de intrare Z1_5_1_5

n raport cu parametrii motorului (R1, Ls1, Ls2, R2, RFe i Lm).

Senzitivitatea lui Z1_5_1_5 in raport cu alunecarea a pentru f = fn =


60 Hz.
> restart;Digits:=8;with(linalg);

25

> Z1_5_1_5_fna := (-1.4858765*I*a1616.1328*a+.44958235+376.800*I*(.31960500*a+.38138505))/(3.8100571*a+376.800*I*(5.811000*a+.18386954e-2)+13.086800);


Z1_5_1_5_fna
:=
1.4858765I a 1616.1328a +0.44958235+376.800I ( 0.31960500a +0.38138505
)
3.8100571a +376.800I ( 5.811000a +0.0018386954
) +13.086800
> SZ_fna:=simplify((diff(Z1_5_1_5_fna,a))*a/Z1_5_1_5_fna);
> dif_Z1_5_1_5_fna:=simplify(diff(Z1_5_1_5_fna,a));
> SZ_fn_a:=collect(simplify((dif_Z1_5_1_5_fna)*a/Z1_5_1_5_fna),a);

SZ_fn_a:= 125.( 0.146712761018 0.59234965108 I + ( 0.821094301010 + 0.14287714108 I ) a ) a


( 0.817925001011 + 0.433012771010 I ( 0.238128571011 0.136849051014 I ) a )
2

( 0.81792500109 + 0.43301277108 I ( 0.23812857109 0.136849051012 I ) a )

( 0.44958235108 + 0.143705891011 I ( 0.161613281012 0.118941291011 I ) a ) )


plot(abs(SZ_fn_a),a=0.0..1.0);
> SZ_fn_an:=subs(a=0.026,evalc(abs(SZ_fn_a)));
> Z1_5_1_5_fnan:=subs(a=0.026,evalc(abs(Z1_5_1_5_fna)));
> Z1_5_1_5_fnan := 2.5829850;SZ_fn_an := .84654679;

Z1_5_1_5_fnan
:= 2.5829850 SZ_fn_an:= 0.84654679

26

Fig. 7. Variaia cu alunecarea a a senzitivitii impedantei de intrare Z1_5_1_5 n

raport cu alunecarea a.

Exemplul 3.2. Fie filtrul universal reprezentat n figura 3.4, a: n funcie


de alegerea bornelor de ieire (bornele de intrare fiind 1 11), acesta poate
fi:
un filtru trece sus (ieire 4 - 11);
un filtru trece banda (ieire 6 - 11);
un filtru trece jos (ieire 8 - 11);
un filtru oprete banda (ieire 10 - 11).
Schema echivalent a amplificatorului operaional este cea din figura 3.4,
b. S se analizeze caracteristicile corespunztoare celor patru filtre.
27

Fig. 3.4. Schema filtrului universal.


Fiierul de intrare al circuitului din figura 3.4, ex32.crt, este:
20

9 10 r10 r=100*10^3
28

11
1 2 r1 r=100*10^3
2 11 r2 r=100*10^3
3 4 r3 r=10*10^3
4 5 r4 r=20*10^3
5 6 c5 c=0.001*10^(-6)
6 7 r6 r=20*10^3
3 8 r7 r=100*10^3
8 7 c8 c=0.001*10^(-6)
8 9 r9 r=10*10^3

4 9 r11 r=10*10^3
6 2 r12 r=100*10^3
2 3 r13 r=inf
11 4 e14(u) 13 a=inf
11 5 r15 r=inf
11 6 e16(u) 15 a=inf
11 7 r17 r=inf
11 8 e18(u) 17 a=inf
11 9 r19 r=inf
11 10 e20(u) 19 a=inf

Filtrul trece sus: (FTS) poarta de intrare este 1-11, iar poarta de ieire 411.
Calculnd factorul de transfer n tensiune al circuitului n raport cu
parametrul C8 se obine urmtoarea form parial simbolic:
Aei (s):= 4.399999998*s^2*C8/(3.+220000.*s*C8+12.*s^2*C8).
Reprezentnd variaia modulului funciei de circuit studiate n raport cu
valorile parametrului C8 i ale frecvenei se obine caracteristica n 3D din

29
(a)

(b)

figura 3.5, a, iar n figura 3.5, b este prezentat caracteristica. amplitudine


frecven.

(b)
(a)
Fig. 3.5. (a): Variaia 3D a modulului factorului de amplificare n tensiune cu
frecvena i parametrul C8;(b): Caracteristica amplitudine - frecven .
Filtrul trece band (FTB): poarta de intrare este 1-11, iar poarta de ieire 6
11.

