jbkh fj

Kjyh ML

ts
(Ma f gla g)

j ehL
ghl fHf

gF - m
1. j bkhw tsj
mKf
bkhghl xU wghl; ghlbghU ghlkW. tuyhW, a,
ma Kja ghlf ghlbghU ghlfsh. m ghlfY gl tiuj,
nrhjidf brj nghw wf UD ghlbghUns mtW Kjl
bgWwJ. Mdh, bkhghl ghlbghUisl bkhwfns wl
bgWwd. nfl, ngRj, goj, vGJj, Ritz w Ma wfis
tsf ghlbghU njit. m ghlbghUis mogilahf bfhnl bkh
wf tsf bgWwd.
wfis khztl tsf ciueil, br, yfz Ma
ghlf ghl lbgWwd. mghlf_y bkhwfis
khztl tsf, Ma wj bkhw bgwtuhjntL. br,
ciueil ghlfis ff Ma vtif wfis bgUf ntL
vgjid, mtf yfz m bgW iH vGJtJl gilghw
w bgUfntL vgjid FJ a mJ bfhnth.
goiyf
1. br
brhfis j
mUbrhbghU mj
ciueilgL TWj
ul fUJ TWj
2. ciueil
jbjw U..f.
brh brt uh.. nrJ is
3. yfz
dbtGJf
bgabrh
bjh bga
bga gf
MFbga
mbkhbjhif
ntWik cU bghUS
cU kaf
uils, mLFbjhl
tGtik
tbyGJ FlfS fhlfS
4. gilghw
ciuahliy brahFj
fLiuia ciuahlyhFj
fLiu vGJj
5. bjhFiu
1

1. br
brhbr bghUbr XirbahGF mika aWtJ brshF.
ctik, cUtf, iw eafS, vGJ, brh, bghU, ah, m Ma
yfzfS, vJif, nkhid, ia, Ku Kja bjhileafS mika
bjhLgJ br fHfhF.
brhfis j: br ghF Vg f mika brhfis nrJ
ghLt. m brhfis J TW wid Ma bgUjntL.
m) jh WtJ cyw fL - vD Fwso jh+WtJ vD U
brhf nrJsd. jh - iybkh, WtJ - tUbkh. iybkh W
vD bkbaGJ csJ. tUbkh Kj vD cbuGJ csJ.
uL nrJ vD cbkbaGjhW. jid,
clnk ctJ xWtJ ang ( e. 204)
vW e} gh TW.
M) zjJ vg + mjJ vD U brhf nrJsd.
-iybkh, mjJ- tUbkh.
iybkh W vgJ j FbwGij mLJ vd csJ.
tUbkh Kj m vD cbuGJ csJ.uL nrUbghGJ vD
brhYs bkbaGjhd uo vd wJ. tUbkh cbuGJ
m, iybkh bkbaGJ cl nrJ zjJ vd MW.
jid,
jF KxW ct uL - (e.205)
vW e} gh TW.
1. f + v = fbz,
2. v + c = vD,
3. k + m = kz

kzL, fbyjh, gYiljJ,

flnyhu, , kunkdh Ma brh
.
fis iybkh tUbkh vd f

bkbaGJ (xW) jFiy rhJ tuhk, beoYlndh w vGJ

fSlndh W tUkh, xW uofhJ bk cU nrU vgjid
mf. fh + xojJ = fhbyhojJ vd, fl + miy = flyiy vd tU.
) cybfyh vg cyF, vyh vd U brhf nrJsd. cyF-iybkh,
vyh - tUbkh. iybkh W F vD FaYfu csJ. tUbkh
Kj v vD cbuGJ csJ. uL nrU bghGJ cyF vD
brh W cs FaYfu cfu bkbaGijL cy
vd wJ. tUbkh KjYs v vD cbuGJ nrJ bf vd MW.
cybfyh vd mikjJ. tUbkh Kj a t cfu fukhF. sF + ahJ
= sahJ vd tU. iybkh W KaYfu UD njnghW
cfu f bk baG njhL cnrU. fj + ahJ = fj + c + ahJ cfu fukh
fjahJ vd tU.

ct cFw bk nlhL
at ah KWkW xnuht - ( e. 164)
<) eaj, aizj, gilbaLj vD brhf e mj,
mizj, gil vLj vd uouL brhf nrJsd. iybkhf
W , <, I vD cbuGJf
csd. ( + ) ( + < ) ( + I) tUbkh
Kj m, m, v vd cbuGJf csd.
fwjh, glhil, mHJ
thW iybkh W , <, I vD
Ma brhfis iybkh
cbuGJf tJ, tUbkh Kj
tUbkhbad J
cbuGJf tUkh cU cU
TWf.
nrtjF clgLJ bkahf tU.
tUbkh Kj cs cnuhL nrU.
eaj,maHF,
jid clgLJ bkbag.
gidnahiy, tndat
thW iybkh W , <, I
Ma brhfis tUbkh
myhj w cf tUkh, clgLJ
iybkhbad
J
bkahf tU.
il , vG fhLf.
gy + m (gy + + m) = gyt
kh + iy (kh + + iy) = khiy
vd tU. Vfhu cK ctu il afuK tfuK njhW.
nr + mo (nr + + mo) = nrto
(nr + + mo) = nrao
nj + Mu = njthu
vd tU. jid,
< It a Vid
ct t VK Uik
ct clgLbk bawhF - ( e. 162) vd e} gh TW.
c) g bgaf bgUghY ik F bgW tU. ik F bgW tU
gntW g bgafis tUbkhfis mJbfhlh mbrhfis vjhf
fyh.
1. btik + ky = btky vd, brik + bgh = brbgh vd <W bflJ.
2. bgUik + m = bga vd, Wik + iy = iy vd <WbfL,
ilcfu fukhW.
3. gRik + iy = ghiy (<WbfL, ML, cFw , clnk ctJ
xaJ) vd zjJ.
4. gRik + jh = igjh vd, gRik + j = igj vd <W il
bfL, Kj w mfu Ifhukh, tUbkhF dkhd xW FjJ.
5. Wik + C = vd <WbfL ilw cfuK bfL, bk uoaJ.

6. brik + jhkiu = brjhkiu vd <WbfL

Kw bk jJ.
7. fUik + Fiu = fUFiu vd <WbfL
tUbkhF dkhd xW FjJ.
jid,

KJkf, sj, ig,

brnfh vD brhf
iybkh, tUbkhbad
J vthW zjbjd
vGJf.

<Wnghj ilcfu ahj

Ml, momfu Iahj
jbdhul Kw bkj
df ida g ang. - (e. 136) vd e} TW.

br cs brhfis ja itJ z ghf bgJ cj.

mUbrhbghU mj:
brhfis jj wF mbrhfSfhd
bghUis aj ntL. khzt Ma mahj brhyhf U, mfuh
ghJ m brhYF br vd bghUbsd mjntL.
vLJfhlhf, k vD brhYF m, khj, ru vd bghUf
UD br vd bghU m brh MsgoUwJ vd mJ bghU
TwntL. kntL fUiz ntL - k vgjF l
m vd bghU bfhsntL.
MNo mkj njtid V VbjhGnth ahnk vD ghl
mkj vgjF UF vW bghU bfhshJ Ua vd bghU
bfhsntL. mgo bghU bfhlhjh tof ehaf fl
tzfkhf mik. (mkj vD brhYF mlFj, Uj, thj,
Ug vd gy bghU cL. l Ug vD bghUns
bghUjkhdJ.)
ciueilgL TWj: brYs brhfis J, m brhfSF
bghUS mj d, br cs bjhlfis bghU sFtif
KiwikgL TWj ntL. jid, ciueilgLJj myJ
mtagLJj vg. vLJfhlhf,
ff frlw fgit fw
f mjF jf. - Fw. 391
vD Fw frL mw vD
brhfSF bghU Ta,
fgit frLmw ff; fw
mjF jf f vd ciueil
gL TWjntL.

br gF zJtJs
brhfis jf.
z fis ma e}iy
gagLJf.
mUbrh bghUsa mfuhia
gagLJf.

thW br bghUsJ
ciueilgL TWtjF Ma
bkhw bgwtuhjntL.

ul fUij TWj: brh fis J bghUT ciueil gLa

khzt Ma br ul fUij v vLJTW wbgWj
ntL. br ghl mwiu gF gbd nkfzF, gbd
fzF fUJ va ghlf ghl YF njbjLf bgWwd. ghl
lbgW ghlfis eF sF wbgWj ntL.
4

njnghW caiy tFf

bjhliy br gF uhkhaz,
esbtgh, bgauhz KjatUJ
y gFf ghl lbgWwd.
kWky ghlf gF ghuah,
ghujhr, fk njf ehaf is,
ehkf fP bt, uhkfdh Mnah
ghlf wl bgWwd.

M, <, V, I, if, jh, , nfh, ig,

ij, ik, it, gh, ngh, , nj
nghw midJ XbuGJ
brhfis bjhFJ
mtFa bghUis
mfuhUJ fblGJf.

tif ghlfis goJ brhfSF bghU Tw, ciueil

gLj ul fUij Tw khzt
Ma wbgWj ntL. vLJ
ghuah, fk, thjhr,
fhlhf, xbthU gFUJ y
fzjhr, Koaur, mH.
ghlf nH bfhLfgLsd. mtW
tagh nghw fPf
nfhol brhfis J brhbghU
fijfis goJ, mj
T ciueilgL ul fUij
eaij mf. mtiw ciu
T g bgWf.
eilgLJf.
MNo,
UFw
bfhiwntj, ebd,
_Jiu, btntif,cyf,
1. ahfhth uhD ehfhf fhthfh
btgh, be sf,
nrhfhg brhGF gL.
ehyoah, ehkfoif,
2. bghUswh g xUfh mUswh
dhehgJ,
ait
mwhk whj mJ.
ehgJ, UFw nghw mw
1. joj brhfis bjGJf.
fis goJ mtYs
2. nrhfhg, g - t bghUis
xGfbefis mf.
vGJf.
fLf
itjjid brhyh bfhthD bebgj
nrhbwW TiH kghD - Ca
ifgjid fovW cghD_t
bkbghU fLth th.
1. joj brhfis bjGJf.
2. bkbghU fL thG _t aht?
uhkhaz
tJK baJjY khd ahu
mju yu mrbth r
fjky fl jtu fhQ
ubdd fobjGjo gjh
1. joj brhfis bjGJf.
2. iw, fj, foJ - brhfSfhd
bghUis vGJf.

esbtgh
th iw kltdnk vj
M tjjh ahah - fhil
njntj bfiyik brWiu vWiujh
ghntj ghit gijJ.
1. th, fh, gh - brhf bghUis vGJf.
2. ghlyofis ciueilgL vGJf.
3. thiw, fhil, vWiujh - brhfis J yfz gh TWf.
kWky ghlf
vF ghulh kfis
ghulh cdJ khl guig!
ghulh cDl wj glhs
vFy vWid jl xoa
kf bgUfl ghJ kbfh!
mit br; mfl khF!
rhy ghitah GF kfis
mizJ bfh! cid rfk MF!
khl rKu ehbdW T!
iy vF ngj iy
- ghujhr
joj mofis ciueilgL TWf.
Na tUtJ ahuhny?
ru tJ vtuhny?
fhU th ngh
f gLtd mit vd?
ngo d vjdhny?
bgUkiH bgtJ vtuhny?
Mj bfyh mfh
mijeh vl ntlhnkh!
- ehkf fP bt. uhkf is
1. fhU, ngo, Mjbfyh - vD bjhifiy bjhlfis J
bghU T jjfhd yfz gh TWf.

2. ciueil
ghlf VHh tFtiu cs ciueil ghlf Ma FGth
vGj bgWgit. vlh tFKj gulh tFtiu cs ciueil
ghlf wj ciueil Mafsh vGjbgwit. it Ma FGduh
bjhFf bgwit. ghlfis fF khzt Ma gaik,g
ika fUJ, ifahsgL brhfsa w Matiw vLJTW w
bgwtuhj ntL.
Ugjh who ciueil fLiuf vG w bgwt gy.
mtfS Utiu vLJfhlhf njbjLJ mtfisg mtf
ciueil w g mJbfhtJ vLJ ciugJ khzt MaUF
bgUga eFtnjhL ciueil vGJ wid tsJbfhs cj.
6

1. jbjw U..f.
fahzRjudh fhu khtlJ Js vD 1883 M
ML (26.8.1883) wjh. t jijah Uth%iu rhjt. mt bga
Ujhry. jdh t U..f. vd miHf bgwh.
t mua, bjhyhs aff, rka iyaf, ya fHff,
isP Kndw mikf, Uj Jiwf, tfhUa rff Kja
gytY bjhlbfhL theh KGtJ bjhlhdh. vfl g
brJ lgnj vgJ t th FnfhshW. va th thj
fahzRjudh 1953 M ML (17.9.1953) aifbadh.
kfSF jHhtij CLtjfhf ciueil f gytiw vGdh.
tuJ ciueil aJ; Mw iwjJ; cz thjJ; WW bjhlfshf
mikJ gof gof g gagJ. J U..f. eil vW kf nghWksF
jjik thjJ. Ugjh who ciueil jij vd, j
bjw U..f. vd tiu kf ghuhLt.
t Uj myJ sik UJ, fl fh jhkhdhU,
ah Ljiy, fhaofS kj thif, bg bgUik,
KUf myJ mHF, cbsh, kakiy ahdK, irtw Kjyhd gy
fis vGsh.
jbjw tuJ jiyik brhbghf bjhF. jnrhiy
tuJ fLiuf bjhF. KUf mUntl, J mUntl,
Ukh mUntl, Jikntl vgd U..f. aa br fsh.
U..f. ciueil fUJ y gFf:
gF-1
mahj mHF vgij g KUf myJ mHF vD ,
ifidawh XuHnf mah mHbfdgL. ifidaW mHF
mjikaJ. ifidawh fbgW td vwh eudhU.ifah
bragLtJ braif. ifah bra glhjJ aif. kiy MW fhL flY
vt ifah Mfgld? mit vfUfsh bragld? PhW fS
fS vtuh bragld? dYF jik <jt vt? beUF
btikodt aht? aghf mUa t mHnf ifid awh
fbgW tdghF. kiwaJ ngh
1. g ika fUJ mah mHF vgjhF.
2. mHF, f, td - xU bghU Fj gy brhf gagLjgLsd.
3. PhW, f, d, jik - vd mUbrhf gagLjgLsd.
4. dh thaf lbgWsd.
5. ifidawh fbgW td vD mHa bjhl csJ.

gF - 2
aif fh tUzidnghJ:
thiaj fhLfS jeho mikUwd. kiyfnshL ilJ
jna wJ br fhLf, bt jifJ mF fhU HY, tL
Jitg nj fh tdfW fkG eWehwK, thguj bgh f
iu, fhguj Wf <lK, bfhGbfhof dY csij
Fgd tynth?

1. g ika fUJ: aif fh tUzid.

