Welcome To The Schneider Electric Seminar On : LV Power Concepts and Devices'

Welcome to the Schneider Electric
Seminar on
‘LV Power Concepts and Devices’
Division - Name - Date - Language 1

Agenda for the evening:
Topic Presenter Time
 LV Earthing Systems Asrar Mufti 6.15 to 6.50 pm

 LV Type Tested Panelboards Shanker Shetty 6.50 to 7.30 pm
 Break for Salah 7.30 to 7.50 pm
 LV Power Circuit Breakers Irfan Mufti 8.00 to 9.00 pm
 LV Final Distribution Boards Ibrahim Saleh 9.00 to 9.30 pm
 Wiring Devices Mohammad Al-Amoudi 9.30 to 10.00 pm
 Dinner 10.00 pm

LV Earthing Systems.
as per IEC 60364 Installation Standard.
Fire protection
Risk analysis - the origins of fires in buildings
 Studies carried out in Germany between 1980 and 1990

Fire 37 % Lightning 1 % Explosion 1 %
Accidents 7 %
E92446
Cigarettes 6 % Other 7 % Electricity 41 %
 41 % of fires are electrical in origin

 this risk is far from negligible
 it can be eliminated

Fire protection
Main cause
 Ageing of the installation results in:

 less effective insulation
 the risk of very small leakage currents
 Presence of humidity
Leakage
currents
Carbonisation Small
of insulation discharges
(dust)
E92461
E92462
 There is a real risk of fire starting at leakage currents of 300 mA

Low Voltage Earthing Systems
Basic principle
IEC 60479-1 Effect of current on the human body
Time ms/current mA curve for AC current from
Zone 1 : perception
15 to 100 Hz
T(ms)
Zone 2 : unpleasant sensation
10 000
Zone 3 : muscular contractions b c1 c2 c3
(reversible effects) 5000
Zone 4 : risk of ventricular
fibrillation.(irreversible) 2000
1000
c1-c2 :prob. increases by 5% 500
c2-c3 :prob. increases by 50% 1 2 3 4
200
> c3 :prob. more than50 % 100
50
20
Body Impedance = 2000 Ohms.(Dry)
10
= 1000 Ohms.(Wet) 0,1 0,2 1 2 5 10 100 500 2000 5000 (mA)
Max. Withstand Current = 25 mA 0,5 mA 30 mA 1000
UL (MAX. TOUCH VOLTAGE) = 2000x 0.025 = 50 V (Dry Conditions)

= 1000x0.025 = 25 V (Wet Conditions)

Protection
of people Standard IEC 60479-1
Critical current thresholds
mA
1A Cardiac arrest
Irreversible cardiac
75 mA fibrillation
30 mA Breathing arrest
10mA Muscular contraction
0.5 mA Tingling
E92450

Basic principle
Maximum Touch Voltage Time (Protection of people according to IEC 364)
Against Indirect Contact
with Automatic Disconnection of Supply
 Maximum touch voltage time in UL = 50 V  Maximum touch voltage time in UL = 25 V
conditions conditions (sockets/wet areas)
prospective maximum protective device prospective maximum protective device

touch disconnection time(Seconds) touch disconnection time(Seconds)
voltage (V) AC current DC current voltage (V) AC current DC current
< 50 5 5
25 5 5
50 5 5
50 0.48 5
75 0.60 5
75 0.30 2
90 0.45 5
90 0.25 0.80
120 0.34 5
110 0.18 0.50
150 0.27 1
150 0.12 0.25
220 0.17 0.4
230 0.05 0.06
280 0.12 0.3
280 0.02 0.02
350 0.08 0.2
500 0.04 0.1

Basic principle
Protection of people, direct contact
Definition
 “Contact of persons or livestock with
live parts which may result in electric
shock”

Basic principle
Protection of people, direct contact
 Types of protection
E36914
Insulation
Distance
IP2X or IPXXB 30 mA
TBT < 25 V

