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LI NI U
Trong nhng nm gn y, mng khng dy ngy cng tr nn ph bin vi s ra i ca hng lot nhng cng ngh khc nhau nh Wi-Fi (802.1x), WiMax (802.16)... Cng vi l tc pht trin nhanh, mnh ca mng vin thng phc v nhu cu s dng ca hng triu ngi mi ngy. H thng di ng th h th hai, vi GSM v CDMA l nhng v d in hnh pht trin mnh m nhiu quc gia. Tuy nhin, th trng vin thng cng m rng cng th hin r nhng hn ch v dung lng v bng thng ca cc h thng thng tin di ng th h th hai. S ra i ca h thng di ng th h th ba vi cc cng ngh tiu biu nh WCDMA hay HSPA l mt tt yu c th p ng c nhu cu truy cp d liu, m thanh, hnh nh vi tc cao, bng thng rng ca ngi s dng. Mc d cc h thng thng tin di ng th h 2.5G hay 3G vn ang pht trin khng ngng nhng cc nh khai thc vin thng ln trn th gii bt u tin hnh trin khai th nghim mt chun di ng th h mi c rt nhiu tim nng v c th s tr thnh chun di ng 4G trong tng lai, l LTE (Long Term Evolution). Cc cuc th nghim v trnh din ny chng t nng lc tuyt vi ca cng ngh LTE v kh nng thng mi ha LTE n rt gn. Trc y, mun truy cp d liu, phi cn c 1 ng dy c nh kt ni. Trong tng lai khng xa vi LTE, c th truy cp tt c cc dch v mi lc mi ni trong khi vn di chuyn: xem phim cht lng cao HDTV, in thoi thy hnh, chi game, nghe nhc trc tuyn, ti c s d liu v.v vi mt tc siu tc. chnh l s khc bit gia mng di ng th h th 3 (3G) v mng di ng th h th t (4G). Tuy vn cn kh mi m nhng mng di ng bng rng 4G ang c k vng s to ra nhiu thay i khc bit so vi nhng mng di ng hin nay. Chnh v vy, em la chn lm n tt nghip v ti Nghin cu h thng thng tin di ng tin 4G LTE (Long Term Evolution). n i vo tm hiu tng quan v cng ngh LTE cng nh l nhng k thut v thnh phn c s dng trong cng ngh ny c th hiu r thm v nhng tim nng hp dn m cng ngh ny s mang li v tnh hnh trin khai cng ngh ny trn th gii v ti VIT NAM .

ti gm 6 chng : CHNG 1: TNG QUAN H THNG THNG TIN DI NG V GII THIU CNG NGH LTE CHNG 2: KIN TRC MNG V GIAO THC CHNG 3: TRUY NHP V TUYN TRONG LTE CHNG 4: LP VT L LTE CHNG 5: CC TH TC TRUY NHP CHNG 6: TRIN KHAI LTE TRN TH GII V TI VIT NAM thc hin n tt nghip ny, em s dng nhng kin thc c trang b trong 5 nm i hc v nhng kin thc chn lc t cc ti liu ca cc thy gio, c gio trong v ngoi trng . Ngoi ra, n cn s dng nhng ti liu ph bin rng ri trn Internet. Mc d rt c gng, nhng do hn ch v thi gian cng nh nhng hiu bit c hn ca mt sinh vin nn n khng trnh khi thiu st. n c hon thin hn, em rt mong nhn c cc kin ng gp ca cc thy gio, c gio cng nh cc bn sinh vin.

Sinh vin thc hin : Nguyn Tun Anh

MC LC
T BA.....................................................................................................1 NHIM V THIT K TT NGHIP3 LI NI U ................................................................................................. 5 MC LC7 DANH MC T VIT TT........................................................................ 11 DANH MC HNH V ................................................................................ 18 DANH MC BNG BIU ........................................................................... 21 CHNG 1 - TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN DI NG & GII THIU V CNG NGH LTE ........................................................ 22
1.1. Tng quan v h thng thng tin di ng ...................................................22 1.1.1. H thng thng tin di ng th h th nht ( 1G) ....................................22 1.1.2. H thng thng tin di ng th h th hai ( 2G) ......................................23 1.1.3. H thng thng tin di ng th h th 3 ( 3G) .........................................25 1.2. Gii thiu v cng ngh LTE .......................................................................27

CHNG 2 KIN TRC MNG V GIAO THC............................ 30


2.1. Kin trc mng LTE ....................................................................................30 2.1.1. Tng quan v cu hnh kin trc c bn h thng....................................31 2.1.2. Thit b ngi dng ( UE) ........................................................................32 2.1.3. E-UTRAN nodeB (eNodeB) ....................................................................33 2.1.4. Thc th qun l tnh di ng (MME) .....................................................34 2.1.5. Cng phc v ( S-GW) .............................................................................36 2.1.6. Cng mng d liu gi( P-GW) ...............................................................38 2.1.7. Chc nng chnh sch v tnh cc ti nguyn ( PCRF) .........................40 2.1.8. My ch thu bao thng tr (HSS) ........................................................41 2.2. Cc giao din v giao thc trong cu hnh kin trc c bn ca h thng ...............................................................................................................................41 2.3. QoS v kin trc dch v mang chuyn ......................................................45

2.4. Giao thc trng thi v chuyn tip trng thi..........................................46 2.5. H tr tnh di ng lin tc ..........................................................................47 2.6. Kin trc h thng pht qung b a im ................................................50

CHNG 3 - TRUY NHP V TUYN TRONG LTE ......................... 54


3.1. Cc ch truy nhp v tuyn ....................................................................54 3.2. Bng tn truyn dn .....................................................................................54 3.3. Cc bng tn c h tr ............................................................................55 3.4. K thut a truy nhp cho ng xung OFDMA ...................................56 3.4.1. OFDM ......................................................................................................56 3.4.2. Cc tham s OFDMA ...............................................................................58 3.4.3. Truyn dn d liu hng xung .............................................................61 3.5. K thut a truy nhp ng ln LTE SC-FDMA ...................................63 3.5.1. SC-FDMA ................................................................................................63 3.5.2. Cc tham s SC-FDMA ...........................................................................64 3.5.3. Truyn dn d liu hng ln ..................................................................66 3.5.4. So snh OFDMA v SC-FDMA ..............................................................67 3.6. Tng quan v k thut a ng ten MIMO..................................................69 3.6.1. n u vo n u ra (SISO) ..............................................................70 3.6.2. n u vo a u ra (SIMO) ................................................................70 3.6.3. a u vo n u ra (MISO) ................................................................70 3.6.4. a u vo a u ra (MIMO) .................................................................70 3.6.5. K hoch LTE a ng ten .........................................................................72 3.6.5.1. Ch truyn dn a ng ten ng xung LTE .......................... 73 3.6.5.2. Ch a ng ten hng ln LTE ............................................... 75

CHNG 4 - LP VT L LTE ............................................................... 76


4.1. Cc knh truyn ti v nh x ca chng ti cc knh vt l ..................76 4.2. iu ch ..........................................................................................................77 4.3. Truyn ti d liu ngi s dng hng ln .............................................78 4.4. Truyn dn d liu ngi dng hng xung ...........................................83

4.5. Truyn dn tn hiu lp vt l hng ln ...................................................87 4.5.1. Knh iu khin ng ln vt l ( PUCCH) ..........................................88 4.5.2. Cu hnh PUCCH .....................................................................................89 4.5.3. Bo hiu iu khin trn PUSCH .............................................................89 4.6. Cu trc PRACH (Knh truy nhp ngu nhin vt l) ............................92 4.7. Truyn dn bo hiu lp vt l hng xung ............................................93 4.7.1. Knh ch th nh dng iu khin vt l (PCFICH) ................................93 4.7.2. Knh iu khin hng xung vt l ( PCDCH) ....................................94 4.7.3. Knh ch th HARQ vt l ( PHICH) .......................................................95 4.7.4. Cc ch truyn dn hng xung ........................................................95 4.7.5. Knh qung b vt l ( PBCH) .................................................................96 4.7.6. Tn hiu ng b.......................................................................................97 4.8. Cc th tc lp vt l....................................................................................98 4.8.1. Th tc HARQ .........................................................................................98 4.8.2. ng trc nh thi ..................................................................................99 4.8.3. iu khin cng sut ..............................................................................100 4.8.4. Nhn tin ..................................................................................................101 4.8.5. Th tc bo co phn hi knh ...............................................................101 4.8.6. Hot ng ch bn song cng ...........................................................102 4.8.7. Cc lp kh nng ca UE v cc c im c h tr .........................102 4.9. o lng lp vt l......................................................................................103 4.9.1. o lng eNodeB...................................................................................103 4.9.2. o lng UE ..........................................................................................104 4.10. Cu hnh tham s lp vt l .....................................................................104

CHNG 5 CC TH TC TRUY NHP ......................................... 106


5.1. Th tc d tm ..........................................................................................106 5.1.1. Cc bc ca th tc d tm ................................................................106 5.1.2. Cu trc thi gian/tn s ca tn hiu ng b .......................................108 5.1.3. D tm ban u v d tm ln cn........................................................109

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5.2. Truy nhp ngu nhin ................................................................................110 5.2.1. Bc 1 : Truyn dn phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin ......................111 5.2.2. Bc 2 : p ng truy nhp ngu nhin ................................................115 5.2.3. Bc 3: Nhn dng thit b u cui ......................................................116 5.2.4. Bc 4: Gii quyt tranh chp................................................................117

CHNG 6 TNH HNH TRIN KHAI LTE TRN TH GII V TI VIT NAM .......................................................................................... 118
6.1. Trin khai LTE trn th gii .....................................................................118 6.2. Trin khai LTE ti VIT NAM ................................................................122

KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN TI .................................. 124 NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN ....................................... 125 NHN XT CA GIO VIN C DUYT ........................................ 125 LI CM N .............................................................................................. 126 TI LIU THAM KHO .......................................................................... 127

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DANH MC T VIT TT
3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project AAA Authentication, Authorization and Accounting ACF Analog Channel Filter ACIR Adjacent Channel Interference Rejection ACK Acknowledgement ACLR Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio ACS Adjacent channel selectivity ADC Analog-to Digital Conversion ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line AM Acknowledged Mode AMBR Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate AMD Acknowledged Mode Data AMR Adaptive Multi-Rate AMR-NB Adaptive Multi-Rate Narrowband AMR-WB Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband ARP Allocation Retention Priority ATB Adaptive Transmission Bandwidth AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Sytem BB BCCH BCH AMPS BPF BPSK BS BSC BSR BTS BW CAZAC Baseband Broadcast Control Channel Broadcast Channel Advanced Mobile Phone Sytem Band Pass Filter Binary Phase Shift Keying Base Station Base Station Controller Buffer Status Report Base Transceiver Station Bandwidth Constant Amplitude Zero Autocorrelation Codes D n cc i tc th h th ba Xc thc, cp php v tnh cc B lc knh tng t Loi b nhiu knh ln cn S bo nhn T l d knh ln cn Chn lc knh ln cn Chuyn i tng t - s ng dy thu bao s khng i xng Ch bo nhn Tc bt ti a cp pht D liu ch bo nhn a tc thch ng Bng hp a tc thch ng Bng rng a tc thch ng u tin duy tr cp pht Bng thng truyn dn thch nghi Nhiu Gauss trng thm vo H thng in thoi di ng tin tin Bng gc Knh iu khin pht qung b Knh pht qung b H thng in thoi di ng tin tin B lc bng tn Kha dch pha nh phn Trm gc iu khin trm gc Bo co tnh trng b m Trm thu pht gc Di thng M t tng quan zero bin khng i

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CBR CCE CCCH CDD CDF CDM CDMA AIR CP CPICH CQI CRC C-RNTI CS CSCF D-BCH DCCH DCI DFCHA DFT DL UL DL-SCH DPCCH DTX DwPTS E-DCH EDGE EPC EPDG EUTRAN EDO FD FDD FDM

Constant Bit Rate Control Channel Element Common Control Channel Cyclic Delay Diversity Cumulative Density Function Code Division Multiplexing Code Division Multiple Access Carrier to Interference Ratio Cyclic Prex Common Pilot Channel Channel Quality Information Cyclic Redundancy Check Radio Network Temporary Identier Circuit Switched Call Session Control Function Dynamic Broadcast Channel Dedicated Control Channel Downlink Control Information Dynamic Frequency and Channel Allocation Discrete Fourier Transform Downlink uplink Downlink Shared Channel Dedicated Physical Control Channel Discontinuous Transmission Downlink Pilot Time Slot Enhanced DCH Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution Evolved Packet Core Evolved Packet Data Gateway Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Evolution Data Only Frequency Domain Frequency Division Duplex Frequency Division Multiplexing

Tc bt khng i Phn t knh iu khin Knh iu khin chung Phn tp tr vng Chc nng mt tch ly Ghp knh phn chia theo m a truy nhp phn chia theo m T s sng mang trn tp m Tin t vng Knh iu khin chung Thng tin cht lng knh Kim tra d vng Nhn dng tm thi mng v tuyn t bo Chuyn mch knh Chc nng iu khin phin cuc gi Knh pht qung b ng Knh iu khin ring Thng tin iu khin ng xung Cp pht knh v tn s ng Bin i fourier ri rc ng xung ng ln Knh chia s ng xung Knh iu khin vt l ring Truyn pht khng lin tc Khe thi gian iu khin ng xung DCH c tng cng Tc d liu tng cng cho GSM pht trin Mng li gi pht trin Cng d liu gi pht trin Truy nhp v tuyn mt t ton cu pht trin Ch c d liu pht trin Min tn s Song cng phn chia tn s Ghp knh phn chia tn s

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FDPS FFT FS GERAN GGSN GP GPRS GPS GRE GSM

Frequency Domain Packet Scheduling Fast Fourier Transform Frequency Selective


GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network

Lp biu gi min tn s Bin i furier nhanh La chn tn s


Mng truy nhp v tuyn GSM/EDGE

Gateway GPRS Support Node Guard Period General packet radio service Global Positioning System Generic Routing Encapsulation Global System for Mobile Communications GTP GPRS Tunneling Protocol GTP-C GPRS Tunneling Protocol, Control Plane GUTI Globally Unique Temporary Identity GW Gateway HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest HO Handover HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access HS-DSCH High Speed Downlink Shared Channel HSCSD High Speed Circuit Switched Data HSPA High Speed Packet Access HSHigh Speed Physical Downlink PDSCH Shared Channel HSS Home Subscriber Server HS-SCCH High Speed Shared Control Channel HSUPA High Speed Uplink Packet Access ICI Inter-carrier Interference ICIC Inter- Interference Control ID Identity IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem IMT International Mobile Telecommunications

Nt cng h tr GPRS Khong bo v Dch v v tuyn gi chung H thng nh v ton cu ng gi nh tuyn chung H thng truyn thng di ng ton cu Giao thc ng hm GPRS Mt phng iu khin, giao thc ng hm GPRS Nhn dng tm thi duy nht ton cu Cng Yu cu lp li t ng h hp S chuyn vng Truy nhp gi ng xung tc cao Knh chia s ng xung tc cao S liu chuyn mch knh tc cao Truy nhp gi tc cao Knh chia s ng xung vt l tc cao My ch thu bao thng tr Knh iu khin chia s tc cao Truy nhp gi ng ln tc cao Nhiu lin sng mang iu khin nhiu lin Nhn dng Bin i furier nhanh nghch o H thng con a phng tin IP Truyn thng di ng quc t

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IP ISDN ISI LNA LO LOS LTE MAC MAP MBMS MBR MCH MCS MGW MIMO MIP MM MME MPR MSC NACK NAS NAS NB NMT OFDM OFDMA O&M PAPR PAR PC PCCC PCCPCH PCFICH PCH

Internet Protocol Integrated Services Digital Network Inter Symbols Interference low noise amplifier Local Oscillator Line of Sight Long Term Evolution Medium Access Control Mobile Application Part Multimedia Broadcast Multicast System Maximum Bit Rate Multicast Channel Modulation and Coding Scheme Media Gateway Multiple Input Multiple Output Mobile IP Mobility Management Mobility Management Entity Maximum Power Reduction Mobile Switching Center Negative Acknowledgement Non-access Stratum Network Address Table Narrowband Nordic Mobile Telephone Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access Operation and Maintenance Peak to Average Power Ratio Peak-to-Average Ratio Power Control Parallel Concatenated Convolution Coding Primary Common Control Physical Channel Physical Control Format Indicator Channel Paging Channel

Giao thc Internet Mng s dch v tch hp Nhiu lin k t Khuych i m nhiu thp B dao ng ni Tm nhn thng S pht trin di hn iu khin truy nhp mi trng Phn ng dng di ng H thng pht qung b a im a phng tin Tc bt ti a Knh a im S m ha v iu ch Cng phng tin a u vo a u ra IP di ng Qun l tnh di ng Phn t qun l tnh di ng S gim cng sut ti a Chung tm chuyn mch di ng Bo nhn khng thnh cng Tng khng truy nhp Bng a ch mng Bng hp in thoi di ng Bc u Ghp knh phn chia tn s trc giao a truy nhp phn chia tn s trc giao Vn hnh v bo dng T l cng sut nh ti trung bnh T l nh-trung bnh iu khin cng sut M xon ghp song song Knh vt l iu khin chung s cp Knh ch th dng iu khin vt l Knh nhn tin

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PCI PCM PCRF PCS PDCCH PDCP PDN PDU PDSCH P-GW PHICH PHY PLL PLMN PMIP PN PRACH PRB PS PSD PSS PUCCH PUSCH QAM QCI QoS QPSK RACH RAN RAR RB RBG RF RI

Physical Identity Pulse Code Modulation Policy and Charging Resource Function Personal Communication Services Physical Downlink Control Channel Packet Data Convergence Protocol Packet Data Network Payload Data Unit Physical Downlink Shared Channel Packet Data Network Gateway Physical HARQ Indicator Channel Physical Layer Phase Locked Loop Public Land Mobile Network Proxy Mobile IP Phase Noise Physical Random Access Channel Physical Resource Block Packet Switched Power Spectral Density Primary Synchronization Signal Physical Uplink Control Channel Physical Uplink Shared Channel Quadrature Amplitude Modulation QoS Class Identier Quality of Service Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Random Access Channel Radio Access Network Random Access Response Resource Block Radio Bearer Group Radio Frequency Rank Indicator

Nhn dng vt l iu ch xung m Chc nng tnh cc ti nguyn v chnh sch Dch v truyn thng c nhn Knh iu khin ng xung vt l Giao thc hi t d liu gi Mng d liu gi n v d liu ti tin Knh chia s ng xung vt l Cng mng d liu gi Knh ch th HARQ vt l Lp vt l Vng kha pha Mng di ng mt t cng cng IP di ng y nhim Ting n pha Knh truy nhp ngu nhin vt l Khi ti nguyn vt l Chuyn mch gi Mt ph cng sut Tn hiu ng b s cp Knh iu khin hng ln vt l Knh chia s hng ln vt l iu ch bin cu phng Nhn dng cp QoS Cht lng dch v Kha dch pha vung gc Knh truy nhp ngu nhin Mng truy nhp v tuyn p ng truy nhp ngu nhin Khi ti nguyn Nhm truyn ti v tuyn Tn s v tuyn Ch th bc

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RLC RNC RRC RRM RS RSCP RSRP RSRQ RSSI SAE SCCPCH SCM SCFDMA SCH SCTP SDU SFBC SFN SGSN S-GW SIB SIMO SMS SNR SON SR S-RACH SRB SRS SSS SUMIMO S1AP TA TBS

Radio Link Control Radio Network Controller Radio Resource Control Radio Resource Management Reference Signal Received Symbol Code Power Reference Symbol Received Power Reference Symbol Received Quality Received Signal Strength Indicator System Architecture Evolution Secondary Common Control Physical Channel Spatial Channel Model Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access Synchronization Channel Stream Control Transmission Protocol Service Data Unit Space Frequency Block Coding System Frame Number Serving GPRS Support Node Serving Gateway System Information Block Single Input Multiple Output Short Message Service Signal to Noise Ratio Self Optimized Networks Scheduling Request Short Random Access Channel Signaling Radio Bearer Sounding Reference Signals Secondary Synchronization Signal Single User Multiple Input Multiple Output S1 Application Protocol Tracking Area Transport Block Size

iu khin kt ni v tuyn iu khin mng v tuyn iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn Tn hiu chun Cng sut m k hiu nhn c Cng sut thu c k hiu chun Cht lng thu c k hiu chun Ch th cng tn hiu thu c Pht trin kin trc h thng Knh vt l iu khin chung th cp Ch knh khng gian a truy nhp phn chia tn s n sng mang Knh ng b Giao thc truyn dn iu khin lung n v d liu dch v M khi tn s khng gian S khung h thng Nt h tr dch v GPRS Cng phc v Khi thng tin h thng n u vo a u ra Dch v bn tin ngn T l tn hiu trn nhiu Mng t ti u Yu cu lp lch biu Knh truy nhp ngu nhin ngn Phn t mang bo hiu v tuyn Tn hiu chun thm d Tn hiu ng b th cp n ngi dng - a u vo a u ra Giao thc ng dng S1 Khu vc theo di Kch thc khi truyn ti

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TACS TD TDD TD-LTE TDSCDMA TPC TRX TTI UDP UE UL UL-SCH UMTS UpPTS USIM UTRA UTRAN V-MIMO VoIP WCDMA WLAN X1AP

Total Access Communication Sytem Time Domain Time Division Duplex Time Division Long Term Evolution Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access Transmit Power Control Transceiver Transmission Time Interval Unit Data Protocol User Equipment Uplink Uplink Shared Channel Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Uplink Pilot Time Slot Universal Subscriber Identity Module Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network Virtual MIMO Voice over IP Wideband Code Division Multiple Access Wireless Local Area Network X1 Application Protocol

H thng truyn thng truy nhp ton phn Min thi gian Song cng phn chia thi gian Phn chia theo thi gian - LTE Phn chia theo thi gian a truy nhp phn chia theo m ng b iu khin cng sut pht B thu pht Khong thi gian truyn Giao thc n v d liu Thit b u cui ng ln Knh chia s ng ln H thng thng tin di ng ton cu Khe thi gian dn hng ng ln Modun nhn dng thu bao ton cu Truy nhp v tuyn mt t ton cu Mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t ton cu MIMO o Thoi qua IP a truy nhp phn chia theo m bng rng Mng ni b khng dy Giao thc ng dng X1

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DANH MC HNH V

Hnh 1.1 Tin trnh pht trin ca thng tin di ng ............................................ 22 Hnh 2.1 Pht trin kin trc 3GPP hng ti kin trc phng hn ...................... 30 Hnh 2.2. Kin trc h thng cho mng ch c E-UTRAN ................................... 31 Hnh 2.3 eNodeB kt ni ti cc nt logic khc v cc chc nng chnh ............... 34 Hnh 2.4 MME kt ni ti cc nt logic khc v cc chc nng chnh .................. 36 Hnh 2.5. Cc kt ni S-GW ti cc nt logic khc v cc chc nng chnh .......... 37 Hnh 2.6 P-GW kt ni ti cc node logic khc v cc chc nng chnh ............... 39 Hnh 2.7 PCRF kt ni ti cc nt logic khc & cc chc nng chnh .................. 40 Hnh 2.8 Ngn xp giao thc mt phng iu khin trong EPS ............................ 42 Hnh 2.9 ngn xp giao thc mt phng ngi dng trong EPC ........................... 44 Hnh 2.10 Cc ngn xp giao thc mt phng iu khin v mt phng ngi dng cho giao din X2...44 Hnh 2.11 Kin trc dch v mang truyn EPS .................................................... 46 Hnh 2.12. Trng thi ca UE v chuyn tip trng thi ....................................... 47 Hnh 2.13. Hot ng chuyn giao ..................................................................... 48 Hnh 2.14. Khu vc theo di cp nht cho UE trng thi RRC rnh ri ............. 49 Hnh 2.15. Khu vc dch v eMBMS v cc khu vc MBSFN ........................... 51 Hnh 2.16 Kin trc logic eMBMS ..................................................................... 52 Hnh 2.17 Kin trc mt phng ngi dng eMBMS cho ng b ni dung ......... 53 Hnh 3.1 Biu din tn s-thi gian ca mt tn hiu OFDM ............................... 57 Hnh 3.2 S to ra k hiu OFDM c ch s dng IFFT ...................................... 57 Hnh 3.3 S to ra chui tn hiu OFDM ............................................................ 58 Hnh 3.4 Cp pht sng mang con cho OFDM & OFDMA .................................. 58 Hnh 3.5 Cu trc khung loi 1 ........................................................................... 59 Hnh 3.6 Cu trc khung loi 2 ........................................................................... 59

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Hnh 3.7 li ti nguyn ng xung ............................................................... 60 Hnh 3.8 Ghp knh thi gian tn s OFDMA.................................................. 61 Hnh 3.9 Pht v thu OFDMA ............................................................................ 62 Hnh 3.10 S khi DFT-S-OFDM ................................................................. 64 Hnh 3.11 Li ti nguyn ng ln ................................................................. 65 Hnh 3.12 Pht & thu hng ln LTE ................................................................. 67 Hnh 3.14 Cc ch truy nhp knh v tuyn ................................................... 69 Hnh 3.15 MIMO 22 , khng c tin m ha ..................................................... 71 Hnh 3.16 X l tn hiu cho phn tp pht v ghp knh khng gian (MIMO).73 Hnh 3.17 a ngi s dng MIMO trong hng ln .......................................... 75 Hnh 4.1 nh x ca cc knh truyn ti hng ln ti cc knh vt l ................ 77 Hnh 4.2 nh x cc knh truyn ti hng xung ti cc knh vt l .................. 77 Hnh 4.3 Cc chm im iu ch trong LTE ..................................................... 78 Hnh 4.4 Cp pht ti nguyn hng ln c iu khin bi b lp biu eNodeB 79 Hnh 4.5 Cu trc khung LTE FDD .................................................................... 79 Hnh 4.6 Tc d liu gia cc TTI theo hng ng ln ............................... 80 Hnh 4.7 Cu trc khe ng ln vi tin t vng ngn v di ............................. 80 Hnh 4.8 Chui m ha knh PUSCH ................................................................. 82 Hnh 4.9 Ghp knh ca thng tin iu khin v d liu ...................................... 82 Hnh 4.10 Cp pht ti nguyn ng xung ti eNodeB .................................... 83 Hnh 4.11 Cu trc khe ng xung cho bng thng 1,4MHz ............................ 84 Hnh 4.12 Chui m ha knh DL-SCH.............................................................. 84 Hnh 4.13 V d v chia s ti nguyn ng xung gia PDCCH & PDSCH ...... 85 Hnh 4.14 S to thnh tn hiu hng xung ..................................................... 86 Hnh 4.15 Ti nguyn PUCCH ........................................................................... 88 Hnh 4.16 Nguyn tc iu ch d liu v iu khin .......................................... 90 Hnh 4.17 Cp pht cc trng d liu & iu khin khc nhau trn PUSCH ....... 90 Hnh 4.18 Cc dng phn m u LTE RACH cho FDD ..................................... 92

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Hnh 4.19 V tr PBCH ti cc tn s trung tm ................................................... 96 Hnh 4.20 Cc tn hiu ng b trong khung ....................................................... 97 Hnh 4.21 Vn hnh LTE HARQ vi 8 tin trnh ................................................ 98 Hnh 4.22 nh thi LTE HARQ cho mt gi tin ng xung duy nht ............. 99 Hnh 4.23 iu khin nh thi hng ln .......................................................... 99 Hnh 4.24 Cng sut hng ln LTE vi thay i tc d liu ........................ 100 Hnh 4.25 Th tc bo co thng tin trng thi knh (CSI) ................................ 101 Hnh 4.26 T cu hnh cho PCI ........................................................................ 104 Hnh 5.1 Cc tn hiu ng b s cp & th cp ...104 Hnh 5.2 S hnh thnh tn hiu ng b trong min tn s ................................ 108 Hnh 5.3 Tng quan v th tc truy nhp ngu nhin ......................................... 111 Hnh 5.4 Minh ha c bn cho truyn dn phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin .... 113 Hnh 5.5 nh thi phn m u ti eNodeB cho cc ngi s dng truy nhp ngu nhin khc nhau..113 Hnh 5.6 S pht hin phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin trong min tn s ...... 114 Hnh 6.1 Samsung Craft - Chic in thoi 4G s dng mng LTE u tin trn th gii..118 Hnh 6.2 Laptop X430 ..................................................................................... 122 Hnh 6.3 Ericsson phi hp vi Cc Tn s V tuyn in th nghim cng ngh LTE ti H Ni122 Hnh 6.4 Trm gc LTE ................................................................................... 123

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DANH MC BNG BIU

Bng 1. 1 Cc c im chnh ca cng ngh LTE..27 Bng 2.1 Cc giao thc v giao din LTE45 Bng 3.1 Cc bng tn vn hnh E-UTRAN....55 Bng 3.2 s lng cc khi ti nguyn cho bng thng LTE khc nhau.....60 Bng 3.3 Tham s cu trc khung ng xung (FDD & TDD).....61 Bng 3.4 Cc tham s cu trc khung ng ln (FDD&TDD).......65 Bng 4.1 Dng PDCCH v kch thc ca chng....94 Bng 4.2 Cc loi thit b LTE... 103

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CHNG 1 - TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN DI NG & GII THIU V CNG NGH LTE
1.1. Tng quan v h thng thng tin di ng 1.1.1. H thng thng tin di ng th h th nht ( 1G) Cng ngh di ng u tin l cng ngh tng t, l h thng truyn tn hiu tng t, l mng in thoi di ng u tin ca nhn loi, c khi mo Nht vo nm 1979. Nhng cng ngh chnh thuc th h th nht ny c th k n l: NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone in thoi di ng Bc u) c s dng cc nc Bc u, Ty u v Nga. AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Sytem H thng in thoi di ng tin tin) c s dng M v c. TACS (Total Access Communication Sytem H thng truyn thng truy nhp ton phn) c s dng Anh.