2. ilJ, br, jifJ, Jitg, fkG bghf, Wf,
<l Ma mUbrhf mikJsd.
3. fhLf, H, bghf, Wf, bfhof Mait wjKiw
tUfgLsd.
4. Kj xU bjhlU ulhtJ xU l bjhlUkhf mikJ,
dhthf KoUgJ tUnf ca wghd eilahF.
2. brh brt uh. . nrJ is
uh..nrJ is Ubent khtl cs uhrtu 1896
M ML wjh (2.3.1896). t rl f KoJ Ubent
tHfPuhf gahdh.
j g, j nguha bjhl tiu jgh <jd.
mzhkiy gfiyfHf jJiw iuahs gjia Vwh.
d j Muh Jiw jiytuhdh. wFtiu m bghWid
wghf iwntdh.
t, CU ngU, UtSt ea, ygfhu ea, j g,
ntY Y, ukhef, j UJ, j u, flfiuny, j ehL
etkfKjyhd gy f vGsh.t, fyhU fwhU nfL
fgil tz vJif nkhid eafSl ikahf ngR Mw
bgwt. tuJ ngR, vGJ jnghnw bfhir bkhf a
jY mikjjh, brh brt vd ghuhl bgwh. t brsofis
mgona ciueil mikJ vGJ Mw bgUjh. nrJ is eil
vd kf nghW tz tuJ eil jjik thjJ.
yafis vLJ sFtY brf gij vLJ
TWtY t jw bgUjh. brh brtuhd tuJeilia
g gy ngr vGj bjhld. gof gof bjlhj ik
thj j f gytiw t ash.
8

uh.. nrJ is ciueil fUJ y gFf:

gF - 1
UFwhy ga tUzid:
bjw

mirJ tU bjjeho mikj UFwhy kiyts

gilj gHgahF. m kiyny nfhF ntif X tsU. FutK
Kiy eWkz fkG. nfhykhk njhif jhL. njDl tLf
j ghoirF. jifa kiyW iuJ tJ wF btsU
tl Ridny J bghFbghGJ jW tiyf ghyhngh guJ
vGJ kndhL nrJ bfh Fyh. ntfhy UFwhy kiy
R bka fhW kUJ bro bfhof eyfis ftJ tUjyh, ej
cliy njW ekUjhF. rj csij UJ rahF.

1. g ika fUJ: Fwhy tUzid.

2. bjj ehL, gHg, fhW Matiw tUF bjhlf
bjw mirJ tU bjjehL, kiyts gilj gHg,
bka fhW - vd mikJsd.
3. eWkz fkG, nfhykhk, btsU, tiyf - bjhlf
gagLjgLsd.
4. gF WW brhbwhlf mikJ gogjF X xea
jUwJ.
gF - 2
j ya fl g vD fLiu UPhdrgjiu
gaJ:
jehL kiy e iwa aif bghUfS mt njthu
ghony glbkLJ fhlgLwd. kj khUj tJyh UFwhy
kiy thG kid mt ghl fhzyh. fhk khiy mUfira elJ
brY fhntah mHid mt gho fhzyh. D fQa
wK, fhJa bkh thj fis fhzyh. nrhiyny gwJ
ia neh mt ngR Kiwid fhngh: sna! nf th; ghY
njD fyJ cdF gUf jUnt. cdJ a bkhah vdJ <r U
ehkij xUKiw ngrhnah? vW UPhdrgj ntLwh.
1. g ika fUJ: UPhdrgj ghl ea.
2. kj khUj, fhk khiy, s, gUf jUnt - vgd eaf
bjhlf.
3. Kj brhbwhl njthu gho bghJ fUij Tw, mLJtU
brhbwhlf mjid sFwd.
9

3. yfz
khzt Ma jh ffUF tFfSfhd yfz gFf g
bjthd m bgUj aikahjJ. ghlfis fFbghGJ yfz
mit ca Kiw gagLJ w bgWjntL.
dbtGJf
vGJf wFl, xF Ka, xF fhy ms, tot
MatW xW kbwhiw VnjD xUtifah xUF. thW tU
vGJf dbtGJf vd bgW.
c vGJfS F vGJfSF beo vGJf dkhf mik.mM; -<; c-C; v-V; x-X; it ju, I vGJF -, xs vGJF c-
dkhF. bkbaGJfS, td vGJfSF bkd vGJf dkh.(; -; -; -; -; - ) bkd bkfis mLJ mt td
vGJf mik. jf, gF vd, kr, vd, gl, to vd,
jj, gJ vd, fg, j vd, kw, e vd bkd vGJfis
mLJ mtF dkhd td vGJf tJsik fhf.
bgabrh
bghUf bgafis FFbrh bgabrh vdgL. bgabrh
MW tifgL. mit: bghUbga, lbga, fhybga, idbga,
Fzbga, bjhbga vgdth.

bgabrh

bghUbga

bghUbga
lbga
fhybga
idbga
Fzbga
bjhbga

lbga

fhybga

idbga

Fzbga

bjhbga

: cUs, cuw bghUfis FF bga bghUbgauhF.

vLJ fhL: t, ku; to, bgh.
: lf bgaiu FF bga lbgauhF.
vLJfhL: tF, jir, Fs, L
: fhyij FF bga fhybgauhF.
vLJfhL: beho, fhiy, eh, ML.
: xU bghU cWig FF bga idbgauhF.
vLJfhL: if, wF, iy, fh.
: xU bghU gig/Fzij FgJ FzbgauhF.
vLJfhL: eik, , tl, gRik
: xU braiy FJtU bga bjhbgauhF.
vLJfhL: nfl, brif, Ml, ghLj

10

if, fj, FuF, jhj, iu, mGif, tF, jiy, ehfh,

isahL, cz, iy, Fku, L, is, Ml, fh, Fj,
njhl, g, khf, Ug, bjhiyng bga brhfis
tifgLJf.
bjh bga
bjh bga Fbgw bjhbga, Kjiy bjhbga, Kjiy
j bjhbga vd _tifgL. bjh bga < j, m, m, I, if
KjatW xW Fahf miktJ Fbgw bjh bga. (v-L) elj,
bgw, bfhlhl, brif
F yhk gFaha Kjiy kL W bjhbga bghUis
jUtJ Kjiy bjh bga. (v-L) X mo mojh. (mo vgJ Kjiy
bjh bga) bjh bgaf Kjiy J bjh bga bghUis
czJtJ Kjiy jbjh bga. nfL - bfLj - bjh bga.
idgF
ghL
mo
bfL

bjhbga
-

ghLj
X momojh
nfL

=
=
=

Fbgw bjhbga
Kjiy bjhbga
Kjiy j bjhbga

bga gf

1. ntWik Vw: KUf, KUfid, KUfdh, KUfDF, KUf, KUfdJ,

KUflJ, KUfh vd bgabrh vL ntWikfis VW F.
2. iz, gh, l fhL:
1) kj - caiz, Mgh, glifl.
2) kf - caiz, gygh, glifl.
3) gwit-m~iz, xwgh, glifl.
4) eh - UizbghJ, xUik jikl. vdnt, bgaf Uiz,
Igh, _lJ xiw gytiw fhL.
vyh, jh, jh dd bghJbga:
vyh vD gik bghJbga Uiz, Ugh (gygh,
gygh), _lfSF bghJth tU. (v-L) eh vyh, vyh, mt
vyh, mit vyh vd tU.
jh vD xUik bghJbga Uiz, Kgh (Mgh, bggh,
xwgh),_lfSF bghJth tU. (v-L) mtjh, mtjh, mJjh,
jh, ehjh vd tU.
jh vD gik bghJbga Uiz, Ugh (gygh,
gygh)_lfSF bghJth tU. (v-L) mtjh, mitjh, jh,
ehjh vd tU.
11

MFbga
btis ril mjh.
oF btis mojd.
Kj bjhlYs btis vD brh wij Fj g
bgauhF.mLj bjhlYs btis vD brh, btis w mikj
Rzh iu FwJ.
thW bjhWbjhL xF tHtj LFbga mjid
czjhk mjndhL bjhlila ntbwhU bghUSF MtUkh, mJ
MFbga vdgL.
MFbga tif
m. bghUshF bga
r rhgh Ritahf UjJ. r vD brh nt, bfho, iy, ,
R, fh MatWl mikj r broaha KG bghUis FgjhF.
Mdh, bjhl rhgh Ritahf UjJ vD Fgh r vDbrh
KG bghUis FfhJ. mj X cWgha rfhia czJwJ.
thW xU KG bghU bga, mjid RlhJ, mj cWF M
tUtJ bghUshF bga vdgL. jid KjyhF bga vd TWt.
M. lthF bga
Mdh,
fhu vd iy? fhu vgJ lbgauhF.
bjhlYs F brhfsh, fhu vD lbga, mj lij
Ffhk ml bebjLfgL glhilia FwJ. thW X
l bga mj lnjhL bjhlila ntW bghUSF MtUtJ lthF
bga vdgL.
. fhythF bga
nfhil ewhf isJsJ. nfhil vgJ fhy bgauhF. Mdh,
bjhlYs isJsJ vD Fgh, nfhilfhy is
beiy (nfhil be) FwJ.
thW fhybga mfhynjhL bjhlila ntbwhU bghUSfh
tUtJ fhythF bga vdgL.
<. idahF bga
jiyF xU gH bfhL.
jiy vgJ kj X cWghF. Mdh, bjhl jiy vgij
mLJs F brhfsh xU kjid FwJ. thW xU id
(cW) bga mij bgWs Kj bghUis FgJ idahF bga
vdgL.
id bga KjbghUSF MtUtJ idahF bga. Kj bghU
bga mj idF (cWF) M tUtJ bghUshF bga vD ntWghil mf.
12

c. gghF bga
brtiyia to L. brtiy vgJ t wij FF g
bgauhF. to L vD F brhfsh, brtiy vgJ wij
Ffhk, mw mikj vUid FwJ.
thW xU g bga, mgig bfhl bghUSF MtUtJ,
gghF bga vdgL.
C. bjhyhF bga
bgha Ritahf UjJ. bgha vgJ bjhiy Fgjh
bjhbgauhF. Mdh, bjhl Ritahf UjJ vD Fgh
bghbjLF brayh clhd cz bghUis FwJ.
thW xU bjh bga mbjhyh bgwgL bghUSF M tUtJ
bjhyhF bga vdgL.
mbkh bjhif
ntWikbjhif, idbjhif, gbjhif, ctikbjhif,
cikbjhif Ma IJ bjhifiy bjhlfSF w mtF cad
myhj w bkhfsha cUf bjhF tUgit mbkhbjhif vdgL.
(v-L) bghbwho tjh. (bghdh Ma bjhoia cila bg) - J
_wh ntWikbjhifwJ wj mbkhbjhif.
vbjhif wnj mbkhbjhif wwnjh mij KL
mbjhifwJ wj mbkhbjhif vdgL.
Ibjhif bkhnk wbjhf mbkh - (e.369)
jhkiu Kf, fh mWjh, bghfYlh, btiy elh,
C ulJ, btisaojh - brhfis MFbgafshf
tifgLJf.

ntWik cU bghUS
KUf tjh - KUf vD bgabrh vGthahf csJ.
KUfid ghnj. KUf vD bgabrh < I vD cUl
nrJ bragLbghUsh ntWgLsJ.
thW bgabrh bghU ntWghL njhw brtJ ntWik
vdgL. bgabrh bghUis ntWgLj Jiz brtd ntWik
cUf MF.
ntWikf vL MF. Kj ntWikF vlh ntWikF cU
iy. ulh ntWikKj VHh ntWiktiu cUf cL.
Kj ntWik
nty gojh. nty vD bga vGthah gojh vD
idKiwbfhL KojJ. vGthna Kj ntWikahF. J vGth
ntWik vd TwgL. j cU yhj bganuahF.
13

nty ey Wt. nty vD vGth, Wt vD bga

brhiy gaiyahf bfhL KojJ.
nty aht? nty vD vGth aht vD dh bgaiu
bfhL KojJ.
Kj ntWikahtJ vGthahF. mJ idKiwnah bgaiunah
dhitnah bfhL Ko. Kj ntWik bghU fUjh bghUshF.
(fUjh, idKj brgt, vGth vgd xU bghUSila brhf.)
ulh ntWik
j cU I MF. ~J Mf, mj, milj, j, x, cilik
Kja bghUf tU.
il fodh.
L MfgL bghUshW.
- Mf
il ojh.
L mfgL bghUshW. -mj
Ciu miljh.
C milagL bghUshW. - milj
cyif btWjh.
cyF fgL bghUshW.
- j (gW Fj)
njid bahjJ.
nj x bghUshW.
- x
brtij cilat.
brt cilik bghUshW.- cilik
_wh ntWik
j cUf M, M, xL, XL vgd. M, M vgd fU, fUjh
bghUf tU. xL, XL vgd clf bghU tU.
thsh btodh
thsh btodh.

- fU

murdh flgl nfh.

jrdh bragl bgo.

- fUjh

jhbahL kf tjh.
ManuhL khzhf tjh.-clf
M, M vD cUfSF <lhf bfhL vD brhYU, xL, XL vD
cUfSF <lhf, cl vD brhYU gagLjYL.
(v-L) thbfhL mWjh. jhl kf tjh.
ehfh ntWik
j cU F vgJ. U bfhil, gif, e, jF, mJthj,
bghUL, Kiw vD bghUf tU.

14

ViHF bfhLjh
ghF gif k
uhkDF eg Ff
uDF caJ th
eifF jf bfhL
TF ntiy brjh.
jUkDF j k

bfhil
gif
ne (e)
jF
mJthj
bghUL
Kiw

bghUL, j, Mf vgd brhYUfshf tU.

TbghUL ntiy brjh.
Tj ntiy brjh.
Tfhf ntiy brjh
Ijh ntWik
j cUf , vgd. Uf f, x, viy, VJ bghU
tU.
kiy HU
nj bfhoaJ gh
ah tlnf kakiy
bfhil wjt gh

f
x
viy
VJ

, cUfnk W, UJ vgd y lJ brhYUfshf tU.

CW dh.
CUJ nghdh.
Mwh ntWik
mJ, MJ, m vgd Mwh ntWik cUfshF.
vD uL xUikF gikF tU.
fzdJ ig
jdhJ Rto
vd f

tW mJ, MJ

mJ
MJ
m

Mwh ntWik cU jHik bghUY, Hik bghUY

tU.jHikahtJ, jndhL xWikila bghU bjhlig czJ
tjhF. J g, cW, xw Tl (xU bghU Tl) gy <l (gy
bghU Tl) Mf ( xW J xwhj) vd IJ tifgL.
KUfdJ bgUik
fzdJ if
bedJ Fa
gwitfsJ Tl
krsJ bgho

-
-

g jHik
cW jHik
xw Tl jHik
gyTl jHik
Mf jHik

HikahtJ, j ntwha bghU bjhlig czJtJ.

bghU, l, fhy vd _tifgL.
15

FkudJ Mil
fjdJ L
tStuJ eh

bghU Hik
l Hik
fhy Hik

cila vgJ Mwh ntWik brhYUghf tU.

fjDila gJ.
VHh ntWik
j cU f vgJ. jid lntWik vd TWt.
ntWikF f cUnga fh, fil, t, lJ, th, jiy, ty, l,
nk, , , K, c, mf, w Kja cUfS csd.
l bghU, jHik bghUY Hik bghUY tU.
bghU, l, fhy, id, g, bjh vD mWtif bgafS U
bghUSF lkh mik.
jHik
kf cs x
flf cs miy
ehf cs ehif
uf cs ef
fWf cs mHF
Mlf cs mHF

bghU
l
fhy
id
g
bjh

bghU
l
fhy
id
g
bjh

Hik
idf cs
fgwF gUJ
gff kyU jhkiu
iff cs tisa
sikf brt
Mlf ghoa ghL
vlh ntWik
jF jU iy. bga agh wY, bga <W jY, <W
FWjY, <W FjY, <wa jY j cUghF. j bghU
bghU. ntWik ntWik vd bga bgW.
jij - jjh!
eg - eg!
fz - fznd!
j - j!
kf - kfh!

njh - njh!
KUf - KUf!
jiyt - jiytnd!
KUf - KUf!
yt - y!