Protection
of people Standard IEC 60364
Indirect contact
 “Contact of persons or livestock
with exposed conductive parts
in case of a fault”
E92454

Basic principle
Protection of people according to IEC 364
Protection against indirect contact with automatic disconnection of
supply
 Earthing of all the exposed conductive parts of electrical equipment and

all accessible conductive parts
 2 simultaneously accessible exposed conductive parts must be
connected to the same earth electrode
 Automatic disconnection by a protective device of the circuit in which a
dangerous insulation fault occurs
 The protective device must operate within a time that is compatible with
"Maximum Touch Voltage & Time-Safety requirements"

Earthing Systems - General rules according to IEC 60364 § 312.2
 The Three Earthing Systems

1. T T
2. T N
3. I T
1st letter 2nd letter

Situation of installation frames
Situation of supply
T = Exposed frames directly earthed
T = Direct connection of
Transformer Neutral with the earth
N = Frames connected to the supply
point which is earthed,
I = Neutral unearthed or
• either by a separate Protective Earth
Impedance-earthed
conductor (S).
•Or combined with the Neutral (C)

Earthing system technique
TT system
Definition
E36886
 The neutral point of the LV L1
transformer is directly L2
L3
connected to an earth N
electrode
Rn

Earthing system technique
TT system
Definition
E36886
 The neutral point of the LV L1
transformer is directly L2
L3
connected to an earth N
electrode
 The exposed conductive
parts of the installation are
connected to an electrically
separate earth electrode
PE
Rn Ru

System earthing
arrangements Earth electrode
 "Deep" earth  Equivalent electrical circuit

 the earth does not act as an insulator  "Deep" earth is equipotential in nature…
 … whatever the distance!
11 Ω
1000 km
1Ω 15 Ω 10 Ω 10 Ω 5Ω
"Deep" earth
"Deep" earth
E92453
E92452

System earthing
Well designed network
 At A
L1  
L2 I1 + I2 + I3 + IN = IPE
L3  Well designed network
A N

PE
 IPE = 0
IPE = 0
 
I1 + I2 + I3 + IN = 0
 Current in the neutral

 does not depend on current IPE
 equal to unbalanced load
currents and/or 3rd order
harmonics (3 k)
 
IN = Iunbalance + I3 k
E92457

System earthing
Faulty distribution system
 Faulty distribution system
L1 
L2
IPE  0
L3  
A N I1 + I2 + I3 + IN  0
PE

IPE  0  Current in the neutral
 does not depend on current IPE
 equal to unbalanced load
currents and/or 3rd order
harmonics (3 k)
 
IN = Iunbalance + I3 k
E94409
 Measurement of current IPE can be used

 for protection of persons (values depend on the earthing arrangement)
 protection against fire hazards 
 However, it is necessary to detect the "true" IPE

System earthing
arrangements TT system
Earth-fault study
Value of fault current:

Uo = 230 V
L1
L2
Id = Uo / (Rn + Ru)
L3
N
= 230 / (10 + 10)
400 V/230 V = 11.5 A
Ud = Ru x If
= 10 x 11.5
Exposed
Id = 11,5 A
conductive = 115 V > UL = 50 V
part
 The fault current generates
Ud =
a dangerous touch voltage
115 V  The SCPD is usually not suitable
Load for eliminating this type of fault
Rn Ru
10 Ω 10 Ω
E95420

System earthing
arrangements TT system
Earth-fault study
Solution
Uo = 230 V
L1
L2
 The SCPD is usually not
L3 suitable for this type of fault
N
(ST setting at 25 A)
400/230 V
SCPD  A residual current device
25 A In = 5A specially designed for the
protection of persons
Exposed
conductive  Tripping conditions:
part
Max touch voltage < Safety curve
Ru x In < UL
(In is the setting of RCD)
Load  In = UL / Ru
Rn
10 
Ru
10 
= 50 /10
=5A
E95421