Hnh 1.1 Tin trnh pht trin ca thng tin di ng Hu ht cc h thng u l h thng tng t v dch v truyn ch yu l thoi. Vi h thng ny, cuc gi c th b nghe trm bi bn th ba. Nhng im yu ca th h 1G l dung lng thp, xc sut rt cuc gi cao, kh nng chuyn cuc gi khng tin cy, cht lng m thanh km, khng c ch bo mtdo vy h thng 1G khng th p ng c nhu cu s dng .

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1.1.2. H thng thng tin di ng th h th hai ( 2G) H thng di ng th h th 2 s dng truyn v tuyn s cho vic truyn ti. Nhng h thng mng 2G th c dung lng ln hn nhng h thng mng th h th nht. Mt knh tn s th ng thi c chia ra cho nhiu ngi dng (bi vic chia theo m hoc chia theo thi gian). S sp xp c trt t cc t bo, mi khu vc phc v th c bao bc bi mt t bo ln, nhng t bo ln v mt phn ca nhng t bo lm tng dung lng ca h thng xa hn na. C 4 chun chnh i vi h thng 2G: H Thng Thng Tin Di ng Ton Cu (GSM) v nhng dn xut ca n; AMPS s (D-AMPS); a Truy Cp Phn Chia Theo M IS-95; v Mng t bo S C Nhn (PDC). GSM t c thnh cng nht v c s dng rng ri trong h thng 2G. GSM GSM c bn s dng bng tn 900MHz. S dng k thut a truy nhp theo thi gian TDMA. nhng y cng c mt s nhng pht sinh, 2 vn quan trng l h thng m hnh s 1800 (DCS 1800; cng c bit nh GSM 1800) v PCS 1900 (hay GSM 1900). Sau ny ch c s dng Bc M v Chil, v DCS 1800 th c tm thy mt s khu vc khc trn th gii. Nguyn do u tin v bng tn s mi l do s thiu dung lng i vi bng tng 900 MHz. Bng tn 1800MHz c th c s dng ngha v ph bin hn i vi ngi s dng. v th n tr nn hon ton ph bin, c bit trong nhng khu vc ng dn c. V th ng thi c 2 bng tn di ng u c s dng, y in thoi s dng bng tn 1800MHz khi c thnh phn khc s dng ln trn mng 900MHz. H thng GSM 900 lm vic trong mt bng tn hp, di tn c bn t (890960MHz). Trong bng tn c bn c chia lm 2 phn : + ng ln t (890 915) MHz. + ng xung t (935 960)MHz. Bng tn gm 124 sng mang c chia lm 2 bng, mi bng rng 25MHz,khong cch gia 2 sng mang k nhau l 200KHz. Mi knh s dng 2 tn s ring bit cho 2 ng ln v xung gi l knh song cng. Khong cch gia 2 tn s l khng i bng 45MHz. Mi knh v tuyn mang 8 khe thi gian TDMA v mi khe thi gian l mt knh vt l trao i thng tin gia MS v mng GSM. Tc t 6.5 13 Kbps. GSM mi ch cung cp c cc dch v thoi v nhn tin ngn, trong khi nhu cu truy nhp internet v cc dch v t ngi s dng l rt ln nn GSM pht trin ln 2.5G.

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Trong : HSCSD ( High Speed Circuit Switched Data) - S liu chuyn mch knh tc cao: Mt vn quan trng ln nht i vi GSM n gin l v tc d liu chm. GSM c s c th ci thin tc ngi dng trc ch l 9.6Kbps. Sau theo l thuyt tc ngi dng l 14.4Kbps, mc d n khng c thng dng cho lm. HSCSD l cch n dng nht cho mi th c ti ln. Nhng phng php ny chnh l s thay th mt khe thi gian, mt tram di ng c th s dng nhiu khe thi gian cho mt kt ni d liu.Nhng b sung trong dng thng mi, gi tr ti a thng l 4 khe thi gian. Mt khe thi gian c th s dng tc 9.6Kbps hoc 14.4Kbps. Ton b tc chnh l s khe thi gian nhn vi tc d liu ca mt khe thi gian. y chnh l mi tng quan khng phc tp nng cp dung lng ca h thng, v n ch l nhng yu cu trong vic nng cp phn mm i vi mng nhng n c nhiu tr ngi. Vn quan trng nht trong vic s dng ti nguyn sng v tuyn mt cch khan him. Bi v n l chuyn mch- mch, HSCSD phn b vic s dng khe thi gian mt cch lin tc ngay c khi khng c bt c th g c truyn i. GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) - Dch v v tuyn gi chung: GPRS l mt h thng v tuyn thuc giai on trung gian, nhng vn l h thng 3G nu xt v mng li. GPRS cung cp cc kt ni s liu chuyn mch gi vi tc truyn ln ti 171,2Kbps (tc s liu nh) v h tr giao thc Internet TCP/IP v X25, nh vy tng cng ng k cc dch v s liu ca GSM. Cng vic tch hp GPRS vo mng GSM ang tn ti l mt qu trnh n gin. Mt phn cc khe trn giao din v tuyn dnh cho GPRS, cho php ghp knh s liu gi c lp lch trnh trc i vi mt s trm di ng. Phn h trm gc ch cn nng cp mt phn nh lin quan n khi iu khin gi (PCU- Packet Control Unit) cung cp kh nng nh tuyn gi gia cc u cui di ng cc nt cng (gateway). Mt nng cp nh v phn mm cng cn thit h tr cc h thng m ho knh khc nhau. Mng li GSM c to thnh t cc kt ni chuyn mch knh c m rng bng cch thm vo cc nt chuyn mch s liu v gateway mi, c gi l GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) v SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node). GPRS l mt gii php c chun ho hon ton vi cc giao din m rng v c th chuyn thng ln 3G v cu trc mng li. EDGE ( Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution): Tc s liu tng cng pht trin GSM: EDGE c th pht nhiu bit gp 3 ln GPRS trong mt chu k. y l l do chnh cho tc bit EDGE cao hn. ITU nh ngha 384kbps l gii hn tc d liu cho dch v thc hin chun IMT-2000 trong mi trng khng l tng. 384kbps tng ng vi 48kbps trn mi khe thi gian, gi s mt u cui c 8 khe thi gian.

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EDGE l mt k thut truyn dn 3G c chp nhn v c th trin khai trong ph tn hin c ca cc nh khai thc TDMA v GSM. EDGE ti s dng bng tn sng mang v cu trc khe thi gian ca GSM, v c thit k nhm tng tc s liu ca ngi s dng trong mng GPRS hoc HSCSD bng cch s dng cc h thng cao cp v cng ngh tin tin khc. V vy, c s h tng v thit b u cui hon ton ph hp vi EDGE hon ton tng thch vi GSM v GRPS. IS-95 H thng mng t bo IS-95A c Qualcomm cho ra mt vo nhng nm 1990 s dng k thut truy nhp v tuyn CDMA. CDMA chia s cng mt gii tn chung. Mi khch hng c th ni ng thi v tn hiu c pht i trn cng mt gii tn. Cc knh thu bao c tch bit bng cch s dng m ngu nhin. Cc tn hiu ca nhiu thu bao khc nhau s c m ho bng cc m ngu nhin khc nhau, sau c trn ln v pht i trn cng mt gii tn chung v ch c phc hi duy nht thit b thu bao (my in thoi di ng) vi m ngu nhin tng ng. IS 95A(2G) pht trin tip ln IS 95B(2.5G) Mc d h thng thng tin di ng 2G c coi l nhng tin b ng k nhng vn gp phi cc hn ch sau: Tc thp v ti nguyn hn hp. V th cn thit phi chuyn i ln mng thng tin di ng th h tip theo ci thin dch v truyn s liu, nng cao tc bit v ti nguyn c chia sMt khc, khi cc h thng thng tin di ng ngy cng pht trin, khng ch s lng ngi s dng in thoi di ng tng ln, m rng th trng m ngi s dng cn i hi cc dch v tin tin hn khng ch l cc dch v cuc gi thoi truyn thng v dch v s liu tc thp hin c trong mng hin ti. Nhu cu ca th trng c th phn loi thnh cc lnh vc nh: Dch v d liu my tnh, dch v vin thng, dch v ni dung s nh m thanh hnh nh. Nhng l do trn thc y cc t chc nghin cu pht trin h thng thng tin di ng trn th gii tin hnh nghin cu v p dng trong thc t chun mi cho h thng thng tin di ng: Thng tin di ng 3G 1.1.3. H thng thng tin di ng th h th 3 ( 3G) Vo nm 1992, ITU cng b chun IMT-2000 (International Mobil Telecommunication -2000) cho h thng 3G vi cc u im chnh c mong i em li bi h thng 3G l: + Cung cp dch v thoi cht lng cao. +Cc dch v tin nhn (e-mail, fax, SMS, chat, ...). + Cc dch v a phng tin (xem phim, xem truyn hnh, nghe nhc,...).

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+ Truy nhp Internet (duyt Web, ti ti liu, ...). +S dng chung mt cng ngh thng nht, m bo s tng thch ton cu gia cc h thng. tho mn cc dch v a phng tin cng nh m bo kh nng truy cp Internet bng thng rng, IMT-2000 ha hn cung cp bng thng 2Mbps, nhng thc t trin khai ch ra rng vi bng thng ny vic chuyn giao rt kh, v vy ch c nhng ngi s dng khng di ng mi c p ng bng thng kt ni ny, cn khi i b bng thng s l 384 Kbps, khi di chuyn bng t s l 144Kbps. Cc h thng 3G in hnh l: UMTS (W-CDMA) UMTS (Universal Mobile Telephone System), da trn cng ngh W-CDMA, l gii php c a chung cho cc nc ang trin khai cc h thng GSM mun chuyn ln 3G. UMTS c h tr bi Lin Minh Chu u v c qun l bi 3GPP t chc chu trch nhim cho cc cng ngh GSM, GPRS. UMTS hot ng bng thng 5MHz, cho php cc cuc gi c th chuyn giao mt cch hon ho gia cc h thng UMTS v GSM c. Nhng c im ca WCDMA nh sau: +WCDMA s dng knh truyn dn 5 MHz chuyn d liu. N cng cho php vic truyn d liu tc 384 Kbps trong mng di ng v 2 Mbps trong h thng tnh. +Kt cu phn tng: H thng UMTS da trn cc dch v c phn tng, khng ging nh mng GSM. trn cng l tng dch v, em li nhng u im nh trin khai nhanh cc dch v, hay cc a im c tp trung ha. Tng gia l tng iu khin, gip cho vic nng cp cc quy trnh v cho php mng li c th c phn chia linh hot. Cui cng l tng kt ni, bt k cng ngh truyn d liu no cng c th c s dng v d liu m thanh s c chuyn qua ATM/AAL2 hoc IP/RTP. +Tn s: hin ti c 6 bng s dng cho UMTS/WCDMA, tp trung vo UMTS tn s cp pht trong 2 bng ng ln (1885 MHz 2025 MHz) v ng xung (2110 MHz 2200 MHz). S pht trin ca WCDMA ln 3.5G l HSxPA CDMA2000 Mt chun 3G quan trng khc l CDMA2000, chun ny l s tip ni i vi cc h thng ang s dng cng ngh CDMA trong th h 2. CDMA2000 c qun l bi 3GPP2, mt t chc c lp v tch ri khi 3GPP ca UMTS. CDMA2000 c tc truyn d liu t 144Kbps n Mbps. TD-SCDMA Chun c t bit n hn l TD-SCDMA ang c pht trin ti Trung Quc bi cc cng ty Datang v Siemens. Hin ti c nhiu chun cng ngh cho 2G nn

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s c nhiu chun cng ngh 3G i theo, tuy nhin trn thc t ch c 2 tiu chun quan trng nht c sn phm thng mi v c kh nng c trin khai rng ri trn ton th gii l WCDMA (FDD) v CDMA 2000. WCDMA c pht trin trn c s tng thch vi giao thc ca mng li GSM (GSM MAP), mt h thng chim ti 65% th trng th gii. Cn CDMA 2000 nhm tung thch vi mng li IS-41, hin chim 15% th trng.

1.2. Gii thiu v cng ngh LTE


LTE l th h th t ca chun UMTS do 3GPP pht trin. UMTS th h th ba da trn WCDMA c trin khai trn ton th gii. m bo tnh cnh tranh cho h thng ny trong tng lai, thng 11/2004 3GPP bt u d n nhm xc nh bc pht trin v lu di cho cng ngh di ng UMTS vi tn gi Long Term Evolution (LTE). 3GPP t ra yu cu cao cho LTE, bao gm gim chi ph cho mi bit thng tin, cung cp dch v tt hn, s dng linh hot cc bng tn hin c v bng tn mi, n gin ha kin trc mng vi cc giao tip m v gim ng k nng lng tiu th thit b u cui. Giao din khng gian v cc thuc tnh lin quan ca h thng LTE c tm tt trong bng 1.1. Bng tn 1,25 20 MHz Song cng FDD , TDD , bn song cng FDD Di ng a truy nhp MIMO Tc d liu nh trong 20MHz iu ch M ha knh Cc cng ngh khc 350km/h ng xung OFDMA ng ln SC-FDMA ng xung 2 * 2 ; 4 * 2 ; 4 * 4 ng ln 1*2;1*4 ng xung : 173 v 326 Mb/s tng ng vi cu hnh MIMO 2 * 2 v 4 * 4 ng ln : 86Mb/s vi cu hnh 1 * 2 anten QPSK ; 16 QAM v 64 QAM M tubo Lp biu chnh xc knh; lin kt thch ng ; iu khin cng sut ; ICIC v ARQ hn hp

Bng 1. 1 Cc c im chnh ca cng ngh LTE Mc tiu ca LTE l cung cp 1 dch v d liu tc cao , tr thp , cc gi d liu c ti u , cng ngh v tuyn h tr bng thng mt cch linh hot khi trin khai. ng thi kin trc mng mi c thit k vi mc tiu h tr lu

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lng chuyn mch gi cng vi tnh di ng linh hot , cht lng ca dch v , thi gian tr ti thiu. Tng tc truyn d liu : Trong iu kin l tng h thng h tr tc d liu ng xung nh ln ti 326Mb/s vi cu hnh 4*4 MIMO ( multiple input multiple output ) trong vng 20MHZ bng thng. MIMO cho ng ln l khng c s dng trong phin bn u tin ca chun LTE. Tc d liu nh ng ln ti 86Mb/s trong 20MHZ bng thng. Ngoi vic ci thin tc d liu nh h thng LTE cn cung cp hiu sut ph cao hn t 2 n 4 ln ca h thng HSPA phin bn 6. Di tn co gin c : Di tn v tuyn ca h thng LTE c kh nng m rng t 1.4 MHz, 3MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz v 20 MHz c chiu ln v xung. iu ny dn n s linh hot s dng c hiu qu bng thng .Mc thng sut cao hn khi hot ng bng tn cao v i vi mt s ng dng khng cn n bng tn rng ch cn mt bng tn va th cng c p ng. m bo hiu sut khi di chuyn : LTE ti u ha hiu sut cho thit b u cui di chuyn t 0 n 15km/h, vn h tr vi hiu sut cao (ch gim i mt t) khi di chuyn t 15 n 120km/h, i vi vn tc trn 120 km/h th h thng vn duy tr c kt ni trn ton mng t bo ,chc nng h tr t 120 n 350km/h hoc thm ch l 500km/h ty thuc vo bng tn. Gim tr trn mt phng ngi s dng v mt phng iu khin : Gim thi gian chuyn i trng thi trn mt phng iu khin : Gim thi gian mt thit b u cui ( UE - User Equipment) chuyn t trng thi ngh sang ni kt vi mng, v bt u truyn thng tin trn mt knh truyn.Thi gian ny phi nh hn 100ms. Gim tr mt phng ngi dng: Nhc im ca cc mng t ong () hin nay l tr truyn cao hn nhiu so vi cc mng ng dy c nh. iu ny nh hng ln n cc ng dng nh thoi v chi game ,v cn thi gian thc. Giao din v tuyn ca LTE v mng li cung cp kh nng tr di 10ms cho vic truyn ti 1 gi tin t mng ti UE. S khng cn chuyn mch knh : Tt c s da trn IP. Mt trong nhng tnh nng ng k nht ca LTE l s chuyn dch n mng li hon ton da trn IP vi giao din m v kin trc n gin ha. Su xa hn, phn ln cng vic chun ha ca 3GPP nhm n s chuyn i kin trc mng li ang tn ti sang h thng ton IP. Trong 3GPP. Chng cho php cung cp cc dch v linh hot hn v s lin hot ng n gin vi cc mng di ng phi 3GPP v cc mng c nh. EPC da trn cc giao thc TCP/IP ging nh phn ln cc mng s liu c nh ngy nay- v vy cung cp cc dch v ging PC nh thoi, video, tin nhn v cc dch v a phng tin. S chuyn dch ln kin trc ton

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gi cng cho php ci thin s phi hp vi cc mng truyn thng khng dy v c nh khc.VoIP s dng cho dch v thoi. ph s ng t 5-100km : Trong vng bn knh 5km LTE cung cp ti u v lu lng ngi dng, hiu sut ph v di ng. Phm vi ln n 30km th c mt s gim nh cho php v lu lng ngi dng cn hiu sut ph th li gim mt cch ng k hn nhng vn c th chp nhn c, tuy nhin yu cu v di ng vn c p ng. dung lng hn 200 ngi/ (bng thng 5MHz). Kin trc mng s n gin hn so vi mng 3G hin thi. Tuy nhin mng LTE vn c th tch hp mt cch d dng vi mng 3G v 2G hin ti. iu ny ht sc quan trng cho nh cung cp mng trin khai LTE v khng cn thay i ton b c s h tng mng c. OFDMA ,SC-FDMA v MIMO c s dng trong LTE :H thng ny h tr bng thng linh hot nh cc s truy nhp OFDMA & SC-FDMA. Ngoi ra cn c song cng phn chia tn s FDD v song cng phn chia thi gian TDD. Bn song cng FDD c cho php h tr cho cc ngi s dng vi chi ph thp .khng ging nh FDD, trong hot ng bn song cng FDD th mt UE khng cn thit truyn & nhn ng thi . iu ny trnh vic phi u t mt b song cng t tin trong UE. Truy nhp ng ln v c bn da trn a truy nhp phn chia tn s n sng mang SC-FDMA ha hn s gia tng vng ph sng ng ln do t s cng sut nh-trung bnh thp ( PARR) lin quan ti OFDMA. Gim chi ph : Yu cu t ra cho h thng LTE l gim thiu c chi ph trong khi vn duy tr c hiu sut nhm p ng c cho tt c cc dch v.Cc vn ng truyn,hot ng v bo dng cng lin quan n yu t chi ph,chnh v vy khng ch giao tip m vic truyn ti n cc trm gc v h thng qun l cng cn xc nh r, ngoi ra mt s vn cng c yu cu nh l phc tp thp,cc thit b u cui tiu th t nng lng. Cng tn ti vi cc chun v h thng trc: H thng LTE phi cng tn ti v c th phi hp hot ng vi cc h thng 3GPP khc .Ngi s dng LTE s c th thc hin cc cuc gi t thit b u cui ca mnh v thm ch khi h khng nm trong vng ph sng ca LTE. Do , cho php chuyn giao cc dch v xuyn sut, tri chy trong khu vc ph sng ca HSPA, WCDMA hay GSM/GPRS/EDGE. Hn th na, LTE h tr khng ch chuyn giao trong h thng, lin h thng m cn chuyn giao lin min gia min chuyn mch gi v min chuyn mch knh.

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CHNG 2 KIN TRC MNG V GIAO THC


2.1. Kin trc mng LTE
Nhiu cc mc tiu vi ng rng mt kin trc phng s cn c pht trin . kin trc phng vi t nt tham gia s lm gim tr v ci thin hiu sut. Pht trin theo hng ny c bt u t phin bn 7. Ni tng ng hm trc tip cho php mt phng ngi dng ( UP) b qua SGSN.

--------mt phng iu khin Mt phng ngi dng Hnh 2.1 Pht trin kin trc 3GPP hng ti kin trc phng hn Kin trc mng LTE c thit k vi mc tiu h tr lu lng chuyn mch gi vi tnh di ng linh hot , cht lng dch v (QoS) v tr ti thiu. Mt phng php chuyn mch gi cho php h tr tt c cc dch v bao gm c thoi thng qua cc kt ni gi. Kt qu l trong mt kin trc phng hn , rt n gin ch vi 2 loi nt c th l nt B pht trin ( eNB) v phn t qun l di ng /cng ( MME/GW). iu ny hon ton tri ngc vi nhiu nt mng trong kin trc mng phn cp hin hnh ca h thng 3G. Mt thay i ln na l phn iu khin mng v tuyn (RNC) c loi b khi ng d liu v chc nng ca n hin nay c thnh lp eNB. Mt s ch li ca mt nt duy nht trong mng truy nhp l gim tr v phn phi ca vic x l ti RNC vo nhiu eNB. Vic loi b RNC ra khi mng truy nhp c th mt phn do h thng LTE khng h tr chuyn giao mm.

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2.1.1. Tng quan v cu hnh kin trc c bn h thng Hnh 2.2 miu t kin trc v cc thnh phn mng trong cu hnh kin trc ni ch c mt E-UTRAN tham gia. Hnh ny cng cho thy s phn chia kin trc thnh bn vng chnh: thit b ngi dng (UE) ; UTRAN pht trin( E-UTRAN); mng li gi pht trin(EPC); v cc vng dch v.

Hnh 2.2. Kin trc h thng cho mng ch c E-UTRAN UE, E-UTRAN v EPC i din cho cc giao thc internet (IP) lp kt ni. y l mt phn ca h thng c gi l h thng gi pht trin (EPS). Chc nng chnh ca lp ny l cung cp kt ni da trn IP v n c ti u ha cao cho mc tiu duy nht. Tt c cc dch v c cung cp da trn IP, tt c cc nt chuyn mch v cc giao din c nhn thy trong kin trc 3GPP trc khng c mt E-UTRAN v EPC. Cng ngh IP chim u th trong truyn ti, ni m mi th c thit k hot ng v truyn ti trn IP. Cc h thng con a phng tin IP ( IMS) l mt v d tt v my mc thit b phc v c th c s dng trong lp kt ni dch v cung cp cc dch v da

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trn kt ni IP c cung cp bi cc lp thp hn. V d , h tr dch v thoi th IMS c th cung cp thoi qua IP ( VoIP) v s kt ni ti cc mng chuyn mch-mch c PSTN v ISDN thng qua cc cng a phng tin ca n iu khin. S pht trin ca E-UTRAN tp chung vo mt nt, nt B pht trin ( eNode B). Tt c cc chc nng v tuyn kt thc , tc l eNB l im kt thc cho tt c cc giao thc v tuyn c lin quan. E-UTRAN ch n gin l mt mng li ca cc eNodeB c kt ni ti cc eNodeB ln cn vi giao din X2. Mt trong nhng thay i kin trc ln l trong khu vc mng li l EPC khng c cha mt vng chuyn mch-mch, v khng c kt ni trc tip ti cc mng chuyn mch mch truyn thng nh ISDN v PSTN l cn thit trong lp ny. Cc chc nng ca EPC l tng ng vi vng chuyn mch gi ca mng 3GPP hin ti. Tuy nhin nhng thay i ng k trong vic b tr cc nt chc nng v kin trc phn ny nn c coi nh l hon tan mi. C hai hnh 2.1 v 2.2 cho thy c mt phn t gi l SAE GW. Nh hnh 2.2 cho thy l s kt hp ca hai cng l cng phc v (S-GW) v cng mng d liu gi( P-GW) iu ny c nh ngha cho cc x l UP trong EPC. Gp chng li vi nhau thnh SAE GW. Cu hnh kin trc c bn h thng v chc nng ca n c ghi trong 3GPP TS 23.401. 2.1.2. Thit b ngi dng ( UE) UE l thit b m ngi dng u cui s dng lin lc. Thng thng n l nhng thit b cm tay nh in thoi thng minh hoc mt th d liu nh mi ngi vn ang s dng hin ti trong mng 2G v 3G. Hoc n c th c nhng vo, v d mt my tnh xch tay. UE cng c cha cc moun nhn dng thu bao ton cu( USIM). N l mt moun ring bit vi phn cn li ca UE, thng c gi l thit b u cui (TE). USIM l mt ng dng c t vo mt th thng minh c th tho ri c gi l th mch tch hp ton cu ( UICC). USIM c s dng nhn dng v xc thc ngi s dng ly kha bo mt nhm bo v vic truyn ti trn giao din v tuyn. Cc chc nng ca UE l nn tng cho cc ng dng truyn thng, m c tn hiu vi mng thit lp, duy tr v loi b cc lin kt thng tin ngi dng cn. iu ny bao gm cc chc nng qun l tnh di ng nh chuyn giao, bo co v tr ca thit b, v cc UE phi thc hin theo hng dn ca mng. C l quan trng nht l UE cung cp giao din ngi s dng cho ngi dng cui cc ng dng nh VoIP c th c s dng thit lp mt cuc gi thoi.

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2.1.3. E-UTRAN NodeB (eNodeB) Nt duy nht trn E-UTRAN l E-UTRAN NodeB ( eNodeB). n gin t eNB l mt trm gc v tuyn kim sot tt c cc chc nng v tuyn lin quan trong phn c nh ca h thng. Cc trm gc nh eNB thng phn b trn ton khu vc ph sng ca mng. Mi eNB thng c tr gn cc anten v tuyn hin ti ca chng. Chc nng ca eNB hot ng nh mt cu ni gia 2 lp l UE v EPC, n l im cui ca tt c cc giao thc v tuyn v pha UE, v tip nhn d liu gia cc kt ni v tuyn v cc kt ni IP c bn tng ng v pha EPC. Trong vai tr ny cc EPC thc hin m ha / gii m cc d liu UP, v cng c nn / gii nn tiu IP, trnh vic gi i lp li ging nhau hoc d liu lin tip trong tiu IP. eNB cng chu trch nhim v nhiu cc chc nng ca mt phng iu khin (CP). eNB chu trch nhim v qun l ti nguyn v tuyn (RRM), tc l kim sat vic s dng giao din v tuyn , bao gm : phn b ti nguyn da trn yu cu, u tin v lp lch trnh lu lng theo yu cu QoS, v lin tc gim st tnh hnh s dng ti nguyn. Ngoi ra eNodeB cn c vai tr quan trng trong qun l tnh di ng (MM). iu khin eNB v o c phn tch mc ca tn hiu v tuyn c thc hin bi UE. iu ny bao gm trao i tn hiu chuyn giao gia eNB khc v MME. Khi mt UE mi kch hot theo yu cu ca eNB v kt ni vo mng, eNB cng chu trch nhim v vic nh tuyn khi ny n s ngh cc MME m trc y phc v cho UE, hoc la chn mt MME mi nu mt tuyn ng n cc MME trc khng c sn hoc thng tin nh tuyn vng mt. Hnh 2.3 cho thy cc kt ni vi eNB n xung quanh cc nt logic, v tm tt cc chc nng chnh trong giao din ny. Trong tt c cc kt ni eNB c th l trong mi quan h mt nhiu hoc nhiu nhiu. Cc eNB c th phc v ng thi nhiu UE trong vng ph sng ca n nhng mi UE ch c kt ni ti mt eNB trong cng mt thi im. Cc eNB s cn kt ni ti cc eNB ln cn vi n trong khi chuyn giao c th cn thc hin. C hai MME v S-GW c th c gp li, c ngha l mt tp hp cc nt c phn cng phc v cho mt tp hp cc eNB. T mt vin cnh eNB n ny c ngha l n c th cn phi kt ni ti nhiu MME v S-GW. Tuy nhin mi UE s c phc v bi ch c mt MME v S-GW ti mt thi im v eNB phi duy tr theo di cc lin kt ny. S kt hp ny s khng bao gi thay i t mt im eNodeB duy nht, bi v MME hoc S-GW ch c th thay i khi kt hp vi s chuyn giao lin eNodeB.