<W j
<W Fw
<W Fj
aghj
<wa j

cU kaf
xU ntWik cU fntoa l bjhU ntWik cU W
mnj ntWik bghUis jUtJ cU kafkhF. thW ntWik cU
ka tjh ntWik bghUSnfg m ntWik cUig J bfhs
ntL.
16

bghdh nkand njhiy miufirJ vD bjhl miu

mirJ vD Ijh ntWik miuF mirJ vd ehfh ntWikahf
cU ka bghdh Ma nkbfhlt njhid il mJ
vd bghU ntWgho mikJsJ.
(v-L) fhydh brj e - fhyf brj e. _wh ntWik
cU M vgij VHh ntWik cU f Mf bfhf.
xU ntWik bghU kbwhU ntWik cUgh brhygljhD m
bghUSiaa mU nrU.
ViHF bfhLjh, jrdh flgl L, bfhil gh,
gwitfsJ Tl, Fkuh th, ufQs ef, nty gojh,
ghlij vGdh - ntWik bjhlfis tif gLJf.

f f, xJF xJF, fyfy, Ug Ug, ryry, jljl, e

e, ksks, ththth - brhfis uils, mLF
bjhluhf tifgLJf.

uils: mt fyfybtd jh - vD bjhl fyfy vgij

ulhf jh bghU juhJ. J brhy KoahJ. Mjyh, uil
s (s-brh) vdgL. it xF, iuF, a F, d
F vgd nghy gytif Ffis czJ.
mLFbjhl: gh gh, LL vgd nghy xU brhny uL myJ
_W Kiw mL tU. mLFbjhl miriy, iu, btF, mr, ctif,
mty, iriw Kja bghUf tU.
mnw anw - miriy
gh gh
ngh ngh ngh iu
tUf tUf
v v
btF

ghLnfh ghLnfh ghLnfh ghLnfh- ir iw

mr
ctif
mty

bjhlf tF j ghlfUJ mLFbjhlfis

bjhFf.mLFbkh wghf ngr vGj g bgWf.
mzh f lbgWs mLFbkh brhfis bjhFJ
fLiufY ngY gagLJf.

17

uils
1. uil brhyhf tU
2. idfis mLJ mtF
milbkhahf tU.
3. jjna jh bghU
juhJ.
4. uLFnk mLfhJ.

mLFbjhl
xUbrh uL, _WKiw mL tU.
idfis wJ tuhk iu,
mr Kja gy bghUfis czjtU.
jjna jh bghUjU brhyhf
mik.
bghUiy _WKiw tiu
iriw ehFKiw mL tU.

tGtik
xwbfhW bghUjyhj khWgl brhfis bfhL Koj
brhfS VnjD xU fhuzjh rhnwhfsh VWbfhsgoUFkh,
mJ tGtikah (tGthD mikilaJ.).
1. iz tGtik

xU gRit v mik tjh vgJ gRit mfU ca izahf

xUt TWtjh tGtikah. Jngh caizia m~izahf,
m~izia caizahf tHFtJ iz tGtikah.
2. gh tGtik
xU jh, j jtid v mkh th vwiHgJ Mirah TWtjhj
tG tikahW. Mghiy bgghyhf, bgghiy Mghyhf, xw
ghiy gyghyhf, gy ghiy xwghyhf ca, ct Kja
fhuz fsh tHFtJ gh tGtikah.
3. ltGtik
Kjt fUJ ahnjh? vd dh lJ, ca fU Knds
Kjtiu glifahf TWtJ tGtikah. ca fU fU
thW TWtJ tHf. jikahf TWtij glifah Kiyahf
TWtij glifahf lij kh TWtJ ltG tikahF.
4. fhy tGtik
cz cQ xUtid neh iuJ btna bryntoa eg
xUt clidah? vwlJ, cnl njh tnj vgJ fhy tGtik
ah. iu fU wj fhyjh Tdh. JnghW xU fhy Twntoa
idbrhiy kbwhU fhy brhtd vyh fhy tGtikah. J
iu, bj, F Kja fhuzfg tU.

18

5. ku tGtik
khL ah thaJ - vd TWtJ ku tGtikah. khL thfgl
bghU. thfgLtJjh kho iy, thFtJ kjDila bjh. khL
vdh thfglJ vd TWtJ tHhiy. khL ah thaJ vd TWj
tGthD rhnwhuh tHfgL tUjyh tGtikahW. (J bragL
bghUis brjJ nghy brhtJ.)
tbyGJ FlfS fhlfS
xU iybkhnahL tUbkh f, r, j, g tUf vGJf bjhlF
brhyhf mikbghGJ mtbyhW ylf FJ ylf
fhkY tU. tiwaJ gagLjhikia riH bad TWt.
y ntisf iHah bghU ntWghL VgL. J khkh jj
bghik vDbghGJ bgabur fhkY, J jjjh Md bghik vd
TWbghGJ jj bghikbad _wh ntWik cU gaD clbjhf
bjhif FJ mik. jdh bghU ntWgLwjnwh?
j rhnwh, vbfF td F, vbfF fhbjd mJ
Tsd. mtiwaJ bfhnth.
KJFkh kUJfilF brwh. t ehFoia ghjh. mjF
buho Jil bfhLjh. mJ kahf wJ. d filia
neh brwh. filfhul kUJf iynflh.
jl
Uj gznfg njitahd kUJbghUis thdh. oF
U t j egid flh.
- g tbyhW Flf, fhlfis mJ ga
gLJf.

tbyGJ Flf
1. m, , c vD RblGJf D v vD dhbtG D F.
miga, vWt?
2. mj, j, vj vD RL, dh f F.
mj iga, vj Fiu?
3. mgo, go, vgo vD brhf F.
go brhdh.
4. mF, F, vF vD brhf F.
vF brwid?
5. , j vD brhf F.
brayh. j fll.
ntWik z
6. ulh ntWik F.
il fnl, ehil fhghW.
19

7. ehfh ntWik F.
filF nghdh, mtDF bfhLjh.
8. Mwh ntWikbjhif m~iz bgaf F.
jiy. ehFo.
9. VHh ntWik bjhif F.
kid wjh, brid gfiyfHf.
mt z
10. <Wbfl vkiw bgabur F.
XlhFiu, ghlh ghL,
11. gbjhif F.
gl, tlgyif,
12. UbgabuhL gbjhif F.
Mt f, rhiugh.
13. miu, gh, vL, gJ vD vQ bgabrhf F.
miu gF, vLbjhif, gJghL,
14. ctikbjhif F.
kyif,
15. M, ngh vD idbar brhf F.
ngh fnl. ewh brhdh.
16. fu, mfu <W idbarf F.
njo ghnj. njl nghnd.
tbyGJ fh lf
1. mJ, J vD RL brhf mt, ntWik vD uolfY
fhJ.
mJ bgJ. J bfhLjh.
2. mts, ts, vts vD brhf fhJ.
ts bfhL. vts bjhif.
3. mjid, jid, vjid vD brhf fhJ.
vjid Wt? jid fhisfsh!
4. go vD ilbrh idbrhYl nrJ tUif fhJ.
nghFgo brhdh. tUJgo ngdh.
5. y, gy vD brhf mt, ntWik Ma UtfY fhJ.
y fwh, gy bghU.
6. Vfhu njnwfhu ilbrhyh tjh, mj tU tbyGJ fhJ.
mtnd brhdh. ahnd ft.
ntWik z
7. ulh ntWikbjhif fhJ.
8. _wh ntWik cUfsha xL, XL Mat fhJ.
fjndhL nghdh.
9. Mwh ntWik cUf fhJ.
fjdJ jf.
20

mt z
10.. <Wbfl vkiw bgabur ju kbwyh bgaburf fhJ.
Xod Fiu. Xlhj Fiu
11. vGthbjhl, bjhl, idbjhif,
cikbjhifMatfhJ.
eho JoFJ, fjh! ngh, RLnrhW, HF.

4. gilghw
kf cs vj x Mtkhf MHkhf <LgLwnjh mj
xid gilJ ghf U. rhwhf brhbghid nfFbghGJ,
ngrhsuhf ntL vD vzK wj fLiufis fijfis
goFbghGJ vGjhsuhf ntL vD vzK, wj fijfis goJ
RitFbghGJ fPuhf ntL vD vzK vG. V? ey cz tif
fis cL kGbghGJ, mijnghW rikJ ghfntL vD vzK
vGtJ aifjhnd! tiwna gilf vd Fg csayhs.
aghd jifa czfis o Jyf brtJ bkh fF
Maf flikahF. mjifa l KaF Jiz br tif,
j ghl cs br, ciueil gFf mikfbgWsd.
bkhghl fF khzhf ngRj w bgW ngrhs Mf UtJ
vGJj wbgW vGjhsuhf UtJ bkhia fWbfhtj
nehffS xwhfnt mik.
khztfF vGJj w g mfUF khzt Ma jhK
mw tytuhf sFj aikahjJ. mtf Gs _W wf
tyik bgWj F FfgLwJ.
1. ciuahliy brahFj
2. fLiuia ciuahlyhFj
3. fLiu vGJj
1. ciuahliy brahFj
xU bghUisg xWF nkgnlh To fyJ ciuahLtJ
ciuahl vdgL. ciuahl bkheil vikahdjhf aghdjhf
UF. ciuahl fyJbfhnthU xUt kwt fUij MjJ
nknfh T tWJtJ cL. myJ kwt fUJF khWgl fUij
T j fUij tWJtJ cL. jkhd ciuahl ngrgL
fUij nfL mjid kwtUF brahf TWtJ xU j wdhF.
ciuahliy brahFtjfhd tKiwf:
1. ciuahl ika fUij J bfhsntL.
2. fUijbaho ciuahl gbfLngh TW brfis uo bfhs
ntL.
3. ciuahl neTwhf mikUFkhifah, mtiw maTwhf kh
brfis TwntL.
4. ciuahl fUJ Lnghfhk bria KGikahf TwntL.
5. ciuahl fyJbfhnth TW nknfhf, gHbkhf, kubjhlf
Matiw lhJ braikj ntL.
21

Gs ciuahliy brahf TWf.

fy: mkh! mkh! mnf ghUf! xU ehFo f bfhoUwJ.
mkh: fyh! ght, j ehFoF fh mogL uj bfhLwJ,
fy: mkh! ij ahnuh fyh moUghf nghUwnj!
mkh : mogl jDila t ntjid mojtfSF vnf bja
nghwJ? ufkw jifa bfhLbrafis brtJ ghtkyth?
fy: M, mkh! xUKiw v eg dg isahlhf xU ehia fyh
mof nghdh. eh mtid jLJ, J jtwhd bra. eh
eiknghy X cjh, vW T Und.
mkh : eyJ brjh! bghGJ eh j ehFoF ekhyhd cjia brnth!
fy: mkh! vf gF mUjh muR fheil kUJtkid csJ.
eh ij mF bfhLbrW ir brJ tuLkh?
mkh: eyJ fyh! mthnw br. ghJfhghf brW iu oF
UL.
fy: e mkh!
(fy ehFoia vLJbfhL fheil kUJtkidF brwh.)
fy, mt odUnf xU ehFoia flh. mjid
jdJ jhahl fhjh. mj fhiy vtnuh moJ fha
gLUjd. ufkw j bfhLbradh fha t
ntjid jhshk mehFo f bfhoUjJ. jid fL
fyD mt jhahU tUd. fy, jhahl xUKiw jdJ
eg dg isahlhf xU ehia fyh mof Kglij
jh jLJ, J jtwhd bra; eh eiknghy X cjh vd
Ro fhoaij Tdh. , mogl ehFoia muR fheil
kUJtkidF irfhf bfhL brwh.
2. fLiuia ciuahlyhFj
fLiuia ciuahlyhFj xU jw. ciuahl mikgtUF
ehlf Ritz fgid ahwY bgJ njit.
tKiwf
1. fLiu mikj bghUisg eF J myikj fUJfis eF
KiwgL bfhsntL.
2. mtiw kdJ, WW dhilahf khbfhs ntL.
3. dhF Vw ilahf kL mikahk sffnshL bjhluntL.
4. xUt lij mLjt bjhL bjhlU gh ciuahliy
mikjh ciuahl bjh fUnjhlkhf fG.
5. v nrfj fUJfis, KiwgL khkh tH UtU aghf
ciuahLtJngh mikfntL.
6. ciuahLnth UtUila (Ma - khzt; mgh - is; egf
Ut)afis Kjnyna fgid brJbfhL mtf ngR gh
Vw fUJfis ciuahl mikfntL.
7. fLiu mikj bghUSnfg myikj kubjhlf, gHbkhf,
nknfhf Matiw ifahL ciuahliy mikgJ wgh.
22

8. ciuahliy fJnth myhk, w mjid nflhY ciuahl

ika fUijczU tif ca brhfis ifahSjntL.
9. ciuahliy goJ ghFbghGJ ciknyna UntW fUJila
Ut, ciuahLtJ nghwbjhU cz VgLkhW ciuahliy mikf
ntL.
10. tHfhL wikia tsf tyJ ciuahl. Mifah, mjnfw
brlD EgJlD ciuahliy mikjntL.
11. xUt fLiuia goJ fUij cztijl ciuahliy goJ
czUtJ vik ik cilajhF. mjnfg bkheil, tha
tiff mikantL.
12. isahL - brjh - cz - ehL eygf - cq Hh goiff - nja Hhf g ciuahl mikfyh.
Gs fLiuia ciuahlyhf vGJf.

nehaw thnt Fiwtw brt

KDiu
nehaw thnt Fiwtw brt vgJ gHbkh. kUJ filfis
ghFnghJ vts kUJf vD a VgLtjF gyhf vts nehf
vD mrnk VgLwJ. mjdhjh, uhkf mofsh iwtl, nehaw
th eh thHntL vW ntobfhlh. j nehaw thitg
fLiu fhngh.
Fiwtw brt
brt vgJ ahJ? gz, fhR, eifeL, Lthr, njhlJu, khL
kf, f nf Mad brtfshf fUjgLwd. elkhl Koahj msF
neh GJ lgtF twh vd ga? mtUF vj cz xJ tuhJ.
g vLwJ; cz UwJ. Mdh, cz KoahJ. clhY xJ
bfhshJ vwh, mt nfhonfhoah brhJ FJ vd ga? gaglhj
brt Ujh vd? nghdh vd? nehaw thjh brt; mJnt Fiwtw
brt MF.
Kj brt
Mnuhank Kj brt vwh mP vk[. (Wealth is Health)
midJ brtfis bgUj nghY, cleyiy vwh m
brtfsh gaiy. oUF ntiyfhu, rikafhu vyh ewhf
RitJ rhLnghJ, nehthgl Lfhu gakhf goahf
Ugh. jdh, mtfisngh czKoaiyna vd VFth. ts
brt UJ, Ritahf cz Koaiy, Uahf cz Koaiy.
iy brtUJ yhjJnghjhnd vd vQth. Mjyh, kw
brt fisbayh DF jL, cley Kj brtkhf
fUjgLwJ.
23

ftahik
neh tUtiu cleyijg ahU ftiygLtiy. cl
ey k bjtiy. eykhd cljh eykhd kd UF vgJ cik.
Koiu
cleyK gK xnwhblhW bjhlilait. cl eykhf
Ujh gkhf thHyh. rJs a cz, a fhW, a Matiw
ga gLdh, vk e vnu tu mRth. ghu ghoaJngh,
fhyh! v fhyUnf thlh - cid
rnw nw
vd ijakhf Twyh. twh, nehaw thnt Fiwtw brt vgij mayh.

fLiuFa ciuahl
(kUJtU nehah)
nehah

: kUJt Iah! uUJ tWt ghlh gLJwJ. tW

tia nghf kUJ jhUf.

kUJt

: u vd cz rhOf?

nehah

: neW ka bfhr nrhW rhnl. u rhlnt iy.

kUJt

: ... tW gjh ckF neh! ewhf rhLf, vyh

rahL.

nehah

: cz kL nghJkh?

kUJt

: gj tWF cznt kUJ; gahj tWF mznt neh.

nehah

: vd brhf? cznt kUjhf nehahf UFkh?