SEAs and devices
Earth-leakage protection
 RCD technologies
 electromechanical
– no auxiliary power required
 electronic
– integrated in SCPD
(no auxiliary power required)
 separate from the SCPD
– auxiliary supply required
 RCDs are immune

 to nuisance tripping
 to DC currents
(class A as defined by IEC 755)

Associated switchgear in TT
Earth leakage protection
 RCD
E37522
– own current

 RCD
E37522
– own current
 electronic
– integrated in the voltage-
operated short-circuit protection
device

 RCD technologies
E37522
– own current
 electronic
– integrated in the voltage-
operated short-circuit protection
device
 separate from the short-circuit
protection device
– auxiliary supply

SEAs and devices
Devices for the TT system
Operating principle
Operating principle of residual

Tripping current devices requiring no
auxiliary supply (electronic)
Detection
Measurement
No aux. power Tripping
required
Detectio
n Earth-leakage
relay
M Measurement
E37508

System earthing
arrangements Main features of the TT system
 Protection of persons:
 fault current is dangerous
 fault current is too weak to trigger the short-circuit protection devices
 protection must be practically instantaneous
•It is provided by a specially designed RCD device
 Fire protection:
 fault current is limited
 "naturally" managed by RCDs for the protection of persons
 Continuity of service:
 ensured by discrimination between the RCDs

System earthing
arrangements TN system
Definition
 The neutral point of the LV

L1 transformer is directly connected
L2 to an earth electrode
L3
N
PE
 The exposed conductive parts
of the installation are connected
by the PE to the same earth
electrode
Rn
E95416

System earthing
arrangements TN-S system
Definition (cont.)
 The PE and neutral conductor

L1 are separate
L2
L3
N
PE
Rn
E95417

System earthing
arrangements TN-C system
Definition (cont.)
 A common conductor is used

L1 for both the PE and the neutral
L2 conductors (PEN)
L3
PEN
Rn
E95423

System earthing
arrangements TN-C-S system
Definition (cont.)
 In this TN sub-system:
L1 L1
L2  the upstream part is TN-C
L2
L3 L3 (with PEN)
N
PEN
PE  the downstream part is TN-S
(with PE and N)
Note. A TN-S system may not be
used upstream of a TN-C system
Rn
E95424

System earthing
Earth-fault study
 Consider the PH & PE Conductor are
Copper, 50 m Long with a X-section of 35
Uo = 230 V mm2. The Fault Current
L1
L2 Id =U0/(RPE +RPH)
L3 RPE= RPH=. L/S
N
PE =0.025 -mm2/m for Cu.
400 V/230 V
RPE= RPH=0.025 x 50/35 = 32.14 m
Id = 230/(2 x 0.3214) = 3578 A.
Id  The fault current is equal to a Ph/N short-

circuit
Exposed This Fault Current will generate a Touch

conductive Voltage
part Uc Uc = RPE x Id = 3578 x 0.03214 = 115 V.
Since the fault current depends on the
Fault Length of the Lines, it is necessary to check
that the Fault Current is more than the
Rn Protection Operating Threshold of the CB i.e
E95425
Id > Ia

System earthing
arrangements TN system The Value of the fault current is:
Earth-fault study (cont.) Id = 0.8.Uo. SPH
.(1 + m).L
Uo = 230 V
L1 where m=Sph/Spe
L2
L3 L=Length of the Cond.
N
PE
400 V/230 V Lmax = 0.8Uo. SPH
.(1 + m).Ia
Id If the length of the conductor is
greater than Lmax., it is necessary
to;
Exposed
conductive Reduce Ia.
part Uc
Increase Spe.
Fault Install an RCD.
Rn
E95425

System earthing
Implementation (cont.)
TN-C
Uo = 230 V L1
L2  PEN = protective conductor
L3 and neutral conductor
PE N
400 V/230 V
 Protection of the PEN
SPEN = SPH
the PEN must not be
disconnected
Exposed of the substation, the LV neutral
conductive
part and the exposed conductive
parts of the loads are connected
Load to the same earth electrode
E95427