30

Dac se rein ca parametri simbolici rezistenta R12 si capacitatea C5, se


obine urmtoarea form parial simbolic a factorului de transfer n
tensiune:
Aei (s):= -11/100000*R12*s/((4*C5*R12+
+200000*C5)*s^2+11*s+R12+50000).
n figura 3.6, a este reprezentat variaia modulului funciei de circuit n
raport cu valoarea capacitii C5 i cu frecvena, iar in figura 3.6, b variaia
aceleiai mrimi n raport cu frecvena.

31

(b)
(a)
Fig. 3.6. (a): Variaia 3D a modulului factorului de amplificare n tensiune cu
frecvena i parametrul C5;(b): Caracteristica amplitudine - frecven .
Filtrul trece jos (FTJ): poarta de intrare este 1-11, iar poarta de ieire 8-11.

32

Calculnd factorul de transfer n tensiune n raport cu trei parametri


simbolici R12, C5, C8, se obine urmtoarea form parial simbolic a funciei
de circuit:
Aei(s):=11/2*R12/((2e14*C5*C8+4e09*C5*R12*C8)*s^2+
11e09*s*C8+R12+5e04).
Polii acestei funcii (reprezentnd frecvenele naturale ale circuitului),
pentru valorile nominale ale celor trei parametri sunt:
polii:= {-9166.666667-12883.02069*I, -9166.666667+12883.02069*I}.
Dac se reprezint variaia modulului amplitudinii funciei de transfer n
raport cu valorile parametrului C8 i cu frecvena se obine caracteristica 3D
din figura 3.7, a, iar n figura 3.7, b se prezint caracteristica amplitudine
frecven.

33

(a)

(b)
Fig. 3.7. (a): Variaia 3D a modulului factorului de amplificare n tensiune cu
frecvena i parametrul C8;(b): Caracteristica amplitudine - frecven .

Filtrul oprete band (FOB): poarta de intrare este 1-11, iar poarta de
ieire 10-11.
34

Factorul de transfer in tensiune in raport cu parametrii R9, R10, R11, R12,


C5, C8 are urmtoarea form parial simbolic:
Aei (s):= -11/2*R10*(R11+4e08*s^2*C5*C8*R9)*R12/(((2e14*C5*C8+
+4e09*C5*R12*C8)*s^2+11e09*s*C8+R12+5e04)*R9*R11).
n figura 3.8, a este reprezentat caracteristica amplitudine - frecven a
filtrului oprete banda. Daca se ia ca parametru variabil R11, variaia
modulului amplitudinii n raport cu valorile acestuia la diferite frecvene este
cea din figura 3.8, b.

35

(b)
(a)
Fig. 3.8. (a): Variaia 3D a modulului factorului de amplificare n tensiune cu
frecvena i parametrul R11;(b): Caracteristica amplitudine - frecven .

Programul ASINOM permite de asemenea calculul senzitivitilor funciei


de circuit studiate n raport cu orice parametru. Dac lum drept parametru
36

rezistena R11, senzitivitatea factorului de transfer n tensiune n raport cu


acesta va fi:
SR11:=-2/11*(-11/2*R10*R12/(((2e14*C5*C8+
4e09*C5*R12*C8)*s^2+11e09*s*C8+R12+5e04)*R9*R11)+
+11/2*R10*(R11+4e08*s^2*C5*C8*R9)
*R12/(((2e14*C5*C8+4e09*C5*R12*C8)*s^2+11e09*s*C8+R12+
+50000)*R9*R11^2))*R11^2*((2e14*C5*C8+4e09*C5*R12*C8)*s^2+
+11e09*s*C8+R12+50000)*R9/(R10*(R11+4e08*s^2*C5*C8*R9)*R12).
Reprezentnd variaia acestei senzitiviti cu valorile lui R11 i cu
frecvena, vom obine, pentru doua perechi de domenii de variaie,

(a)

(b)

Fig. 3.9. Variaia 3D a modulului senzitivitii factorului de


transfer n tensiune n funcie de rezistena R11 i frecvena f.

caracteristicile din figurile 3.9, a, respectiv 3.9, b.