kUJt

: rakhf! czit msF mfkhf cbfhlh mJ tny

fiy VgLJ. msthf clh eykhf thHyh. D
brhynghdh cleyK wghf UF.

nehah

: Mkh Iah! kUJ filfis nehFnghJ vjid tifahd

gjF gyhf vjid tifahd nehf! vD mrnk VgLwJ.

kUJt

: cleynk caj brt. gz, eif, L, thr, njhl, khL,

f, nf, kf vyh UJ vd ga? nehwh vyh
cl tUkh? mjdh jh mnw nehaw thnt Fiwtw brt
vd T brwhf vgij idJ ghFnghJ agh UwJ.
cleyD gK xnwhblhW bjhlilait. cl eykhf
Ujhjh gkhf thHyh. rJs a cz, a fhW, a Fo
eykhd thF beLeh thF aikahjd.

nehah

: M! cf ngir nfll fhyh! v fhyUnf thlh - cid

rnw nw vw ghuah ghljhidF tUwJ.
cl eynk Kjbrtbkd mJbfhnl.
24

3. fLiu vGJj
xUt, j cs njhW fUJfis btl thfshf miktd,
mtj ngR vGJ MF. tW, vGJj vgJ xU jw. vyh
uhY v iftu bgwhj w. MD, khzhf bgW wf ntoa w.
Mj, vGJj wid tsF fLiu g vgJ bkhghl X
aikahj lij bgWwJ. fLiu vgj bghU sf, fLiu vGJ
nth nkbfhs ntoa Kiwf, fLiu tifghL Mait g,
ciuahliy fLiuahFj; Fl jiy fLiu vGJj Mad
g F fhngh.
fLiu vgj bghU sf
xU bghUisg yfzKiw fLiugJ fLiu, fLiuahtJ
tifgL Tw, cs njhWtij fLiugJ fLiu, mHF ua
jikia flHF vd brhYtJnghy, mikgHF ua ciuia fLiu
vnwh.
thW mP gy, fLiu vgij sFwd. RUf T,
Fl xU bghUg, xU fLnfhl fngh ahtiu ftUKiw
mikfgLtij fLiu vdyh.
fLiuahdJ RUf brhy, sfitj, ebkh zj Kjyhd
mHFfis bgUfntL. TaJ Tw, khWbfhs Tw, kbwhW
j Kjyhd Fwf yhk vGjglntL. nkY, gilghs
mthwiy btgLJtnjhL gogtf jidia Ltjhf
fLiu mikjntL.
fLiu mik
vj bghUisg fLiu vGdhY mJ KDiu, bghUSiu,
Koiu MatiwbfhL sfntL. KDiu Koiu xbthU
gF mikantL. KDiu vgJ vGjF fUij tFJ fhL
tjhf Koiu vgJ brhybgw fUJfis bjhFJ TWtjhf
mikantL. KDiu, Koiufis bfhnl fLiu KGikia
brid fngh czUtz mtiw mikjntL.
bghUSiuahdJ, vLJbfhl fUij gy tf s TW
gFahF. Mj, mjid gy gfshf J vGJjntL. vLJ
bfhS bghUSF Vg, cjiyf gytiw bfhljhf UgJ
wgh.
fLiu vGJnth nkbfhsntoa bghJ f
fLiu vGJnth, 1. brfis uLj, 2. KiwgLJj, 3. jiy
bfhLJ gaikj, 4. nknfhfis gHbkhfis uLj, 5. tha
khwf, 6. eilaHF, 7. vLjhS w, 8. Wj Ffis Lj, 9.
ghitLj, 10. ifbaGJ Ma nkfhQ Kiwfis g
fLiu vGdh, fLiu vGJw brikW.
25

fLiu tifghL
jbkh rhnwh fhQ Kiw fLiuia tifgL TWt.
1. rKjhaa fLiu, 2. fa fLiu, 3. tuyhW fLiu, 4. fij a
fLiu, 5. tUzid fLiu, 6. jiy sf fLiu, 7. jUf fLiu, 8.
Muh fLiu, 9. j tuyhW fLiu, 10. gaz fLiu, 11. eLiy
fLiu, 12. fJ TW fLiu, 13. fgid fLiu, 14. gif fLiu.
ghFghL Koj KogW. nehFnthUila nehfnfg it
Tlnth Fiwanth brayh.
brGj brk t.c.., U Fku, jij bgah, ff wj
fhkuhr Kjnah thif tuyhW fLiuf; f w, eyth
f, bjh f Kja fa fLiuf; Wnr mj gafS,
lhik bah Kja rKjhaa fLiuf Kjyhdtiw khzhffSF
tH, mitg Ma thbkh fLiu g mJ d
khzhfiuna vG tUkhW brayh. vLJfhlhf, xU fLiuia
fhngh.

Wnr mj gafS
KDiu
bghUyhF yf iy vgJ UtSt mKjbkh. kf
thifF bghU vJiz aikahjJ vgij j_y bjJ
bfhsyh. mjifa bghUis neikahd Kiw, e ciH_y
<Ljny f wjJ. mJnt g jU. mthW <oa bghUis bry brJ
lh fhy thF vd brtJ? theh KGtJ xUt rghJ
bfhnl Uf aYkh? ayhJ. vdnt, njoa bghUis fdkhf bry
brJ, xU gFia nrJ itF gHf UfntL. nr
aikahik g gafis g fLiu fhngh.
bghU w
gz gJ br; <o vod kL gh; gz ghjhs tiu gh;
gz vwh zK thia wF vgd gz njitia czJ
gHbkhf. bghU yhjtiu kid Ug khlh; bgbwLj jh
Ug khlh vgJ xsit fUJ. bghU cstiuna cyf nghW;
ca br. Jiz wila bghUis nrJ wghf thj e
flikanwh?
bry fdK
e bryit _W tifgLjyh. mit mwhl bryf, vghuh
bryf, vfhy bryf. cz, cil, bjh KjatWfhf
ehnjhW eh brtd mwhl bryf. neh, gJ Kjatwh VgL
bry v ghuhj brythF. KJikfhy mikahd thfhf nrj
vfhy brythF.
26

nrF Kjgo fd. bryfis Mlgu bryfis

jJ, aikahj njitfSF kL mstJ bry brjny fdkhF.
nrF ca tf
wila cfsha vWfS njfS nrF gHfij ekF
czJwd. mryffY e nrF mf to gzF
ghJfh jUw tfY nrfyh. g khzhf, gbragL
rrfh l nrJ Wf Wf nrfyh. khj jtiz l nrJ
10 %gh kW mj klFf nrfyh. uju it, fhy it Kiwf
nrfyh. MfhL fHfY nrgjfhd gy tfSsd. mtiw
gagL bfhsntL.
Mdh, eh ciHJ rghj bghUis mf toF MirgL jah
Wtdf KjL brJ VkhJ nghfTlhJ. mJ, Ca fU Kjiy
Hf br brifahL. nguhir ngH vD e Kndh bkhia
kwJl TlhJ.
nr gaf
e nr, WJ bgUbts vgJnghy bgU bgUbjhifahf
ekF ilF. mtrunjitfSF wl ifo fl nffhk e
gznk ekF cj. e nrF to ilF. eh nrF gz, mu
lf gytF cjwJ. ViHfSF fltr brJ ju, ehLey
lfSF cj bra gagLwJ. nr LF eyJ; ehLF
eyJ. jifa wj nrF gHfij eh tsJ bfhsntL.
Koiu
MfhW mso jhD nfoiy
nghfhW mfyh fil - Fw: 478
vD tSt bgUjif thbkhzf, eh rghF bghU f
Fiwthf UD, bry mfkhfhk ml, xU WgFnaD nrJ thH
jiyglh ahtU wghd th thHyh.
nrngh; tskhd th bgWnth.
vf C.
bjhiyfh.
eh U jiyt.
eh Kjyikruhdh...
ku gaf.
jifa WW jiyf fLiu vG gHFf.

5.bjhFiu
a, br cs brhfis J TW Kiw, mbrhf
nrjikfhd f, ciueilgLJ Kiw Mad sfgLsd;
ciueil gF ika fUJ TWj, mUbrhfis vLJ TWj
TwgLsd; Fl yfz gFfis fF Kiw mjfhd
gfS bfhLfgLsd;
gilghw ciuahliy brahFj,
fLiuia ciueilahFj, fLiu vGJj Mad sfgLsd.
27

gF - M
1. bkh a fjY
mKf
bkh fj vd brhYbghGJ bkhwfis tsj vnw eh
bghU bfhnwh. bkhwfis tsjiy bghUjtiu bkhaha
_W brfis kd bfhsntL. xW, fw bkh jikf.
uL, mj bkhia vthW fgJ? _W, bkh ff tU khztF
mbkh Vbfdnt cs wf MadthF. bkh jikf
vDbghGJ, bkh yfzij mJ itUgJ kL nghjhJ.
bkh mik, ya, r_f jhf, ggho btghL, csa,
fiy cza TWf midij v ghjntL. vdnt bkh
xf, vGJf, bjhluikf vgd bghJthditahD, bkh
af gyjuglit vgjid eh mj ntL. m bkh tHF
ntWghLf csdth? m ntWghLf vt mogil mikjd?
Ma, ff ntoa tHF myJ tHFf vit vgdtiw
mUfntL. vthW ffntL vg bkhghlij w
ghlbghU ghlfUJ vthW ntWgL ffntL vD w
bgUfntL. tiw a mJbfhnth.

goiyf
1. bkh af
ngRbkh vGJbkh
ku rhjJ
f bjhF
bkh, ya, mHFz
2. bkh rKjhaK
bkhga kdghik Cf bgWjY
bkh milahsK
bkh mfhuK (myJ) brthF
bkh ghntWghL
bkh gghL
bkh fjt bghWs FokfdhFj
3. bkhghl xU wghl
bkh fjY bkht fjY
bkh gHFjY bkh fwY
jhbkh-Kjbkh
gFtU khzt jbkh w
4. j uil tHFbkh
ngR jUJ vGJ j
28

vGJ jiH khztF mKfgLJj

tlhu isbkh m
5. bjhFiu

1. bkh af
ngRbkh vGJbkh
bkhbagJ mogil ngRbkhna.
WTl vGJ tot
bgwhk ngR tH kLnk cs bkhf vzwit. kj ngr
bjhl btFfhy flj jh, vGJ tot jugL vGJbkh
cUthdJ. ngRbkhia vGJbkhl xLnghJ ntfkhf kh
bfhoUjjh, vGJbkhUJ ngRbkh tjJngh njhW. jid
gonj, bfhLnj vgd ngR tH gonr, FLnj vd mikjyh
czuyh. jdhjh ngRbkhF vGJbkhF ilna bjthd
ntWghL fhzgLwJ.
ku rhjJ
Kndh vbrhiy vbghU vgo gagLdhfnsh mgona
ehK gagLJtJ ku MF. vLJfhlhf eh, Fiu Kjyhdt
sik bgafshf ehFo, FiuFo vgd tU. Mdh gR, kh
Kjyhdt sikbga fW vgjhF. (gR fW, kh fW). e
Kndh mthWjh gagLdhf. brhf gagho kLkyhk,
bkh vyh TWfY kung gwgLwJ. vdnt, bkh ku rhjbjd
mjntL. bkh y neuf ku wgLtJ cL. ya
gilf, tHFf, eifRitfhf Fl y Niyf ku
wgLtJ VW bfhsgL.
nkrUJ LF tj gRit, v mik tjh vd m Fah
m~izia caizah TWtJ iz tGth. J ku ajhD,
mjid rhnwh VW tGtikbad bfht. MD, bghJiy kuig
WtJ iHahf fUjgLtJl, fUJ gkhw fiy VgLJ.
f bjhF
j brh Kj vGjhf j bkbaGJ tuhJ vgJ xU . J
nghw gy f bjhFng bkh.
jdh, bkhia fWbfhtJ
vjhwJ. xU bgabrh bjjh, mjndhL f F nrJ gikah
lyh. xbthU brhiy vgo gikahfntLbkd bjJbfhs
ntoa iy. Mdh, ku Fl gH Kja brhf tUbghGJ ntbwhU
ia gagLjntL. vgJ fF Kdh, mj d vGjhd
Mf khW vgJ m. vdnt kuf, Flf, gHf vd khW. y neuf
fSF XU yFf UF. mG, cG, bjhG nghw G Ko
brhfSF wjfhy iliyahf UF. Mdh, vG - vGnj vd
nrJ tU. Jnghw yFfis kughf bfhsntL.
bkh
fis bghUjtiu kuig nf nff KoahJ. ylf xGfW
UD, fhyfhykhf gagLjgL tUtjh, mthnw bjhlJ
gagLJtnj aghdJ.
29

Kndh bkhia bghndngh nghWtnj ku.

bkh, ya, mHFz
kj fUJ gkhw brtnjhL gJ (fUJ cUthFtJ)
bkh tahfjh. nkY, bkh fhyfhykhf gagLjgLwJ. vdnt,
kjDF aifahf cs mHFz, mt toF Xa, g, fllf
Kja fiyft btgLtijngh, mt ngR bkhY btgLwJ;
xF brhfshf, ctikfshf, cUtffshf brhwh. xnu fUij
btntWjkhf brhtj_y neuobghU xUf, kiwbghUshf
ntbwhiw czjToa tif ngRwh. ghuhLtJ nghW ftjhf,
jidna jhthf ngRtJnghW ca bfhtjhf bkhia ifahSw
mwhl ng btgLwJ.
ya yhj bkhiy. vGJs bkhahfL, vGyhj bkh
ahfL vyh bkhfSF ya cL. ghlfshf, fijfshf, gHbkh
fshf, Lfijfshf it btgLwd. vGyhj bkhf it
thbkh yafshf fhyfhykhf bjhlJ gHf csd. mnjrka
khwf, nrf, LghLfbsd mit JfgL tUwd. vGJbkh
f yaf tifY vifY mfUgJ aifna. j
yaf mojskhf UgJ mHFz. vdnt bkh, ya,
mHFz Ma _W f Koahjit.

2. bkh rKjhaK
fUJ gkhw fHiyba rKjha vD mikng iyJ f
KoahJ. vdnt, bkhia rKjhaij f KoahJ. bkh, rKjha
cwfis gygLbfhs, xUtiu Fl rKjha cWduhf
milahsgLj cjwJ. nkY, wF FHijF bkh fFw
aghf UD, mj FHij Fl xU bkhia rKjhaUnj
bgWbfhwJ. jdhjh vij, ahl vnghJ brhyntL vd J
bragl KowJ.
rKjha yhk bkhiy. vdnt, xU bkh tsuntLkhdh, m
bkh ngR rKjha tsuntL. vdntjh, mPf bkhfSF ca
jh fgiy. bkh, mjds vj msF tsuToa jikia
bfhoUwJ. Mdh, mbkh ngR rKjha vJiw vyh KndW
wnjh mJiwfbyyh mbkh tsU; yhlh tsuhJ.
rKjha vgo kh tUwnjh mJnghnw bkh kh tUwJ. xnu
bkhF UF ntWghLfS mbkh ngR rKjha UF ntWghL
fis bghUnj mik. jdogilnyna bkh taJ, gh, r_f ,
brbjh Kjatiwbaho tHF ntWghLf njhWwd.
rKjha ntWghLf hw tUnghJ ngR tHFfY khw tU.