SEAs and devices
Devices for the TN-S system
Protection by short-circuit protection devices
 Protection:
t
 for a given cross-section
and material (e.g. copper or
aluminium), the fault
t < 0.4 s current Id depends on the length
of the conductors
E95442
I
Id
 circuit breaker protection:

t setting of magnetic relay / ST
< 30 ms
E95449
I
Im Id

SEAs and devices
Devices for the TN-S system
Protection by short-circuit protection devices
 If the conditions for correct protection are not met
Circuit breaker
low setting of magnetic relay/ST
or
installation of a standard RCD
or
increase the conductor cross-section

SEAs and devices
Main features
TN-S system
 fault current is usually high enough to trip the SCPDs
 tripping must be practically instantaneous
It is ensured by the magnetic settings on the SCPDs
 if the fault current is not high enough, RCDs may be used to ensure
protection
E37542
 fault current is high
 it must be managed by additional RCDs
 ensured by discrimination between the short-circuit protection devices
and among RCDs

SEAs and devices
Main features
TN-C
 fault current is usually high enough to be tripped by the SCPDs
 tripping must be practically instantaneous = same as TN-S
It is ensured by the magnetic settings on the SCPDs
 if the fault current is not high enough, the installation must be resized
E37544
 cannot be provided (TN-C not allowed where there is a risk of fire)
 ensured by discrimination between the SCPDs = same as TN-S

System earthing
arrangements IT system
Definition
 The Neutral point of the LV

L1 transformer is Isolated, not
L2 connected to an earth electrode
L3
N  The exposed conductive parts
PE
of the loads are connected
by the PE conductor
to a common earth electrode
E95429

System earthing
Definition (cont.)
 The Neutral point of the LV
L1
transformer is Isolated and not
L2 connected to an earth
L3
N
electrode
PE
of the loads are connected
by the PE conductor
to a common earth electrode
or to separate earth electrodes
PE PE
E95430

System earthing
Earth-fault study
 Under Normal operation, the
L1
System is earthed by its System
L2 Leakage Impedance.
L3
PE
E95431

System earthing
Earth-fault study (cont.)
 System leakage impedance
L1
L2
 If=U/Zt =230/3500 =0.065 A
L3 Uc=10 x0.065= 0.6V
PE Uc< UL(50V)
 The touch voltage is not
dangerous
 There is no risk of fire
 The fault does not cause
tripping but it must be indicated
E95432

System earthing
Signalling the first fault
 Detection principle:
L1
L2
 emission of a specific zero
L3 sequence signal
PE
E95433

System earthing
Signalling the first fault (cont.)
 Detection principle:
L1  emission of a specific zero
L2
L3 sequence signal
PE
 Fault-clearance principle:
 detection by toroid
and indication of the faulty
outgoer
E95434

SEAs and devices
Devices for the IT system
IMD 1st fault
 Principle
I inj  injection of current
L1
L2  tracking generator
L3
N  measurement of IR
PE
 IMD:(Insulation Monitoring
I inj Device)
 DC current: direct measurement
I inj I inj
of IR
 AC current: calculation of IR
RI
e
I inj
(IR) Insulation Resistance

E95435

SEAs and devices
IMD 1st fault (cont.)
 Principle of the FTD (*)
L1  detection of fault current
L2
L3
N  Type of FTD (*):
 portable
 fixed
PE
E95436
(*) Fault Tracking Device

SEAs and devices
IMD & FTD
 Merlin Gerin range

 IMD (*)
 FTD (**)
(*) Insulation Monitoring Device

(**) Fault Tracking Device

SEAs and devices
Protection plan for second fault
IT system with interconnected exposed conductive parts (ECP)
Study of the 2nd earth fault

L1
L2  The SCPD protection trips
L3
N
 protection is ensured by
PE the same circuit breaker
Id1 Id2 as for TN-S, mais
– 4P 4t is compulsory
 Check the loop impedance

Merlin Gerin circuit breakers
are appropriate for protection
in IT systems
E95437