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Hnh 2.3 eNodeB kt ni ti cc nt logic khc v cc chc nng chnh 2.1.4. Thc th qun l tnh di ng (MME) Thc th qun l tnh di ng(MME) l thnh phn iu khin chnh trong EPC. Thng thng MME s l mt my ch mt v tr an ton ti cc c s ca nh iu hnh. N ch hot ng trong cc CP, v khng tham gia vo con ng ca UP d liu. Ngoi giao din cui vo MME trong kin trc th hin trong hnh 2.2, MME cn c mt kt ni logic trc tip ti UE, v kt ni ny c s dng nh l knh iu khin chnh gia UE v mng. Sau y l danh sch cc chc nng chnh ca MME trong cu hnh kin trc c bn h thng : Xc thc v bo mt : khi mt UE ng k vo mng ln u tin, MME s khi to s xc thc, bng cch thc hin nhng iu sau: n tm ra danh tnh thng tr ca UE, hoc t cc mng truy nhp trc hoc chnh bn thn UE, yu cu t b phc v thu bao thng tr (HSS) trong mng ch ca UE cc iu khin chng thc c cha cc mnh lnh chng thc tr li cc cp tham s, gi cc th thch vi UE v so snh cc tr li nhn c t UE vo mt trong nhng ci nhn t mng ch. Chc nng ny l cn thit m bo cc yu cu bo v vi UE. Cc MME c th lp li chc nng xc thc khi cn thit hoc theo chu k. Cc chc nng ny dng bo v cc thng tin lin lc khi vic nghe trm v t s thay i ca bn th ba tng ng tri php. bo v s ring t ca UE, MME cng phn b cho mi UE mt m tm thi gi l m nhn dng tm thi duy nht ton cu(GUTI), do cn phi gi m nhn dng thng tr UE

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m nhn dng thu bao di ng quc t ( IMIS) qua giao din v tuyn c gim thiu. Cc GUTI c th c cp tr li, v d nh k ngn chn theo di UE. Qun l tnh di ng: MME theo di v tr ca tt c cc UE trong khu vc ca mnh, khi mt UE ng k vo mng ln u tin, MME s to ra mt li vo cho UE v tn hiu vi v tr ti HSS trong mng ch ca UE. MME yu cu ti nguyn thch hp c thit lp trong eNodeB, cng nh trong cc S-GW m n la chn cho UE. Cc MME sau tip tc theo di v tr ca UE hoc l da trn mc ca eNB, nu UE vn kt ni, tc l truyn thng ang hot ng hoc mc khu vc theo di (TA). MME iu khin cc thit lp v gii phng ngun ti nguyn da trn nhng thay i ch hot ng ca UE. MME cng tham gia vo vic iu khin tn hiu chuyn giao ca UE trong ch hot ng gia cc eNB, S-GW hoc MME. MME tham gia vo mi thay i ca eNB v khng c phn t iu khin mng v tuyn ring bit nn n n hu ht cc s kin ny. Mt UE trng thi rnh di n s bo co v tr ca n hoc l nh k, hoc l khi n chuyn ti mt khu vc theo di. Nu du liu nhn c t bn ngoi cho mt UE rnh di, MME s c thng bo, n s yu cu cc eNB trong TA c lu gi cho UE ti v tr nh ca UE. Qun l h s thu bao v dch v kt ni: vo thi im mt UE ng k vo mng, cc MME s chu trch nhim ly h s ng k ca n t mng ch v. Cc MME s lu tr thng tin ny trong sut thi gian phc v UE. H s ny xc nh nhng g cc kt ni mng d liu gi c phn b ti cc mng tp tin nh km. Cc MME s t ng thit lp mc nh phn t mang, cho php cc UE kt ni IP c bn. iu ny bao gm tn hiu CP vi eNB v S-GW. Ti bt k thi im no sau ny, cc MME c th cn ti c tham gia vo vic thit lp phn t mang dnh ring cho cc dch v c hng li x l cao hn. Cc MME c th nhn c cc yu cu thit lp mt phn t mang dnh ring, hoc t cc S-GW nu yu cu bt ngun t khu vc dch v iu hnh, hoc trc tip t UE, nu UE yu cu kt ni cho mt dch v m khng c bit n bi khu vc dch v iu hnh, v do khng th c bt u t . Hnh 2.4 cho thy cc kt ni MME n quanh cc nt logic, v tm tt cc chc nng chnh trong giao din ny. V nguyn tc MME c th c kt ni vi bt k MME khc trong h thng, nhng thng kt ni c gii hn trong mt nh iu hnh mng duy nht. Cc kt ni t xa gia cc MME c th c s dng khi mt UE i xa, trong khi i ng k vi mt MME mi sau tm kim nhn dng thng tr mi ca UE, sau ly nhn dng thng tr ca UE, m nhn dng thu bao di ng quc t (IMIS), t MME truy cp trc . Cc kt ni gia cc MME vi cc MME ln cn c s dng trong chuyn giao.

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Hnh 2.4 MME kt ni ti cc nt logic khc v cc chc nng chnh Kt ni ti mt s HSS cng cn c h tr, cc HSS nm trong mng ch ca ngi dng , v mt tuyn ng c th c tm thy da trn IMIS. Mi MME c cu hnh iu khin mt tp hp cc S-GW v eNodeB. C hai S-GW v eNodeB cng c th c kt ni ti cc MME khc. Cc MME c th phc v mt s UE cng mt lc, trong khi mi UE s ch kt ni ti mt MME ti mt thi im. 2.1.5. Cng phc v ( S-GW) Trong cu hnh kin trc c bn h thng, chc nng cao cp ca S-GW l qun l ng hm UP v chuyn mch. S-GW l mt phn ca h tng mng n c duy tr cc phng iu hnh trung tm ca mng. Khi giao din S5/S8 da trn GTP, S-GW s c ng hm GTP trn tt c cc giao din UP ca n. nh x gia cc lung dch v IP v ng hm GTP c thc hin trong P-GW, v S-GW khng cn c kt ni vi PCRF. Ton b iu khin c lin quan ti cc ng hm GTP, n t MME hoc P-GW. Khi s dng giao din PMIP S5/S8. S-GW s thc hin vic nh x gia cc dng dch v IP trong cc ng hm S5/S8 v ng hm GTP trong giao din S1-U, v s kt ni ti PCRF nhn c thng tin nh x. S-GW c mt vai tr rt nh trong cc chc nng iu khin. N ch chu trch nhim v ngun ti nguyn ca ring n, v n cp pht chng da trn cc yu cu t MME, P-GW hoc PCRF, t m cc hnh ng c thit lp , sa i hoc xa sch cc phn t mang cho UE. Nu cc lnh trn c nhn t P-GW hoc PCRF th S-GW cng s chuyn tip cc lnh ti MME n c th iu khin

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cc ng hm ti eNodeB. Tng t, khi MME bt u c yu cu th S-GW s bo hiu ti mt trong hai P-GW hoc PCRF ty thuc vo S5/S8 c da trn GTP hoc PMIP tng ng. Nu giao din S5/S8 c da trn PMIP th d liu trong giao din s c cc lung IP trong mt ng hm GRE truyn ti mi UE. Khi trong giao din S5/S8 da trn GTP mi phn t mang s c ng hm ca ring mnh. Do S-GW h tr PMIP S5/S8 c trch nhim lin kt cc phn t mang, v d : nh x cc lung IP trong giao din S5/S8 vo cc phn t mang trong giao din S1. Chc nng ny trong S-GW c gi l chc nng lin kt phn t mang v bo co s kin ( BBERF). Bt k ni m tn hiu phn t mang bt u, BBERF lun nhn cc thng tin lin kt phn t mang t PCRF.

Hnh 2.5. Cc kt ni S-GW ti cc nt logic khc v cc chc nng chnh Trong khi di chuyn gia cc eNodeB, S-GW hot ng nh nt cui di ng a phng. MME s lnh S-GW chuyn sang ng hm t mt eNodeB khc. MME cng c th yu cu S-GW cung cp ti nguyn ng hm cho d liu chuyn tip khi c nhu cu cn chuyn d liu t eNodeB ngun ti eNodeB ch trong thi im UE c chuyn giao v tuyn. Cc tnh hung di chuyn cng bao gm s thay i t mt S-GW ti mt ci khc, v MME s iu khin s thay i ny cho ph hp bng cch loi b cc ng hm trong S-GW c v thit lp chng trong S-GW mi. i vi tt c cc lun d liu thuc v mt UE trong ch kt ni th S-GW s chuyn tip d liu gia eNodeB v P-GW. Tuy nhin khi mt UE ch nhn ri th cc ngun ti nguyn ny trong eNodeB s c gii phng, cc ng dn d liu c kt thc trong S-GW. Nu S-GW nhn c gi d liu t P-GW th n s lu cc gi vo b m v yu cu MME bt u nhn tin ti UE. Tin nhn s

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lm cho UE ti ch ti kt ni, v khi cc ng hm c ti kt ni th cc gi tin t b m s c gi v. S-GW s theo di d liu trong cc ng hm v n cng c th thu thp cc d liu cn thit cho vic hch ton v tnh chi ph ca ngi dng. Trong hnh 2.5 cho thy S-GW c kt ni ti cc nt logic khc v danh sch cc chc nng chnh trong cc giao din ny. Tt c cc giao din c cu hnh theo kiu mt nhiu t S-GW c thy. Mt S-GW c th ch phc v mt khu vc a l nht nh vi mt tp gii hn cc eNodeB, v tng t c th c mt tp gii hn ca cc MME iu khin khu vc . S-GW c th kt ni ti bt k PGW no trong ton b mng li, bi v P-GW s khng thay i trong khi di chuyn, trong khi S-GW c th c nh v li trong khi UE di chuyn. Vi cc kt ni c lin quan ti mt UE, S-GW s lun bo hiu vi ch mt MME v cc im UP ti mt eNodeB ti mt thi im. Nu mt UE c php kt ni ti nhiu cc PDN thng qua cc P-GW khc nhau , th S-GW cn kt ni ti cc thnh phn ring bit. Nu giao din S5/S8 l da trn PMIP th S-GW s kt ni ti mt PCRF cho mi P-GW ring c UE s dng. Trn hnh cng cho thy trng hp chuyn d liu gin tip ni m d liu UP c chuyn tip gia cc eNodeB thng qua cc S-GW. Khng c tn giao din c th lin quan n giao din gia cc S-GW, v nh dng chnh xc ging nh trong giao din S1-U, v c th cho rng cc S-GW lin quan chng truyn thng trc tip vi cng mt eNodeB. y s l trng hp khi chuyn tip d liu gin tip din ra thng qua ch mt S-GW, tc l c hai eNodeB c th c kt ni ti cng mt S-GW. 2.1.6. Cng mng d liu g i( P-GW) Cng mng d liu gi ( P-GW, cng thng c vit tt l PDN-GW) l tuyn bin gia EPS v cc mng d liu gi bn ngoi. N l nt cui di ng mc cao nht trong h thng, v n thng hot ng nh l im IP ca cc thit b cho UE. N thc hin cc chc nng chn lu lng v lc theo yu cu bi cc dch v c cp. Tng t nh S-GW, cc P-GW c duy tr ti cc phng iu hnh ti mt v tr trung tm. in hnh l P-GW cp pht cc a ch IP cho UE, v UE s dng n giao tip vi cc my ch IP khc trong cc mng bn ngoi. ( v d nh Internet ). N cng c th l PDN bn ngoi m UE c kt ni cp pht cc a ch l s dng bi cc UE, cc ng hm P-GW cho tt c lu lng vo mng . a ch IP lun c cp pht khi UE yu cu mt kt ni PDN, n s din ra t nht l khi UE c gn vo mng, v n c th sy ra sau khi c mt kt ni PDN mi. Cc P-GW thc hin chc nng giao thc cu hnh my ch ng (DHCP) khi cn, hoc

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truy vn mt my ch DHCP bn ngoi, v cung cp a ch cho UE. Ngoi ra t cu hnh ng c h tr bi cc tiu chun. Ch IPv4, ch IPv6 hoc c hai, cc a ch c th c phn b ty theo nhu cu. UE c th bo hiu rng n mun nhn a ch ngay trong tn hiu kt ni hoc nu n mun thc hin cu hnh a ch sau khi lp lin kt c kt ni. P-GW bao gm c PCEF, c ngha l n thc hin cc chc nng chn lu lng v lc theo yu cu bi cc chnh sch c thit lp cho UE v cc dch v ni n, n cng thu thp cc bo co thng tin chi ph lin quan. Lu lng UP gia P-GW v cc mng bn ngoi di dng cc gi tin IP thuc v cc dng dch v IP khc nhau. Nu giao din S5/S8 hng ti S-GW l da trn GTP th P-GW thc hin nh x cc dng d liu IP ti cc ng hm GTP, cc PGW thit lp cc phn t mang c bn da trn yu cu qua PCRF hoc t S-GW, m chuyn tip cc thng tin t MME. Nu giao din S5/S8 l da trn PMIP, PGW s nh x tt c cc lung dch v IP t cc mng bn ngoi thuc v mt UE ti mt ng hm GRE duy nht, v tt c cc thng tin iu khin ch c trao i vi PCRF. P-GW cng c chc nng gim st cc lun d liu cho mc ch hoch ton cng nh cho ngn xen theo lut. P-GW l im cui di ng mc cao nht trong h thng. Khi mt UE di chuyn t mt S-GW ti mt ci khc, cc phn t mang phi c chuyn vo P-GW. PGW s nhn c ch dn chuyn cc lung t cc S-GW mi. Hnh 2.6 cho thy cc kt ni P-GW n xung quanh cc nt logic, v danh sch cc chc nng chnh trong giao din ny.

Hnh 2.6 P-GW kt ni ti cc node logic khc v cc chc nng chnh

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Mi P-GW c th c kt ni ti mt hoc nhiu PCRF, S-GW v mng bn ngoi. i vi mt UE lin kt vi P-GW th ch c duy nht mt S-GW, nhng c cc kt ni ti nhiu cc mng bn ngoi v tng ng c nhiu cc PCRF c th cn phi c h tr, nu c kt ni ti nhiu cc PDN c h tr thng qua mt P-GW. 2.1.7. Chc nng chnh sch v tnh cc ti nguyn ( PCRF) Chc nng chnh sch v tnh cc ti nguyn(PCRF) l phn t mng chu trch nhim v chnh sch v iu khin tnh cc ( PCC). N to ra cc quyt nh v cch x l cc dch v v QoS, v cung cp thng tin cho PCEF c t trong PGW, v nu c p dng cho c BBERF c t trong S-GW, cho vic thit lp cc phn t mang thch hp v vic lp chnh sch. PCRF l mt my ch v thng c t vi cc phn t CN khc ti cc trung tm iu hnh chuyn mch. Cc thng tin PCRF cung cp cho PCEF c gi l cc quy tc PCC. PCRF s gi cc quy tc PCC bt c khi no mt phn t mang mi c thit lp. Thit lp phn t mang l cn thit, v d khi UE bc u c gn vo mng v phn t mang mc nh s c thit lp, v sau khi c mt hoc nhiu cc phn t mang dnh ring c thit lp. PCRF c kh nng cung cp cc quy tc PCC da trn yu cu, hoc t P-GW v cng nh S-GW trong tng hp PMIP, ging nh trong trng hp kt ni, v cng da trn yu cu t chc nng ng dng(AF) nm trong cc dch v tn min. V d, vi IMS v AF s thc y dch v QoS thng tin ti PCRF, t to ra mt quyt nh PCC v n s y cc quy tc PCC n P-GW, v mang thng tin nh x ti S-GW trong trng hp S5/S8 l PMIP. Cc phn t mang EPC sau s c thit lp da trn nhng iu .

Hnh 2.7 PCRF kt ni ti cc nt logic khc & cc chc nng chnh

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Cc kt ni gia PCRF v cc nt khc c th hin nh trong hnh 2.7, mi PCRF c th c kt ni vi mt hoc nhiu AF, P-GW v S-GW. Ch c mt PCRF lin kt vi mi kt ni PDN l mt UE duy nht c. 2.1.8. My ch thu bao thng tr (HSS) My ch thu bao thng tr (HSS) l kho d liu thu bao cho tt c d liu ngi dng thng xuyn. N cng ghi li v tr ca ngi s dng mc ca nt iu khin mng tm tr, chng hn nh MME. N l mt my ch c s d liu v c duy tr ti cc phng trung tm ca nh iu hnh. HSS lu tr bn gc ca h s thu bao, trong cha cc thng tin v cc dch v c p dng i vi ngi s dng, bao gm thng tin v cc kt ni PDN c cho php, v liu c chuyn ti mt mng tm tr ring c hay khng. HSS cng lu nhng nhn dng ca cc P-GW c s dng. Kha thng trc c s dng tnh ton xc thc v c gi ti mng tm tr xc thc ngi dng v cc kha pht sinh tip sau m ha v bo v tnh ton vn l c lu tr ti cc trung tm xc thc(AUC), thng l mt phn ca HSS. Trong tt c cc tn hiu lin quan ti cc chc nng ny th HSS phi tng tc vi MME. Cc HSS s cn phi c kh nng kt ni vi mi MME trong ton b h mng li, ni m cc UE ca n c php di chuyn. i vi mi UE, cc h s HSS s ch ti mt MME phc v ti mt thi im, v ngay sau l bo co v mt MME mi m n phc v cho UE, HSS s hy b v tr ca MME trc.

2.2. Cc giao din v giao thc trong cu hnh kin trc c bn ca h thng
Hnh 2.8 cho thy cc giao thc CP lin quan ti kt ni ca UE yi mt PDN. Cc giao din t mt MME c th hin bi hai phn, phn trn hng u l cc giao thc hng ti E-UTRAN v UE, v phn di hin th cc giao thc hng ti cc cng. Cc giao thc hin th trong nn trng c pht trin bi 3GPP, trong khi cc giao thc trong nn xm c pht trin trong IETF, v i din cho cc cng ngh mng tiu chun c s dng cho truyn ti trong EPS. 3GPP ch xc nh nhng cch c th m cc giao thc ny c s dng. Lp trn cng trong CP l cc lp khng truy cp (NAS), bao gm c hai giao thc ring bit c thc hin truyn ti tn hiu trc tip gia UE m MME. Cc giao thc lp NAS l : Qun l tnh di ng EPS ( EMM): cc giao thc MME c trch nhim v iu khin tnh di ng ca UE trong h thng. N bao gm cc chc nng kt ni vo v tch ra t mng, v thc hin vic cp nht v tr. iu ny c gi l cp nht khu vc theo di (TAU), v n din ra trong ch nhn di. Ch rng cc

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chuyn giao trong ch kt ni c x l bi cc giao thc lp thp hn, nhng cc lp EMM khng bao gm cc chc nng ti kch hot cc UE t ch nhn ri.

Hnh 2.8 Ngn xp giao thc mt phng iu khin trong EPS Qun l phin EPS ( ESM): Giao thc ny c th c s dng iu khin vic qun l phn t mang gia UE v MME, v n c s dng b sung cho E-UTRAN trong vic qun l phn t mang. Lu rng s khng s dng cc th tc ESM nu tnh trng ca cc phn t mang l c sn trong mng li v quy trnh E-UTRAN c th chy ngay lp tc. iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn (RRC) : Giao thc ny nhm kim sot vic s dng ngun ti nguyn v tuyn. N qun l bo hiu ca UE v cc kt ni d liu, v n cng bao gm cc chc nng chuyn giao. Giao thc hi t d liu g i ( PDCP) : Cc chc nng chnh ca PDCP l nn tiu IP (UP), m ha v bo v s ton vn ( ch vi CP).

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iu khin lin kt v tuyn (RLC) : Giao thc RLC c trch nhim phn on v ghp ni cc PDCP-PDU truyn cho giao din v tuyn. N cng thc hin vic sa li vi phng php yu cu truyn li t ng (ARQ). iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC) : Lp MAC c trch nhim lp k hoch d liu theo cc u tin v ghp knh d liu ti cc khi truyn ti lp 1. Lp MAC cng cung cp vic sa li vi HARQ. Lp vt l (PHY) : y l lp 1 ca giao din v tuyn LTE-UU n c cc chc nng ging nh ca DS-CDMA. Trong EPC c hai giao thc khc cho giao din S5/S8. Cc giao thc sau c lin quan khi GTP c s dng trong S5/S8 : Mt phng iu khin giao thc ng hm GPRS ( GTP-C) : N qun l cc kt ni UP trong EPC. N bao gm bo hiu QoS v cc thng s khc. Nu GTP c s dng trong giao din S5/S8 th n cn qun l cc ng hm GTP-U. GTP-C cng thc hin cc chc nng qun l di ng trong EPC. Nh vic khi cc ng hm GTP-U ca mt UE cn phi c chuyn t mt nt ti mt nt khc. Truyn ti UDP-IP : giao thc d liu n v ( UDP) v IP c s dng nh l truyn ti IP cn bn v tiu chun. UDP c s dng thay v giao thc iu khin truyn dn (TCP) bi v cc lp cao hn c cung cp s truyn ti tin cy vi c ch khc phc li v truyn li. Cc gi tin IP trong EPC c th c vn chuyn trn mt lot cc cng ngh lp 1 v lp 2. Cc giao thc sau c s dng khi S5/S8 da trn PMIP: IP di ng y nhim (PMIP) : PMIP l giao thc khc cho giao din S5/S8. n gi vic qun l tnh di ng, nhng khng bao gm cc chc nng nh qun l phn t mang. Tt c cc lu lng thuc v mt kt ni ca UE vi mt PDN ring l c x l nh nhau. IP : PMIP chy trc tip trn IP, v n c s dng nh l truyn ti IP tiu chun. Hnh 2.9 minh ha cu trc giao thc UP cho UE kt ni vi P-GW. UP c th hin nh trong hnh 2.9 bao gm cc lp ca ngi dng IP cui, tc l cc giao thc thnh hnh thnh nn lp 2 v c s dng vn chuyn cc gi tin IP n ngi s dng cui. Cu trc giao thc l tng t vi CP. iu ny n nh mt thc t l ton b h thng c thit k vn chuyn d liu gi chung, v c hai tn hiu CP v d liu UP cui cng u l d liu gi. Ch c kch thc khc nhau.

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Hnh 2.9 ngn xp giao thc mt phng ngi dng trong EPC Hu ht cc giao thc c a ra c nu trn, ngoi tr hai iu sau c la chn trong b giao thc ca giao din S5/S8: Mt phng ngi dng giao thc ng hm GPRS ( GTP-U) : GTP-U c s dng khi S5/S8 l da trn GTP. Dng thc ca GTP-U l ng hm GTP-U c dng gi cc gi tin ca ngi dng IP cui v mt mang chuyn EPS. N c s dng trong giao din S1-U v s dng trong S5/S8 nu CP s dng GTP-C. ng g i nh tuyn chung ( GRE) : GRE s dng giao din S5/S8 kt hp vi PMIP. Dng thc ca GRE l mt IP trong ng hm IP vn chuyn tt c cc d liu thuc v mt kt ni ca UE ti mt PDN c th. GRE l chy trc tip trn IP v UDP l khng s dng. Hnh 2.10 minh ha cu trc giao thc giao din X2, m tng t nh ca giao din S1. Ch c giao thc ng dng CP l khc nhau.

Hnh 2.10 Cc ngn xp giao thc mt phng iu khin v mt phng ngi dng cho giao din X2

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Giao din X2 c s dng trong khi di chuyn gia cc eNodeB, v X2AP bao gm cc chc nng cho s chun b chuyn giao v duy tr tan b s lin h gia cc eNodeB ln cn. UP trong giao din X2 c s dng cho chuyn tip d liu tm thi trong qu trnh chuyn giao, khi cc giao din v tuyn c ngt kt ni pha ngun v cha kt ni li pha ch. Chuyn tip d liu l c thc hin cho cc d liu hng xung, khi cc d liu hng ln c th c iu chnh hiu qu bi UE. Bng 2.1 tm tt cc giao thc v giao din trong cu hnh kin trc h thng c bn. Giao din Giao thc c t k thut LTE-Uu CP:RRC/PDCP/RLC/MAC/PHY 36.300 [6] UP: PDCP/RLC/MAC/PHY X2 CP: X2AP/SCTP/IP 36.423 [7] UP: GTP-U/UDP/IP 29.274 [8] S1-MME S1AP/SCTP/UDP/IP 36.413 [9] S1-U GTP-U/UDP/IP 29.274 [8] S10 GTP-C/UDP/IP 29.274 [8] S11 GTP-C/UDP/IP 29.274 [8] S5/S8 (GTP) GTP/UDP/IP 29.274 [8] S5/S8 (PMIP) CP: PMIP/IP 29.275 [10] UP: GRE/IP SGi IP (also Diameter & Radius) 29.061 [11] S6a Diameter/SCTP/IP 29.272 [12] Gx Diameter/SCTP/IP 29.212 [13] Gxc Diameter/SCTP/IP 29.212 [13] Rx Diameter/SCTP/IP 29.214 [14] UE-MME EMM, ESM 24.301 [15] Bng 2.1 Cc giao thc v giao din LTE

2.3. QoS v kin trc dch v mang chuyn


Cc ng dng nh void IP , duyt WEB , thoi video v to lung video (video treaming) c nhu cu QoS c bit. Do mt c im quan trng ca bt k mng ton gi no l cung cp mt c ch QoS cho php phn bit cc dng gi tin da trn nhu cu QoS. Trong EPS, dng QoS c gi l mang chuyn EPS c thit lp gia UE v P-GW.

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Hnh 2.11 Kin trc dch v mang truyn EPS Mt phn t mang v tuyn vn chuyn cc gi tin ca mt mang chuyn EPS gia mt UE v mt eNB. Mi dng IP ( v d void IP ) c kt hp vi mt mang chuyn EPS khc nhau v cc mng c th u tin lu lng cho ph hp. Khi nhn mt gi tin IP t internet , P-GW thc hin phn loi gi da trn cc thng s nht nh bit v gi n mt mang chuyn EPS thch hp. Cn c vo mang chuyn EPS , eNB nh x cc gi tin ti phn t mang v tuyn c QoS thch hp. C mt s nh x mt mt gia mt mang chuyn EPS v mt phn t mang v tuyn.

2.4. Giao thc trng thi v chuyn tip trng thi


Trong h thng LTE , iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn (RRC) c 2 ch l ch RRC rnh di v ch RRC kt ni c m t nh trong hnh 2.12. Mt UE chuyn t trng thi RRC rnh di ti trng thi RRC kt ni khi mt kt ni RRC c thit lp thnh cng. Mt UE c th chuyn t trng thi RRC kt ni ti trng thi RRC rnh di bng cch gii phng kt ni RRC. trng thi RRC rnh di , UE c th nhn cc d liu pht qung b / pht a im , gim st mt knh tm gi pht hin cc cuc gi n, thc hin cc php o ln cn, la chn / la chn li v thu c cc thng tin v h thng. Hn na, trong trng thi RRC rnh di, mi UE c chu k DRX ( thu khng lin tc) ring c th c cu hnh bi cc lp pha trn cho php tit kim in nng cho UE. Ngoi ra , tnh di ng c iu khin bi UE trong trng thi RRC rnh ri.

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Hnh 2.12. Trng thi ca UE v chuyn tip trng thi Trong ch RRC kt ni, vic truyn d liu n hng ti / t UE v truyn d liu pht qung b / a im ti UE c th din ra. Ti cc lp thp hn ,UE c th c cu hnh vi mt UE c th DRX / DTX ( truyn dn gin on ). Hn na, cc knh iu khin gim st UE c lin kt vi knh d liu dng chung xc nh d liu v lp biu cho n, cung cp knh thng tin phn hi v cht lng, thc hin cc php o ln cn, bo co o c v thu nhn cc thng tin h thng. Khc vi trng thi RRC rnh di tnh di ng c iu khin bi mng trng thi ny.

2.5. H tr tnh di ng lin tc


Mt c im quan trng ca mt h thng khng dy di ng nh LTE l h tr tnh di ng lin tc gia cc eNB v gia cc MME/GW. Chuyn giao nhanh chng v lin tc (HO) l c bit quan trng vi cc dch v nhy cm vi tr nh VoIP. Vic chuyn giao sy ra thng xuyn hn gia cc eNB hn l gia cc mng li bi v khu vc c bao ph bi MME/GW phc v mt s lng ln cc eNB v thng ln hn nhiu so vi cc khu vc c bao ph bi mt eNB n. Tn hiu trn giao din X2 gia cc eNB c s dng chun b chuyn giao. SGW hot ng nh nt cui cho cho chuyn giao gia cc eNB. Trong h thng LTE, mng da vo UE pht hin cc ln cn chuyn giao v do khng c thng tin ln cn no l tn hiu t mng. i vi tm kim v o c tn s gia cc ln cn, ch c cc tn s sng mang l cn c ch ra. Mt v d v chuyn giao hot ng trong trng thi RRC kt ni c th hin trong hnh 2.13, ni mt UE di chuyn t vng ph sng ca eNB ngun (eNB1) vo vng ph sng ca eNB ch (eNB2). Vic chuyn giao trong trng thi RRC kt ni c mng iu khin v c h tr bi cc UE. UE gi mt bo co v o lng v tuyn ti ngun eNB1 v ch ra rng cht lng tn hiu vo eNB2 l tt hn so vi eNB1. Khi chun b chuyn giao, ngun eNB1 s gi cc thng tin ghp ni v hon cnh ca UE ti eNB2 ch ( HO yu cu ) vo giao din X2. ch eNB2 c th thc hin iu khin nhp vo ph thuc vo cc thng tin QoS mang EPS nhn. eNB ch s cu hnh ti nguyn cn thit theo thng tin QoS nhn v d tr mt C-RNTI ( nhn dng tm thi mng v tuyn ) v ty

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chn m u mt RACH. C-RNTI cung cp mt s nht bit UE duy nht cp nhn din kt ni RRC. Khi eNB2 pht tn hiu ti eNB1 bo rng n sn sng thc hin chuyn giao thng qua bn tin phn hi HO, eNB1 lnh cho UE (lnh HO ) thay i phn t mang v tuyn ti eNB2. UE nhn lnh HO vi cc thng s cn thit v c iu khin bi cc eNB ngun thc hin cc lnh HO. UE khng cn tr khi thc hin chuyn giao vi vic cung cp cc phn hi HARQ/ARQ ti eNB ngun.

Hnh 2.13. Hot ng chuyn giao Sau khi nhn lnh HO, UE thc hin ng b vi eNB ch v truy nhp ch thng qua knh truy nhp ngu nhin ( RACH) sau mt th tc tranh chp-t do nu mt phn m u RACH dnh ring c phn b trong cc lnh HO hoc sau mt th tc tranh chp c bn nu khng c phn m u ginh ring no c cp pht. Mng s tr li vi vic cp pht ti nguyn ng ln v s nh thi trc c t vo bi UE. Khi UE truy nhp thnh cng vo ch, UE gi bn tin xc nhn HO (C-RNTI) cng vi bo co tnh trng b m ng ln cho bit th tc chuyn giao hon thnh vi UE. Sau khi nhn bn tin xc nhn HO, eNB

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ch gi mt thng ip chuyn i ng dn ti MME thng bo rng UE thay i . MME gi mt thng ip cp nht mt phng ngi dng ti S-GW. SGW s chuyn ng dn d liu ng xung ti eNB ch v s gi mt hoc nhiu gi du hiu kt thc trn ng dn c ti eNB ngun v sau gii phng mi ti nguyn mt phng ngi dng / TNL vi eNB ngun. Sau S-GW gi mt thng bo hi p cp nht mt phng ngi dng ti MME. Sau MME xc nhn thng bo chuyn i ng dn t eNB ch vi thng bo phn hi chuyn i ng dn. Sau khi thng bo phn hi chuyn i ng dn c nhn t MME, eNB ch thng bo thnh cng HO ti eNB ngun bng cch gi thng bo gii phng ti nguyn ti eNB ngun v kch hot gii phng ti nguyn. Nhn c thng bo gii phng ti nguyn, eNB ngun c th gii phng ti nguyn v tuyn v ti nguyn lin quan ti mt phng iu khin c kt hp vi hon cnh ca UE. Trong khi chun b chuyn giao th cc ng hm mt phng ngi dng c th c thit lp gia eNB ngun v eNB ch. Mt ng hm c thit lp truyn d liu hng ln v mt ci khc truyn d liu hng xung cho mi mang chuyn EPS m d liu chuyn tip c t vo. Trong khi thc hin chuyn giao, d liu ngi dng c th c chuyn t eNB ngun ti eNB ch.