30

bkhga kdghik Cf bgWjY

fnghuJ kdghik bkh fw jhfij VgLJ. mjhtJ, fngh
vj bkhia fwhfnsh mj bkhia ga mtfsJ kdghik, mtf
mj bkhia fFnghJ cjahfnth vkiwahfnth UF. fngh mj
bkhJ gW UgK bfhoUjh, mtf bkh ff Cf bgWt.
myhk, mj bkhJ btWbfhoUjh, mJ vkiwahf ntiy br.
vdnt, jHhaf j fF FHijfl jJ giw Mtij
VgLJtz mtbghGJ ngrntL. Mdh, jifa neuf kw
bkhfJ btW VgLgoahfnth jg fgidahfnth ngRtJ TlhJ.
khztf kdghik nghnw fF Maf kdghik
bgnwh kdghik khztf fjiy Fghf, bkh fjiy
ghwJ. j fw MaUF cy njha brbkhf ytW
xwhf mnj neu jfhy cy gy ehLf ngrgL bkhahf
cs jbkhia eh fnw vD bgUjK k Ujh,
mtUila fj wghf mik. bgnwh, j goJ gaiy; kw
ghlf mf ftd brYJ vd, mkh mghbtd brhyhnj vd
k, lho bad brhbyd brhdh, khztf j ff Cfbgw ayhJ.
bkh milahsK
bkh, fUJ gkhwfhd fU bagJ cikjh. Mdh, mjF
ntWgy gfS csd. mtW xW, Fl rKjhad milahskhf
sFtJ. ehL, C Kja milahsf khw Toait. Mdh, bkh
milahs xUt vF brwhY bjhltJ. ahbuyh bkhia Hwhfnsh
mtbuyh milahs mwtfshf MLt. mjhtJ, mtfSila bkhia
gagLjhk LLnghJ jfSl izJbfhs kfFG
jikgLjgLwhf. vdnt, jf milahsij fhJbfhs,
bkhia jf itJbfhs, mJ mtf milahskhf Ugij
czjntL.
bkhna kjDF KfK Kft.
bkh mfhuK (myJ) brthF
midJ bkhfS rkkhd iyUD tuyhW, bghUshjhu,
r_fa, mua fhuzf FWLtjh, y bkhf mfhu thjdthf,
brthFiladthf M brYJwd. Wghikdnu ngR bkhahD
mbkh Mbkhaho, mJ mfhuf bkhahLwJ. xU
rKjha brtjh, gjah wjt ngRbkh gagLJ brhfS
brthFilaitahf, mfhu jik thjdthf sFwd. ViHbrh
mgy VWkh? vD gHbkh, fUij czJwjnwh? cik, xU
bkh vyh tHFfS mij ngRgt bkh njitia iw brt
xnu khahfjh csd.
31

bkh ghntWghL
bkh ghntWghL btgLwJ. y bkhf, Mf ga
gLJ y brhfis bgf gagLJtiy. nkY, bgf ng
khWjf mts vjhf lbgWtiy. mJkLk, Mf gyl
fSF brW ntiy brtjh, gy duJ ngir nff neLwJ. mj
jhf, mtf bkh btgLwJ. mfhy bgf bgJ onyna
Ujjh, w ngRf brthF mtf ng lbgwiy. Mdh
fhy bgf midJ gfY gahWtjh mtj ngY
khwf VgL tUwd. bgf iyia bkh vLJfhl tyJ.
yh vgjF fuhd Mgh tot iybagJ, cik bg
LF Ujjdh njhUfyh. mikr vgjF fuhd bggh
tot yhjJ, bgf mj caiyia vlhjnj fhuzbkdyh. fdh
iy khlhY bgghYFa brh D cUthfiy vgJ
idfjfJ.
jit vgjF vuhd Mgh tot iy. Mf, kid
wj kWkz brJ thjd. mjdh, kid yhjt vgij
Ff brh Vgliy. eh kid wJ kWkz ahnjhU
rKjha csd. UD, kidia Hjt vgij Fgjfhd
brh j tH iybagJ FljfJ.
xU ghYnf cjhd kWghYF izbrh
yhj j bkhYs brhfis bjhFf.
bkh gghL
bkhna ggho xU TWjh. mnjrka, Xd kf gghil
m kf ngRbkh mwJ. jdhjh, kf gghilaa
mtf ngRbkh wnfh vD ciu vGjJ. yfz mik
brhfS ngR tHF kf gghil bgUks ekF czJtdth.
vLJ fhlhf, Kiy xUikia Ff vD brhY, gikia
Ff , f vD brhfS csd. ngR tH vgij eikl
nahiu mgh beUnahiu Ff gagLJnwh. vgjid
eikl jF Fiwj Mdh, ta _njhiu Ff gagLJ
nwh. jidl _j ntiyahis neh L jiyt, W taYF
nghuh? vd nfgJ beiy khtl tHF. f vgij, eikl
_njhiu bgnahiu Ff gagLJnwh.
brhf tahf gghil Jbfhs Ko. j g
vD xiw brhyhnyna F rhj gytiw Fnwh. Mdh,
vnkh kf ngR bkh g bjhlghf UgJF nkgl brhf
Uwd. j vifia bfhnl vnkh kf gghL FgF
32

rhj gghbld j gghL btgkly ghghbld J

bfhsyh. njnghW, j cs gy brhf fUij w bkhf xnu
brhyh FgJ cL. , , cil vd, tW, tjF, bgh, JtL vd
braKiwnfg ntWgL ga gLJtij Inuha bkhf gytY
xnu brhyhnyna Fwhf. cw Kiw brhf xU r_f gghil
czJtij v Jbfhsyh. Mfnt, bkh bagJ fUJ gkhw
fUahf kLkyhk, ggho Twhf gghil btgLJ
Clfkhf Ugij J bfhlh, bkhaha bkhnahL gghil
ff cj.
bkh fjt bghWs FokfdhFj
f nehfij vthW r_f tiuaWwJ vgij bghWnj
kf ju mik vd bdnfh mif TWwJ. f nehf
vdthUf ntL? bghWs Fokf/FokfshtjFa m, wf,
kzfis f tHUf ntL. nkY, fngh m tsF
mogilaikgjhf ahUF vuhd ntWghLzia VgLjhjjhf
mJ mikantL. gfis tsgjF bkhghl bghUjkhd fU.
Vbdwh, bkhna gyiu xWgLJ fUahF. nkY, bkhf
yaf thyhf tHfgLtjh, bghWs Fokf/Fokfshf
njitahd fUJfis bghUjkhd ya thyhf khztfSF juyh.
bkhfna m tsF mogil vgjh, brikahd bkhf
thyhf ey Fokfis cUthfyh.
kfsh eilbgWw e eho kfsh jJtij mJ
bfhs, mj eikfis wfis kfSF vLJ Tw, khzt
Mw bgwtuhjntL. mjF bkhghlnk mogilahf mikwJ.

3. bkhghl xU wghl
nfl, ngRj, goj, vGJj Ma wfis bkhghl tsjyh
bkhghl xU wghlkhF. bjhlfiy wfis tsf ghl
bghU (Content) njitahD mJ wl bgWtiy. vLJfhlhf,
U..f. brhfsa, mtuJ ciueil w Mat_y khzt
bkhwid tsgJ w nehf. U..f. fLiufshd yifbry
vbdd fjdbtnwh, cnuhg, kakiy myJ ahd, bg
bgUik Madg mtuJ fUJ vdbtnwh mJbfhtJ jiyaha
nehfkW. Mdh, ghlbghU ghlf ghl fUJ wl bgWwJ.
j tuyhW. th, nrhH kduh Kja jiys ghlf mt ghl
brf wl bgWwd. vdnt, mit MLnjhW ghlf
lbgWwd.
tUzid fLiu vGJ wid tsf kJiu, UFwhy, fhu
vd VnjD Xl ghlbghUshf lbgW. tuyhW fLiu vGJwid
tsf t.c.., ghuah, U..f. vd ahnuD xUtiuga fLiu ghl
bghUshf l bgW. tUJ bkhwfis tsf ghlbghU
aikahjJ vd bkhghl it wl bgWtJ bkhw
tsfhfnt vd eh mayh.
33

bkh fjY bkht fjY

fnahL bkh _Wtif bjhlilaJ. mit: 1)bkhga f,
2) bkh f, 3) bkht f vgd. bkhf bagJ bkh wfshd
nfl, ngRj, goj, vGJj Ma
wfis tsjyhF. bkht
bkhga f vgJ bkh
f bagJ tuyhW, a,
a.mJ bkh mik g
ma
Kja
ghlbghU
gaghL g MuhtJ.
ghlfis vj bkht ahf
fnwh vgJ. bjhlf g
Maf
bkhahauhf
bkht ahf ghlbghU ghl
fis fF Mauhf csd. bkhghl ffhJ a, tuyhW
nghw ghlbghU ghlfis fF Maf xUy neuf bkh
ahauhf gahWwd. nkF vgij nkF vd khzt vGj mjid
nkF vd UJ a MaU,jkjij gua mnrhf vgij
mnrf vd khzt vGj, mjid mnrhf vd UJ tuyhW MaU mt
ntisf bkhiHfis UJ bkhahauhwd. thW brtJ
j tF fjij tYLtjhf mikwJ.
bkh gHFjY bkh fwY
g KjKjyhf nru tUw khztfSF Vbfdnt xU
bkhahtJ bjUF. J vthW VgLwJ? mtf g nrJ bkh
ffnt bjhlfiy; ntbwj WtdY nrJ bkh ffiy; MdhY
mtfSF bkh bj. xUt wjJKj bgnwhU cwhU mil
cnshU ngRtij nfwh. jhD mthnw ngr Ka brwh. xia
n f L m n j n g h x J n g hy b r j (Imitation) Kiw ngRwh. thW
bkhia bjJbfhL ngRtij bkh gHFj (Language acquisition) vnwh.
mjhtJ, FHij elf gHFtijngh, rhl gHFtijngh, ntW
gytiw bra gHFtijngh bkhia gHFwJ. ahU lL
brh juhk elgJ bkh gHFj.
Mdh, tFgiw brh
jugLtj_y bkhia bjJbfhtJ bkh fw(Language learning)
vnwh. J g fHyh, f fHyh myJ bkhfis
fgjbfnw mikj Wtdf fHyh.
jhbkh-Kjbkh
xU FHij wJ vj bkh bgnwhnuhL mil cnshnuhL
ng gH tsUwnjh mj bkhna mjF jhbkh. mj bkh, jh
bkhahf yhkUfyh; jij bkhahf yhkY Ufyh;
uLng bkh ahf yhkY Ufyh. vLJfhlhf jij
bkh bjYF, jh bkh j. mbkfh thw mj iza
FHij jhlD jijlD Mynyna ng, NHY Mynyna
ng tswJ. mjDila jhbkh Mykhfnt bfhsntL. ,
jhehL tj bjYF Niy bjYifnah, j NH jiHnah
ngr bjhlFkh mbkh mjF ulh bkhahfnt mik vd
bfhSj bghUJ.
34

Kjbkh vgJ gTl bkhF mfgL lij

mogilahf bfhlJ. fTl Kjikiy fgJ Kjbkh,
ulhtJ iy fgJ ulh bkh. MD, Kjbkh bagJ f
TlJF btna bgUghnyhuh gagLjgL bkhahf UF. nkY,
fw bgUghnyhUF jhbkhahf UF. ulh bkh bagJ
fngh jhbkhahf uhJ. Mdh, mij tFF btna gagLj th UF.
_wh bkh bagJ, ulh bkhia nghynt fngh jhbkh
ahf uhJ. mJl tFF btna gagLj th yhknyh f Fiwj
t h b fh l j hfnt h U F . _ w h b k h i a m a b k h vW FLtJ
cL.

jHf j Kjbkh; My ulhtJ bkh.

gF tU khzt jbkhw
bjhlf g nru tU khztf FiwjJ xU bkhia
gagLJ mDgt bgnw tUwhf vgij bjhlfg Maf
kd bfhsntL. Kj jbkh ff jK mkUF khzt
midtU jbkhia jhbkhahf bfhltuh vd, o wbkh
ngRgtuh vd mjntL. brhfis ijJ bfhir brhfshf
ngRwhfsh? tlhu tHF brhfis F gagLJwhfsh? lbga
fis idKW Ffis iH gagLJwhfsh?thW gy
iyfY mtfsJ bkhw vthW csJ vd mJbfhs ntL.
mbghGJjh, bkh fjiy rahf lL iwntw Ko.

4. j uil tHFbkh
vGJ tot bgWs vyh bkhfSF ngR tHF, vGJ tHF vd
uL tHFf csd. mjhtJ, mbkhia kf ngRtjF vGJtjF
ilna J ntWghL fhzgL. Mdh, vGJ tot bgWs
vyh bkhfis uil tHF bkhf vd brhtjiy. y bkhfis
kLnk mthW miHnwh. bkhf ngR tHF. vGJ tHF Ma
uL tHFfSF ilna mf ilbt fhzgL. nkY y tHFfS
gagLJ NiyfS btntwhf UF. thW gaghoY
bkhaikY bjthd ntWghLbfhl U tHFfis bfhoUgJ
uil tHF (Diglossia) vdgL. jbkh bjthd uil tHF
jikbfhl bkhahF.
j NH uil tHif JbfhtJ j fF MafSF
aikahjJ. ngR tHF vGJ tHF cs ntWghil eh
midtU mnth. nghnw vd vGJnth. Mdh, nghnw vd ngRnth.
JnghW x iy, brh iy, yfz iy vd bkh vyh
35

iyfY ntWghL csJ. gaghil bghUjtiu bghGJ rW

bejik fhzgLwJ. vD, vbjj Niy vGJ tHif
gagLjntL; vbjj Niy ngR tHif gagLjntL
vgJ bjthf tiuaWfgLsJ. vGJtjF nkil ngRF tFgiw
ciuahlfSF vGJ jiH gagLJnwh. FLg, egf,
filbjU Kja aghd Niyf (Informal situations) ngR jiH
gagLJnwh. kidl vGJ j ngdh eifF lkhF.
mJngh, tF ciuahWbghGJ ngR jiH gagLdh mJ
ntoifahf njhW. jbghGJ j uil tHF gagho be
jik njhsJ. nkil y ngR j ngRwd. y dfis
ngRj vGJwd. thW UD, g NH vGJ tHif
gagLJtnj bghUjkhdjhF.
ngR jUJ vGJ j
Kjbkhia bghUjtiu gF tU bgUghyhd khztf jiH
eF ngRt. Mdh, eh ffnghtJ vGJ jnH. vGJ jiH
thf vGj kLkyhJ ngr fWju ntL. nkY, vGJ jiH
fF Niyia VgL juntL. mjhtJ, khztf vGJ jiH
nff ngr gof vGj nghJkhd th mfgl ntL. jF
Ma vGJ j ngRtJ aikahjJ. Maf K vGJ
jiHna bgJ gagL tjd. wF, khztfSF a itF
xUtbad ngR jiH gagLj bjhl gy bghGJ ngR jiH
tFgiw gagLJwd. J jfglntL.
vGJ jiH khztF mKfgLJj
Kj tF tJ nrw khztf bgUghyhUF ngRj
ewhf bj. khztfSF bjj ngRj mtfSila tlhu tHnf.
eh mtfSF ff ntoanjh vGJ j. jdh, Ma vGJ
j ngr bjhl g NHYF atfshd FHijf mrgL
gJ fwJ btW bfhSgo brJlyhfhJ. Kj, mtfS
ila j ngrntL. mjhtJ, g mikJs tlhu tH ngr
ntL. jF Kj tF Ma Fl tlhuij nrjtuhfnth m
tlhu tHif eF ngr Toatuhfnth UgJ eyJ. XU khjfSF
d bfhr bfhrkhf tlhu tHif kh bghJ ngR jGF tu
ntL. Kj tlhu tHF brhfis jgJ, wF bghJ ngR
jGFa yfzij gagLJtJ vd bkJthf khwntL. kbwhU
gf vGJf mKf, vGJfisbfhL brhf, brhfisbfhL WW
bjhlf vd gof vGj vGJ jiH ffntL. ulh
tF bjhl y khjf uil izJ xUnru bfhLbry
ntL. mjhtJ, nflY ngRjY Kj tlhu tH bjhl, Kj
tF W KY bghJ ngR jGF kh, wF ulh tF
KY vGJ j ffntL.
bghGJ ngR j ewhf bjahj khztf tF Ujh vd
brtJ vd ghngh. jHf viynahu gFfY cgF y l
fY ntWbkh ngRgtf beUfkhf thwd.
36