SEAs and devices
Main characteristics of the IT system
 the insulation fault is not dangerous
•Protection is ensured by the IT system itself, however

a maintenance strategy is required
A second fault is dangerous and protection must be ensured
by the magnetic setting of the SCPD ’s or the RCDs
 Fire protection: the fault current is close to zero
 Continuity of service is total

Fire protection
Standard IEC 60364
 Standard IEC 60364, section 3-32, defines premises presenting

a risk of fire (BE2) or explosion (BE3)
 Standard IEC 60364, section 4-48, deals with premises where
IE C 603 64 there is a risk of fire
 imposes use of a 500 mA RCD device
 recommends use of a TT or IT system for the electrical installation
E94550
on such premises
 prohibits use of a TN-C system
In TT, IT and TN-S systems, a 300 mA RCD eliminates

the risk of fire

Selection of a system earthing arrangement
6 selection criteria
 Protection of persons
 Protection of equipment
 Continuity of the power supply
 Effects of disturbances
 Easy implementation
 Economic analysis

System earthing
arrangements Selection of a system earthing arrangement
Conclusion
 Facility managers need a dependable electrical distribution
 IEC 364 offers solutions which:
 optimally protect persons (systems, RCDs, neutral switching, etc.)
E37521
 minimise the risk of fire (TT, IT systems, RCDs)
 protect property by limiting leakage/fault currents (IT, TT, TN-S with

RCDs)
 Mixing of system earthing arrangements is the means to provide
optimum solutions to the needs of operators
IEC 364 means a dependable, high-performance installation

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Welcome To The Schneider Electric Seminar On : LV Power Concepts and Devices'

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Welcome to the Schneider Electric

‘LV Power Concepts and Devices’

Division - Name - Date - Language 1

Topic Presenter Time

 LV Earthing Systems Asrar Mufti 6.15 to 6.50 pm

Division - Name - Date - Language 2

 Studies carried out in Germany between 1980 and 1990

 41 % of fires are electrical in origin

Division - Name - Date - Language 4

 Ageing of the installation results in:

Division - Name - Date - Language 5

UL (MAX. TOUCH VOLTAGE) = 2000x 0.025 = 50 V (Dry Conditions)

Division - Name - Date - Language 6

10mA Muscular contraction

Division - Name - Date - Language 7

prospective maximum protective device prospective maximum protective device

Division - Name - Date - Language 9

Division - Name - Date - Language 10

Division - Name - Date - Language 11

Division - Name - Date - Language 12

 Earthing of all the exposed conductive parts of electrical equipment and

Division - Name - Date - Language 13

 The Three Earthing Systems

1st letter 2nd letter

Division - Name - Date - Language 14

Division - Name - Date - Language 16

Division - Name - Date - Language 17

 "Deep" earth  Equivalent electrical circuit

Division - Name - Date - Language 18

 Current in the neutral

Division - Name - Date - Language 19

 Measurement of current IPE can be used

Division - Name - Date - Language 20

Value of fault current:

Division - Name - Date - Language 21

Division - Name - Date - Language 22

 RCDs are immune

Division - Name - Date - Language 24

Division - Name - Date - Language 25

Division - Name - Date - Language 26

Division - Name - Date - Language 27

Operating principle of residual

Division - Name - Date - Language 28

Division - Name - Date - Language 35

 The neutral point of the LV

Division - Name - Date - Language 37

 The PE and neutral conductor

Division - Name - Date - Language 38

 A common conductor is used

Division - Name - Date - Language 39

Division - Name - Date - Language 40

Id  The fault current is equal to a Ph/N short-

Exposed This Fault Current will generate a Touch

Division - Name - Date - Language 41

Division - Name - Date - Language 42

Division - Name - Date - Language 44

 circuit breaker protection:

Division - Name - Date - Language 46

 If the conditions for correct protection are not met

Division - Name - Date - Language 48

Division - Name - Date - Language 53

Division - Name - Date - Language 54