Hnh 2.14. Khu vc theo di cp nht cho UE trng thi RRC rnh ri i vi vic qun l tnh di ng trong trng thi RRC rnh di, khi nim khu vc theo di (TA) c a ra. Mt khu vc theo di thng bao gm nhiu eNB

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nh c miu t trong hnh 2.14. Nhn dng khu vc theo di (TAI) cho bit thng tin m mt eNB thuc v TA v c pht qung b nh l mt phn ca h thng thng tin. Mt UE c th pht hin c s thay i ca khu vc theo di khi n nhn c mt TAI khc so vi trong hin ti. Cc UE cp nht MME cng vi thng tin TA mi ca n khi n di chuyn qua TA khc. Khi P-GW nhn d liu ca mt UE, n lu cc gi vo b m v hi MME v v tr ca UE. Sau MME s nhn tin ti UE trong hu ht cc TA hin ti ca n. Mt UE c th c ng k ng thi nhiu TA. iu ny cho php tit kim nng lng cho cc UE trong iu kin c ng cao bi v n khng cn lin tc cp nht v tr ca n vi cc MME. Tnh nng ny cng gim thiu ti trn bin ca TA.

2.6. Kin trc h thng pht qung b a im


Trong h thng LTE, MBMS s dng hoc truyn n hoc truyn a . Trong truyn n , MBMS ch c truyn trong phm vi mt c th v do truyn dn MBMS t nhiu l khng c h tr. Truyn dn MBMS n c thc hin trn DL-SCH v do s dng kin trc mng ging nh lu lng truyn n hng. Cc MTCH v MCCH c nh x vo DL-SCH cho truyn dn im-a im v s lp biu c thc hin bi cc eNB. Cc UE c th c cp pht knh phn hi ng ln dnh ring ging vi ngi dng trong truyn n hng, n cho php HARQ ACK/NACK v phn hi CQI. Vic truyn li HARQ c thc hin bng cch s dng mt nhm ( dch v c th ) RNTI ( nhn dng tm thi mng v tuyn ) kt hp vi truyn MTCH gc. Tt c cc UE nhn c MBMS c th nhn c truyn li v kt hp vi bn gc c truyn i cp HARQ. Cc UE c cp pht mt knh thng tin phn hi dnh ring cho ng ln khi ang trong trng thi RRC kt ni. trnh vic truyn MBMS khng cn thit trn MTCH trong mt m khng c ngi s dng MBMS, mng c th pht hin s c mt ca ngi s dng quan tm ti dch v MBMS bi s hi vng hoc thng qua s yu cu dch v t UE. Vic truyn pht a gip pht trin cc dch v truyn thng a phng tin ( eMBMS) c thc hin bng cch truyn sng ging nhau cng mt lc t nhiu mng. Trong trng hp ny, MTCH v MCCH c nh x vo MCH cho truyn im a im. Hnh thc truyn a ny c gi l mng n tn s pht qung b a im (MBSFN). Truyn mt MBSFN t nhiu trong mt khu vc MBSFN c xem nh l truyn n l ca UE. Mt khu vc MBSFN bao gm mt nhm cc trong mt khu vc MBSFN ng b ca mt mng c phi hp truyn MBSFN. Mt khu vc MBSFN ng b c nh ngha l mt khu vc ca mng trong tt c cc eNB u c th c ng b v thc hin truyn MBSFN. Mt khu vc dch v MBMS c th gm nhiu khu vc MBSFN. Mt trong mt khu

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vc ng b MBSFN c th hnh thnh mt phn ca nhiu SFN mi khu vc c c trng bi ni dung khc nhau v tp hp cc mng tham gia. Mt v d v khu vc dch v MBMS gm 2 khu vc MBSFN , khu vc A v khu vc B c m t nh hnh 2.15

Hnh 2.15. Khu vc dch v eMBMS v cc khu vc MBSFN Khu vc MBSFNA bao gm cc t A1 ti A5 , AB1 v AB2. Khu vc MBSFNB bao gm cc t B1 ti B5, AB1 v AB2. Cc AB1 v AB2 l mt phn ca c 2 khu vc MBSFN A v B. B5 l mt phn ca khu vc B nhng khng gp phn vo truyn MBSFN. Mt c gi l khu vc dnh ring MBSFN. khu vc dnh ring MBSFN c th c php truyn ti cc dch v khc ngun ti nguyn phn b cho cc MBSFN nhng vi kh nng hn ch. Khu vc ng b MBSFN, khu vc MBSFN v cc dnh ring c th c cu hnh bn tnh bi O & M. Kin trc MBMS cho truyn dn a c m t trong hnh 2.16. phn t phi hp pht a im a ( MCE) l mt phn t logic, c ngha l n cng c th l mt phn ca mt b phn ca mng nh eNB. MCE thc hin cc chc nng nh phn b ngun ti nguyn v tuyn c s dng bi tt c cc eNB trong khu vc MBSFN cng nh xc nh cu hnh v tuyn bao gm s iu ch v m ha.

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Cc MBMS GW cng l mt phn t logic m chc nng chnh l gi / pht qung b cc gi MBMS vi giao thc SYNC ti mi eNB truyn dch v. MBMS GW ch lp DPCP ca mt phng ngi dng v pht a im s dng IP cho vic chuyn tip d liu ngi dng MBMS ti eNB.

Hnh 2.16 Kin trc logic eMBMS Cc eNB c kt ni vi eMBMS GW thng qua mt giao din mt phng ngi dng thun ty M1. M1 l mt giao din mt phng ngi dng thun ty, n khng c phn ng dng mt phng iu khin c nh ngha cho giao din ny. Hai giao din mt phng iu khin M2 v M3 c xc nh. Phn ng dng trn giao din M2 vn chuyn d liu cu hnh v tuyn cho cc eNB c ch truyn dn a . Phn ng dng trn giao din M3 gia MBMS GW v MCE thc hin vic iu khin phin MBMS truyn tn hiu ln cp mang chuyn EPS trong bao gm cc th tc nh bt u phin v dng li. Mt yu cu quan trng i vi truyn ti cc dch v MBMS a l vic ng b ni dung MBMS cho php hot ng MBSFN. Kin trc mt phng ngi dng eMBMS cho ng b ni dung c th hin nh trong hnh 2.17.

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Hnh 2.17 Kin trc mt phng ngi dng eMBMS cho ng b ni dung Lp giao thc SYNC c nh ngha da trn lp mng vn chuyn (TNL) h tr c ch ng b ha ni dung. Giao thc SYNC mang thng tin b sung cho php cc eNB xc nh thi im cho truyn khung v tuyn cng nh pht hin mt gi. Cc eNB tham gia truyn MBMS a c yu cu phi tun theo c ch ng b ha ni dung. Cc eNB ch truyn theo dch v n th khng bt buc phi tun theo cc yu cu thi gian nghim ngt c ch nh bi giao thc SYNC. Trong trng hp PDCP c s dng nn tiu , n nm trong eMBMS GW. Cc UE thu c MTCH truyn v tham gia vo t nht mt k hoch phn hi MBMS cn phi c t trong mt trng thi RRC kt ni. Mt khc, cc UE nhn MTCH truyn m khng tham gia vo mt c ch phn hi MBMS c th mt trong hai ch RRC rnh di hoc RRC kt ni. nhn c truyn n ca MTCH, mt UE c th cn phi ch RRC kt ni. Tn hiu m kch hot UE chuyn sang ch RRC kt ni ch dnh cho mc ch thu nhn n c mang trn MCCH.

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CHNG 3 - TRUY NHP V TUYN TRONG LTE


3.1. Cc ch truy nhp v tuyn
Giao din khng gian LTE h tr c hai ch l song cng phn chia theo tn s ( FDD) v song cng phn chia theo thi gian ( TDD), mi ch c mt cu trc khung ring. Ch bn song cng FDD cho php chia s phn cng gia ng ln v ng xung v ng ln v ng xung khng bao gi s dng ng thi. K thut ny c s dng trong mt s di tn v cng cho php tit kim chi ph trong khi gim mt na kh nng truyn d liu. Giao din khng gian LTE cng h tr pht a phng tin v cc dch v pht qung b a im (MBMS). Mt cng ngh tng i mi cho ni dung pht sng nh truyn hnh k thut s ti UE bng cch s dng cc kt ni im- a im. Cc thng s k thut 3GPP cho MBMS u tin c xut hin trong UMTS phin bn 6. LTE xc nh l mt cp cao hn dch v MBMS pht trin (eMBMS), m n s hot ng qua mt mng n tn s pht qung b / a im(MBSFN), bng cch s dng mt dng sng ng b thi gian chung m c th truyn ti a trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. MBSFN cho php kt hp qua v tuyn ca truyn a ti UE, s dng tin t vng (CP) bo v cc s sai khc do tr khi truyn ti, cc UE truyn ti nh l t mt t bo ln duy nht. Cng ngh ny gip cho LTE c hiu sut cao cho truyn ti MBMS. Cc dch v eMBMS s c xc nh y trong thng s k thut ca 3GPP phin bn 9.

3.2. Bng tn truyn dn


LTE phi h tr th trng khng dy quc t , cc quy nh v ph tn trong khu vc v ph tn sn c. t c iu ny cc thng s k thut bao gm bng thng knh bin i c th la chn t 1,4 ti 20MHz. Vi khong cch gia cc sng mang con l 15kHz. Nu eMBMS mi c s dng , cng c th khong cch gia cc sng mang con l 7,5kHz. Khong cch gia cc sng mang con l mt hng s v n khng ph thuc vo bng thng ca knh. 3GPP xc nh giao din v tuyn ca LTE l bng thng khng th bit, n cho php giao din v tuyn thch ng vi bng thng knh khc nhau vi nh hng nh nht vo hot ng ca h thng. Gi tr nh nht ca ti nguyn c th c phn b ng ln v ng xung c gi l mt khi ti nguyn (RB). Mt RB c rng l 180kHz v ko di trong mt khe thi gian l 0,5ms. Vi LTE tiu chun th mt RB bao gm 12 sng mang con vi khong cch gia cc sng mang con l 15kHz, v cho eMBMS vi ty chn khong cch gia cc sng mang con l 7,5kHz v mt RB gm 24 sng mang con cho 0,5ms.

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3.3. Cc bng tn c h tr
Cc thng s k thut ca LTE l c tha hng tt c cc bng tn xc nh cho UMTS, l mt danh sch m vn tip tc c pht trin thm. Ti thi im hin nay c ng k c 15 bng tn FDD v 8 bng tn TDD ang c khai thc. Quan trng l s chng cho gia mt vi bng tn ang tn ti, nhng iu ny khng cn thit phi n gin ha cc thit k t khi c th c cc yu cu v hiu sut bng tn c th da trn cc nhu cu ca khu vc. khng c s nht tr no v vic bng tn LTE u tin s c trin khai , v cu tr li ny ph thuc nhiu vo cc bin i ca tng vng. S thiu ng thun ny n dn ti mt s phc tp ng k cho cc nh sn xut thit b, tri ngc vi s khi u ca GSM v WCDMA, c hai u c xc nh vi ch mt bng tn. Cc bng tn vn hnh cho E-UTRAN c ch ra trong bng 3.1. Bng tn vn hnh E-UTRAN Bng tn vn hnh ng ln (UL) ; BS thu , UE pht Bng tn vn hnh ng xung (DL); BS pht , UE thu

Ch song cng

FUL _ low FUL _ high


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1920 - 1980 MHz 1850 - 1910 MHz 1710 1785 MHz 1710 1755 MHz 824 849 MHz 830 840 MHz 2500 2570 MHz 880 915 MHz 1749,9-1784,9MHz 1710 1770 MHz 1427,9-1452,9 MHz 698 716 MHz 777 787 MHz

FDL _ low FDL _ high


2110 2170 MHz 1930 1990 MHz 1805 1880 MHz 2110 2155 MHz 869 894 MHz 875 885 MHz 2620 2690 MHz 925 960 MHz 1844,9-1879,9MHz 2110 2170 MHz 1475,9-1500,9 MHz 728 746 MHz 746 756 MHz FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD

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14 17 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

788 798 MHz

758 768 MHz

FDD

704 716 MHz

734 746 MHz

FDD

1900 1920 MHz 2010 2025 MHz 1850 1910 MHz 1830 1990 MHz 1910 1930 MHz 2570 2620 MHz 1880 1920 MHz 2300 2400 MHz

1900 1920 MHz 2010 2025 MHz 1850 1910 MHz 1830 1990 MHz 1910 1930 MHz 2570 2620 MHz 1880 1920 MHz 2300 2400 MHz

TDD TDD TDD TDD TDD TDD TDD TDD

Bng 3.1 Cc bng tn vn hnh E-UTRAN ( TS 36.101 )

3.4. K thut a truy nhp cho ng xung OFDMA


3.4.1. OFDM K hoch truyn dn ng xung cho E-UTRAN ch FDD v TDD l c da trn OFDM truyn thng. Trong h thng OFDM, ph tn c sn c chia thnh nhiu sng mang, c gi l cc sng mang con. Mi sng mang con c iu ch c lp bi mt dng d liu tc thp. OFDM cng c s dng trong WLAN, WIMAX v cc cng ngh truyn qung b nh DVB. OFDM c mt s li ch nh bn ca n vi phaing a ng v kin trc thu nhn hiu qu ca n. Hnh 3.1 cho thy mt minh ha ca mt tn hiu OFDM. Trong hnh ny mt tn hiu vi bng thng 5MHz c biu th, nhng nguyn tc l tng t nh cho cc bng thng E-UTRAN khc. Cc k hiu d liu c iu ch mt cch c lp v c truyn qua mt s lng ln ca cc sng mang con trc giao t gn nhau. Trong E-UTRAN cc phng n iu ch cho ng xung QPSK, 16 QAM v 64QAM l sn c.

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Hnh 3.1 Biu din tn s-thi gian ca mt tn hiu OFDM Trong min thi gian, mt khong bo v c th c thm vo mi k hiu chng li nhiu lin k hiu OFDM do knh lan truyn tr. Trong E-UTRAN, cc khong bo v l mt tin t vng m c chn vo trc mi k hiu OFDM. Trong thc t, tn hiu OFDM c th c to ra bng cch s dng IFFT ( bin i Fourier nhanh nghch o ). IFFT chuyn i s lng N cc k hiu d liu phc c s dng nh cc phu bin i tn hiu min tn s sang tn hiu min thi gian. N im IFFT c minh ha nh trong hnh 3.2, ni m c a(mN+n) tham chiu ti k hiu d liu iu ch sng mang con th n, trong khong thi gian mTU t (m 1)TU .

Hnh 3.2 S to ra k hiu OFDM c ch s dng IFFT Vector Sm c xc nh l k hiu OFDM c ch. N l s chng cht v mt thi gian ca N cc sng mang con c iu ch bng hp. V vy, t mt dng song song ca N ngun d liu, mi ngun c iu ch mt cch c lp, mt dng sng bao gm N cc sng mang con trc giao c hnh thnh. Hnh 3.3 minh ha s nh x t mt lung ni tip cc k hiu QAM n N cc lung song song, s dng nh l phiu min tn s cho IFFT. N im cc khi min

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thi gian thu c t IFFT sau c xp theo th t to ra mt tn hiu min thi gian. iu ny khng c biu din trong hnh 3.3, n l mt qu trnh chn vo tin t vng.

Hnh 3.3 S to ra chui tn hiu OFDM Tri ngc vi phng thc truyn OFDM, OFDMA cho php truy nhp ca nhiu ngi s dng trn bng thng sn c.

Hnh 3.4 Cp pht sng mang con cho OFDM & OFDMA Mi ngi s dng c n nh mt ti nguyn thi gian-tn s c th. Nh mt nguyn tc c bn ca E-UTRAN, cc knh d liu l cc knh chia s. v d, i vi mi khong thi gian truyn ca 1ms, mt quyt nh lch biu mi c ly v trong ngi s dng c gn vi cc ngun ti nguyn thi gian / tn s trong sut khong thi gian truyn ti. 3.4.2. Cc tham s OFDMA C hai loi cu trc khung c nh ngha cho E-UTRAN: cu trc khung loi 1 cho ch FDD, cu trc khung loi 2 cho ch TDD. i vi kiu cu trc khung loi 1, khung v tuyn 10ms c chia thnh 20 khe c kch thc nh nhau l 0,5ms. Mt khung con bao gm c 2 khe lin tip, nn mt khung v tuyn cha 10 khung con. iu ny c minh ha nh trong hnh 3.5 ( Ts l th hin ca n v thi gian c bn tng ng vi 30,72MHz).

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Hnh 3.5 Cu trc khung loi 1 i vi cu trc khung loi 2, khung v tuyn 10ms bao gm hai na-khung vi mi na chiu di 5ms. Mi na-khung c chia thnh 5 khung con vi mi khung con 1ms, nh c th hin trong hnh 3.6.

Hnh 3.6 Cu trc khung loi 2 Tt c cc khung con m khng phi l khung con c bit c nh ngha l hai khe c chiu di 0,5ms cho mi khung con. Cc khung con c bit bao gm c ba trng l DwPTS ( khe thi gian dn hng ng xung ), GP (khong bo v) v UpPTS ( khe thi gian dn hng ng ln ). Cc trng ny c bit n t TD-SCDMA v c duy tr trong LTE TDD. DwPTS, GP v UpPTS c chiu di cu hnh ring v chiu di tng cng l 1ms. Hnh 3.7 th hin cu trc ca li ti nguyn ng xung cho c FDD v TDD.

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Hnh 3.7 li ti nguyn ng xung Cc sng mang con trong LTE c mt khong cch c nh f = 15kHz trong min tn s, 12 sng mang con hnh thnh mt khi ti nguyn. Kch thc khi ti nguyn l nh nhau vi tt c cc bng thng. S lng cc khi ti nguyn ng vi bng thng c lit k nh trong bng 3.2. Bng thng knh ( MHz) 1,4 3 5 10 15 20 S lng cc khi ti nguyn 6 15 25 50 75 100

Bng 3.2 s lng cc khi ti nguyn cho bng thng LTE khc nhau (FDD&TDD) Vi mi k hiu OFDM, mt tin t vng (CP) c ni thm nh l khong thi gian bo v, so snh vi hnh 1. Mt khe ng xung bao gm 6 hoc 7 k hiu OFDM, iu ny ty thuc vo tin t vng c cu hnh l m rng hay bnh thng. Tin t vng di c th bao ph cc kch thc ln hn vi s lan truyn tr cao hn ca cc knh v tuyn. Cc chiu di tin t vng c ly mu ( n v o bng s ) v c tm tt trong bng 3.3.

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Cu hnh

Kch thc khi ti nguyn


RB N SC

S lng cc k hiu
DL N Symbol

Chiu di tin t vng trong cc mu

Chiu di tin t vng s

Tin t vng bnh thng f = 15kHz

12

160 cho k hiu 5,2s cho k u tin hiu u tin. 4,7s cho cc 144 cho cc k k hiu khc. hiu khc

Tin t vng m rng 12 6 512 16,7s f = 15kHz Bng 3.3 Tham s cu trc khung ng xung ( FDD & TDD ) 3.4.3. Truyn dn d liu hng xung D liu c cp pht ti UE theo cc khi ti nguyn, v d , mt UE c th c cp pht cc bi s nguyn ca mt khi ti nguyn trong min tn s. Cc khi ti nguyn khng cn phi lin k vi nhau. Trong min thi gian, quyt nh lp biu c th b bin i trong mi khong thi gian truyn ca 1ms. Quyt nh lp biu c thc hin trong cc trm gc (eNodeB). Cc thut ton lp biu c tnh n tnh trng cht lng lin kt v tuyn ca nhng ngi s dng khc nhau, tnh trng can nhiu tng th, cht lng ca cc dch v yu cu, cc dch v u tin, ..v.v. Hnh 3.8 cho thy mt v d cho vic cp pht d liu ngi dng hng xung cho nhng ngi s dng khc nhau ( gi s c 6 UE ). D liu ngi dng c mang trn knh chia s ng xung vt l ( PDSCH).

Hnh 3.8 Ghp knh thi gian tn s OFDMA

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V nguyn tc trong mi h thng OFDMA l s dng bng hp, cc sng mang con trc giao vi nhau. Trong LTE khong cch sng mang con l 15kHz bt k bng thng h thng l bao nhiu. Cc sng mang con khc nhau l trc giao vi nhau. My pht ca mt h thng OFDMA s dng khi IFFT to ra tn hiu. d liu ngun c cung cp ti b chuyn i ni tip- song song v sau tip tc vo khi IFFT. Mi u vo ca khi IFFT tng ng l biu din u vo cho mt sng mang con ring (hoc thnh phn tn s c th ca tn hiu min thi gian )v c th c iu ch c lp vi cc sng mang con khc. Tip sau khi IFFT l c thm vo tin t vng m rng, nh th hin trong hnh 3.9.

Hnh 3.9 Pht v thu OFDMA Mc ch ca vic thm tin t vng m rng l trnh c nhiu lin k t. khi my pht thm vo mt tin t vng m rng di hn so vi p ng xung knh th s nh hng ca k hiu trc y c th c loi b bng cch b qua ( g b ) tin t vng m rng pha thu. Mt s in hnh ca gii php thu l cn bng min tn s, trong v c bn l s tc ng tr li knh vi mi sng mang con. B cn bng min tn s trong OFDMA ch n gin l nhn mi sng mang con( vi php nhn gi tr phc tp ) da trn p ng tn s knh c tnh ( iu chnh bin v pha ca mi sng mang con bit ) ca knh. Cc knh iu khin hng xung Knh iu khin ng xung vt l (PDCCH) : n phc v cho nhiu mc ch. Ch yu n c s dng chuyn cc quyt nh lp lch biu ti cc UE ring l, tc l n c nhim v lp lch biu cho hng ln v hng xung. PDCCH c t trong k hiu OFDM u tin ca mt

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khung con. i vi cu trc khung loi 2, PDCCH cng c th c nh x vo 2 k hiu OFDM u tin ca trng DwPTS. Mt knh ch th dng iu khin vt l (PCFICH) c mang trn cc phn t ti nguyn c trng trong k hiu OFDM u tin ca khung con c s dng ch ra s lng cc k hiu OFDM cho PDCCH ( c th l 1, 2, 3, hoc 4 k hiu ). PCFICH l cn thit bi v ti trn PDCCH c th khc nhau, ty thuc vo s lng ngi s dng trong mt v cc dng tn hiu c truyn trn PDCCH. Thng tin c mang trn PDCCH c gi l thng tin iu khin ng xung ( DCI). Ty thuc vo mc ch ca cc thng ip iu khin, cc dng khc nhau ca DCI s c xc nh.

3.5. K thut a truy nhp ng ln LTE SC-FDMA


Vic truyn OFDMA phi chu mt t l cng sut nh-n-trung bnh (PAPR) cao, iu ny c th dn n nhng h qu tiu cc i vi vic thit k mt b pht sng nhng trong UE. l, khi truyn d liu t UE n mng, cn c mt b khuch i cng sut nng tn hiu n ln mt mc cao mng thu c. B khuch i cng sut l mt trong nhng thnh phn tiu th nng lng ln nht trong mt thit b, v v th nn hiu qu cng sut cng cao cng tt lm tng tui th pin ca my. 3GPP tm mt phng n truyn dn khc cho hng ln LTE. SC-FDMA c chn bi v n kt hp cc k thut vi PAPR thp ca cc h thng truyn dn n sng mang, nh GSM v CDMA, vi kh nng chng c a ng v cp pht tn s linh hot ca OFDMA. 3.5.1. SC-FDMA Trong hng ng ln 3GPP s dng SC-FDMA ( a truy nhp phn chia tn s n sng mang ) cho a truy nhp hp l cho c hai ch vn hnh FDD v TDD kt hp vi tin t vng. Cc tn hiu SC-FDMA c c tnh PAPR tt hn so vi tn hiu OFDMA. y l mt trong nhng l do chnh chn SC-FDMA l phng thc truy nhp ng ln LTE. Cc c im PAPR l quan trng cho k hoch hiu qu v gi thnh ca cc b khuych i cng sut UE. Tuy nhin, vic s l tn hiu SC-FDMA c mt s im tng ng vi vic x l tn hiu OFDMA, do cc tham s ca ng xung v ng ln c th c cn i. C nhiu cch khc nhau to ra mt tn hiu SC-FDMA. DFT-tri-OFDM ( DFT-S-OFDM) c la chn cho E-UTRAN. Nguyn tc c minh ha trong hnh 3.10.

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Hnh 3.10 S khi DFT-S-OFDM Vi DFT-S-OFDM, mt DFT kch thc M trc tin c p dng ti mt khi cc k hiu iu ch M. QPSK,16QAM v 64QAM c s dng nh l cc phng n iu ch ng ln E-UTRAN, sau ny c ty chn cho UE. DFT bin i cc k hiu iu ch vo min tn s. Kt qu c nh x vo cc sng mang con c sn. Trong ng ln E-UTRAN, ch c truyn dn tp trung trn cc sng mang con lin tip l c cho php. N im IFFT ni m N->M sau c thc hin nh trong OFDM, tip l thm tin t vng v chuyn i song song thnh ni tip. S x l DFT l s khc bit c bn gia vic to tn hiu SC-FDMA v OFDMA. iu ny c th hin bng thut ng DFT-tri-OFDM. Trong mt tn hiu SC-FDMA, mi sng mang con c s dng cho vic truyn dn thng tin bao gm tt c cc k hiu iu ch c truyn, k t khi dng d liu u vo c lan truyn bi s bin i DFT qua cc sng mang con sn c. Tri ngc vi iu ny, mi sng mang con trong mt tn hiu OFDMA ch mang thng tin lin quan ti cc k hiu iu ch c th. 3.5.2. Cc tham s SC-FDMA Cu trc ng ln LTE cng tng t nh ng xung. trong cu trc khung loi 1, mt khung v tuyn ng ln bao gm 20 khe vi mi khe c chiu di 0,5ms, v mt khung con c hai khe. Cu trc khe ng th hin nh trong hnh 3.11.

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Hnh 3.11 Li ti nguyn ng ln Trong cu trc khung loi 2 bao gm mi khung con, nhng mt hoc hai trong s l khung c bit. chng bao gm cc trng DwPTS, GP v UpPTS, nh hnh 3.6. Mi khe mang 7 k hiu SC-FDMA trong trng hp cu hnh tin t vng thng thng, v 6 k hiu SC-FDMA trong trng hp cu hnh tin t vng m rng. K hiu SC-FDMA s 3 ( k hiu th 4 trong mt khe ) mang tn hiu chun cho vic gii iu ch knh. Bng 3.4 hin th cc thng s cu hnh tng quan . Cu hnh S cc k di tin t vng di tin t vng hiu trong cc mu th trong s
UL N symbol

Tin t vng thng thng f=15kHz

Tin t vng 6 m rng f=15kHz Bng 3.4 Cc tham s cu trc khung ng ln ( FDD&TDD)

160 cho k hiu u tin 144 cho cc k hiu khc 512

5,2s cho k hiu u tin 4,7s cho cc k hiu khc 16,7s

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3.5.3. Truyn dn d liu hng ln Lp k hoch ngun ti nguyn hng ln c thc hin bi eNodeB. eNodeB s cp cc ti nguyn thi gian/tn s nht nh cho cc UE v cc UE thng bo v cc dng truyn ti m n s dng. Cc quyt nh lp lch biu c th da trn cc thng s QoS, tnh trng b nh m ca UE, cc thng s cht lng knh ng ln, kh nng ca UE, cc o c khong cch ca UE, v.v. Trong ng ln, d liu c cp pht trong bi s ca mt khi ti nguyn. Kch thc khi ti nguyn ng ln trong min tn s l 12 sng mang con, tc l ging trong ng xung. Tuy nhin khng phi tt c cc bi s u c php c th n gii ha vic thit k DFT trong qu trnh x l tn hiu hng ln. Ch c cc ch s 2,3 v 5 l c php. Khng ging nh trong ng xung, cc UE lun c gn cc khi ti nguyn lin tip trong ng ln LTE. Khong thi gian truyn dn hng ln l 1ms ( ging nh ng xung ). D liu ngi dng c mang trn knh chia s ng ln vt l ( PUSCH). Bng cch s dng nhy tn hng ln trn PUSCH, cc tc dng ca s phn tp tn s c th c khai thc v nhiu c th c ly trung bnh. Xut pht t UE vic cp pht ti nguyn ng ln cng nh thng tin nhy tn t vic tr cp lp lch biu hng ln l c nhn trc bn khung con. DCI ( thng tin iu khin hng xung ) dng 0 l c s dng trn PDCCH vn chuyn tr cp lp lch biu hng ln. Vic pht tn hiu trong min tn s c th hin nh trong hnh 3.12. B sung thm cho OFDMA thuc tnh ca dng sng ph tt hn tri ngc vi vic pht tn hiu trong min thi gian vi mt b iu ch QAM thng thng. Do nhu cu v bng tn bo v gia cc ngi dng khc nhau l c th trnh c, tng t nh nguyn l ng xung ca OFDMA. Nh trong h thng OFDMA, mt tin t vng cng c thm vo theo nh k, nhng khng phi sau mi k hiu nh l tc k hiu l nhanh hn trong min thi gian so vi trong OFDMA, cho vic truyn d liu c th ngn nga c nhiu lin k t v n gin ha vic thit k my thu. My thu vn cn phi i ph vi nhiu lin k t nh l tin t vng by gi s ngn cn nhiu lin k t gia mt khi cc k hiu, do s vn cn nhiu lin k t gia cc tin t vng. Do my thu s chy b cn bng cho mt khi cc k hiu cho n khi t c tin t vng m ngn chn s lan truyn nhiu lin k t sau .