gF FHijfSF wjUJ j ng gHf thyhk

Ufyh. njnghW y gF gHFod khztfSF Fiwj msnt
j w UF. xU tFYs khztf vyhUnkh bgUghikahdt
fnsh gogltfshf Ujh, fj Kiwia KY khbfhs
ntL. Kj, mtfSF ngR jiH ffntL. wF, vGJ
jGF mtfis L bryntL. MaUF m khztf bkh
bjjh f cjahf UF. bjahlh Koj ms bjJbfhs
Kay ntL. Fghf, tlhu tHF brhfis bjJbfhsntL.
jdh, MaUila jiH mtf jtwhf Jbfhtij mtf ngir
Ma jtwhf Jbfhtij jfyh. khztf y kLnk jiH
rahf bjahjtfshf Ujh, mtfJ TLj ftd brYjntL.
mtfSF j tFfis eljyh. mtf j khztfnshL eF
fyJ gHFkhW ghJbfhsntL.
tlhu isbkh m
ngR tHif vLJbfhlh j ngRnth vyhU xnu khahd ngR
tHif gagLJtiy. fahFk thgt ngRtJngh UZz
thgt ngRtiy. brid cst ngRtJngh nry cst ngRt
iy. thW tlhuJF tlhu ngR tHF ntWgLwJ. tiw tlhu
tHFf vd tlhu isbkhf vd brhnwh. j isbkhf
x, brhf, yfz vd bkh vyh TWfY ntWghil
bfhoUwd.
tlhu tHF brhfis bjhFJ mtF
izahd vGJ tHF brhfis vGJf.
beiy khtld thiHgHij vgij thisgs vgJ x
ntWghL; beUJil fF vgJ brh ntWghL; cz gkhWj
vgij cz sj vgJ fahFk khtl tHF; lif vgij
xujhif vgJ nfhit khtl tHF. oafhiy vGjh vgij
btbsd vGjh vgJ, trh L vgij rrh L vgJ kJiu
khtl tHF. njnghW xnu bghUis btntW tlhu ntntW
brhfsh kf FLwd. Jilgij sFkhW, bgUFkhW, tha,
khW vd gy brhfsh tlhuf tHfgLwd. Jilg vgJ
midJ tlhufSF sF bghJ jHhf mik. yfliy,
kyhil, fliyfh, ntfliy vd gy brhfsh tlhuf tHf
goD ntfliy vgJ bghJ j brhyhf mik. vdnt, bkhghl
fF Ma, tlhu tHFfis mtF Vw bghJ j brhfis
mj ntL. ghlf bghJ j brhfns l bgUF. nkY,
njitahd fUJfis bghUjkhd yaf thyhf khztfSF
juyh. bkhfna m tsF mogil vgjh, brikahd
bkhf thyhf ey Fokfis cUthfyh.
37

kfsh eilbgWw e eho kfsh jJtij mJ

bfhs, mj eikfis wfis kfSF vLJ Tw khzt
Mw bgwtuhj ntL. mjF bkhghlnk mogilahf mikwJ.

5. bjhFiu
MafSF jhf fF ghl FJ bjthd j Uf
ntL. j tif, bkhaha bkh af FJ eF J
bfhS tif, j a bkh af sfgLsd. bkh
fj bjhlf g Kjik fthf UwJ. mjdh, bkh fj
VgL Fiwf khzt f bkhwid kL ghfhk, mtfSila
bkhj MSikia ghwJ. vdnt, Kj bkhah jiH w ghlbghU
ghlfUJ My Kja w bkhfUJ ntWgL ff
ntoa njitia, j tahf w ghlfis fFnghJ j
bkhJ ftd brYjntL vgij a vLJ TWwJ.
vGJ tHF yfz mikY gaghoY bjthd ntWghL
bfhoUgjh, vj tHif vbghGJ vwfis bgW tif
ffntL vd bjWJwJ. nkY, gF j ff tUw
khztf Lbkh jHhf yho, mtf vj ms j w
bgUwhf vd, khztf vyhU xnu tlhu tHif ngRwhfsh
myJ btntW tlhu tHif ngRwtfsh vd mJbfhL, mjnfg
ff ntLbkd a sFwJ.
FHij wFnghnj bkhSzl wwJ.
aghfnt j oY RWwY r_fY ngrgLbkhia
fW bfhwJ. FHijf gy gF tUbghGnj bkh
wDl jft gkhw MwYl tUwhf. Wfzfhd
brhfis mJ itUgJ kLkyhk, mjid gagLj
ca Vw wf Jl ngr mJshf. FHijfl aif
ahf fhzgL jifa wikfis xUizJ tsgnj g
jhbkh f nehfkhF.
gf FHijfSF bkhia fW jUtjfhd l
brikahf mikantLkhdh, eh FHijflKs ngRbkh
ait ftdbfhsntL. bkh mwhl thif
ciuahl_ykhf tswJ vgij ftd bfhsntL.
bjhlfg iy FHijf ngR bkhia mgona mfJ
VWbfhs ntL. clnd jtWfis Uj Kay TlhJ. eh
bry bry, tF khwkhw gogoahf jtWfis UjntL.
ngRbkh jtWfis f tFgiw Rt ngRbkhF izahd
vGJtHF brhfis vG fhgLJj ntL.

38

2. mogil wf
mKf
bkhf U gFfis bfhlJ. xW, bkh fgJ; kbwhW,
bkhYs yafis fgJ. bkhia fwjh bkhYs
yafis ff aY. bkhia fgj Kjgo mogil wfis
bgWjyhF. bkh ga xUtUF Fiw ilf mogil
wfis bjhlf iynyna bgWjntL.
xbthUtU Kj mtut jhbkhia Ujkhf crJ ngr
bjthf vGj mUfntL. jh czjij wUF iH
czj bkhia wgl ngRtjF vGJtjF ifahSw Mwny
bkhw vdgLwJ.
a, bjhlf f khztfl mogil wfis nkgLJ
tij nehfkhf bfhlJ. mogil wfshd nfl, ngRj, goj,
vGJj Mat nehff, mtiw khztfl tsF Kiwf Mad
a sfgLwd.

goiyf
1. w tif
2. nfl w
nfl wid tsF ttiff
nfl wid tsFnghJ ftd bfhsntoait
3. ngRj w
ngRj w g nehff
ngRj wid tsF ttiff
eh gf
ehbe g
eh w g
Ua ng eaf
ngR g tHFnghJ Ma tF gw ntoait
4. xtot fj
xtot ttot bjhl
vGbjhf wF Kiw
KjbyGJf wF Kiw
cbuhf
w mogil cbuhf
w mogil bkbahf
5. goj w
goj w Fnfh
goj w tiff
thL goj
thF goj
39

goj Ka TWf
gof fF Kiwf
Mj go
mfw go
goj wid tsF gf
6. vGJj w
vGJj nehff
vGJtjFK g mj
ey ifbaG af
vGJj w tsF ttiff
7. bjhFiu

1. w tif
bkhwf bkhia bjthf wikahf ifahs thg
wd. nfl, ngRj, goj, vGJj vD ehF bkh mogil
wfshF. tW nfl, ngRj Ma uL xia mogilahf
bfhlit; gojY vGJjY t totij mogilahf bfhlit.
bkh mogil wfis mit bgwgLw iy bfhw,
btLw vd U tifgLjyh.
nfl, goj Ma U wfS brfis myJ fUJfis eh
cbfhs cjgit. nfl _ykhf goj _ykhf fUJfS
brfS el tJ nrwd.
jdh nfl, goj Ma uL
c b fh S w f (Receptive skills) vdgL.
ngRj, vGJj Ma U wfS fUij myJ bria btl
cjgit.
wUF bjfntoa fUJfis ng _yK
vG_yK btgLJtjh ngRj, vGJj Ma uL btL
wf (Expressive skills) vdgL.
th xU braiy wgl brtjF xGFw brJ
KogjF xUtl jwf UfntLtJ f
f aikahjjhF.

2. nfl w
Iyfns m thf. IyfS xwhd br nflYFaJ.
xia fhJ VF bra nfl vdgL. ehF mogil wf Kjik
ahdJ nfl wnd. xfis rahf nfL rahf xjhjhnd bkhia
eh eF ngr Ko. vdnt, ngRjYF J mogilahdJ. nfl_y
fUJf, brfis mJbfhnwh. vdnt, eh bghU m tyt
uhjYF nfl wnd cj. fy MD nff vD bjhl, nfL
mbgWj widna FwJ.
40

eilKiw thifY fw fhyY nflYnf mf thf

ilwd. nfltjh fw bgUgF fwJ. vdnt, fw
msit nkgLj nfl wid tsj aikahjjhwJ.
eh o w ngRtij nfnwh. btna yntisf brhbgh
fis nfnwh.
thbdh mf, brfis nfnwh.
bjhiyng ngRtij nfnwh. bjhiyfh ciuahl elgij
fhgnjhL nfnwh.
thW gy Niyf eh bgUghY
nfLbfhnl Unwh. vdnt, jfhyij xU nfl f vd y
TWwd. Mj, nfl w midtU tytuhj ntL. nfl
vgJ xfis nfl kLkW; nfgj bghUis czuntL. vdnt,
btgL brfis br VW mtFa bghUis czUtnj nfl
MF. UtSt,
brtJ brt brbrt mbrt
brtJ vyh jiy
- Fw: 411
vD Fwgh_y nfl wig TWth.
nfl wid tsF ttiff
nfl w ftjF wuJ ngR aikahjjhF. tFgiw
MauJ ngR eilKiw thifnahL izJ UFkh khztf
nfl w wghf tsU. nfl jikfis fUbfhL Ma
gntW gfis cUth bfhLgj_y nfl w eF tsU.
ngRjiy nflj
bjhlfiy tFf khztuJ FLg, C, CUHh
KjadFJ mtf mj jiyfisg ng, mtfis nff brj
ntL. d WW dhf_y mtf nflij njjjntL.
eLiy tFf bghJ jiyfis g ngryh; fijfis Twyh.
jiyf fUJf g fij ff g dhf_y njjayh.
gojiy nflj
g xbthU tFF jghl mikfgLsJ.
ciueil ghlij goJ khztiu nff brjntL. wF, WW
dhf nffyh. eLiy gf ghlfis gagLJtnjhL
iyaUJ vLfgl bghJ fUJ xU gFia goJ,
mtfis nff brayh. d WW dhf thyhf mtf nflij
njjayh.
fij ghL
Ma fij brhYj, FGthf FHijfis mtfSFnsna ngr
brj, ghl brj, eof brj nghwd gaisF nfl gahF.
FHijfSF fij ghL f ojkhdit. khzt Maf
jf gfhy awtiu fijf, ghlf, gHbkhf, Lfijf,
bghbkhfis bjhFJ itJbfhs ntL.
41

fij TWnghJ khztfSF Vbfdnt mKfkhd fijfis mKf

khfhj fijfis Twyh; khztnuhL xUtuhf jik M bfhL
TwntL; Fu Vwjh, bkghL, eo nghwit btgLkhW
ghJ bfhsntL. jdh, khztf nfF w mfF.
ghlf_yK nfl wid tsfyh. jF va Xir eaKs rj
ghlfis njbjLJ gho fhlntL. khztfis ghl itJ
nfl wid tsfntL. ghlf, khztfSF mKfkhditahf
mKfyhj ghlfshf Ufyh. mit fij f ghlfshf Ujh
eyJ. l bjhlfshf yhk, FHijfSF gHfkhd va brhf
bfhljhf ghl mikUfntL. FHij fP mH. tagh,
fk njf ehaf is, kfhf ghuah Kjnah ghlfis
njbjLJ ghl brantL.
brat fwKiw lbgW th, fhJ, bghkyhl,
Ka Kja FpL milf lbgW ghlgFf
nfl wid tsf bgJ cj.
flisfis nfL bragl
Kiw nfl fGnghJ nfgt clDFl Jyfiy bt
gLJgtuhf Ugh. Ma xbthU flisLnghJ khztf mj
nfg braglntL. braghLfis nkbfhs khztf WW FG
fshf fglntL. xbthU FGYKs xU khzt flisfisl,
mtiw w khztf VW braglntL. gid isahL
Kiw tHfntL.
jghl iy w, ghl iy _L, fiz L, uyh btl
tlL, Ka milia vLJ th Kja bjhlfis T, mt
bghUSzJ bragl brantL. vGU, cfh, , el, ifia
jL,XL Kja brafis T bragl brantL. itnghW WW
miuf, ntLnfhfis T braghil totikf ntL.
brat fwKiw lbgW Fiu, m Kja
FpLf cs ghlgFfis gagLjyh.
bghUfis FJ fhLj
bghUfis FJ fhL bragho Ma nff nff
khztf il TWt. Ma gntW brafis myJ dhfis
nfgjF VJthf gntW braf mla glij khztfSF
juntL. Ma, gl cs brafis TWnghJ, khztf mtiw
nfL gl FJ fhlntL.
42

jtWfis Rl
bragho Ma, khztfSF bjj xU fij myJ
fia TwntL. fij TWnghJ ntLbknw y lf jtwhf
TwntL. khztf, Ma TWt btgL jtWfis Ro fhl ntL.

nfl gF ika fUij mj

kiHeh, f RWyh, gJ Kja br JQFfis T ika
fUij Tw brantL. WW fijfis T, m fijfSF
bghUjkhd jiyfis Tw brayh. xg ehlhit gagL
braghil nkbfhsyh.
ah, vJ vd J Tw
bra Lfijf myJ ah, vJ vgij majf Ffis
T d, mjfhd ilia bgWjyhF. bjhlf tFf f va
Lfijf, fis TwntL. khztfSF sfiyah, nkY
sf Ffis T, mtfl nfl wid tsfyh.
vLJfhL:
1. fof bjahjtDF clbgyh gf - mt ah?
2. vid eho jij vW TWt. - eh ah?
(il: 1. , 2. fhaof)
x ntWghLfis czu brj
khztfl y yFf gwitf bgafis T, mit vgo x
vG vd brJ fhl brtj_y nfl x ntWghLfis czu
brayh. njngh, thfdf bgafis T, mitnghW x vGg
brayh.
khztfis iukiw ngr brJ nff brtj_y khztf
Fu ntWghLfis milahs fhz brantL.
isahL Kiwfis TWj
bragho khztf isahLtjFa WW isahLf
Kiwfis TwntL. khztf Kiwfis mJbfhlij ma
va dhf nfL myJ khztfis isahl brJ, nfl KiwfS
nfg isahLwhfsh vgij flantL.
FG braf tHFj
bragho khztf FGthf bragLtjFa braghLf
myJ bra lfis T bragl brantL
vLJfhlhf:
1. g njhl mikj
2. tzf jahj
3. gky jahj
43

ciuahlfis nff brj

tFgiw U khztf bjhiyng ngRtJngh ngr brJ, w
khztfis nff brantL. xU khztid Kjeh bjhiyfh
ghjtiw Tw w khztfis mjid nff brantL.
WW ehlffis eof brJ ehlff tU cWdf
bgafis TWfis nff brantL.thW Kiwahf lL
gf tH khzhfuJ nfl wid tsgJ w.
nfl wid tsgjF xg ehlhitl, x-x
gehlh wjJ. Vbd, x-x gehlh nfgt
ghit ngRgt gLwh. Ma tFgiw ngRnghJ
khztf midtuJ ghit gLgo UjntL.