37

Exemplul 3.4. Fie circuitul electric cu elemente n exces de ordinul doi (n


acest caz, o seciune intersectat numai de laturi cu condensatoare)
reprezentat n figura 3.10.
Pentru circuitul din figura 3.10 fiierul de intrare, ex34.crt, are structura:

Fig. 3.10. Circuit cu elemente n exces de ordinul


8
7
2 3 c1 c=1e-06
4 5 c2 c=2e-06
38

3
4
1
5
3
6

6
7
2
6
4
7

c3 c=1e-06
c4 c=2e-06
r5 r=1000
r6 r=2000
l7 l=0.001
l8 l=0.002

Vom calcula cu ajutorul programului ASINOM toate funciile de transfer


de la poarta de ieire (poarta n5 n6 ) la poarta de intrare (poarta n1 n7 ).
Factorul de transfer (amplificare) n curent Bei ( s ) are expresia:
Bei(s) := {-C2*(-1+L7*L8*s^4*C4*C3)/(L7*L8*C2*s^4*C4*C3+
+(L7*C4*C3+C4*C3*L8+L8*C2*C4+L7*C2*C3)*s^2+C3+C2+C4)},
i polii acestei funcii de transfer sunt:
polii:= {-40154.35762*I, 40154.35762*I, -19688.25955*I,
19688.25955*I}.
Factorul de transfer (amplificare) n tensiune

Aei ( s )

are expresia:

Aei(s):= {-C1*s*C2*R6*(-1+s^4*C4*L7*C3*L8)/((C1*R5*L8*
C2*C3*C4*L7+C3*R6*L8*C2*C4*L7*C1)*s^5+
+(C3*L8*C4*L7*C1+L8*C2*C4**L7*C1+C3*L8*C2*C1*L7+
39

C2*R6*C1*R5*C3*C4*L7+C1*R5*L8**C2*C3*R6*C4+L8*C2*C3*C4*L7)*
s^4+(C2*R6*C4*L7*C1+C2*C3*L7*C1*R5+L8*C2*C4*C1*R5+C3*
C2*R6*C4*L7+C1*R5*C3*C4*L7+C1*R5*L8*C3*C4+L8*C2*C3*R6*C4+
+C3*R6*L8*C2*C1)*s^3+(C3*C2*R6*C1*R5+C4*L7*C1+
+C3*C4*L7+C3*L8*C1+C2*R6*C4*C1*R5+L8*C2*C4+
+L8*C2*C1+C2*C3*L7+L8*C3*C4+C2*C1*L7)*s^2+(C3*C2*R6+
+C3*C1*R5+C2*R6*C1+C4*C1*R5+C2*C1*R5+C2*R6*C4)*s+
+C1+C3+C2+C4)},
avnd polii
polii:= {-999165.7620, -1391.244131, -359.7055702,
-41.64416468-22360.17638*I,
-41.64416468+22360.17638*I}.
Impedana de transfer ieire-intrare Z ei ( s ) este:
Zei(s):= {-C2*R6*(-1+s^4*C3*L8*L7*C4)/(s^4*L8*C2*L7*C3*C4+
+(R6*C2*L7*C3*C4+R6*C3*L8*C2*C4)*s^3+(L7*C2*C3+
+L8*C2*C4+L7*C3*C4+C3*L8*C4)*s^2+(R6*C2*C4+
+R6*C2*C3)*s+C2+C4+C3)},
cu polii
polii := {-2999499.921, -416.7534984,
-41.66261515-22360.17511*I,
-41.66261515+22360.17511*I}.
Admitana de transfer ieire-intrare
40

Yei ( s )

este:

Yei(s):= {-s*C2*C1*(-1+s^4*C3*L8*L7*C4)/(s^5*C1*R5*C3*C4*
*L7*C2*L8+(C4*L7*C2*L8*C1+C3*L8*C2*C1*L7*L8*C2*L7*
*C3*C4+C4*L7*C3*L8*C1)*s^4+(C1*R5*C3*C4*L8+
+C1*R5*C3*C4*L7+C2*C3*L7*C1*R5+C4*C2*L8*
*C1*R5)*s^3+(C2*C1*L7+L7*C2*C3+C3*L8*C1+C3*L8*C4+
+C4*L7*C1+L7*C3*C4+L8*C2*C4+C2*L8*C1)*s^2+
+(C3*C1*R5+C4*C1*R5+C2*C1*R5)*s+C2+C3+C1+C4)},
cu polii
polii := {-1201.961744, -836.9130415-40117.15550*I,
-836.9130415+40117.15550*I,
-62.10608670-19686.04764*I,
-62.10608670+19686.04764*I}.
Dac la bornele 7 1 se conecteaz o surs ideal independent de
tensiune cu imaginea Laplace a t.e.m. egal cu 100/s i apoi se analizeaz cu
metoda nodal modificat, se obin urmtoarele rezultate:
Necunoscute_sistem:= {V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6, I9};
Sistem_ENM:= {+1/(1000))*V1+(-1/(1000))*V2+0+0+0+0+(-1)*I9=0,
(-1/(1000))*V1+(+s*1e-06+1/(1000))*V2+(-s*1e-06)*V3+0+0+0+0=0,
0+(-s*1e-06)*V2+(+s*1e-06+s*1e-06+1/(s*0.001))*V3+
(-1/(s*0.001))*V4+0+(-s*1e-06)*V6+0=0,
41