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Hnh 3.12 Pht & thu hng ln LTE LTE h tr c hai l nhy tn bn trong v lin khung con. N c cu hnh trn mi bi cc lp cao hn cho d nhy c hai bn trong v lin khung con hoc ch nhy lin khung con l c h tr. Knh iu khin hng ln PUCCH Knh iu khin hng ln vt l (PUCCH) mang thng tin iu khin hng ln (UCI), tc l thng tin ACK/NACK lin quan ti vic nhn cc gi d liu trong ng xung, bo co ch s cht lng knh (CQI), thng tin ma trn tin m ha (PMI) v ch s bc (RI) cho MIMO, v cc yu cu lp k hoch (SR). PUCCH c truyn trn mt vng tn s dnh ring trong hng ln m n c cu hnh bi cc lp cao hn. Cc khi ti nguyn PUCCH c t vo c hai bin ca bng thng ng ln, v nhy tn lin khe c s dng trn PUCCH. 3.5.4. So snh OFDMA v SC-FDMA Mt s so snh gia OFDMA v SC-FDMA c th hin nh trong hnh 3.13. Vi v d ny, ch s dng bn (M) sng mang con trong hai chu k k hiu vi d liu ti trng c biu din bi iu ch kha dch pha cu phng (QPSK). Nh m t, cc tn hiu LTE c cp pht trong cc n v ca 12 sng mang con ln cn. Bn tri hnh 3.13, M cc sng mang con 15kHz lin k c t vo a im mong mun trong bng thng knh v mi sng mang con c iu ch vi chu k k hiu OFDMA l 66,7s bi mt k hiu d liu QPSK. Trong v d ny, bn

68

sng mang con, bn k hiu c a ra song song. y l cc k hiu d liu QPSK do ch c pha ca mi sng mang con l c iu ch v cng sut ca sng mang con vn gi khng i gia cc k hiu. Sau mt chu k k hiu OFDMA tri qua, cc CP c chn vo v bn k hiu tip theo c truyn i song song. cho hnh nh nhn c r dng nn cc CP c hin th nh mt khong trng, tuy nhin, n thc s c lp y vi mt bn sao ca s kt thc ca k hiu tip theo, c ngha l cng sut truyn dn l lin tc nhng c mt s gin on pha bin ca k hiu. to ra tn hiu truyn i, mt IFFT c thc hin trn mi sng mang con to ra M tn hiu min thi gian. Chng ln lt l vec t tng hp to ra dng sng min thi gian cui cng c s dng truyn dn.

Hnh 3.13 So snh OFDMA & SC-FDMA truyn mt chui cc k hiu d liu QPSK S to thnh tn hiu SC-FDMA c bt u vi mt qui trnh ng trc c bit ri sau n cng tip tc mt cch tng t nh OFDMA. Tuy nhin trc ht ta s xem hnh bn phi ca hnh 3.13. S khc bit r dng nht l OFDMA truyn bn k hiu d liu QPSK song song trn mi sng mang con, trong khi SCFDMA truyn bn k hiu d liu QPSK trong lot bn ln , vi mi k hiu d liu chim M 15kHz bng thng. Nhn mt cch trc quan, tn hiu OFDMA r dng l a sng mang vi mt k hiu d liu trn mi sng mang con, nhng tn hiu SC-FDMA xut hin nh nhiu hn mt sng mang n ( v th m c SC trong tn SC-FDMA ) vi mi k hiu d liu c biu din bng mt lot tn hiu. Lu rng chiu di k hiu OFDMA & SC-FDMA l nh nhau vi 66,7s, tuy nhin, k hiu SC-FDMA c

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cha M cc k hiu con m biu din cho d liu iu ch. l vic truyn ti song song ca nhiu cc k hiu to ra PAPR cao khng mong mun vi OFDMA. Bng cch truyn M cc k hiu d liu trong dy vo M thi im, SC-FDMA chim bng thng cng nh a sng mang OFDMA nhng ch yu l PAPR tng t nh c s dng cho cc k hiu d liu gc. Thm vo cng nhau nhiu dng sng QPSK bng hp trong OFDMA s lun to ra cc nh cao hn c th thy trong bng thng rng hn, dng sng QPSK n sng mang SC-FDMA.

3.6. Tng quan v k thut a ng ten MIMO


Trung tm ca LTE l tng ca k thut a ng ten, c s dng tng vng ph sng v kh nng ca lp vt l. Thm vo nhiu ng ten hn vi mt h thng v tuyn cho php kh nng ci thin hiu sut bi v cc tn hiu pht ra s c cc ng dn vt l khc nhau. C ba loi chnh ca k thut a ng ten. u tin n gip s dng trc tip s phn tp ng dn trong mt s bc x ng dn c th b mt mt do fading v mt ci khc c th khng. Th hai l vic s dng k thut hng bp sng(beamforming) bng cch iu khin mi tng quan pha ca cc tn hiu in pht ra vo cc ng ten vi nng lng truyn li theo t nhin. Loi th ba s dng s phn tch khng gian ( s khc bit ng dn bng cch tch bit cc ng ten ) thng qua vic s dng ghp knh theo khng gian v s to chm tia, cn c gi l k thut a u vo, a u ra (MIMO ). Hnh 3.12 cho thy, c 4 cch thc hin vic s dng knh v tuyn. n gin cc v d c miu t ch s dng mt hoc hai ng ten.

Hnh 3.14 Cc ch truy nhp knh v tuyn

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3.6.1. n u vo n u ra (SISO) Ch truy nhp knh v tuyn n gin nht l n u vo n u ra (SISO), trong ch c mt ng ten pht v mt ng ten thu c s dng. y l hnh thc truyn thng mc nh k t khi truyn v tuyn bt u v n l c s da vo tt c cc k thut a ng ten c so snh. 3.6.2. n u vo a u ra (SIMO) Mt ch th hai th hin trong hnh 3.14 l n u vo a u ra (SIMO), trong s dng mt my pht v hai hoc nhiu hn my thu. SIMO thng c gi l phn tp thu. Ch truy nhp knh v tuyn ny c bit thch hp cho cc iu kin tn hiu-nhiu(SNR) thp. Trong c mt li l thuyt c th t c l 3dB khi hai my thu c s dng, khng c thay i v tc d liu khi ch c mt dng d liu c truyn, nhng vng ph sng bin c ci thin do s gim ca SNR s dng c. 3.6.3. a u vo n u ra (MISO) Ch a u vo n u ra (MISO) s dng s my pht l hai hoc nhiu hn v mt my thu( hnh 3.14 cho thy ch c 2 my pht v mt my thu cho n gin ). MISO thng c gi l phn tp pht. Cng mt d liu c gi trn c hai ng ten pht nhng vi ch m ha nh vy m my thu ch c th nhn bit tng my pht. Phn tp pht lm tng mnh ca tn hiu b phading v c th lm tng hiu sut trong nhng iu kin SNR php. MISO khng lm tng tc d liu, nhng n h tr cc tc d liu tng t nhau bng cch s dng t nng lng hn. Phn tp pht c th c tng cng vi phn hi vng ng t my thu ch ra s truyn cn bng ti u ca pha v cng sut c s dng cho mi ng ten pht. 3.6.4. a u vo a u ra (MIMO) Phng thc truyn cui cng c th hin trong hnh 3.14 l truyn y MIMO, n yu cu hai hoc nhiu my pht v hai hoc nhiu my thu. MIMO lm tng cng sut ph bng cch pht nhiu lung d liu cng mt lc trong cng mt tn s v thi gian, tn dng y cc li th ca cc ng dn khc nhau trong knh v tuyn. i vi mt h thng c m t nh MIMO, n phi c t nht l nhiu my thu vi nhiu lung pht. S lng cc lung pht khng c nhm ln vi s lng cc ng ten pht. Hy xem xt trng hp phn tp pht (MISO) trong c hai my pht nhng ch c mt dng d liu. Thm na s phn tp thu (SIMO) khng chuyn cu hnh ny vo MIMO, mc d hin ti c hai ng ten pht v hai ng ten thu c lin quan. Ni cch khc SIMO+MISO # MIMO. N lun c

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th c s my pht nhiu hn s lung d liu nhng cch ny khng khc cch trn. Nu N lung d liu c truyn t t hn N ng ten, d liu c th khng c gii xo trn mt cch y bi mt s bt k cc my thu t to ra s chng cho cc lung m khng c s b sung ca phn tp theo khng gian th ch to ra nhiu. Tuy nhin v mt khng gian vic tch bit N cc lung qua ti thiu N ng ten, N my thu s c th ti to li y d liu ban u v cc lung cung cp s tng quan ng dn v nhiu trong knh v tuyn l thp. Mt yu t quan trng cho hot ng MIMO l vic truyn t mi ng ten phi c nhn dng duy nht mi my thu c th xc nh c ci g kt hp trong vic truyn m n nhn c. vic nhn dng ny thng c thc hin vi cc tn hiu ch o, trong s dng cc mu trc giao cho mi ng ten. S phn tp khng gian ca knh v tuyn ngha l MIMO c kh nng lm tng tc d liu. Hnh thc c bn nht ca MIMO l gn mt dng d liu cho mi ng ten v c th hin nh trong hnh 3.15.

Hnh 3.15 MIMO 22 , khng c tin m ha Trong dng ny, mt lung d liu duy nht c gn cho mt ng ten v c bit n nh nh x trc tip. Knh ny sau c trn ln nh l s truyn c hai vi bn nhn, mi ng ten s nhn thy mt s kt hp ca mi lung. Gii m cc tn hiu nhn c l mt qu trnh kho lo bn nhn, bi vic phn tch cc mu nhn dng duy nht mi my pht xc nh xem kt hp ci g ca mi lung truyn hin ti. Vic p dng mt b lc nghch o v tng hp cc lung nhn c ti to li d liu gc. Mt dng tin tin hn ca MIMO bao gm tin m ha c bit ph hp vi vic truyn dn ch c bit ca knh. Kt qu ny ti u trong mi lung c lan truyn qua nhiu hn mt ng ten pht. Vi k thut ny lm vic hiu qu my pht phi c s hiu bit v cc iu kin knh truyn, v trong trng hp FDD cc iu kin ny phi c cung cp trong thi gian thc bi thng tin phn hi t UE. Nh vy n s lm phc tp thm mt cch ng k cho vic ti u ha nhng h thng c th cung cp vi hiu sut cao hn. Tin m ha vi h thng

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TDD khng yu cu nhn phn hi bi v my pht s xc nh mt cch c lp cc iu kin ca knh truyn bi vic phn tch cc tn hiu nhn c trn cng mt tn s. Nhng li ch v mt l thuyt ca MIMO l mt chc nng ca s lng cc ng ten truyn v nhn, cc iu kin lan truyn v tuyn, kh nng ca my pht thch nghi vi cc iu kin thay i, v SNR. Trng hp l tng l mt trong cc ng dn trong knh truyn v tuyn l hon ton khng tng quan, nh th ring bit, cc kt ni cp vt l khng c xuyn m gia my pht v my thu. Cc iu kin nh vy gn nh l khng t c trong khng gian t do. Cc gii hn trn ca MIMO t c trong cc iu kin l tng l d dng xc nh, v cho mt h thng 22 vi hai lung d liu ng thi lm tng gp i cng sut v tc d liu l c th. MIMO hot ng tt nht trong cc iu kin SNR cao vi ng cc tiu ca tm nhn. Kt qu l, MIMO c bit ph hp vi mi trng trong nh, c th to ra mt mc cao ca a ng v cc tiu ca tm nhn. 3.6.5. K hoch LTE a ng ten Cc vn c bn ca k thut ng ten c trnh by trn, by gi xt ti cc quy nh ca LTE, bt u vi mt s thut ng. nh ngha mt s thut ng c s dng nh sau : T m: mt t m biu din d liu ngi dng trc khi n c nh dng truyn. Mt hoc hai t m , CW0 v CW1, c th c s dng ty thuc vo iu kin knh truyn chim u th v trng hp s dng. Trong trng hp ph bin nht l MIMO mt ngi s dng (SU-MIMO), hai t m c gi n mt UE duy nht, nhng trong trng hp t ph bin l ng xung MIMO nhiu ngi dng (MU-MIMO), mi t m c gi cho ch mt UE. Lp: thut ng lp l ng ngha vi lung. i vi ghp knh khng gian, ti thiu l hai lp phi c s dng. c cho php ln ti bn lp. S lng cc lp biu th bng biu tng v. S lng ca lp lun nh hn hoc bng s lng ca ng ten. Tin m ha(Precoding): Tin m ha s chnh sa cc tn hiu lp trc khi truyn. iu ny c th c thc hin vi s phn tp, to chm tia hoc ghp knh khng gian.

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Hnh 3.16 X l tn hiu cho phn tp pht v ghp knh khng gian (MIMO) Cc biu tng d,x v y c s dng trong cc chi tit k thut biu th tn hiu trc v sau lp nh x,v sau tin m ha 3.6.5.1. Ch truyn dn a ng ten ng xung LTE C 7 ch truyn dn a ng ten c xc nh cho LTE ti u hiu sut ng xung di cc iu kin v tuyn khc nhau. l : Cng n-ngten; cng 0-MIMO Phn tp pht MISO Ghp knh khng gian vng m MIMO , khng c tin m ha Ghp knh khng gian vng ng MIMO, khng c tin m ha MIMO a-ngi s dng MIMO, UE tch bit Vng ng bc =1 tin m ha-MISO, li chm tia (beamsteering) Cng n- ng ten; cng 5 MISO, li chm tia Ch u tin ch s dng cho mt my pht, UE phi c t nht 2 my thu, y l mt cu hnh MISO, ch ny quy nh kh nng c bn ca my thu m cc yu cu v hiu sut s c xc nh. N thng c thc hin bng cch s dng t l ti a vic kt hp cc lung nhn c ci thin SNR trong iu kin km. Phn tp thu cung cp li rt t trong cc iu kin tt. Ch ng xung th hai, phn tp pht. LTE h tr hai hoc bn ng ten cho phn tp pht. v d th hin trong hnh 3.15 l pht hai ng ten, trong mt lung d liu c gn cho cc lp khc nhau v c m ha bng cch s dng m khi tn s khng gian (SFBC). V hnh thc phn tp pht khng tng tc d liu, cc t m CW0 v CW1 u ging nhau. SFBC t c bn thng qua s phn tp tn s bng cch s dng cc sng mang con khc nhau cho d liu lp li trn mi ng ten.

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Ch th 3 l ch ghp knh khng gian MIMO vng m, c h tr cho cc cu hnh hai hoc bn ng ten. Gi s mt my thu UE hai knh, thit k ny cho php 22 hoc 42 MIMO. Mt my thu UE bn knh, c yu cu cho mt cu hnh 44, c xc nh nhng cha c kh nng thc hin c trong tng lai gn. Cc cu hnh ph bin nht l 22 hoc 42 SU-MIMO. Trong trng hp ny ti d liu s c chia thnh hai t m l cc lung CW0 v CW1v c x l theo cc bc nh trn hnh 3.13. Ch th t l MIMO vng kn, trong yu cu tin m ha ca cc lung d liu. Ty thuc vo tin m ha c s dng, mi t m c biu din cho cc pha v cng sut khc nhau trn cc ng ten. i vi trng hp FDD my pht phi c kin thc v knh truyn, iu ny c cung cp bi UE trn cc knh iu khin ng ln. Cc kin thc ny bao gm CQI, cc ch s ma trn tin m ha (PMI), v ch s bc(RI). Cc phn hi PMI s dng mt phng php bng m cung cp mt ch s vo mt tp c xc nh trc ca cc ma trn tin m ha. Vi cu hnh 22 c ba t m khc nhau; vi 42 c 16 t m. Ch truyn dn th nm l MU-MIMO. y l trng hp c bit ca ch 3 trong cc t m l dnh cho cc UE khc nhau. MU-MIMO vng kn khng p dng trong trng hp ny. Ch truyn dn th su l mt hnh thc ca li chm tia, c m t y l tin m ha vng ng bc=1 v ch d phng khi cc phn hi ch 4 c bc =1. Theo qui nh s li chm tia c nh pha-theo gin, m c th c p dng c lp ca tiu chun v tuyn, a ra cc lch v pha v bin vi ton b tn hiu c cung cp cho mi ng ten pht. Mc ch l tp chung nng lng ca tn hiu theo mt hng c th. K thut tng t trong vic p dng cc lch bin v pha c th c s dng trn cc ng ten thu lm cho s thu nhy cm hn vi tn hiu n t mt hng c th. Trong LTE bin v pha trong cc RB ring l c th c iu chnh lm cho hng bp sng c xa v linh hot hn. Ch truyn dn th by cng l mt dng ca li chm tia. N tng t nh ch 6, ngoi tr mt ng ten b sung ( cng 5) c s dng to thnh mt chm tia dnh ring hng ti UE m cng mang tn hiu chun to chm tia UEc trng. Mt trong nhng thch thc i vi vic h tr c hai MIMO v h thng hng bp sng l s hn ch bi s xung t nhau c t trn cc thit k ca ng ten. H thng li chm tia da vo s tng quan ca cc tn hiu truyn i trong khi MIMO da vo s khng tng quan, theo bo co hot ng tt nht vi cc ng ten phn cc ngang.

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3.6.5.2. Ch a ng ten hng ln LTE C ba loi k thut a ng ten c xc nh cho hng ln l : Phn tp thu ti eNodeB ( trnh by phn trc) SU-MIMO cho UE n MU-MIMO cho nhiu UE SU-MIMO nm trong phm vi ca LTE nhng khng hon ton c nh ngha trong 3GPP phin bn 8. thc hin SU-MIMO cc UE s yu cu hai my pht. y l mt thch thc ng k v chi ph v kch c v mc tiu th pin, v v nhng l do ny SU-MIMO hin khng c u tin pht trin. Ngoi ra, tc d liu tng ln trong ng ln m c th c c t MU-MIMO khng phi l quan trng nh ang c trong cc ng xung do vic phn phi lu lng bt i xng. Hn na, nu h thng c trin khai vi ng ln-hiu nng-hn ch, c th khng thc t tng cng cng sut pht t UE t c SNR cn thit eNodeB nhn. MU-MIMO khng lm gia tng tc d liu ngi dng ring l m li cung cp s gia tng dung lng tng t nhau, hoc tt hn so vi SU-MIMO.

Hnh 3.17 a ngi s dng MIMO trong hng ln Trong hnh 3.17, hai lung d liu c ngun gc t hai UE khc nhau. Hai thit b pht c tch ring ra xa hn nhiu so vi trng hp mt ngi dng duy nht, v s thiu kt ni vt l c ngha l khng c c hi ti u m ha cc ch ring knh bng cch trn hai lung d liu. Tuy nhin, s tch bit v khng gian tng thm c lm tng c hi ca eNodeB chn ln cc cp UE m c cc ng dn khng tng quan. iu ny lm tng ti a khuych i cng sut tim nng, tri ngc vi trng hp SU-MIMO, trong chnh xc ca ng ten c th c vn , c bit l cc tn s di 1GHz. MU-MIMO c mt li th b sung quan trng : UE khng i hi s tiu hao v cng sut v chi ph ca hai my pht, nhng vn c li t s gia tng cng sut. tn dng c nhiu nht li ch ca MU-MIMO, UE cng phi c sp xp theo ng thi gian v cng sut nh nhn c.

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CHNG 4 - LP VT L LTE

4.1. Cc knh truyn ti v nh x ca chng ti cc knh vt l


Bi bn cht ca vic thit k, LTE ch cha cc knh truyn ti chung, knh truyn ti dnh ring ( knh dnh ring : DCH , nh trong WCDMA ) l khng tn ti. Cc knh truyn ti l giao din gia lp iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC) v lp vt l. Mi knh truyn ti c c trng bi s x l ca lp vt l lin quan, c p dng cho cc knh vt l tng ng v s dng mang cc knh truyn ti. Lp vt l cn c kh nng cung cp ngun ti nguyn ng phn phi u cho cc tc d liu khc nhau v vi vic phn chia ti nguyn gia nhng ngi s dng khc nhau. Phn ny trnh by cc knh truyn ti v s nh x ca chng vo cc knh vt l. Knh qung b (BCH): L mt knh pht qung b ng xung c s dng pht qung b cc thng s h thng cn thit cho php cc thit b truy cp vo h thng ( v xc nh nh iu hnh ). Cc thng s ny bao gm, v d , cc thng s lin quan n truy nhp ngu nhin m n thng bo cho thit b v cc thnh phn ti nguyn c dnh ring cho hot ng truy cp ngu nhin. Knh chia s ng xung (DL-SCH) : Mang d liu ngi dng cho cc kt ni im im theo hng ng xung. Tt c cc thng tin ( hoc l d liu ngi s dng hoc l thng tin iu khin lp cao hn ) dnh cho duy nht mt ngi s dng hoc UE c truyn i trn DL-SCH, gi s UE trng thi RRC kt ni. Tuy nhin, vai tr ca BCH ch yu l thng bo cho cc thit b v lch trnh thng tin ca h thng, iu khin thng tin cho nhiu thit b c thc hin trn DL-SCH . Trong trng hp d liu trn DL-SCH c dnh cho ch mt UE duy nht, th thch ng lin kt ng v truyn li lp vt l c th c s dng. Knh nhn tin (PCH) : c s dng mang cc thng tin bng tin nhn cho cc thit b theo hng ng xung chuyn cc thit b t trng thi RRC rnh di ti trng thi RRC kt ni. Knh pht a im (MCH) : c s dng truyn ni dung ca cc dch v pht a im ti UE theo hng ng xung. Knh chia s ng ln (uplink-SCH) : Mang d liu ca ngi dng cng nh thng tin iu khin xut pht t thit b theo hng ng ln trng thi RRC kt ni. Tng t nh DL-SCH, thch ng lin kt ng v truyn li l sn c.

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Knh truy cp ngu nhin (RACH) : c s dng trong ng ln tr li cc thng ip tin nhn hoc bt u chuyn t RRC rnh di ti trng thi RRC kt ni theo nhu cu truyn d liu ca UE. Khng c d liu lp cao hn hoc d liu ngi dng c truyn trn RACH ( iu ny c th c thc hin vi WCDMA), nhng n ch c s dng ni cho php truyn ti uplink-SCH. Trong hng ng ln uplink-SCH c mang bi knh chia s hng ln vt l(PUSCH). Tng ng, RACH c mang bi knh truy cp ngu nhin vt l (PRACH). Tn ti knh vt l b sung nhng n ch c s dng truyn thng tin iu khin lp vt l. Knh truyn ti hng ln nh x ti cc knh vt l c minh ha nh trong hnh 4.1

Hnh 4.1 nh x ca cc knh truyn ti hng ln ti cc knh vt l Trong hng ng xung, PCH c nh x ti knh chia s ng xung vt l (PDSCH).

Hnh 4.2 nh x cc knh truyn ti hng xung ti cc knh vt l BCH c nh x ti knh qung b vt l (PBCH). DL-SCH c nh x ti PDSCH v MCH c nh x ti knh pht a im vt l, c th hin nh trong hnh 4.2.

4.2. iu ch
Trong iu ch hng ln l s dng b iu ch truyn thng l iu ch bin cu phng(QAM). Trong cc phng php iu ch sn c ( cho d liu ngi dng ) l kha dch pha vung gc(QPSK), 16QAM v 64QAM. Trong QPSK & 16QAM l sn c trong tt c cc thit b, trong khi vic h tr cho 64QAM theo hng ng ln l mt kh nng ca UE. Cc chm im iu ch khc nhau c th hin nh trong hnh 4.3

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Hnh 4.3 Cc chm im iu ch trong LTE iu ch PRACH l iu ch pha v cc chui c s dng l c to ra t cc chui ZadoffChu vi nhng s khc bit v pha gia cc k hiu khc nhau ca cc chui. Ty thuc vo chui c chn dn n t l nh- trung bnh (PAR) hoc hn na gi tr Metric khi (CM) thc t l c phn thp hn hoc cao hn so vi gi tr ca QPSK. S dng iu ch QPSK cho php hiu qu cng sut pht tt khi vn hnh ti ch cng sut truyn ti y cng nh iu ch s quyt nh kt qu ca CM ( i vi SC-FDMA) v do n cng yu cu thit b khuych i ch truyn. Cc thit b s s dng cng sut pht ti a thp hn khi vn hnh vi iu ch 16QAM hoc 64QAM. Trong hng ng xung, cc phng php iu ch cho d liu ngi s dng cng tng t nh trong hng ln. Theo l thuyt th h thng OFDM c th s dng cc iu ch khc nhau cho mi sng mang con. c knh thng tin cht lng ( v bo hiu ) vi chi tit nh vy l s khng th kh thi do dn n chi ph qu mc. Nu iu ch ring tng sng mang con s c qu nhiu bt trong hng ng xung dnh cho bo nhn trong cc tham s ca mi sng mang con v trong hng ng ln phn hi ch th cht lng knh ( CQI) s cn phi qu chi tit t c mc chi tit cc sng mang con c th thch ng. Ngoi ra kha dch pha nh phn(BPSK) c xc nh cho cc knh iu khin, trong s dng hoc l BPSK hoc l QPSK cho truyn dn cc thng tin iu khin.

4.3. Truyn ti d liu ngi s dng hng ln


D liu ngi s dng trong hng ln l c mang trn PUSCH , trong mt cu trc khung 10ms v c da trn s cp pht ti nguyn min thi gian v min tn s vi 1ms v khong chia 180kHz. Vic phn b ti nguyn i km t mt b lp biu c t ti eNodeB, c minh ha trong hnh 4.4. Do khng c s c nh cc ngun ti nguyn cho cc thit b, v cng khng cn tn hiu trc t eNodeB cc ngun ti nguyn ch cn truy nhp ngu nhin l c th c

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s dng. i vi mc ch ny cc thit b c nhu cu cn phi cung cp thng tin cho cc b lp lch biu ng ln ca cc yu cu truyn dn ( b m trng thi) n c cng nh da trn cc ngun ti nguyn cng sut truyn ti hin sn c.

Hnh 4.4 Cp pht ti nguyn hng ln c iu khin bi b lp biu eNodeB Cu trc khung thng qua cu trc khe 0,5ms v s dng 2 khe (1 khung con ) thi gian c cp pht. Chu k cp pht ngn hn 0,5ms ( nh lc u d kin trong 3GPP gim thiu thi gian i ht mt vng) c th c c qua cng tn hiu nht l vi mt s lng ln ngi s dng. Cu trc khung 10ms c minh ha trong hnh 4.5. Cu trc khung v c bn l ph hp cho c hai ch FDD v TDD, nhng ch TDD c cc phn b sung cho cc im chuyn tip ng ln / ng xung trong khung.

Hnh 4.5 Cu trc khung LTE FDD Trong khe 0,5ms c c cc k hiu tham chiu v cc k hiu d liu ngi s dng . Tc d liu ca ngi dng l tm thi do nhng s thay i nh l

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mt chc nng ca phn b ti nguyn ng ln ty thuc vo bng thng tm thi c cp pht. Bng thng c th c cp pht gia 0 v 20MHz trong cc bc ca 180kHz. Cp pht l lin tc nh truyn dn ng ln l FDMA c iu ch ch vi mt k hiu c truyn ti mt thi im. Bng thng khe c iu chnh gia cc TTI lin tip c minh ha nh trong hnh 5.6 . Ni m tng gp i tc d liu kt qu l tng gp i bng thng c s dng. Cc k hiu tham chiu lun chim cng mt khng gian trong min thi gian v do tc d liu cao hn kt qu l s tng tng ng vi tc d liu k hiu tham chiu.

Hnh 4.6 Tc d liu gia cc TTI theo hng ng ln Tin t vng(Cyclic Prefix) s dng trong ng ln c hai gi tr c th ph thuc vo vic mt tin t vng l ngn hoc di c p dng. Cc thng s khc l khng thay i v do khe 0,5ms c th cha c 6 hoc 7 k hiu nh c ch ra trong hnh 4.7. Cc ti trng d liu b gim bt nu mt tin t vng m rng c s dng. Nhng n khng c s dng thng xuyn thng l c li v hiu sut v c 7 k hiu ln hn nhiu so vi s suy gim c th c t nhiu lin k t do s tr ca knh di hn so vi tin t vng.