nfl wid tsFnghJ ftd bfhsntoait:

nfl wid tsf tHfgL gf y lghLf khztfsh
vbfhsglyh. vdnt, Ma Gstiw id bfhsntL.
1. xfis nfl
ngRgtUila bkh, tF iynfwjh mikjntL. iyna,
khzt brhf xia kL nfg; bghUSzuh. ulh tFF
brWswhfns! ah y flhfis Lng, ilauhf btd
Tdh, mtfF vd sF? wh vwJ g, flh vwJ bt
VJ flh tUwjh vd ghg. flh vwh nf, dh vgij mt mah.
kh ca iy ngdh xfis nfl fGnka nfL
bghUSzj fHhJ. vdnt Ma, khzt s bfhS Kiw va
bkh ngRj ntL.
2. LL nfl
ngRbghGJ khzt bjhlJ nfL tUwduh vd mJ ngRj
ntL. vLJfhlhf Ma, btflhryg vD Wt vd bjhlf,
khzt y tFgiw vnu UD, jh FLgJl Ug
btflhrygia ghf brw fia idTJ kdjs UgF
nghLt. UJ vD brhiy Ma sf bjhlFbghGJ, j
o fj Uij g v, kdjs LF nghLt. J
neu fnj mtf L tFgiwF tJ nff bjhlFt. jid,
LL nfl vngh. Fiw fHhjthW Ma ililna
dhf nffntL. mtf il agj_y mtf nfL tjij eh
mayh.
3. miuFiwahf nfl
Ma TWtij KGikahf nffhk khzt y ililna dhf
nfg. vLJfhlhf, Ma RWyh brtJg m brwnghJ, J
fj TL. mLjthu fsW eh RWyh brnwh vwJ, vnf
nghnwh? vjid kF? vd y nff bjhlFt. kfhgu nghnwh
44

vwJ ngUJ tUkh, rhghL bfhL tuntLkh vd nfg. jidna miu

Fiwahf nfl vngh. jid jf, Ma Kdjhfnt, eh TW
br KGik nfL, mj d Iafis nfSf vd TWjntL.
4. xUrh kdghikl nfl
Ma, khzt cwiy rahdjhf mikUj ntL. khzt
btW kdghikl Ujh, Ma vJiz Ritahf TdhY nff
khlhf. vdnt, wj nfl fH ntLkh, Ma-khzt cw
RKfkhdjhf UjntL. Ma khztl jjahf ng,
FGthf ng, tF bghJthf ng rahd Niy mikJbfhs
ntL. gF btUJ ngrhsiu miHJ tUtjh, mtUila
wafis Kdjhf T, khzt mtuJ U nfF Niy mikj
ntL.
v, Mf, khR, - brhfis thbkhahf fF
cfis lLf.
5. ika fUJfis nfl
khztf ghlbghU ika fUij mj gogoahd tsia
mJbfhtjF cjtz ghllij eF jahJ, Kiwahf
Ma ff ntL. mbghGJjh ghlbghU ika fUij,
mjid sf TW vLJfhLfis khzt eF mt.
thW lL khztuJ nfl wid Ma tsj ntL.
khztf jifa lghLfis vbfhshtz braghLfis
Kiwahf lL rahd Kiw tH, khztfl nfl wid
tsfntL. brhfSF bghU TWj, mnj bghUjU ntW brh
TWj, xU brhYFa vbrh TWj, fia T brhyikJ
fhLj Kjyhd Kiwfis g brhfis sfntL.
iuJ bjhnfF Phy uJ
brhYj tyh bg

- Fw: 648

3. ngRj w
ngRj w nfliy bjhlJ nfl isthY cUthtJ.
w ngRj, ngRw Ma U brhyhf csd. ngRj vgJ,
xUtUF xUt brfis btgLJj vw msnyna iwbgW.
ngR w vgJ, xUtiu <FkhW fUJfis btgLJj MF.
ngRw tsu ngRjw mogil ahF.
ehtirjh ehlir, cjlirjh Cuir, ths is
iHF vD gHbkhfis nehf ngrhw ftfns cyfht vgJ
bgwgL.
45

FHijf od, mfgfd, cwh cwd KjnahUl gHF

NHf ngRj wid bgWwd. vD, mtf ng gy FiwghLf
fhzglyh. mtiw nghFjY ngRj wid tsjY gF
nehfkhF.
ngRj w g nehff
1. Ujkhf ngRj
2. bjl ngRj
3. mr Tr ngRj
4. cz btgLkhW ngRj
5. iH ngRj
6. bfhir brhfis ngRj
7. tlhu tHif ngRj
jifa nehffis iwntW tif ngRj w tsF gf
tHfgl ntL.
ngRj wid tsF ttiff
gF jhf tj iy FHijf jafyhk ngr
MtJl <Lgl midtU gnff Ma CFjntL.
khztf ngRwid tsf,
1. ciuahl fJj
2. glghJ sf
3. ghlfis ghLj
4. fijf TWj
5. isahLf
6. tJ TWj
7. jiyf ngRj
8. fhiy tghL Tl gnfw
9. eh w g
10. ehbe g
thW gntW gf tHFj ntL.
ciuahl fJ
ciuahl vgJ, mabkh brhf FWlhk xUt ngRtij
kbwhUt nfgJ mjF ilWgJkhF. vW nguha ghk FLth.
braghoF Ma ehnjhW Jneu khztfSl VjhtJ xU
jiy ciuahlntL. Ma jiyik VW ciuahliy fJtnjhL
khztf jfSFnsna ciuahL gia mfntL. bjhlf
iy ngR j ciuahLgo brantL. eF wbgw wF
vGJ j ciuahLgo brantL. ciuahl wghf fH g
NHiy m iwj Rjju Niyahf mikjntL.
ciuahlYFa jiyf
ciuahlYFa jiyf FHijf taJ, m, mDgt Matiw
xo mikjntL.
46

1. bjhlf iy KjuL tFf L, FLg, g, cwd, eg,

cz, cil, isahL, UHhf, yFf, gwitf Kjadg
ngr brayh.
2. _W, ehF, IJ tF khztf bjhf, ff, nghFtuJ
trf, fgaz, ehlf fhf Kjad g ngr brayh.
ciuahlyh is eikf
1. FHijfl fhzgL mrK TrK yF.
2. MaUF FHijfSF ilna m VgL. jdh ghlJ
Ug clhF.
3. ey cr, Ujkhd ngR mik.
4. jidahw tsU.
5. brhfsa bgUF.
6. FHijfSF njhHik cz mfF.
7. brhngh, brhbgh, eo MatF mojskhf mik.
ciuahl nkgl Ma CF
FHijf ciuahl w nkgl, Ma brantoa CF braf:

KfJl Toa fthd ngR.

Mt_Lj
Fiwfis U begLJj
FHijf nf nfgij tuntw
gzl elJj
ghuhLj
bjhiyfh fhgjh VgL eik ikfis g
clgthnuhL ciuahLf.

glghJ sFj
FHijf glfis ghgjF bgJ Ug bfht. mY
fftU tz glfis MtJl ghJ jfsJ fgidF Vg fij
TWt. FHijf ngRwid tsf mtf taJ, tFnfw
glfis njbjLJ, mit g ngr brantL.
bjhlfiy jglfis d fij glfis gagL
ngr brantL. vLJfhlhf, khgH glij gagL mj w,
Rit, tot, ga g ngr brantL.
fij glfbswh, mj gl Ugit vit, mit vd brJ
bfhoUwd. mt w, a vd thf ngr brantL.
ghl ghLj
ghlfis FHijf gyKiw ghLtjh brhbwhlfis bjhlahf
TWw bgWwd. y ghlf tj brhfns L L tUtjh,
47

xg ey g ilwJ. vdnt, tF iynfwthW ghlfis

nj bjLJ Ug Ug ghl brtJ thbkh gF bgJ cj.
gdh khztf j xfis rahf xj, tha
mikfis kdUj Ma wfis bgWtnjhL, yaij
Ritf ghliy gilf Mw bgWt. Ma Kj ghl cs
ghlfis d ghl lbgwhj ghlfis njbjLJ bfhLf
ntL.
bjhlf,
njhl nkJ btisgR - mnf
J FFJ fWFo
mkh vFJ btisgR - cl
mil XLJ fWFo
ehth eFJ btisgR - ghiy
ewh FoFJ fWFo
Kj bfhLFJ btisgJ - ko
Ko FoFJ fWFo
- fk njfehaf is
nghw vikahd ghliy ghl brayh.
y FHijf f, vGJfis crgjF ukgLt. jF,
rF rfurh tJ
F bfd Mowh
F bfd Mowh - mJ
F bfd Mowh
J nghw ghlfis bkghnlhL ghl fW bfhLfyh.
fij brhYj
FHijfSF fijUF Ug msl KoahjJ. fij nfgY
fij TWtY vyh iy khzhfU bgJ Mt fhLt. fij
TWwid FHijfl tsFnghJ mtfsJ ngRw aghfnt
tsU.
khztfl fij TWwid tsf,
1. Ma TW fijia khztf nfL Ug brhYj.
2. khztfSF bjj fijfis Tw brj.
3. gl fijia ghJ, mj ffis tJ fijahf Tw brj.
4. khztf fij TWnghJ, fjh ghukhfnt kh ghtidnahL Tw brj.
5. Ma fijia bjhl J T bjhlia xbthU khztdhf Tw
brj.
jifa Kiwfis gwyh.
FHijfSF TwgL fijf brhj mDgtij xoa fijf,
aif fijf, uhz fijf, eifRit fijf, bjdhuhk fijf,
gh fijf Kjadthf Ufyh.
48

fij TWtj nehf

1. FHijfSF kia crhfij bfhLF.
2. mid tsF.
3. xGfij br.
4. fgidahw, idthw mfF.
5. Ma khzhf TLwit tsF.
6. KUFz VgL.
7. nfl, ngRj w tsU.
8. brhfsa bgUF.
isahLf
tFgiwF cns btna isahL isahLf_y ngRj
wid tsfyh. tFgiwF vkiwahf ngRj, thaij Lj,
fijia bjhlJ TWj, bjhiyng ngR nghw Kiwf isahl
brhyyh.
vLJfhL: vkiw ngR
xUt
:
neW eh isahond.
kbwhUt :
neW eh isahliy.
thaij Lj
xUt
:
vf g.
kbwhUt :
vf g ey g.
mLjt
:
vf g f ey g.
bjhiyng ngR
br :
tzf. br ngRnw.
jf :
tzf br, eykh?
br :
W khiy c LF tuUnw. oUghah?
jf :
khiy 5 kF LF tJLnt. flha th.
tFF btna isahL isahLfS thbkh gF cj.
1. Fiy Fiyah Kfh
ena ena R th
- vD isahL.
2. fgo isahLnghJ _Rlhk Ugjfhf ghlfis gho
bfhnl MLtJL.
bjid ku Vwhnj
njfhia gfhnj
gid ku Vwhnj
gdfhia gfhnj
khku Vwhnj
khfhia gfhnj...gfhnj... gfhnj
thW ghobfhnl vudiu bjhl Kat. tifahd isahL
fS thbkh gF cjwd.
49

tJ TWj
khztf jhf thG Niy eilbgW ffis fl
fhfis tJ Tw brantL. nkY, jhf fLfj lf,
bghUfh, ngUJ iya Kjad g tf brantL.khku,
thiH ku Kjad jf gaid jhfns TWtJngh Tw brayh.
jiyf ngRj
bragho khztfSF va jiyf bfhLJ, m jiyf
FJ aghf ruskhf ngr brayh. khztfis FGthf J, U
jiyf bfhLJ brhngh fj brantL. ehlff jahJ
bfhLJ mt gnfW eof brantL.
gf j ya kwfis mikJ, mt khztfis
gnff brtj_y ngRwid eF tsf Ko.
fhiy tghL Tl ngRj
ehnjhW gf eilbgW fhiy tghL Tl ngR wid
tsf bgJ cj. brjhf cs brfis Tw brj,
cq, o elj ffg XU lf Tw brj, UFw,
gHbkhf, jidF, ma JQFf Kjatiw Tw brj ngR
gia tsF.
eh gf
brjG ehgHf wj ngF bjthd x aikahjJ.
bjthd xF bjhlf tFfnyna ehbe gf, eh w gf
tHfgl ntL.
ehbe g
xnu tifahd brhf myJ xfis gyKiw TWkhW brj ehbe
gahF. jdh, ehE nkYGkhf mirJ mbthFa l
mik g bgW. jdh, xbaG Kiw Ujkil.
yyyyyyy
sssssss

- vd mfu xlD,

- vd fu xlD

vd btntW cbuGJfSl Tw g mjntL.

s x - jS cs; jsho jsho brwh.
H x - nH GJ mGjh; bfhG bfhGj thiH.
jifa gfis khztfSF bfhLJ, mtfl ngRw
tsjntL.
50

kabfh vGJfis xgjfhd glf

u, w vGJf

y,s,H vGJf

e, d, z vGJf
eh Kafis cWneh Kiwahf xf ffyh.
eh w g
xj xila brhf mLjLJ mikJ tU bjhlfis iuthf
iH TWkhW gagJ eh w gahF.
vLJfhL:
bjhyh th cauL.
gyhgH gGJ gs jJ.
mtD mtS mtY bjSkh whf.
x ntWghlh bghU ntWgL vgjid czU tz bjhlf
mikJ TwntL.
vLJfhL:
this vgJ bga.
thiH vgJ ku bga.
itnghW tiy-tis; t-t-t; x-x-x; Tiu-Tiw, uF-wF
nghwtiw brhbwhl mikJ Tw brjh, xKiw mtJl
bghU ntWghL mJbfht.
51

Ua ng eaf

Ua ngR Fl eafis bgUjntL.

bjthd x, Ujkhd cr bgUj.
cz iyfSnfwthW Fu Vwjh mikUj.
fUJfSF Vw cz ntf cilajhUj.
ng ilna gagLJ ntlhj brhfis Fj.
fUJfis nfhitahf K khwhk jF jilmikUj.
ey brhfis bfhL va eililajhUj.

ngR g tHFnghJ Ma tF gw ntoait:

1. FHijf jh fltiw nfltiw tFgiw ngr KgLt.
mnghJ FHijfis ml cfhu itfhk, mtf ngRF br
kLJ Cf_lntL.
2. FHijf y ngRtjF mrgLt, jaFt. mjifa FHijfis
dfL mtfsJ mrij ngh, bky bky ngr itjntL.
3. FHijf vj lNHUJ tUwhfnsh mijbaho Tw brj
ntL.
4. FHijf kd Kl lw czfis ongRwid
tsfyh.
5. g FHijfis ehifJ nguhf nrJ mtfSF bjj ghl
fis fijfis Lfijfis L ffis Twbra
ntL.
6. ngRw tsFnghJ xnth vGij vKiw crf ntL
vgij eF czu brj aikahjjhF. Kj vGJfis
jjahf xJfho d TblGJfis xJ fhlntL.
F, beo ntWghL, x ntWghLfis ma brj ntL.
7. FHijf yUF bjWth FiwghL UF. FHijfis
xJlhk mtfSF ehbe, ehw gfis Kiwahf tHfntL.
8. Kj vGJfis brhfis brhbwhlfis bfhLJ ngr gHf
ntL.
9. FHijf xnu iy ngrhJ Fu VwjhnthL dh, anfwthW
ngr brjntL.
10. ulh _wh tF FHijfis vGJ bkhnyna ngrbrj
ntL.
11. bjhlf iyf wbkh brhf fythJ ngr brjntL.
12. khztf taJ, tFnfwthW ngR gf mikJ tHFj
ntL.