0+0+(-1/(s*0.001))*V3+(+s*2e-06+s*2e-06+1/(s*0.001))*V4+
(-s*2e-06)*V5+0+0=0,
0+0+0+(-s*2e-06)*V4+(+s*2e-06+1/(2000))*V5+(-1/(2000))*V6+0=0,
0+0+(-s*1e-06)*V3+0+(-1/(2000))*V5
+(+s*1e-06+1/(2000)+1/(s*0.002))*V6+0=0,
(-1)*V1+0+0+0+0+0+0=-100/s};
Matrice_extins_sistem:= {[ [+1/(1000),-1/(1000),0,0,0,0,-1],
[-1/(1000),+s*1e-06+1/(1000),-s*1e-06,0,0,0,0],
[0,-s*1e-06,+s*1e-06+s*1e-06+1/(s*0.001),-1/(s*0.001),0,-s*1e-06,0],
[0,0,-1/(s*0.001),+s*2e-06+s*2e-06+1/(s*0.001),-s*2e-06,0,0],
[0,0,0,-s*2e-06,+s*2e-06+1/(2000),-1/(2000),0],
[0,0,-s*1e-06,0,-1/(2000),+s*1e-06+1/(2000)+1/(s*0.002),0],
[-1,0,0,0,0,0,0] ]);};
Soluie_sistem:= {V1 = 100.*1/s,
V5 = 100000.*(s^3+750000000.*s+
+1000000.*s^2+.5000000000e15)/(.7500000000e21+.2625000000e19*s+
.1503250000e16*s^2+7000000000.*s^3+3003000.*s^4+3.*s^5),
V4 = 50000.*(s^4+2000000.*s^3+1500000000.*s^2+.1000000000e16*s+
+.2500000000e18)/(s*(.7500000000e21+.2625000000e19*s+
+.1503250000e16*s^2+7000000000.*s^3+3003000.*s^4+3.*s^5)),
V2 = 200.*(.1000000000e19*s+.3750000000e21+.1625000000e13*s^2+
+2500000000.*s^3+1500.*s^4+s^5)/(s*(.75e21+.2625000000e19*s+
+.1503250000e16*s^2+7000000000.*s^3+3003000.*s^4+3.*s^5)),
V3 = 200.*(s^5+1000.*s^4+1000000000.*s^3+.625e12*s^2+
42

+.25e18*s+.625e20)/(s*(.7500000000e21+.2625e19*s+
+.1503250000e16*s^2+7000000000.*s^3+3003000.*s^4+3.*s^5)),
V6 = 200.*s*(s^3+500.*s^2+500000000.*s+.375e12)/(.7500000000e21+
+.2625e19*s+.1503250000e16*s^2+7000000000.*s^3+
+3003000.*s^4+3.*s^5),
I9 = .1000000000*(.625e18+.15e16*s+2000000000.*s^2+
+3000000.*s^3+s^4)/(.75e21+.2625e19*s+
+.150325e16*s^2+7000000000.*s^3+3003000.*s^4+3.*s^5)};
Rdcini_determinant:= {-999165.7620, -1391.244131, -359.7055702,
-41.64416468 - 22360.17638 I,
-41.64416468 + 22360.17638 I}
Observaii:
1. Circuitele cu elemente n exces de ordinul doi au un numr de poli n
origine egal cu numrul degenerrilor de acest ordin. n cazul de fa aceasta
echivaleaz cu reducerea gradului polinomului de la numitorul funciei de
circuit cu unu, aa cum se observ n expresiile funciilor Aei(s) si Yei(s). Polul
n origine s-a pierdut n prelucrarea expresiei prin simplificare.
2. Gradul diferit al polinoamelor din expresiile celor patru funcii de
circuit generate se explic pe baza relaiilor lor de definiie i a schemelor
corespunztoare porilor de intrare i de ieire (vezi cap.7, fig.7.2 i fig. 7.3
43

din [51]). Astfel reducerea gradului polinomului de la numitorul funciilor


Bei(s) si Zei(s), este consecina faptului c prin conectarea la poarta de intrare
a sursei de curent n expresiile celor dou funcii nu mai apare contribuia
condensatorului C1.
3. Polii celor patru funcii de circuit au valori diferite, consecin a
modului n care sunt definite funciile de circuit.
4. Polii factorului de transfer n tensiune sunt identici cu rdcinile
determinantului matricei nodale modificate, deoarece definiia acestei funcii
de circuit nu modific structura circuitului.
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