Hnh 4.7 Cu trc khe ng ln vi tin t vng ngn v di

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Kt qu l tc d liu hng ln tc thi trn mt khung con 1ms l mt chc nng ca iu ch, s lng cc khi ti nguyn c cp pht, v tng s chi ph cho thng tin iu khin cng nh l tc m ha knh c p dng. Phm vi ca tc d liu nh hng ln tc thi khi c tnh tan t cc ngun ti nguyn lp vt l l trong khong t 700kbps ti 86Mbps. Khng c a ng ten cho truyn ti hng ln c xc nh trong phin bn 8. Tc d liu tc thi cho mt UE ph thuc vo cc c im ng ln LTE t cc yu t sau : Phng thc iu ch c p dng: vi 2 , 4 hoc 6 bits trn k hiu iu ch ty thuc vo trnh t iu ch vi QPSK , 16QAM v 64QAM tng ng. Bng thng c p dng : i vi 1,4MHz c chi ph l ln nht do c cc knh chung v cc tn hiu ng b. Bng thng tm thi ca knh c th bin i gia s cp pht ti thiu l 12 sng mang con ( mt khi ti nguyn l 180kHz) v bng thng ca h thng ln n 1200 sng mang con vi bng thng 20MHz. Tc m ha knh c p dng. Tc d liu trung bnh ph thuc vo thi gian phn b ti nguyn min. Cc hoc cc khu vc c th, nng sut d liu ti a c th c tng ln vi MIMO o ( V-MIMO). Trong V-MIMO th eNodeB s x l truyn t hai UE khc nhau ( vi mi mt ngten pht n ) nh l mt kiu truyn dn MIMO. V-MIMO khng gp phn vo tc d liu ti a cho ngi dng n l. M ha knh c chn cho d liu ngi dng LTE l m turbo. M ha l m chp ghp song song ( PCCC) b m ha kiu turbo. M turbo an xen ca WCDMA c sa i ph hp hn vi c tnh ca LTE, cu trc khe v cng cho php s linh hot hn thc hin vic s l tn hiu song song vi tc d liu tng ln. LTE cng s dng kt hp vi s pht li lp vt l, thng c gi l yu cu lp li thch ng hn hp (HARQ). Trong khi vn hnh lp vt l HARQ cng nhn lu tr cc gi tin khi vic kim tra CRC tht bi v kt hp gi tin nhn c khi nhn c mt s truyn li. Chui m ha knh cho ng ln c th hin nh trong hnh 4.8, ni m d liu v cc thng tin iu khin c m ha ring v sau c nh x ti cc k hiu ring truyn. Thng tin iu khin c a im ring quanh cc k hiu tham chiu, thng tin iu khin lp vt l c m ha ring bit v c t vo mt tp cc k hiu iu ch c xc nh trc.

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Hnh 4.8 Chui m ha knh PUSCH D liu v thng tin iu khin c ghp knh theo thi gian mc thnh phn ti nguyn. D liu c iu ch mt cch c lp vi cc thng tin iu khin, nhng thi gian iu ch trong 1ms TTI l nh nhau.

Hnh 4.9 Ghp knh ca thng tin iu khin v d liu

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4.4. Truyn dn d liu ngi dng hng xung


D liu ngi dng hng xung c mang trn knh chia s ng xung vt l ( PDSCH). Tng t vic phn b ti nguyn 1ms cng l hp l trn ng xung. Cc sng mang con c cp pht cc n v ti nguyn ca 12 sng mang con dn n cc n v cp pht l 180kHz ( khi ti nguyn vt l, PRBs). Vi PDSCH, a truy nhp l OFDMA, mi sng mang con c truyn i song song vi 15kHz v do tc d liu ca ngi s dng ph thuc vo s lng cc sng mang con c cp pht ( hoc cc khi ti nguyn trong thc t ) cho mt ngi dng nht nh. eNodeB cp pht khi ti nguyn da trn ch s cht lng knh (CQI) t thit b u cui. Tng t nh ng ln, cc khi ti nguyn c cp pht trong min thi gian v min tn s, c minh ha nh trong hnh 4.10

Hnh 4.10 Cp pht ti nguyn ng xung ti eNodeB Knh iu khin ng xung vt l ( PDCCH) thng bo cho thit b cc khi ti nguyn c cp pht cho n, t ng vi chi tit cp pht l 1ms. D liu PDSCH s chim gi t 3 n 6 k hiu trn mi khe 0,5ms ty thuc vo vic cp pht cho PDCCH v n cng ph thuc xem liu mt tin t vng c s dng l ngn hay di. Trong mt khung con 1ms, ch c khe 0,5ms u tin cha PDCCH trong khi khe 0,5ms th 2 l hon ton cho d liu ( cho PDSCH) . i vi mt tin t vng di th 6 k hiu s c gn trong khe 0,5ms. Trong khi vi mt tin t vng ngn th 7 k hiu c th c gn vo nh trong hnh 4.11. V d nh trong hnh 4.11, gi s c 3 k hiu cho PDCCH nhng iu ny c th thay i gia 1 v

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3. Vi bng thng nh nht l 1,4MHz s cc k hiu thay i gia 2 v 4 cho php c dung lng truyn tn hiu v cc bit cho php m ha knh tt trong cc trng hp quan trng.

Hnh 4.11 Cu trc khe ng xung cho bng thng 1,4MHz

Hnh 4.12 Chui m ha knh DL-SCH

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Ngoi cc k hiu iu khin cho PDCCH, khng gian d liu ca ngi s dng c b gim bt do cc tn hiu chun, cc tn hiu ng b v d liu qung b. Do c lng knh l c li khi cc tn hiu chun c phn b u trong min thi gian v min tn s. iu ny lm gim bt cc chi ph cn thit, nhng n yu cu mt s quy tc phi c xc nh c hai my thu v my pht hiu c nh x ti nguyn mt cch ging nhau. T tng khng gian cp pht ti nguyn vi mt nhu cu vn chuyn ton b vo ti khon cho cc knh chung nh PBCH, c th tiu tn khng gian ti nguyn ca ring h. Mt v d v PDCCH v vic cp pht ti nguyn PDSCH c th hin trong hnh 4.12

Hnh 4.13 V d v chia s ti nguyn ng xung gia PDCCH & PDSCH M ha knh cho d liu ngi dng theo ng xung l s dng m turbo 1/3 nh trong hng ng ln. Kch thc ti a cho khi m ha turbo c gii hn trong 6144 bit gim bt gnh nng x l, cc cp pht cao hn sau s c phn on n cc khi m ha a. Bn cnh vic m ha turbo, ng xung cng c lp vt l HARQ vi cc phng php kt hp tng t nh trong hng ln. Cc loi thit b cng phn nh s lng b nh m c sn kt hp pht li. Chui m ha ng xung c minh ha nh trong hnh 4.13. khng c ghp knh cc ngun ti nguyn lp vt l vi PDCCH khi chng c ngun ti nguyn ring ca mnh trong khung con 1ms.

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Mt khi d liu c m ha, cc t m c cung cp v sau cho cc chc nng iu ch v xo trn. nh x iu ch c p dng cc iu ch mong mun ( QPSK, 16QAM hoc 64QAM ) v sao cc k hiu c np cho lp nh x trc khi m ha. i vi vic truyn dn a ng ten ( 2 hoc 4 ) th cc d liu ny sau c chia thnh nhiu lung khc nhau v sau c nh x iu chnh cc thnh phn ti nguyn sn c cho PDSCH v sau tn hiu OFDMA thc t c to ra, c th hin trong hnh 4.14 vi v d l truyn dn 2 ng ten. Nu ch c mt ng ten pht l sn c, th r dng l cc chc nng ca lp nh x v trc m ha l khng c vi tr trong truyn dn tn hiu.

Hnh 4.14 S to thnh tn hiu hng xung Hiu qu ca tc d liu hng xung tc thi ph thuc vo : iu ch, vi phng php tng t c th nh hng ng ln. Cp pht s lng cc sng mang con. Lu rng trong ng xung cc khi ti nguyn l khng cn thit phi cp pht lin tc trong min tn s. Phm vi ca vic cp pht bng thng l tng t nh hng ng ln t 12 sng mang con ( 180kHz) ti 1200 sng mang con. Tc m ha knh. S lng ng ten pht ( cc lung c lp ) vi s hot ng ca MIMO. Tc d liu nh tc thi cho ng xung ( gi s tt c cc ti nguyn l cho mt ngi dng duy nht v ch tnh cc ngun ti nguyn vt l c sn) l khong t 0,7Mbps ti 170Mbps. Thm ch c th l 300Mbps hoc c th cao hn nu s dng cu hnh MIMO 4 4 ng ten. Khng c gii hn v tc d liu nh nht, v cn c cc n v cp pht nh nht ( 1 khi ti nguyn) l qu cao th khong m c th c p dng.

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4.5. Truyn dn tn hiu lp vt l hng ln


ng ln lp 1 / lp 2 ( L1/L2) tn hiu iu khin c chia thnh hai lp trong h thng LTE : Tn hiu iu khin trong trng hp khng c d liu hng ln, din ra PUCCH ( knh iu khin hng ln vt l ). Tn hiu iu khin khi c d liu hng ln, din ra PUSCH ( knh chia s hng ln vt l ). Do nhng gii hn mang n l, m truyn dn ng thi ca PUCCH v PUSCH l khng c php. iu ny c ngha l cc ti nguyn iu khin ring bit c nh ngha cho cc trng hp c v khng c d liu hng ln. La chn thay th c xem xt l truyn song song trong min tn s ( c hi cho pht bin ) hoc phn chia thi gian thun ty ( c hi cho vng ph sng ca knh iu khin ). Phng php s la chn ti a l qu lin kt cho PUCCH v phi lun duy tr thuc tnh truyn ti n l trn tn hiu c truyn i. PUCCH l ngun ti nguyn thi gian / tn s c chia s dnh ring cho thit b ngi s dng (UE) ch truyn cc tn hiu iu khin L1/L2. PUCCH c ti u ha cho mt s lng ln cc UE ng thi vi mt s tng i nh ca cc bt bo hiu iu khin trn UE. PUSCH mang cc tn hiu iu khin L1/L2 hng ln khi UE c ln k hoch truyn d liu. PUSCH c kh nng truyn cc tn hiu iu khin vi mt phm vi ln cc kch c bo hiu c h tr. D liu v cc trng iu khin khc nh ACK/NACK v CQI c tch bit bng cch ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian (TDM) bi vic nh x chng vo cc k hiu iu ch ring bit trc khi bin i fourier ri rc ( DFT). Cc tc m ha khc nhau cho iu khin l t c bi vic chim gi mt s khc nhau ca cc k hiu cho mi trng iu khin. C hai loi thng tin bo hiu iu khin L1 & L2 cho ng ln : D liu lin quan ti bo hiu ( nh vn chuyn nh dng v thng tin HARQ) , c kt hp vi truyn dn d liu hng ln. D liu khng lin quan ti bo hiu ( ACK/NACK v truyn dn d liu ng xung, CQI ng xung, v yu cu lp lch biu cho truyn dn ng ln ). c quyt nh l khng c bo hiu iu khin lin quan ti d liu trong ng ln LTE. Hn na, ngi ta cho rng eNodeB khng cn phi thc hin vic d tm nh dng truyn ti khng bit. V c bn iu ny c ngha l UE ch cn tun theo s lp lch biu ng ln c cp m khng c quyn t do trong la chn nh dng truyn ti. Hn na, c mt ch s d liu mi ( 1 bt ) cng vi thng tin ngm nh v kiu d phng c trong vic cp cho ng ln. iu ny

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m bo rng eNodeB lun c nhng hiu bit chnh xc v dnh dng truyn ti ng ln. 4.5.1. Knh iu khin ng ln vt l ( PUCCH) T vin cnh UE duy nht, PUCCH bao gm mt ti nguyn tn s ca mt khi ti nguyn ( 12 sng mang con ) v mt ti nguyn thi gian ca mt khung con. x l cc trng hp vng ph b hn ch , vic truyn cc ACK/NACK m rng ra ton b khung con 1ms. Hn na, nhng s h tr cc trng hp ph sng l cc k b hn ch n c ng rng s lp li ACK/NACK l c h tr trong ng ln LTE. Khe da trn s nhy tn gii hn ca gii bng i xng nhau qua tn s trung tm l lun c s dng trn PUCCH, c th hin nh trong hnh 4.15. Nhy tn cung cp s phn tp tn s cn thit cn c bo hiu iu khin khi s tr nghim trng.

Hnh 4.15 Ti nguyn PUCCH Cc UE khc nhau c tch ring trn PUCCH bng cch ghp knh phn chia theo tn s ( FDM) v ghp knh phn chia theo m ( CDM). FDM c s dng duy nht gia cc khi ti nguyn trong khi CDM l c s dng bn trong cc khi ti nguyn PUCCH. C hai cch thc hin CDM bn trong khi ti nguyn PUCCH l : CDM bng cch dch chuyn theo chu k ca mt chui cc m tng quan zero bin khng i (CAZAC). Knh dopper tri di hu hn trc giao gia cc chui lan truyn khi chn lc (block-wise).

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4.5.2. Cu hnh PUCCH S lng ca cc khi ti nguyn trong mt khe dnh ring cho PUCCH truyn ti l c cu hnh bi tham s RB . Tham s h thng pht c th c xem nh l s lng ti a ca cc khi ti nguyn dnh ring cho PUCCH trong thc t kch thc ca PUCCH l thay i ng da trn knh ch s nh dng iu khin vt l ( PCFICH). Tham s c s dng xc nh khu vc PUSCH nhy tn. S lng cc khi ti nguyn dnh ring cho chu k CQI ( v d PUCCH dng 2/2a/2b ) l c cu hnh bi tham s h thng khc l N RB . Nhn chung n to ra ngha cho vic cp pht cc khi ti nguyn PUCCH ring cho PUCCH dng 1/1a/1b v PUCCH dng 2/2a/2b. Vi bng thng h thng hp ty chn nh 1,4MHz, tuy nhin iu ny s dn n chi ph cho PUCCH qu cao. V vy, chia s cc khi ti nguyn PUCCH gia cc ngi dng dng 1/1a/1b v dng 2/2a/2b l c h tr trong cc thng s k thut ca LTE. Khi ti nguyn hn hp l c cu hnh bi tham s h thng pht CS , trong n l s cc thay i theo chu k dnh ring cho PUCCH dng 1/1a/1b trn khi ti nguyn PUCCH hn hp. Ti nguyn c s dng truyn ti PUCCH dng 2/2a/2b l c xc nh bi ch s ti nguyn nht.

N HO

nPUCCH , l nh x trc tip vo mt ti nguyn CS duy

4.5.3. Bo hiu iu khin trn PUSCH PUSCH mang cc tn hiu iu khin L1/L2 ng ln trong s c mt ca d liu ng ln. Bo hiu iu khin l c thc hin bi mt ti nguyn iu khin dnh ring, m n ch c hiu lc trong khung con ng ln khi UE c ln k hoch cho truyn d liu trn PUSCH. Nhng vn chnh lin quan n vic thit k tn hiu iu khin trn PUSCH l : Lm th no b tr vic ghp knh gia d liu ng ln v cc lch vc iu khin khc nhau. Lm th no iu chnh cht lng ca cc tn hiu L1/L2 truyn i trn PUSCH. Hnh 4.16 cho thy cc nguyn tc ca vic iu khin v ghp knh d liu trong cc k hiu SC-FDMA. duy tr cc c tnh ca sng mang n, cc k hiu tn hiu pht d liu v iu khin khc nhau s c ghp knh trc khi ti DFT. Cc trng d liu v iu khin khc nhau ( ACK/NACK, CQI / ch s ma trn tin m ha [PMI], ch th hng [RI] ) c m ha v iu ch ring bit trc khi ghp knh chng thnh khi k hiu SC-FDMA ging nhau. Cp khi ghp

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knh cng c xem xt, nhng s dn n chi ph iu khin l qu ln. S dng k hoch ghp knh mc k hiu c chn t l gia cc k hiu k hiu d liu v k hiu iu khin c th c iu chnh mt cch chnh xc trong mi khi SC-FDMA.

Hnh 4.16 Nguyn tc iu ch d liu v iu khin Hnh 4.17 cho thy nguyn tc ca vic ghp knh cc trng iu khin khc nhau v d liu hng ln trn PUSCH. S kt hp thc t ca cc tn hiu iu khin L1/L2 khc nhau v kch thc ca chng thay i t khung con ti khung con. C UE v eNodeB u c s hiu bit v s lng cc k hiu thuc v phn iu khin. Phn d liu ca PUSCH l phn b chm thng bi s cc k hiu iu khin phn b trong khung con cho.

Hnh 4.17 Cp pht cc trng d liu & iu khin khc nhau trn PUSCH Ghp knh d liu v iu khin c thc hin iu khin l c mt c hai khe ca khung con ny. iu ny m bo rng cc knh iu khin c th c li t nhy tn khi n c p dng. ACK/NACK l c t cui cc k hiu SCFDMA bn cnh cc tn hiu chun. Ln nht l c hai k hiu SC-FDMA trn mi

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khe c cp pht bo hiu ACK/NACK. Cng p dng cho RI, trong n c t vo cc k hiu SC-FDMA bn cnh ACK/NACK. Cc k hiu CQI/PMI c t vo u ca cc k hiu SC-FDMA v chng c lan truyn trn tt c cc k hiu SC-FDMA sn c. CQI/PMI c truyn i trn PUSCH s dng s iu ch tng t nh phn d liu. ACK/NACK v RI c truyn cho m ha , xo trn v iu ch pht huy ti a khong cch Eclude mc k hiu. iu ny c ngha l mt k hiu iu ch c s dng cho mt sng mang ACK/NACK l 2 bt ti a cho thng tin iu khin c m ha n khng ph thuc vo k hoch iu ch PUSCH. Cc im bn ngoi cng c nng sut truyn ti cao nht c dng bo hiu ACK/NACK v RI cho 16QAM v 64QAM. La chn ny cung cp mt khuych i cng sut nh cho cc k hiu ACK/NACK v RI, hn so vi d liu PUSCH s dng iu ch bc cao hn. Bn phng php m ha knh khc nhau c p dng vi cc tn hiu iu khin c truyn i trn PUSCH l : Ch c m ha lp li : 1-bt ACK/NACK M ha n cng : 2-bt ACK/NACK/RI M ha khi Reed-Muller ( 32-N) : CQI/PMI < 11 bt M chp kp cui(tail-biting) ( 1/3) : CQI/PMI 11 bt Mt vn quan trng lin quan ti iu khin tn hiu trn PUSCH l lm sao gi cho hiu sut ca tn hiu iu khin mc ch. Cn lu rng iu khin cng sut s thit lp mc tiu SIRN ca PUSCH ph hp vi knh d liu. Do , knh iu khin c phi thch nghi vi im hot ng SIRN thit lp cho d liu. C mt cch iu chnh cc ti nguyn c sn c th c p dng cho cc gi tr b p cng sut khc nhau cho d liu v cc phn iu khin khc nhau. Nhng vn ca k hoch b cng sut l tnh cht sng mang n s b ph hy phn no. Do k hoch ny khng c s dng trong h thng ng ln LTE. Nh cp, tham s b p c s dng iu chnh cht lng ca cc tn hiu iu khin cho knh d liu PUSCH. N l mt tham s ring ca UE c cu hnh bi tn hiu lp cao hn. Cc knh iu khin khc nhau cn thit lp cc tham s b p ring ca chng. C mt s vn cn c tnh n khi cu hnh tham s b p l: im hot ng BLER cho knh d liu PUSCH im hot ng BLER cho knh iu khin L1/L2 S khc nhau trong li m ha gia cc phn iu khin v d liu, do cc k hoch m ha khc nhau v kch thc khi m ha khc nhau ( khng c li m ha vi 1-bt ACK/NACK ). Hiu sut DTX

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Cc im vn hnh BLER khc nhau cho d liu v cc phn iu khin l bi v HARQ c s dng cho cc knh d liu trong khi cc knh iu khin khng c hng li t HARQ. S khc bit cao hn l trong im vn hnh BERL gia d liu v cc knh iu khin, ln hn cc thng s b p. ng thi tng t cng lin quan ti kch thc gi tin. Cc gi tr b p cao nht l cn thit vi cc tn hiu ACK/NACK do khng c li m ha.

4.6. Cu trc PRACH (Knh truy nhp ngu nhin vt l)


Truyn dn truy cp ngu nhin ch l mt kiu truyn dn khng ng b hng ln LTE. Mc d thit b u cui phi ng b vi tn hiu ng xung nhn c trc khi truyn v RACH, n khng th xc nh c khong cch ca n t trm gc. V vy, s nh thi khng chc chn gy ra bi phn d tr lan truyn hai chiu trn truyn dn RACH. Knh truy nhp ngu nhin vt l (PRACH) c thit k mt cch thch hp, cung cp s cc c hi truy cp ngu nhin, h tr cc khu vc mong mun v mt tn tht ng truyn v nh thi khng chc chn hng ln, n cho php c lng nh thi tng i chnh xc. Ngoi ra, PRACH cn c cu hnh cho hng lot cc tnh hung, c cho ti RACH v mi trng vt l. V d, LTE c yu cu phi h tr phm vi ca cc ln ti 100km, m trong khong dch do tr lan truyn theo hai hng ti 667s, to iu kin thun li cho khong thu tn hiu trc khi nh thi trong lp MAC.

Hnh 4.18 Cc dng phn m u LTE RACH cho FDD

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Trong cu trc khung ca LTE loi 1 ( FDD), ch c mt ti nguyn PRACH c th c cu hnh thnh mt khung con. Tnh chu k ca cc ti nguyn PRACH c th c thu nh li theo ti trng RACH d kin, v cc ti nguyn PRACH c th xut hin t mi khung con mt ln trong 20ms. Truyn dn PRACH bao gm mt chui phn m u v mt tin t vng ng trc vi bn nh dng khc nhau nh uc th hin trong hnh 4.18. Nhiu cc nh dng phn m u l cn thit v di rng ca mi trng. V d, cc CP di trong cc nh dng phn m u h tr 1 v 3 vi cc khong ph sng ln xt v mt dung sai bt nh nh thi tng ln trong khi cc chui phn m u lp li trong cc dng 2 v 3 b cho tn tht ng dn tng ln. Khong thi gian bo v l cn thit sau khi mt phn m u khng ng b l khng c quy nh r dng, nhng v tr PRACH trong cu trc khung con cung cp mt khong thi gian bo v y . Xem xt c th l ch cn thit trong cc trng hp rt c bit. i vi mi , 64 chui phn m u l c cu hnh v do c 64 c hi truy cp ngu nhin trn mi PRACH ngun. PRACH chim 1,08MHz bng thng, cung cp chnh xc hp l tnh ton nh thi. Cc chui ZadoffChu thuc CAZAC c s dng nh l cc chui phn m u RACH

4.7. Truyn dn bo hiu lp vt l hng xung


Thng tin iu khin theo hng ng xung c mang s dng ba kiu khc nhau ca thng ip iu khin : Ch s nh dng iu khin (CFI), cho bit s lng ti nguyn dnh cho vic iu khin knh s dng. CFI c nh x vo knh ch th nh dng iu khin vt l ( PCFICH). Ch th HARQ ( HI), s thng bo v s thnh cng ca cc gi d liu hng ln nhn c.HI c nh x ln knh ch th HARQ vt l (PHICH). Thng tin iu khin hng xung ( DCI), iu khin vi cc nh dng khc nhau v c bn l tt c cp pht ta nguyn lp vt l trong c hai hng ng ln v ng xung v c nhiu cc nh dng cho cc nhu cu khc nhau. DCI c nh x ln knh iu khin hng xung vt l ( PDCCH). 4.7.1. Knh ch th nh dng iu khin vt l (PCFICH) Mc ch duy nht ca PCFICH l t ng cho bit xem c bao nhiu k hiu OFDMA c dnh ring cho thng tin iu khin. iu ny c th bin i gia 1 v 3 cho mi khung con 1ms. T PCFICH, UE bit c trong c cc k hiu cho vic x l thng tin iu khin. V tr v iu ch ca PCFICH l c nh. Vic

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s dng kh nng truyn tn hiu ng cho php h thng h tr cho c mt s lng ln ngi s dng d liu tc thp( v d nh VoIP) cng nh n cung cp chi ph truyn tn hiu thp khi tc d d liu cao c s dng bi t ngi s dng ng thi. Khi hot ng 1,4MHz, ngun ti nguyn PDCCH l 2 , 3 hoc 4 k hiu m bo kch thc trng ti v c khong sng cho tt c cc tnh hung truyn tn hiu. Trong cc mng ln quan trng l phi c ch cho knh m ha cng vi truyn tn hiu, c bit l cho hot ng vi RACH. 4.7.2. Knh iu khin hng xung vt l ( PCDCH) UE s thu c thng tin t PDCCH cho c cc cp pht ti nguyn hng xung v hng ln m UE c th s dng. DCI c nh x vo PDCCH c cc dng khc nhau v ty thuc vo kch thc DCI c truyn i bng cch s dng mt hoc nhiu cc phn t knh iu khin ( CCE). Mt CCE bng 9 nhm phn t ti nguyn. Mi nhm ln lt bao gm 4 phn t ti nguyn. Cc nh dng PDCCH khc nhau c th hin nh trong bng 4.1 Dng PDCCH S lng CCE S lng cc nh m S lng cc bt phn t ti nguyn PDCCH 0 1 2 3 1 2 4 8 9 18 36 72 72 144 288 576

Bng 4.1 Dng PDCCH v kch thc ca chng Ta c th thy nh l PDCCH ang c s dng iu ch QPSK, sau mt phn t ti nguyn n l mang 2 bt v c 8 bt trong mt nhm phn t ti nguyn. UE s lng nghe cc tp PDCCH v c gng gii m chng ( kim tra tt c cc nh dng ) trong tt c cc khung con tr nhng ni m DRX c cu hnh. Cc tp PDCCH gim st ln ti 6 knh. Ty thuc vo cc tham s mng, mt s cc PDCCH c gi l PDCCH chung v cng c th cha thng tin iu khin cng sut. DCI c nh x ti PDCCH c bn nh dng khc nhau v cc bin i khc nhau hn na cho mi nh dng. N c th cung cp thng tin iu khin cho cc trng hp sau y : Thng tin cp pht PUSCH ( DCI dng 0 ) Thng tin PDSCH vi mt t m ( DCI dng 1 v cc bin th ca n ) Thng tin PDSCH vi hai t m ( DCI dng 2 v cc bin th ca n )

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Thng tin iu khin cng sut hng ln ( DCI dng 3 v cc bin th ca n ) PDCCH c cha thng tin lin quan ti PDSCH v thng c gi l s phn cng ng xung. Cc thng tin di y c mang trn phn cng ng xung khi cung cp thng tin cp pht ti nguyn ng xung lin quan ti PDSCH : Thng tin cp pht khi ti nguyn. N ch ra v tr ca cc ti nguyn c cp pht cho ngi s dng trong vn min ti nguyn khi. Phng thc iu ch v m ha c s dng cho d liu ngi dng hng xung. 5 bt bo hiu ch ra bc iu ch v kch thc khi truyn ti ( TBZ). S tin trnh HARQ cn c bo hiu, nh l truyn li HARQ t eNodeB quan im l khng ng b v ngay lp tc truyn dn chnh xc ti chc nng lp lch biu ca eNodeB. Mt ch s d liu mi cho bit vic truyn dn i vi tin trnh c th l c truyn li hay khng. Phng n d phng l mt tham s HARQ c th c s dng vi d gia tng cho phng n truyn li c s dng. Cc lnh iu khin cng sut cho PUCCH cng c a vo PDCCH. Cc lnh iu khin cng sut c 2 bt v c th c 2 s dng l iu chnh tng v gim cng sut. 4.7.3. Knh ch th HARQ vt l ( PHICH) Nhim v i vi knh ch th HARQ vt l (PHICH) ch n gin l ch ra theo hng ng xung xem mt gi tin ng ln c nhn chnh xc hay khng. Cng c ny s gii m cc PHICH da trn thng tin cp pht hng ln nhn c trn PDCCH. 4.7.4. Cc ch truyn dn hng xung vn hnh h thng mnh m v hiu qu, iu quan trng l UE phi bit trc loi hnh truyn dn ch i. Nu ch truyn c th thay i ng t mt khung con ti mt khung con khc th UE s cn phi gim st tt c cc nh dng DCI c th c mt cch ng thi, s dn ti mt s gia tng ng k v s lng vng m gii m v s phc tp my thu ( v c th c s gia tng s lng cc li bo hiu ). Hn na, UE khng th cung cp knh phn hi c ngha t . Do mi UE c cu hnh na n nh qua tn hiu RRC cho mt ch truyn dn. Ch truyn dn s xc nh loi hnh truyn dn ng xung m UE mong mun. Trong LTE phin bn 8, by phng thc truyn dn c xc nh :

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Cng n ng ten ; port 0. y l ch n gin nht ca vn hnh khng c tin m ha. Phn tp pht. Vi hai hoc bn cng ng ten s dng SFBC. Ghp knh khng gian vng h . y l ch vng h vi kh nng thch ng bc da trn phn hi RI. Trong trng hp bc = 1 th phn tp pht c p dng tng t nh truyn dn ch 2. Vi ghp knh khng gian bc cao hn ln ti 4 lp vi tr ln, CDD c s dng. Ghp knh khng gian vng kn. y l mt ch ghp knh khng gian vi phn hi tin-m ha h tr thch ng bc ng. MIMO nhiu ngi s dng. Ch truyn dn cho hot ng MU-MIMO ng xung. Vng kn bc 1 tin-m ha . vng kn tin-m ha tng t nh truyn dn ch 5 m khng c kh nng ghp knh khng gian. Cng n ng ten ; port 5 . Ch ny c th c s dng trong vn hnh to chm tia khi cc tn hiu chun ring cho UE ang s dng. 4.7.5. Knh qung b vt l ( PBCH) Knh qung b vt l (PBCH) mang cc thng tin h thng cn thit cho vic truy nhp h thng, nh l cc thng s RACH. Knh ny lun c cung cp vi bng thng 1,08MHz, nh trong hnh 4.19.

Hnh 4.19 V tr PBCH ti cc tn s trung tm V vy cu trc PBCH l c lp vi bng thng thc t ca h thng c s dng , tng t nh cc knh khc / cc tn hiu cn phi truy nhp h thng

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bc u. Thng tin qung b l mt phn c mang trn PBCH, ni m khi thng tin chnh(MIB) c truyn i trong khi cc khi thng tin h thng thc (SIB) sau c truyn trn PDSCH. Trong 600 sng mang con nh trn hnh 4.20 ch cn 9MHz ( 50 khi ti nguyn ) trong min ti nguyn nhng bng thng h thng cn c cho s suy gim i vi cc nh khai thc lin k v vy lm tng tng bng thng cn thit n 10MHz. Vi mt h thng bng thng 1,4MHz khng c cc khi ti nguyn hai bn ca PBCH trong min tn s c s dng, do ch c 6 khi ti nguyn c th c s dng cho p ng cc yu cu mt n ph. 4.7.6. Tn hiu ng b C 504 cc gi tr nhn dng vt l (PCI) trong h thng LTE, so vi 512 m xo trn chnh trong WCDMA. Tn hiu ng b chnh (PSS) v tn hiu ng b th cp (SSS) c truyn i, tng t nh PBCH, lun c bng thng 1,08MHz, nm cui ca cc khe 1 v khe th 11( khe 0 v khe 10 ) ca khung 10ms nh trong hnh 4.20.

Hnh 4.20 cc tn hiu ng b trong khung PSS v SSS c khng gian v tr cng nhau ca 504 cc c tnh lp vt l (PCI) duy nht. Cc PCI hnh thnh 168 nhm PCI, mi nhm PCI c 3 PCI ( nh vy tng cng l 504 PCI ). Cu trc v v tr ca cc PCI c ngha l dng ly mu t cc tn s trung tm ( vi bng thng 1,08MHz) vi ti a l 5ms c cha cc thng tin cn thit cho vic nhn dng .

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4.8. Cc th tc lp vt l
Cc th tc lp vt l quan trng trong LTE l iu khin cng sut, HARQ, ng trc nh thi v truy cp ngu nhin. ng trc nh thi l da trn truyn tn hiu trong lp iu khin truy nhp bt buc (MAC) , nhng v n lin quan trc tip ti lp vt l, ng trc nh thi chi tit c cp trong chng ny. 4.8.1. Th tc HARQ HARQ trong LTE l da trn vic s dng th tc HARQ dng v ch. Mt khi gi tin c truyn i t eNodeB, UE s gii m n v cung cp thng tin phn hi trong PUCCH. i vi s bo nhn ph nh (NACK) th eNodeB s truyn li. UE s kt hp bn truyn li vi bn gc v n s khi ng vic gii m turbo tr li. Sau khi gii m thnh cng( da trn vic kim tra CRC) UE s gi bo nhn tch cc(ACK) cho eNodeB. Sau eNodeB s gi mt gi tin mi qu trnh HARQ. Do vic vn hnh c ch dng- v ch, vy phi cn c nhiu tin trnh HARQ cho php mt lung d liu lin tc. Trong LTE th s cc tin trnh l c nh ti 8 tin trinh trong c 2 hng ln v xung. V d c minh ha nh trong hnh 4.21. Vi nhiu ngi s dng, n s ph thuc vo lp lch biu eNodeB khi truyn li s c gi i theo hng ln hoc hng xung,v khi truyn li cng yu cu ngun ti nguyn c cp pht. Cc hot ng HARQ trong LTE h tr c kt hp mm v s dng d phng tng.

Hnh 4.21 Vn hnh LTE HARQ vi 8 tin trnh i vi d phng tng, vic pht li c th c tc khc nhau ph hp vi cc thng s ging nh truyn ti ban u. tr ti thiu gia hai im cui ca

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mt gi tin v s bt u truyn li l 7ms. UE s gi ACK/NACK ca mt gi tin trong khung n, trong khung n+4 cho ng ln. iu ny li khong 3ms cho thi gian x l ca UE, ty thuc vo vic nh thi ng xung / ng ln m lch c iu khin bi th tc ng trc nh thi. nh thi ng xung cho mt gi tin ng xung c truyn i duy nht th hin nh trong hnh 4.22

Hnh 4.22 nh thi LTE HARQ cho mt gi tin ng xung duy nht Khong thi gian truyn li trong ng xung l ty thuc vo vic lp lch biu trong eNodeB v do thi gian th hin nh trong hnh 4.23 l thi im sm nht khi mt s truyn li sy ra. 4.8.2. ng trc nh thi Th tc iu khin nh thi l cn thit cho s truyn dn hng ln t cc ngi s dng khc nhau ti eNodeB v bn cht l trong phm vi tin t vng. Nh vy ng b hng ln l cn thit trnh nhiu gia nhng ngi s dng bng vic lp lch truyn dn hng ln trn cng khung con. eNodeB lin tc c cc bin php nh thi tn hiu hng ln ca UE v iu chnh thi im truyn dn ng ln nh th hin trong hnh 4.23.

Hnh 4.23 iu khin nh thi hng ln Cc lnh ng trc nh thi c gi ch khi vic iu chnh nh thi l thc s cn thit. phn gii ca mt lnh ng trc nh thi l 0,52s, v ng trc nh thi c xc nh mt cch tng i so vi thi im ca khung v tuyn ng xung nhn c trn UE. Gi tr ng trc nh thi c o t khi truyn RACH m UE khng c mt ng trc nh thi hp l, v d, ng ln cho UE l khng ng b. Cc trng

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hp nh vy c h thng truy cp, khi UE trng thi RRC_IDLE hoc khi UE c mt giai on khng hot ng vt qu thi gian cho php, chuyn giao khng ng b, v sau khi lin lc v tuyn tht bi. Ngoi ra, eNodeB c th gn cho UE mt phn m u dnh ring( tranh chp t do) trn RACH i vi vic o c nh thi hng ln khi eNodeB mun thit lp s ng b hng ln. Tnh hung nh vy phi i mt vi vic chuyn giao hoc khi d liu hng xung ti cho mt UE khng ng b. T khong c xc nh cho ng trc nh thi, kch thc ln ti 100km s c to iu kin, v thm ch cao hn bng cch b mt s ti nguyn cha s dng. 4.8.3. iu khin cng sut i vi LTE, iu khin cng sut l chm i vi hng ng ln. Trong hng ng xung khng c iu khin cng sut. Khi bng thng thay i do s thay i tc d liu, cng sut truyn dn tuyt i ca UE cng s thay i. iu khin cng sut hin nay cha thc s l iu khin cng sut tuyt i m l mt ph cng sut ( PSD ), cng sut trn mi Hz, i vi mt thit b ring bit. iu g to iu kin cho vic s dng mt tc chm hn iu khin cng sut l vic s dng cc ngun ti nguyn trc giao trong ng ln LTE, trong n trnh c cc vn gn-xa do yu cu v iu khin cng sut nhanh trong WCDMA. Cc ng lc chnh cho s iu khin cng sut l lm gim mc cng sut tiu th ca thit b u cui v cng trnh di ng qu ln trong eNodeB thu, hn l lm gim s can nhiu. Nguyn l iu khin cng sut hng ln trong LTE c minh ha nh trong hnh 4.24, ni m s thay i tc d liu m PSD s gi khng i nhng kt qu l tng cng sut truyn ti c iu chnh tng i vi s thay i tc d liu.

Hnh 4.24 Cng sut hng ln LTE vi thay i tc d liu Vic iu khin cng sut thc t c da trn s xc nh tn tht ng truyn, c tnh n cc thng s ring ca v sau p dng cc gi tr( tch ly) ca h s iu chnh nhn c t eNodeB. Ty thuc vo cc thng s thit lp lp

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cao hn, lnh iu khin cng sut hoc l 1dB ln hoc xung hoc sau cc thit lp ca[-1dB, 0, +1dB, +3dB] c s dng. Cc c im k thut cn bao gm iu khin cng sut da trn cc gi tr tuyt i. Tng di ng ca iu khin cng sut l nh hn so vi trong WCDMA, v cc thit b hin nay c mt mc cng sut ti thiu l -41dBm so vi -50dBm vi WCDMA. 4.8.4. Nhn tin Cho php nhn tin, UE s c cp pht mt khong nhn tin v mt khung con ring trong khong thi gian m thng ip tin nhn c th c gi i. S nhn tin c cung cp trong PDSCH ( vi thng tin c cp pht trn PDCCH ). Cc tiu ch thit k chnh trong nhn tin l nhm m bo mt chu k DRX cho cc thit b tit kim nng lng v cng m bo thi gian p ng nhanh cho cuc gi n. E-UTRAN c cc thng s khong thi gian ca chu k nhn tin m bo y kh nng nhn tin. 4.8.5. Th tc bo co phn hi knh

Hnh 4.25 Th tc bo co thng tin trng thi knh (CSI) Mc ch ca bo co phn hi trng thi knh l cung cp cho eNodeB thng tin v trng thi knh ng xung nhm gip ti u ha quyt nh lp lch biu gi tin. Nguyn tc ca bo co phn hi trng thi knh c trnh by trong hnh 4.25. Trng thi knh c nh gi bi UE da trn vic truyn dn ng xung ( cc k hiu chun) v bo co ti eNodeB bng cch s dng PUCCH hoc PUSCH. Cc bo co phn hi trng thi knh c cha cc thng tin v cc thng s lin quan n vic lp lch biu v thch ng lin kt ( MCS/TBS v MIMO ) UE c th h tr trong vic tip nhn d liu. Sau eNodeB c th tn dng li ch

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ca thng tin phn hi trong vic ra quyt nh lp k hoch s dng mt cch ti u cc ngun ti nguyn tn s. Nhn chung bo co phn hi knh bi UE ch l mt li ngh v cc eNodeB khng cn phi tun theo n trong vic lp lch biu ng xung. Trong LTE bo co phn hi knh l lun c iu khin y bi eNodeB v UE khng th gi bt k bo co phn hi trng thi knh no m eNodeB khng bit trc. Th tc tng ng cho vic cung cp thng tin v trng thi knh ng ln c gi l s d knh v n c thc hin bng cch s dng tn hiu chun thm d (SRS). S khc bit chnh ca phn hi thng tin trng thi knh trong LTE so vi WCDMA/HSDPA l tnh chn lc tn s ca cc bo co, v d, thng tin lin quan n vic phn phi trng thi knh trong min tn s cng c th uwocj cung cp. iu ny to ra mt kh nng cho vic lp lch biu gi tin trong min tn s (FDPS), y l mt phng php nhm phn chia cc ngun ti nguyn v tuyn trong min tn s cho cc ngi s dng khc nhau nhm ti u ha hiu sut h thng. 4.8.6. Hot ng ch bn song cng Cc thng s k thut ca LTE cng cho php ch hot ng bn song cng, trong v c bn l hot ng trong ch FDD ( v d, tn s thu v pht l ring r ) nhng truyn dn v thu nhn khng din ra ng thi nh trong ch TDD. Cc d nh trong 3GPP c mt la chn cho cc trng hp v s sp xp tn s v kt qu l cc yu cu i vi b lc song cng s l khng hp l, s dn n chi ph cao v cng sut tiu th cao. eNodeB s cn phi hiu c nu mt s thit b c da trn hot ng bn song cng. Tc ng i vi tc d liu c th l ng ln hoc ng xung s khng cn c c lp nhng tc d liu sn c trong mt hng truyn dn s ph thuc vo vic cc ngun ti nguyn c cp pht cho cc hng khc nhau. Tng t vi hot ng TDD, ngi ta s cn ti vic lp lch biu da trn c s thit b ( khng phi da trn c s h thng ging nh trong FDD) khng c xung t gia vic cp pht ng ln v ng xung cho mt UE. Ngoi ra thi gian cng s l cn thit cho UE thay i gia truyn v nhn. 4.8.7. Cc lp kh nng ca UE v cc c im c h tr Trong LTE c nm lp kh nng ca thit b c xc nh. D liu c h tr trong phm vi t 5 ti 75Mbps theo hng ng ln v t 10 ti 300Mbps theo hng ng xung. Tt c cc thit b h tr cho 20MHz bng thng cho vic truyn v nhn, gi s rng bng tn a ra c xc nh. l d on trc m i vi hu ht cc trng hp cn vi cc bng tn c quan tm l di

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1GHz l vi bng thng nh nht v khi s h tr ln ti 20MHz l khng c ch nh. Vi bng tn trn 1GHz, bng thng di 5MHz l khng cn thit. ch c mt loi 5 thit b s thc hin 64QAM trong ng ln, cc loi khc s dng QPSK v 16QAM. S phn tp thu v MIMO c trong tt c cc chng loi, tr loi 1 l khng h tr MIMO. Cc chng loi UE c th hin nh trong bng 4.2 Loi 1 Loi 2 Loi 3 Loi 4 Loi5 Tc nh 10 / 5Mbps 50 / 100 / 150/50Mbps 300/75Mbps DL/UL 25Mbps 50Mbps iu ch QPSK / QPSK / QPSK / QPSK / QPSK / DL 16QAM / 16QAM / 16QAM / 16QAM / 16QAM / 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM iu ch QPSK / QPSK / QPSK / QPSK / QPSK / UL 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM + 64QAM Ty chn MIMO DL (khng bt 22 22 22 24 buc) Bng 4.2 Cc loi thit b LTE Cc bc trong tc d liu ln ti 300Mbps vi loi 5 l t c vi vic truyn dn MIMO vi bn ng ten, trong khng c h tr vi cc loi khc.

4.9. o lng lp vt l
4.9.1. o lng eNodeB Tt c cc chc nng v tuyn c t ti eNodeB, c mt vi php o eNodeB m c th cn phi c bo co qua giao din bt k v khng c chc nng RRB tp chung ring bit nh b iu khin mng v tuyn trong WCDMA. o eNodeB c quy nh trong cc thng s k thut lp vt l trong phin bn 8 ng xung nh sau : Cng sut s dng cho cc thnh phn ti nguyn c s dng truyn cc tn hiu chun c th t eNodeB ( trong bng thng h thng). Cng sut can nhiu nhn c trn mi khi ti nguyn vt l Cng sut nhiu nhit qua bng thng h thng ng c thc y cho vic thc hin cc php o lng ny l cho php h xem xt trong cc quyt nh chuyn giao v sc mnh trm gc tng i to iu kin cho s phi hp can nhiu gia cc . Trong 3GPP c b sung thm cc ch s nh l mt phn ca cc thng s k thut vn hnh v bo dng ( O & M) h tr vic gim st hiu nng ca h thng.

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4.9.2. o lng UE i vi UE cc php o sau y c thc hin bn trong h thng LTE : Cng sut thu tn hiu chun (RSRP), m i vi mt ring bit l mc trung bnh ca cng sut o c ( v mc trung bnh gia cc nhnh thu c ) ca cc thnh phn ti nguyn c cha cc tn hiu chun c th. Cht lng thu tn hiu chun ( RSRQ) n l t s ca RSRP v E-UTRAN mang ch th cng tn hiu nhn c (RSSI), vi cc tn hiu chun. E-UTRAN RSSI, y l tng cng sut di rng thu c trn mt tn s nht nh, n bao gm nhiu t ton b v tr vo tn s c th, cho d l s can nhiu gia cc hoc t mi ngun nhiu no khc. E-UTRAN RSSI khng phi l bo co ca UE nh l mt php o ring l, nhng n ch c s dng trong vic tnh ton cc gi tr RSRQ bn trong UE.

4.10. Cu hnh tham s lp vt l


Cc tham s lp vt l cu hnh cho kt ni trong mt c th l trch nhim ca eNodeB c th. S c mt s vn t cc thit lp O&M, chng hn nh di tin t vng c s dng. i vi mt s cc tham s, 3GPP pht trin gii php mng t t chc ( SON ). Trong lp vt l ny bao trm l ID vt l ( PCI), c th hin nh trong hnh 4.26.

Hnh 4.26 T cu hnh cho PCI

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Khi lp t mt mng mi, theo nguyn tc l c th chn ngu nhin PCI v khi bo co o lng u tin thu c t UE bt k, n s nghin cu cc PCI ang s dng gn. Sau khi eNodeB bit c cc ln cn v n c th thit lp cc kt ni X2 ( UE sau cn phi c hng dn gii m BCH c c ID ton cu v sau h thng O&M c th cung cp thng tin kt ni cho vic to ra X2 ). Mt khi cc kt ni X2 cung cp thng tin v cc gi tr PCI c s dng trong cc ln cn, c th xc nh xem PCI n la chn c cn phi iu chnh hay khng. Hoc, PCI c th c ly trc tip t O&M, nh vy trnh c cc xung t ban u cho PCI gia cc gn nhau.

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CHNG 5 CC TH TC TRUY NHP


5.1. Th tc d tm
D tm l th tc m theo thit b u cui tm thy mt mng c kh nng kt ni ti. Nh l mt phn ca th tc d tm , thit b u cui tm c nhn dng ca mt v c tnh s nh thi khung ca c xc nh. Hn na, th tc d tm cng cung cp s c tnh cc thng s cn thit thu nhn thng tin ca h thng trn knh qung b, c cha cc thng s cn li cn thit cho vic truy nhp vo h thng. trnh vic lp k hoch phc tp, s lng cc nhn dng lp vt l phi c ln. LTE h tr 510 nhn dng khc nhau, c chia thnh 170 nhm nhn dng . gim s phc tm trong vic d tm , d tm trong LTE thng c thc hin trong mt vi bc, tng t nh th tc d tm ba bc trong WCDMA. h tr thit b u cui trong th tc ny, LTE cung cp mt tn hiu ng b s cp v mt tn hiu ng b th cp trn ng xung. Cc tn hiu ng b s cp v th cp l cc chui ring, c chn vo hai k hiu OFDM cui cng trong khe u tin ca khung con s 0 v s 5 nh c minh ho trong hnh 5.1. Ngoi cc tn hiu ng b, th tc d tm cng c th li dng cc tn hiu tham chiu nh l mt phn hot ng ca n. 5.1.1. Cc bc ca th tc d tm Trong bc u tin ca th tc d tm , thit b u cui di ng s dng tn hiu ng b s cp tm ra thi gian nh thi da trn mt c s l 5ms. Lu rng, tn hiu ng b s cp c truyn hai ln trong mi khung. Mt l do l n gin ha vic chuyn giao t cc cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn khc nh GSM ti LTE. Nh vy, tn hiu ng b s cp ch c th cung cp s nh thi khung vi mt s khng r dng l 5ms. Vic thc hin cc thut ton c tnh l c cung cp ring, nhng c mt kh nng l thc hin vic lc thch ng gia tn hiu nhn c v cc chui c quy nh vi tn hiu ng b s cp. Khi u ra ca b lc thch ng t ti ti a ca n, thit b u cui c kh nng tm thy gi tr nh thi trn c s 5ms. Bc u cng c th c s dng kha tn s dao ng ni ca thit b u cui di ng vi tn s sng mang ca trm gc. Kha tn s dao ng- ni vi tn s trm gc gip gim bt cc yu cu chnh xc trn b to dao ng thit b u cui di ng, nh vy n s gip lm gim bt chi ph.

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Hnh 5.1 Cc tn hiu ng b s cp & th cp ( gi thit chiu di tin t vng bnh thng ) V cc l do c tho lun trn, ba dy khc nhau c th c s dng nh l tn hiu ng b s cp. c mt s nh x mt-mt gia mi chui trong ba chui v nhn dng bn trong nhm nhn dng. Do , sau bc u tin thit b u cui tm thy s nhn dng bn trong nhm nhn dng . Hn na, khi c mt nh x mt-mt gia mi mt s nhn dng trong mt nhm nhn dng v mi mt dy trc giao trong ba chui l c s dng khi to ra tn hiu chun. Thit b u cui cng c c mt phn kin thc v cu trc tn hiu chun trong bc ny. Nhm nhn dng, tuy nhin vn cha bit n thit b u cui sau bc ny. Trong bc tip theo, thit b u cui pht hin mt nhm nhn dng v n s xc nh c s nh thi khung. iu ny c thc hin bng cch quan st cp khe ni tn hiu ng b th cp c truyn i. V c bn, nu ( S1, S2) l mt cp c php ca cc chui, ni m S1 v S2 biu din tn hiu ng b th cp trong khung con s 0 v s 5, cp o ngc ( S2, S1) khng phi l mt cp chui hp l. Bng cch khai thc tnh nng ny, thit b u cui c th phn gii c s khng r dng v nh thi 5ms ca kt qu bc u tin trong th tc d tm v xc nh s nh thi khung. Hn na, v mi s kt hp (S1, S2) th hin cho mt trong cc nhm nhn dng , cng l nhm nhn dng thu c t bc d tm th hai. T nhm nhn dng , thit b u cui cng thu c kin thc v chui gi-ngu nhin c s dng to ra tn hiu chun trong . Mt khi th tc d tm hon thnh, thit b u cui nhn thng tin h thng c pht qung b c c cc thng s cn li, v d nh, bng thng truyn ti c s dng trong .

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5.1.2. Cu trc thi gian/tn s ca tn hiu ng b Cu trc thi gian/tn s tng qut c m t tm tt trn v c minh ha trong hnh 5.1. Nh thy trong hnh, cc tn hiu ng b s cp v th cp c truyn trong hai k hiu OFDM lin tip. Cu trc ny c la chn cho php x l nht qun ca tn hiu ng b th cp ti thit b u cui. Sau bc u tin, tn hiu ng b s cp c bit v v th n c th c s dng c lng knh. c lng knh ny sau c th c s dng x l nht qun cc tn hiu nhn c trc khi ti bc th hai nhm nng cao hiu sut. Tuy nhin, s b tr ca cc tn hiu ng b s cp v th cp cnh nhau mt khc cng ng rng thit b u cui trong bc th hai cn phi c tnh di tin t vng mt cch m mm. Tuy nhin, iu ny l mt hot ng t phc tp. Trong nhiu trng hp, thi gian nh thi trong nhiu l c ng b nh nhau do s bt u ca khung trong cc cnh nhau b trng nhau v thi gian. Mt l do y l phi cho php MBSFN hot ng. Tuy nhin, hot ng ng b cng ng l truyn cc tn hiu ng b s cp trong cc khc nhau sy ra ng thi. S c lng knh da trn tn hiu ng b s cp v vy s phn nh s phi hp knh t tt c cc nu tn hiu ng b s cp ging nhau c s dng trong tt c cc . Hin nhin l vic gii iu ch nht qun ca cc tn hiu ng b th cp, l khc nhau trong cc khc nhau, mt s c tnh knh t mng v li ch l cn thit, khng phi l s c tnh ca vic phi hp knh t tt c cc . Do , LTE h tr nhiu cc chui cho tn hiu ng b s cp. Trong trng hp s thu nht qun trong vic phn phi vi thi gian cc l ng b, cc ln cn c th s dng cc chui ng b s cp khc lm gim bt cc vn v c lngknh nh c m t trn. Hn na, nh m t trn tn hiu ng b s cp cng mang mt phn ca vic nhn dng .

Hnh 5.2 S hnh thnh tn hiu ng b trong min tn s T gc TDD, s b tr tn hiu ng b ti phn cui ca khe u tin trong khung con, thay v khe th hai l c li v n ng rng t hn ch hn trong vic to ra thi gian bo v gia ng ln v ng xung. Ngoi ra, nu cc tn hiu ng b c t trong khe cui cng ca khung con, s khng c kh nng c

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c thi gian bo v cn thit. Ngoi ra, lu rng vi hot ng TDD, v tr ca cc tn hiu ng b ng l lun nm khung con s 0 v s 5 trong cc khung con ng xung. Khi bt u th tc d tm , bng thng l khng cn thit phi bit n. V nguyn tc, vic pht hin bng thng truyn dn c th c thc hin mt phn trong cc th tc d tm . Tuy nhin iu ny s lm phc tp th tc d tm chung, n l thch hp hn duy tr th tc d tm ging nhau, bt k bng thng truyn dn tng th ca . Thit b u cui sau c th c thng bo v bng thng thc t trong t knh qung b. V vy duy tr cu trc min tn s ging nhau ca cc tn hiu ng b, bt k bng thng h thng ca , cc tn hiu ng b lun c truyn bng cch s dng 72 sng mang con trung tm, tng ng vi mt bng thng trong th t ca 1MHz. Hnh 5.2 minh ha mt kh nng c th thc hin cho vic to ra cc tn hiu ng b, 36 sng mang con trn mi bn ca sng mang con DC trong min tn s c dnh ring cho tn hiu ng b. Bng cch s dng mt IFFT, tn hiu min thi gian tng ng c th c to ra. Kch thc ca IFFT cng nh s lng cc sng mang con c a v khng nh trong hnh 5.2, ty thuc vo bng thng h thng. Cc sng mang con khng c s dng cho truyn cc tn hiu ng b c th c s dng cho truyn d liu. 5.1.3. D tm ban u v d tm ln cn Vic tm mt kt ni n sau khi bt ngun ca thit b u cui r dng l mt trng hp quan trng. Tuy nhin, mt vic quan trng khng km l kh nng xc nh cc d phng cho vic chuyn giao nh l mt phn ca vic h tr tnh di ng, khi thit b u cui kt ni di chuyn t mt ti mt khc. Hai trng hp ny thng c gi tt l d tm ban u v d tm ln cn. i vi vic d tm ban u, thit b u cui thng khng bit tn s sng mang ca cc m n ang tm kim. gii quyt trng hp ny, thit b u cui cn phi d tm vi mt tn s sng mang ph hp, v c bn bng cch lp i lp li cc th tc ni trn cho bt k tn s sng mang no c th c c a ra bi s qut tn s. R dng l, iu ny thng c th lm tng thi gian cn thit cho vic d tm , nhng cc yu cu v thi gian d tm cho vic d tm ban u thng tng i thoi mi. Cc phng thc thc hin ring cng c th c s dng lm gim thi gian t khi bt ngun cho n khi tm c mt . V d, thit b u cui c th s dng bt k thng tin b sung no m thit b u cui c th c v bt u d tm trn cng tn s sng mang vi ln cui cng n kt ni ti. Vi vic d tm ln cn, c cc yu cu v thi gian cht ch hn. D tm ln cn chm hn, cng di n s dn n thit b u cui c chuyn giao ti mt

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vi mc trung bnh v cht lng v tuyn tt hn. Nhng iu ny r dng s lm hng hiu sut ph tng th ca h thng. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp ph bin ca chuyn giao lin- tn s, r dng l thit b u cui khng cn phi d tm i vi tn s sng mang trong cc ln cn. Ngoi vic b qua s d tm trong nhiu tn s sng mang, d tm - ln cn lin- tn s c th dng cc th tc tng t nh vic d tm ban u. Cc s o c cho mc ch chuyn giao l c yu cu c khi thit b u cui hin ang nhn d liu ng xung t mng. Do , thit b u cui phi c kh nng thc hin vic d tm ln cn trong cc trng hp ny. i vi d tm -ln cn lin-tn s, y khng phi l mt vn ln nh cc d phng ln cn, truyn cng mt tn s nh l thit b u cui c thc hin trong khi ang nhn d liu. Nhn d liu v d tm ln cn l cc chc nng bng gc ring n gin, hot ng trn cng tn hiu thu c. Trng hp chuyn giao lin-tn s, l phc tp hn khi tip nhn d liu v d tm ln cn cn phi thc hin nhiu cc tn s khc nhau. Trang b cho thit b u cui c mt mch thu RF ring cho vic d tm ln cn, mc d v nguyn tc l c th s khng hp dn t mt gc ca s phc tp. V vy, cc khong trng trong vic truyn ti d liu trong khi thit b u cui c th iu hng li ti mt tn s khc cho cc mc ch o c lin tn s, c th c to ra. iu ny c thc hin trong cng mt cch nh i vi HSPA, c th l bng cch trnh lp k hoch cho thit b u cui trong mt hoc mt s cc khung con ng xung.

5.2. Truy nhp ngu nhin


Mt yu cu c bn cho bt k mt h thng di ng t bo no l kh nng cho thit b u cui yu cu thit lp mt kt ni. iu ny thng c gi l truy nhp ngu nhin v ph v hai mc ch chnh ca LTE, c th l thit lp ng b hng ln v thit lp mt nhn dng thit b u cui duy nht, C-RNTI, c bit n c hai l mng v thit b u cui. Do , truy nhp ngu nhin c s dng khng ch cho truy nhp ban u m l khi chuyn giao t LTE_DETACHED ( LTE_tch bit ) hoc LTE_IDLE ( LTE_rnh di) ti LTE_ACTIVE ( LTE_tch cc), nhng cng sau mt thi gian khng hot ng hng ln khi ng b hng ln b mt trong LTE_ACTIVE. Tng quan v truy nhp ngu nhin c th hin nh trong hnh 5.3, n bao gm bn bc : Bc u tin bao gm truyn ti mt phn m u truy nhp- ngu nhin, cho php eNodeB c tnh s nh thi truyn ti ca thit b u cui. ng b hng ln l cn thit nh l nu khng th thit b u cui khng th truyn c bt k d liu no hng ln.

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Bc th hai bao gm mng s truyn mt lnh ng trc nh thi n iu chnh s nh thi truyn ca thit b u cui, da trn php o nh thi trong bc u tin. Ngoi vic thit lp ng b hng ln, bc hai cng ch nh cc ngun ti nguyn hng ln cho thit b u cui c s dng trong bc th ba trong cc th tc truy nhp ngu nhin. Bc th ba bao gm truyn dn s nhn dng thit b u cui di ng bng cch s dng UL-SCH tng t nh d liu lp lch biu thng thng. Ni dung chnh xc ca tn hiu ny ph thuc vo trng thi ca thit b u cui, c bit l d n trc y c bit n mng hay khng. Bc th t v cng l bc cui cng bao gm truyn dn thng ip phn gii tranh chp t mng ti thit b u cui trn DL-SCH. Bc ny cng gii quyt mi tranh chp do c nhiu thit b u cui ang c gng truy nhp vo h thng bng cch s dng cng ti nguyn truy nhp h thng.

Hnh 5.3 Tng quan v th tc truy nhp ngu nhin 5.2.1. Bc 1 : Truyn dn phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin Bc u tin trong th tc truy nhp ngu nhin l vic truyn mt phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin. Mc ch chnh ca phn m u l ch ra vi mng s hin din ca mt c gng truy nhp ngu nhin v c c s ng b thi gian hng ln trong phm vi mt phn nh ca tin t vng hng ln.

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Nhn chung, truyn dn phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin c th trc giao hoc khng trc giao vi d liu ngi s dng. Trong WCDMA phn m u l khng trc giao vi vic truyn d liu hng ln. iu ny cung cp li ch ca vic khng c s cp pht na tnh (semi-statically) bt k ngun ti nguyn cho truy nhp ngu nhin. Tuy nhin, vi vic iu khin s nhiu ca truy nhp ngu nhin ti d liu, cng sut truyn ca phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin phi c iu khin cn thn. Trong WCDMA, iu ny c gii quyt thng qua vic s dng mt th tc dc-cng sut( power-ramping), m thit b u cui s tng dn dn cng sut ca phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin cho n khi n c pht hin thnh cng ti trm gc. Mc d y l mt gii php ph hp vi vn nhiu, th tc dc to ra mt tr trong th tc truy nhp ngu nhin ton b. Do , t quan im s tr, mt th tc truy nhp ngu nhin khng i hi dc cng sut l c li. Trong LTE, vic truyn ti phn tiu truy nhp ngu nhin c th c thc hin trc giao vi truyn dn d liu ngi dng hng ln, v kt qu l khng c s dc cng sut l cn thit ( mc d cc thng s k thut tt c u cho php dc cng sut). Trc giao gia vic truyn d liu ngi dng t cc thit b u cui khc v cc c gng truy nhp ngu nhin l t c trong c hai min thi gian v min tn s. Mng thng tin qung b ti tt c cc thit b u cui m trong vic truyn dn phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin cc ti nguyn thi gian tn s l c cho php. trnh can nhiu gia d liu v phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin, mng trnh vic lp lch biu truyn dn hng ln bt k trong cc ngun ti nguyn thi gian- tn s . iu ny c minh ha trong hnh 5.4. T nhng n v thi gian c bn cho truyn d liu trong LTE l 1ms, mt khung con c dnh ring cho truyn dn phn m u. Trong phm vi cc ti nguyn dnh ring, phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin c truyn. Trong min tn s, phn m du truy nhp ngu nhin c mt bng thng tng ng vi su khi ti nguyn ( 1,08MHz). iu ny ph hp vi c bng thng nh nht m trong LTE c th hot ng. Do , cu trc phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin tng t nhau c th oc s dng, bt k bng thng truyn dn ca . i vi cc trin khai s dng cc cp pht ph ln hn, nhiu cc ti nguyn truy nhp ngu nhin c th c xc nh trong min tn s, cung cp mt kh nng truy nhp ngu nhin tng ln.

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Hnh 5.4 Minh ha c bn cho truyn dn phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin Mt thit b u cui thc hin mt c gng truy cp ngu nhin, trc khi truyn dn phn m u, t c ng b ng xung t th tc d tm . Tuy nhin, s nh thi ng ln l ( nh tho lun ) cha c thit lp. Khi u ca mt khung ng ln ti thit b u cui l c nh ngha tng i vi s bt u ca khung ng xung ti thit b u cui. Do tr lan truyn gia trm gc v thit b u cui, vic truyn dn hng ln do s b chm tr tng i vi s nh thi truyn dn hng xung ti trm gc. V vy, khi khong cch gia thit b u cui v trm gc l cha bit, s c mt s khng chc chn trong vic nh thi hng ln tng ng vi hai ln khong cch gia trm gc v thit b u cui, ln ti 6,7s/km. tnh ton cho s khng chc chn ny v trnh gy nhiu vi cc khung con tip theo khng c s dng, mt khong thi gian bo v c s dng, m do chiu di thc t ca phn m u l ngn hn 1ms. c minh ha trong hnh 5.5, di phn m u v khong thi gian bo v.

Hnh 5.5 nh thi phn m u ti eNodeB cho cc ngi s dng truy nhp ngu nhin khc nhau Vi chiu di phn m u khong 0,9ms, c 0,1ms thi gian bo v cho php kch thc ln ti 15km. Trong cc ln hn m thi gian nh thi l khng chc chn th thi gian bo v c th ln hn thi gian bo v c bn, thi gian bo

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v b sung c th c to ra bng cch khng lp lch biu mi truyn dn hng ln trong khung con sau ngun ti nguyn truy nhp ngu nhin. Cc chui phn m u c chia thnh cc nhm ca 64 chui trong mi nhm. Nh mt phn ca cu hnh h thng, mi c cp pht mt nhm nh vy bng cch xc nh mt hoc mt vi chui ZadoffChu gc v s dch vng cn thit to ra tp cc phn m u. S lng cc nhm l phi ln trnh c s cn thit phi lp k hoch chui cn thn gia cc . Khi thc hin mt c gng truy nhp ngu nhin, thit b u cui s chn mt chui ngu nhin t tp cc chui c cp pht cho cc m thit b u cui ang c gng truy nhp. Mt khi khng c thit b u cui no khc ang thc hin mt c gng truy nhp ngu nhin bng cch s dng chui tng t ti thi im tc thi tng t, khng c xung t sy ra v c gng ny s c mt kh nng cao c pht hin bi mng. X l trm gc l vic thc hin ring, nhng nh c tin t vng km trong phn m u nn vic x l trong min tn s c phc tp thp. Mt v d ca quy ch ny c minh ha trong hnh 5.6.

Hnh 5.6 S pht hin phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin trong min tn s Cc mu trn mt ca s c thu thp v c chuyn i n thnh biu din trn min tn s bng cch s dng mt FFT. Chiu di ca s l 0,8ms, tng ng vi chiu di ca chui ZC m khng c mt tin t vng. iu ny cho php x l nh thi khng chc chn ln ti 0,1ms v ph hp vi thoi gian bo v c xc nh. u ra ca FFT, th hin cho tn hiu nhn c trong min tn s, c nhn ln vi s biu din trong min tn s lin hp phc ca chui ZadoffChu gc v cc kt qu c cho qua mt IFFT. Bng cch quan st cc u ra IFFT, c th pht

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hin c nhng thay i ca chui ZadoffChu gc c truyn v tr ca n. V c bn, mt nh ca IFFT u ra trong khong i l tng ng vi chui dch chuyn chu k th i v tr c a ra bi v tr ca nh trong khong. iu ny thc hin trong min tn s c tnh ton hiu qu v cho php pht hin nhiu c gng truy nhp ngu nhin bng cch s dng cc chui dch vng khc nhau c to ra t chui ZadoffChu gc; trong trng hp c nhiu cc c gng truy nhp s ch n gin l mt nh trong mi khong tng ng. 5.2.2. Bc 2 : p ng truy nhp ngu nhin p ng cc c gng truy nhp ngu nhin c pht hin, khi bc th hai ca th tc truy nhp ngu nhin mng s truyn mt thng ip trn DL-SCH, c cha : Ch s ca chui phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin mng pht hin v vi phn hi ny l hp l. Tnh ton hiu chnh nh thi bng cch thu nhn phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin. Mt s tr cp lp lch biu, ch ra cc ngun ti nguyn m thit b u cui c s dng cho vic truyn ti cc thng ip trong bc th ba. Mt nhn dng tm thi c s dng cho truyn thng c tip din gia thit b u cui v mng. Trong trng hp mng pht hin nhiu cc c gng truy nhp ngu nhin ( t cc thit b u cui khc nhau ), cc thng ip phn hi ring l ca nhiu cc thit b u cui di ng c th c kt hp vo trong mt truyn dn n. V vy, thng ip phn hi c lp lch biu trn DL-SCH v c ch ra trn mt knh iu khin L1/L2 bng cch s dng mt nhn dng dnh ring cho phn hi truy nhp ngu nhin. Tt c cc thit b u cui c truyn mt phn m u gim st cc knh iu khin L1/L2 cho phn hi truy nhp ngu nhin. S nh thi ca thng ip phn hi l khng c nh trong cc c t k thut nhm c th p ng y nhiu cc truy nhp ng thi. N cng cung cp mt vi s linh hot trong vic vn hnh trm gc. Min l cc thit b u cui thc hin truy nhp ngu nhin trong cng ngun ti nguyn th cc phn m u khc nhau c s dng, nu khng xung t s sy ra v t vic truyn tn hiu ng xung iu ny r dng l vi cc thit b u cui m c thng tin l b lin quan. Tuy nhin, c mt xc xut nht nh ca s tranh chp, l nhiu cc thit b u cui s dng phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin ging nhau cng mt lc. Trong trng hp ny, nhiu cc thit b u cui s phn ng li khi thng ip phn hi ng xung din ra cng lc v mt s xung t s sy ra. Vic gii quyt c xung t l mt phn ca cc bc tip theo nh c

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trnh by di y. Tranh chp cng l mt trong cc nguyn nhn m ti sao HARQ khng c s dng cho truyn dn cc phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin. Mt thit b u cui nhn mt phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin c dnh cho thit b u cui khc th s c s nh thi hng ln khng chnh xc. Nu HARQ c th c dng, s nh thi ca ACK/NACK cho thit b u cui nh vy s khng ng v c th gy nhiu cho tn hiu iu khin hng ln t cc ngi s dng khc. Sau khi thu nhn phn hi truy nhp ngu nhin bc hai, thit b u cui s hiu chnh nh thi truyn dn hng ln v tip tc ti bc ba. 5.2.3. Bc 3: Nhn dng thit b u cui Sau bc th hai, hng ln ca cc thit b u cui l c ng b v thi gian. Tuy nhin, trc khi d liu ngi s dng c th c truyn ti / t thit b u cui, mt s nhn dng duy nht trong ( C-RNTI) phi c gn cho thit b u cui. Ty thuc vo trng thi thit b u cui, cng c th cn phi trao i thng ip b sung. Trong bc th ba, thit b u cui trao i cc thng ip cn thit vi mng bng cch s dng cc ngun ti nguyn c phn cng trong phn hi truy nhp ngu nhin bc th hai. Truyn dn thng ip hng ln theo cch ging nh vi vic lp lch biu d liu hng ln thay v gn n vo phn m u trong bc u tin l c li v mt s l do. Th nht, s lng thng tin c truyn trong l thiu s ng b hng ln nn phi c hn ch ti a l cn thit phi c khong thi gian bo v ln nh vy s lm cho vic truyn dn l tng i tn km. Th hai, vic s dng k hoch truyn dn hng ln thng thng cho php vic truyn dn thng ip vi s tr gip kch thc v phng n iu ch cn phi c iu chnh, v d, vi cc iu kin v tuyn khc nhau. Cui cng, n cho php HARQ vi kt hp mm cho thng ip hng ln. Sau l mt kha cnh quan trng, c bit l trong cc tnh hung m s ph sng b hn ch, khi n cho php s dng mt hoc mt vi vic truyn pht li thu thp nng lng cho tn hiu hng ln nhm m bo mt xc sut ln ca truyn dn thnh cng. Lu , vic truyn pht li RLC l khng c s dng cho tn hiu RRC hng ln trong bc ba. Mt phn quan trng ca thng ip hng ln l bao gm nhn dng thit b u cui m vic nhn dng ny c s dng nh mt phn ca c ch gii quyt tranh chp trong bc th t. Trong trng hp thit b u cui l trong ch LTE_ACTIVE ( LTE_tch cc), l c kt ni n mt bit v do c mt C-RNTI c gn, C-RNTI ny c s dng nh nhn dng thit b u cui trong thng ip hng ln. Nu khng th mt nhn dng thit b u cui mng

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li c s dng v mng truy nhp v tuyn cn phi tham gia vo mng li trc khi tr li thng ip ng ln trong bc 3. 5.2.4. Bc 4: Gii quyt tranh chp Bc cui cng trong th tc truy nhp ngu nhin gm mt thng ip ng xung cho gii quyt tranh chp. Lu rng, t bc hai, nhiu cc thit b u cui thc hin c gng truy nhp ngu nhin ng thi bng cch s dng chui phn m u tng t nhau trong bc u tin lng nghe thng ip phn hi tng t trong bc th hai v do c s nhn dng tm thi tng t nhau. Do , trong bc th t, mi thit b u cui tip nhn thng ip ng xung s so snh nhn dng trong thng ip vi nhn dng chng c truyn trong bc th ba. Ch mt thit b u cui m quan st thy mt s ph hp gia nhn dng nhn c trong bc th t v nhn dng c truyn nh l mt phn ca bc th ba s khai bo th tc truy nhp ngu nhin thnh cng. Nu thit b u cui cha c gn mt C-RNTI, nhn dng tm thi t bc th hai l c nng cp ti CRNTI. Thng ip gii quyt tranh chp l c truyn trn DL-SCH, bng cch s dng nhn dng tm thi t bc th 2 cho vic gn a ch thit b u cui trn knh iu khin L1/L2. T khi ng b hng ln c thit lp, HARQ c p dng cho tn hiu ng xung trong bc ny. Cc thit b u cui c s ph hp gia nhn dng m chng c truyn trong bc th ba v thng ip chng nhn c trong bc th t cng s truyn mt xc nhn HARQ trong hng ln. Cc thit b u cui m khng tm thy s ph hp gia nhn dng nhn c trong bc th t v nhn dng c truyn tng ng nh l mt phn ca bc th ba th c coi nh l tht bi trong th tc truy nhp ngu nhin v cn phi khi ng li th tc truy nhp ngu nhin t bc u tin. R dng l khng c phn hi HARQ c truyn t nhng thit b u cui ny.

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CHNG 6 TNH HNH TRIN KHAI LTE TRN TH GII V TI VIT NAM
6.1. Trin khai LTE trn th gii
Theo cc cuc kho st gn y c hn 80% nh cung cp dch v di ng (telco) trn th gii hin ang s dng cng ngh GSM (gm GSM, GPRS/EDGE, HSPA). Theo gii chuyn gia phn tch v nh gi, li th v h tng sn c v s lng ngi s dng ng o l l do chnh pht trin th trng di ng bng thng rng vi cng ngh HSPA v tip theo s l LTE. c t k thut ca cng ngh LTE c kh nng tng thch gn nh hon ho vi cng ngh nn tng GSM. Khng ch GSM, cc telco s dng cng ngh CDMA cng khng b qua c hi chuyn tip ln 4G vi cng ngh LTE. Bn cnh sn phm mi, hi ngh th gii di ng (MWC) thng nin cng l ni cc cng ngh mi v nh hng pht trin ca ngnh vin thng di ng c gii thiu rng ri n cng chng. Ti MWC 2011 Barcelona (Ty Ban Nha), LTE l mt trong nhng ti c quan tm nhiu nht. Thc t cho thy, hu ht cc hng sn xut thit b vin thng hng u th gii: Alcatel-Lucent, Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia, Nokia Siemens Networks, Huawei, LG Electronics, Samsung, NEC, Fujitsu... nhn ra tim nng to ln ny v cng bt tay vi cc telco ln trn th gii (Verizon Wireless, AT&T, France TelecomOrange, NTT DoCoMo, T-Mobile, China Mobile, ZTE...) thc hin cc cuc th nghim quan trng trn cng ngh LTE v t nhng thnh cng ng k. Trong , Nokia Siemens Networks cng b th nghim thnh cng LTE vi tc ln n 173Mbps trong mi trng th vi nhiu thu bao cng lc trn tn s 2,6GHz, bng thng 20MHz. Alcatel-Lucent thng bo th nghim thnh cng LTE vi tc ti v t 80Mbps. ZTE (Trung Quc) cng cho bit trnh din thnh cng LTE vi mc tc ti v 130Mbps. Tip , Motorola cng tuyn b, h cng tc vi cc nh khai thc di ng ca Anh hon thnh cuc th nghim kt ni ngoi tri i vi cng ngh LTE, tn s 700MHz v 2,6GHz. Mi y, Motorola tip tc cng b h hon tt th nghim giai on mt cng ngh TD-LTE (TD Mode LTE) vi B Cng nghip v CNTT (MIIT) Trung Quc, tc ti xung thc t t c 80Mbps. Cc cuc th nghim v trnh din ny chng t kh nng tuyt vi ca cng ngh LTE v kh nng thng mi ha LTE n rt gn. K hoch th nghim v trin khai cng ngh LTE vn ang c cc cng ty trn cng hp tc thc y v n nay chnh thc c dch v LTE thng mi.

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Thng mi h a Trong cuc chy ua tr thnh tr thnh nh khai thc mng u tin a vo vn hnh thng mi cc dch v LTE, TeliaSonera v ch sm nht. TeliaSonera l telco u tin trn th gii thng mi ha cng ngh LTE ti hai th Stockholm (Thy in) v Oslo (Na Uy) vo nm 2010 v tip tc trin khai sang Phn Lan. Song hnh vi chin dch trin khai mng 4G LTE, TeliaSonera cng tip tc m rng mng Turbo-3G (cng ngh HSPA) nhm tng dung lng v khu vc ph sng. Trong nm nay, TeliaSonera tip tc m rng mng 4G n 25 thnh ph ln ca Thy in v 4 thnh ph ca Na Uy. Hng ny s dng cng ngh LTE tn s 2,6GHz cng vi bng thng 20MHz, tc ti a ln n 100Mbps. Telstra (c) l mt trong nhng nh mng u tin trn th gii chnh thc xc nhn v vic trin khai LTE ca mnh mt cch rng ri. Theo nh mng ny, h s th nghim LTE t cui nm 2011 ti khu vc trung tm cc thnh ph ln ca c. Song song , Ericsson c th l nh sn xut thit b u tin pht trin cc h tng phc v h thng mng trn tn s 1.800 MHz. V Sierra Wireless cng s a ra th trng cc thit b lng tnh h tr ngi dng tng thch ngc vi h mng 3G khi ra khi vng ph sng LTE. Theo Wireless Intelligence, c khong 10-15 mng LTE c a vo phc v vo cui nm 2010 v ln n 30 mng vo cui nm 2012. Ti th trng M, Verizon Wireless cho bit, mng LTE ca h s s dng ph 10MHz v h tr tc t 5Mbps -12Mbps. i din hng Verizon Wireless cho bit, nhng chic in thoi LTE u tin ca hng s c hai b chip v tuyn. V vy, chng s lm vic trn c mng LTE v mng vin thng trn cng ngh CDMA hin nay. Verizon Wireless d kin s cho ra mt chic in thoi khng dy u tin tch hp cng ngh LTE vo gia nm 2011. Ericsson v Alcatel-Lucent l cc i tc cung cp thit b cho mng LTE ca Verizon Wireless. Tip theo, AT&T cng c k hoch thng mi ha LTE vo nm 2011. Hng ny tuyn b c bng thng 20MHz dnh cho LTE ph sng cho hn 100 thnh ph ln nht ca M. NTT DoCoMo l nh khai thc di ng u tin ca Nht Bn th nghim thnh cng LTE vi tc t n 250Mbps tuyn b s bt u a ra cc dch v LTE t 2010. Giai on u mng LTE ca NTT DoCoMo s s dng tn s 2GHz, bng thng 15MHz v anten MIMO cho khong 20 nghn trm gc. V n cui nm 2012 s chuyn sang s dng tn s 1,5GHz. Hin nay, Ericsson cng l hng cung cp c s h tng mng cho NTT DoCoMo. Song hnh vi NTT DoCoMo KDDI, cc telco nh KDDI, Softbank Mobile, eMobile u c c quan qun l vin thng Nht Bn B ni chnh v truyn thng (MIC) ph chun k hoch trin khai mng LTE. C quan pht trin

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Vin thng v CNTT Singapore (IDA) ang cn nhc v vic cho ra mt bng tn LTE v WiMAX vo nm 2012, trc 3 nm so vi thi gian d kin ban u. Cng lc ny, c ba nh khai thc di ng Singtel, StarHub v MobileOne cng cho lp t th nghim dch v LTE tn s 2,5GHz. Ti trin lm CES hi u nm ti Las Vegas, Verizon Wireless gii hn thiu rt nhiu sn phm s dng cng ngh LTE : gm 3 mu tablet, 4 mu smartphone, 2 mu laptop v mt mu hotspot di ng. Tt c chng n t 4 n v OEM khc nhau, s dng 4 loi chipset khng dy khc nhau. Hin c 10 mng di ng (MNO) h tr LTE trn phm vi ton cu. D kin trong 2011 s c thm 30 MNO khc. V pha WiMAX, a s cc MNO tp trung chu u, tip n l chu TBD, vng Trung ng ri mi n M. i din cc nh mng vi s thu bao ln nht th gii nh China Mobile (Trung Quc) hay Bharti Airtel (n ) lin kt thnh lp nhm pht trin chun LTE gi tt l GTI. Ch tch Softbank (Nht) Masayoshi Son cho bit nh mng ny cng ng h vic a LTE tr thnh chun mng th h tip theo da trn cc u im gi thnh thp, tc mng cao v hiu sut tn s tt hn hn cc h mng khc. ng cng ch ra rng s ng lun ng vai tr quyt nh trong cc vn tng t v v th vi 2/3 dn s th gii, khi hu thun cho LTE, cc nh mng Chu gn nh quyt nh xong s phn ca mt chun mng 4G chung cho ton cu. Theo s liu ca Hip hi cc nh sn xut di ng ton cu GSA, ti gia nm 2010, th gii c 80 nh mng ti 33 quc gia cam kt pht trin ln LTE, trong c 21 nh mng khu vc chu -Thi Bnh Dng. Ti ng Nam c M1, SingTel v StarHub u Singapore trin khai LTE. Cc nh pht trin thit b Qualcomm cng thng bo mt l trnh sn phm mi, b sung cng ngh 4G LTE cho tt c cc modem Gobi ca h. Da trn s thnh cng ca Gobi, Qualcomm (i tc ca cc hng sn xut my tnh: Sony, Acer, Lenovo, Dell, HP...) chun b tp trung vo cc dng sn phm: e-reader, thit b chi game, modem USB v cc ng dng thng mi M2M (mobile to mobile di ng ti di ng). Cc chipset mi gm: MDM9200 h tr tc ln n 100Mbps, tng thch ngc vi HSPA, MDM9600 h tr tc 100Mbps, tng thch ngc vi HSPA+ v EV-DO (Rev. A v Rev. B). Cng ti MWC, RIM - nh sn xut ni ting vi sn phm BlackBerry - xc nhn kt ni LTE s c trang b cho dng sn phm mi PlayBook ca mnh t gia nm 2011. PlayBook l my tnh bng chuyn nghip u tin dnh cho nhng ngi thc s mun hon tt mi vic - i din RIM cho bit. V vi

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mong mun gip ngi dng tn dng c ht mi chc nng ca sn phm, mt kt ni mnh m nh LTE chnh l yu cu khng th thiu cho PlayBook. Trong khi , vi khong 170 thit b di ng ang chnh thc hot ng trn h iu hnh Android, Google ng h mnh m LTE. Eric Schmidt - CEO ca Google - cho rng LTE s l nn tng cho nhng ng dng mnh m m hin gi chng ta ch mi tng tng n. ng tin tng rng thit b di ng vi h iu hnh m (nh Android), in ton m my, v h tng LTE chnh l nhng iu kin a con ngi bc vo giai on mi ca s pht trin cng ngh. Samsung Craft l chic in thoi 4G u tin tnh cho n thi im ny s dng cng ngh khng dy tc cao LTE. Cng theo Samsung, nh mng MetroPCS (M) LTE u tin s c chn l n v phn phi chnh thc ca mu my ny sau khi vt qua cc i th tn tui khc nh Verizon, AT&T, T-Mobile, v Cricket. Cc d liu hng thng l 55 USD.

Hnh 6.1 Samsung Craft - Chic in thoi 4G s dng mng LTE u tin trn th gii Nh khai thc dch v vin thng TeliaSonera lin kt vi hng in t Samsung gii thiu chic MTXT c h tr dch v LTE ti Thy in. l chic MTXT X430 ca Samsung c khi lng 2kg, mn hnh 14 (ng cho 35,6 cm) v b vi x l i3 ca Intel. Bn cnh vic h tr LTE, X430 cng dng c vi mng 3G hay GSM truy cp Internet.

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Hnh 6.2 Laptop X430 Theo tin t TeliaSonera v Samsung, X430 l chic MTXT h tr LTE u tin c mt trn th trng. Cng ti cuc trin lm in t tiu dng quc t CES 2011 ti Las Vegas, M hi thng trc, hng vin thng Verizon thng bo trong thi gian ti s c 2 chic MTXT ca HP h tr LTE. Verizon vn cha cho bit thi im c th tung ra 2 MTXT ny, ch ni chng s sm c mt, vo gia nm nay. Cc sn phm ca Verizon khng th truy cp vo h thng mng LTE ca TeliaSonera v ngc li. Do c hai nh khai thc vin thng ny s dng cng ngh mng di ng th h mi LTE vi cc di bng tn khc nhau. TeliaSonera cng khng h h l v k hoch tung ra cc sn phm in thoi thng minh v nhng thit b khc tng thch vi LTE, nhng h c tit l rng s lng thit b mi h tr LTE s dn xut hin trong nm nay v c nm ti.

6.2. Trin khai LTE ti VIT NAM


B TT&TT va cho bit hin ang hon thin th tc cp php th nghim LTE cho EVN Telecom v Gtel. Nh vy, c 7 doanh nghip c th nghim cng ngh tin 4G ny.

Hnh 6.3 Ericsson phi hp vi Cc Tn s V tuyn in th nghim cng ngh LTE ti H Ni.

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Trc , B TT&TT ng cho VNPT, Viettel, FPT Telecom, CMC v VTC c th nghim mng di ng cng ngh LTE. Thi gian th nghim l 1 nm. Theo Lut Vin thng, cc doanh nghip s phi u gi tn s ly giy php ny. Sau khi u gi, cc doanh nghip c th chuyn nhng tn s nu mun. Vic u gi tn s l nhm trnh tnh trng xin giy php gi ch. Ngy 10/10/2010, VNPT tuyn b hon thnh trm BTS theo cng ngh LTE u tin t ti ta nh Internet, l 2A, lng Quc t Thng Long, Cu Giy, H Ni vi tc truy cp Internet c th ln n 60 Mbps. Giai on 1 d n th nghim cung cp dch vv tuyn bng rng cng ngh LTE ca VNPT s c VDC trin khai vi 15 trm BTS ti H Ni, bn knh ph sng mi trm khong 1km.

Hnh 6.4 Trm gc LTE V pha Viettel, tp on ny cng cho bit, s phi hp vi Huawei tin hnh lp t, tch hp thit b LTE ti qun Tn Bnh, TP.HCM. Trc , Viettel cng tin hnh th nghim H Ni. C th, Viettel s tin hnh th nghim mt h thng mng mi hon chnh vi 40 trm LTE ti hai qun ng a v Ba nh. Sau , d kin trong qu 1/2011, Viettel s cung cp dch v 4G cho mt s khch hng dng th.Mng ny cho bit, khi trin khai, mng 4G s khng nh hng n cht lng mng 3G v 2G ang cung cp cho khch hng. Theo gii chuyn mn, t khi Vit Nam bt u th nghim cng ngh 3G n khi chnh thc thng mi ha mt ti 6 nm. V vy, mt vi nm ti s khng phi l thi im thch hp trin khai cng ngh ny. Theo Lut Vin thng, cc doanh nghip s phi u gi tn s ly giy php ny. Sau khi u gi, cc doanh nghip c th chuyn nhng tn s nu mun. Vic u gi tn s l nhm trnh tnh trng xin giy php gi ch. B TT&TT cho bit sp ti B s tin hnh tng kt 1 nm cp php trin khai dch v di ng 3G. Vic tng kt ny s tp trung nh gi hiu qu v bi hc kinh nghim trong qu trnh trin khai mng 3G. y s l c s quan trng B TT&TT tin hnh cp php 4G trong thi gian ti.

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KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN TI

Cng ngh LTE l mt cng ngh mi, v ang c tip tc nghin cu v trin khai trn ton th gii, vi kh nng truyn ti tc cao kin trc mng n gin , s dng bng tn hiu qu v hon ton tng thch vi cc h thng trc ( GSM & WCDMA ) v da trn mt mng ton IP. LTE c th tr thnh h thng thng tin di ng ton cu trong tng lai. V vy vic tm hiu v cng ngh LTE l cn thit v c ngha thc t. Trong n ny em cp mt cch tng quan v cng ngh LTE, trng tm gm cc phn : Tm hiu qu trnh pht trin ca cc h thng thng tin di ng cho n nay, gii thiu v cng ngh LTE. Tm hiu v kin trc mng LTE, cc thnh phn chnh v cc giao thc s dng. Nm bt c cc cng ngh OFDMA, SC_FDMA v MIMO s dng trong giao din v tuyn ca LTE. Tm hiu v lp vt l LTE Cc th tc truy nhp LTE Tnh hnh trin khai LTE trn th gii v ti VIT NAM LTE l mt cng ngh pht trin sau so vi WIMAX, nhng vi cc c tnh tuyt vi m n em li, nn hin nay c rt nhiu cc nh mng ln trn th gii ng h v la chn trin khai. Cc nh ch to thit b u cui cng tin hnh tch hp cng ngh LTE vo sn phm ca mnh. Ti vit nam th cc nh mng cng tin hnh th ngim cng ngh LTE v cng t c nhng kt qu kh quan. Do vy, vic nm bt cng ngh LTE l ht sc cn thit.

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NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN


.. Ngy thng nm 2011

ThS. M M HNH

NHN XT CA GIO VIN C DUYT


.. Ngy thng nm 2011

..

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LI CM N
Trong qu trnh thc hin n, em nhn c s gip nhit tnh t pha cc thy gio, c gio. Qua y, em xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti cc thy c gio trong B mn K THUT VIN THNG v cc thy c trong trng v c bit l thc s m M Hnh gip v hng dn em hon thnh bn n ny. Em xin chn thnh cm n!

H Ni ngy thng nm 2011 Sinh vin Nguyn Tun Anh

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TI LIU THAM KHO


1. Harri Holma, Antti Toskala (2009) , LTE for UMTS OFDMA and SCFDMA Based Radio Access, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 2. Agilent Technologies (2009), 3GPP Long Term Evolution: System Overview, Product Development,and Test Challenges. 3. Farooq Khan (2009), LTE for 4G Mobile Broadband: Air Interface

Technologies and Performance, Cambridge University Press. 4. C.Gessner (2008), UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) Technology Introduction, Rohde-Schwarz. 5. Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall, Johan Skld, Per Beming (2007), 3G EVOLUTION: HSPA and LTE FOR for mobile broadband, Academic Press. 6. Cc website tham kho : www.Thongtincongnghe.com www.Vntelecom.org www.Tapchibcvt.gov.vn www.Tudiencongnghe.net www.Xahoithongtin.com

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