4. x tot fj
bkh mogil x. xfis Ffshf mikJbfhL, fUJfis
czJtJ bkh. bkh vD brhYF bghU, kj ngrhY
vGjhY jDila fUij wUF bjgJ.

52

bkh xfsh MdJ. xfis bfhL brhfS brhfis bfhL

bjhlfS mikfgLwd. xU bkhF aikahj mogil xf
KjbyGJf vdgL. btGJf x totF ttotF
cs bjhlig mit wF Kiwia gF fhzyh.
x tot ttot bjhl
jbkh x wgjF vGJfSF khWghoiy. vLJ
fhlhf, m, , kh vD _bwGJf xgona mtwhyhd mkh vD
brh x csJ. brh xgona vGJfS csd.
j vGJfis fWbfhLjh nghJ.
Mybkhngh
vGJf crfis fWbfhLf ntoa njitiy.
j
mogilahd cikia JbfhL jbrhfis fWbfhLf ntL.
vGbjhf wF Kiw
vGbjhf wgjF fhuzkhd ngRWf g fhngh.
Eiupu RU tjh VgL fhnwhlfis gagL ngR
braghL fwJ. Eiupuf (Lungs), _RFH (Trachea), bjhil (Larynx),
nkbwhil(Pharynx), thaiw (Oral cavity), _fiw (Nasal cavity) Ma gFf
ngR braghLfSF mogilahf mikwd.
eh, j Mad xfis cUthf cj aF cWf (Active articulators)
MF. mz, g Mad iy cWf (Passive articulators) vdgLwd.

1. K mz
3. filaz
5. _fiw th
7. eh
9. fil eh
11. Kbjhil
13. xjir
15. fhW FHh

2. ilaz,
4. cehF
6. Eeh
8. ileh
10. moeh
12. fhWFH _o
14. Fu tis
53

KjbyGJf wF Kiw
jGF mogilahf cs KjbyGJfis c, bk vd g.
EiupuUJ btnaW fhW vj jil yhk btnaW iy
wfgL xf cbuhf MF. EiupuUJ btnaW fhW
KYkhfnth gFahfnth jilgL btnaW iy wfgL xf
bkbahf MF.
cbuhf
cbuGJf guL.
mtW m, , c, v, x Ma IJ
FbyGJf. M, <, C, V, I, X, xs Ma VG beobyGJf. tW I, xs
Ma uL Tblhf vd fUjgLwd. Ifhu xsfhufis m+ = I, m
+ c = xs vd bjhfha sFwJ. m + = I, m + = xs vd e}
TWwJ.
w mogil cbuhf
eh vG, eh , jf iy Ma fhuf mogil
cbuhf gFJ sfgLwd. eh vGia nk, il, vd gFfyh.
eh ia K, eL, vd gFfyh. jf iyia jF,
j vd gFfyh. Kiw cbuhf gfis tUkhW
Flyh.
m
j eL c

j nk K c
c
jF nk c
v
j ilK c
x
jF il c
beobyGJf jjkF xj F vGJf wig mogilahf
bfhlit.
Ka m, M mfhila

- e. 76

, <, v, V, I mfhnghL
mg Kjeh w tUnk
c, C, x, X, xs j Fnt

- e. 77
- e. 78

w mogil bkbahf
FutisUJ btgL x x (Voiced sound), x x
(Voiceless sounds) nk th jil Vglh bkbahahf jil
bttjh cbuhahf khWwd vd fnlh.
bkbahf gbdL td (, , , , , ), bkd ( , , , , , ),
ild (, , , , , ) vd tifgLjgL. th wF jilbahfis
54

td vW, _F tahf brY bebthfis bkd vW,

wtiw ilgl xf vD Kiw ild vW J TWt.
bkbahfis wl (Place of articulation), wF Kiw (Manner of articulation) Matiw mogilahf bfhL tifgLjyh.
milbghf myJ jilbahf (Stop sounds)
t ha i w

V j ht J X l _ R f h i w K Y k hf j L J W

w g j _ y m i l b g h f w w d . t i w b t o b g h f v W
W b j h f v W T W t J L . i t fh W j i l g L l rh J b g a l
gL w d .
t d v G J f ,, , ,, M W m i l b g h fs hF .
- e h g F (fi l e h) d z g F i a b g hU J t j h ffu

(Velar Sounds) vdgL.

- eh ilgF ilazij bghUJtjh r fu wF.
J ilaz x (Palatals) vdgL.
- eh koJ fil mzij bghUJtjh l fu wF. J ehko
x (retroflex) vdgL.
- nkg eh E guJ xWtjh jfu wF. J gd x
(Dental) vdgL.
- <jfS iaJ bghUJtjh gfu wF. J jbHh
(Bilabial) vdgL.
- eh E Kdzij eF bghUJtjh wfu wF. J
cubgh (Trill) vdgL.
_bfh
w F . J d z

thaiwUJ btgL fh xU gF, _F tna btgLnghJ,

_bfh clhwJ. jilbah nghw btojik iy. bk
baGJf MW _bfhfshF.
- eh gF ilazij bghUJtjh fu wF. J
dz xahF.
- eh ilgF ilazij bghUJtjh Pfu wF.J
ilaz xahF.
- eh koJ il mzij bghUJtjh zfu wF. J ehko
xahF.
- nkg (mg) eh E guJ xw efu wF. J gd
xahF.
- uL jfS iaJ bghUJtjh kfu wF. J
jbHhahF.
- mgiy (nkg) eh E bghUJtjh dfu wF. J mg
xahF.
kUbfhf (Laterals)
_R fhiw ehth jLJbfhL eh xU gfnyh uL
gffnyh fhiw fa brJ btnaWtjh wF xf
kUbfhfshF. J t x vd TwgL.
55

 - eh E mgiy bjhl fhW U kUY btnaWtjh,

yfu wF. J mg xahF.
- eh E il mzij bjhl fhW eh U kUY
btnaWtjh sfu wF. J mz xahF.
- eh E tisJ eL mzij cu brtjh Hfu wF. J ehko
x vd eh tis kUF bjhlbuh vd TwgL.
tUblh (Flap)
eh E nkbyGJ tisJ mzij tULtjh wF x
tUblh vdgL. eh mz nkhJtjh jid mobah vd tHFt.
ufu tUblhahF.
- eh E mgiy jl (tUo) brYnghJ ufu wF. J
tUblhahF.
miuf (Semi-vowels)
cbuGJf wF jikf ytiwbfhL wF xf
miuf vdgL. a, t uL miuf MF.
- moeh ilazij bghUJtjh afu wF. J ilaz
miu vdgL.
- nk thgiy GjL bghUJtjh tfu wF. J gj
miu vdgL.
f rP lz Kjil
Eeh mz cwKiw tUnk

e. 79

mg yoeh Kow jetU

e. 80

jGw gk wF

e. 81

moeh moaz cwa njhW

e. 82

mz Eeh tUl uH tU

e. 83

yfu sfukh uL wF

e. 84

nkg jGw nkL tnt

e. 85

mz Eeh e wd tU

e. 86

mg KjY mzK Kiw

eh xw tUl

5. goj w
ttot vGJfis brhfis fzh ghJ thah crJ,
kdjh bghU czU w go vdgL. gojnghJ brhfis
milahs fhz, Kiwahf xj, bghUSzj Ma _W braf xUnru
eilbgWwd.
56

goj w Fnfhf
mGj, Uj, c, iu, bj Matiwbfhl ey goig
cUthf.
Fu Vw jhfis clh bghUSzia btgLJj.
goj bghUis jhD czJ wiu czu brj.
brh bghUis jJ czu brj.
brhfsaij bgUf cjj.
wbkh brhfis ma brj.
Wj Ffis gagLJ Kiwia ma brj.
gghLs rKjha thifF Lj.
goj w tiff
goj w w tsF go, bghGJnghF go, ga fUa go
vd _tifgLjyh.
w tsF go
Fl Jiwia njbjLJ mij f thf MHkhf goF
go, w tsF goghF. rf yaf, yfz f, fhaf,
mw f, df, Wfijf Kjadtiw gogJ goj w tsF
goghF.
bghGJnghF go
brfis bjJbfhS nehY bghGJnghFtjfhf goF
go bghGJnghF goghF.
eh, thu, khj, jfis goj
bghGJnghF goghF.
gafUa go
J bkh bjhlfiy goghF. bkhwfis ma tsJ
bfhs cj ggo Kjad gafUa goghF. nkY, thif
mwhl f gagL mfho iygoa, ngUJ fhy mltiz,
bjhlto fhy mltiz, czL czbghU iygoa,
ehfho Kjatiw goj gafUa goid rhU.
W goj
bghU sFgo nrJ ilbtL goj
thL goFbghGJ bghU JbfhStz y brhfis
nrJ, y brhfilna W gojntL. nrJ gogjh
myJ ilbtL gogjh bghU khw Vgl TL.
Gs vLJfhLfis fhf.
khyh/ mij LF nghdh.
khyh mij / LF nghdh.
khyh brhYF WJbghGJ khyh, khyh mij - brhfSF
WJbghGJ khyh mij LF nghtjhf bghUgL.
57

vdnt, vbfF nrJ gofntL,

vbfF W
gofntLbkd aikah ylfis mJbfhnth.
bghU sFgo nrJ gof ntoa lf
1. bgauil, idailfis nrJ gof.
caukhd L/ ntfkhf brwh.
2. neiz, viz,briz brhfis nrJ gof.
<Lizaw, cajh, fdfnubyW.
3. brhf ntWik cU, brhYU VW tUbghGJ nrJ gof.
fzid/fnl. mtDF/ bfhLnj. thsh/ mWnj.
ntyDl/ brnw. bgoUJ/ vLnj. kuf/ FuF.
fzdJ/ jf.
4. idKiw jahf, idail UFkh idailnahL gof.
tjh. ntfkhf tjh.
5. vf tUbghGJ nrJ gof.
X C, uL egf, ehF khztf
Mdh vQF bgabrh milnahL tUkh J gof.
uL/wj jiytf, _W/ bga glf.
ilbtL gofntoa lf y:
1. ntWik Vw brhiy jna gof.
fzh/ th. ntyh/ mnf ngh.
2. vGthia jahf mLJtU bjhlfis jahf gof.
kd/ j kfis ghJ
3. brhfSl c nrJ tUbghGJ xbthU c brhD
W gof.
mt/ njreyDfhf/ KndwJfhf/ f ghLglh.
4. nknfh Fl bjhlf mikkh W, cznfg Fu
Vwjhl goJ, nknfh Kojl W Fu khwJl gof.
ka tJ /Iah/ eg/ o iy/ vd Tdh.
5. gy bghUfis mL TWbghGJ xbthU bghU D W gof.
jf/ bfhah/ khgH/ mdh/ thiHgH/ midJ thdh.
6. idbarf bjhlJ tUbghGJ xbthU idbar D
W gof. W idbarij idKnwhL nrJ gof.
KUf/ CUF brW/ jijia ghJ/ tufis TL
Udh.
7. bgauilf mL tUkh xbth D W, W
milbkhia
nrJ gof.
Fj gugss/ caukhd/ kiyJs L.
bfhLfgLs gF W gofntoa lfis rh nfhoL fhLf.
M munr! tWikah thL v FLg mtyij vthW
ciung. gah Ct cl bkJ cUFiyJ nghdh v
kid.
58

goj tiff
goj thL goj, thF goj vd uL tifahf TwgL.
nkY goF jik Mj go, mfw go vd tifgLjgL.
jifa gof iw Fiwf goj wid tsF gf Kjad
tFgiw Ma gw ntoait ahF.
thL goj
jfUF vGJfis fzh ghJ, thah x btgLkhW
crJ bghUSztnj thL gojyhF. bjhlfiy thL
gojny wjKiwahF. Kiwjh xig brikgLj Jiz br.
thL goFnghJ bghUSz Mw FahwJ.
thL goj af
rahd crl Ujkhf goj.
bjthf iuJ goj.
bghUSzJ goj.
csij csthW goj.
czfis czJ goj.
Wj FfSnfg goj.
rahd Fu Vwjhl goj.
Kjad thL goj eafshF.
iwf
xKiwia ff cjwJ.
xYs Fiwfis Uj KowJ.
kdghl brtjF Vwjh csJ.
Wj Ff gaid czu KowJ.
Xirea, br Rit Kjatiw goJzJ w aY.
ngR, ciuahl, eoj, brhbghthw, brhngh Mat g
Vglth eFwJ.
sgu brfis mf cjwJ.
f, th, kd tF xU iz VgLwJ.
gy cWf xUizJ bragLtjh fw tik bgWwJ.
Fiwf
thL goFnghJ, goj ntf FiwwJ; fhy zhwJ.
xWf v fisgil. mjdh, gog nrh njhW.
brhfis VwKiw gofntL vgnyna ftd brtjh bghU
czj fhyjhkj VgL.
clUnghUF ilW VgL.

thF goj
xid goFnghJ thL cuf gofhk, kdFnsna
th wthk, cjLf J mirahk, fUij cth bghUSzJ
bfhS gong thF gojyhF. thL goj eF iftubgw
d ifahs ntoaKiw thF gojyhF. J goj tsiyia
rhjJ.
59

_wh tFUnj thF gojiy bjhlfyh. mtF

thF goj 40 GfhL thL goj 60 GfhL mikj eW.
ca tFF bry bry thF goj GfhL caJbfhnl
bryntL.
iwf
thF gojnghJ xj ikah xWfSF X
ilwJ.
Fiwj fhy ms mfkhf gofyh.
fQ kdK kL bragLtjh goj ntf mfF;
bghUSzU Mw tsU.
goFnghJ il W gjF thL.
mUUnghUF ilW yhk gofyh.
mtutfSila wiknfwthW iuthfnth bkJthfnth gof ttFwJ.
mfw goF LwJ.
Fiwf
thF gojnghJ vGJf jtwhd xfis Uj thiy.
thbkh g yhjjh eoj, ciuahl, ngR,brhbghf Kja
tF gaf JizahJ.
kdFnsna gogjh, ghlf mikJs rjea, xea Kja
tiw nfL wayhJ.
gof fF Kiwf
FHijfSF gof ff vGJKiw, brhKiw, brhbwhl Kiw vd
_W Kiwf csd. _W Kiwf iwFiwfis fhngh.
vGJKiw go
J f giHa Kiw. vGJfis tirahf fJ vGJ To
KG brhfis d brhbwhlfis fF Kiwna vGJKiw
goghF.
Kiw Kj XbuGJ, <buGJ brhfis d _W, ehF
vGJ brhfis mj KW brhbwhlfis fg.
iwf
vGJfis Kiwgo gogjh, mt tirKiwfis eFzJbfhs
KowJ.
vGJfis fw d brhfis fgjh Iagw vGjbgw KowJ.
jbkh xgJnghnw vGJnwh. vdnt, xnth vGJFa
xid eF czJbfhtjh, vGJ g vjhwJ.
vGJ iHf F VgLtiy; gogJ iH mik.
Fiwf
csa KiwF khwhdJ. FHijfSF gog ft VgLtiy;
fisig btWig VgLj TL.
bjjUJ bjahjjF nghj vD fjKiwF J khWgljhF.
vGJTo gognyna KG ftd brYJtjhbghUSzuhk goF
iy tsJ go nehf iwntwhk nghf thsJ.
60

brhKiw go
vGJKiwF khWglJ brhKiwahF. Kiw milf
cUt bghUfis mtFa brhfis xUnf fho brhfis
KGikahf ff brwd. d, xbthU brhiy gFJ mYs
vGJfis ff brwd. mLJ, mbtGJfshyhd J brhfis gof
brwd. thW xbthU brhyhf fgJ brhKiw go vdgL.
iwf
FHijf vGbjGjhf ngRtiy; brhfshfnt ngRwd.mjdh,
Kiw bghUjkhfnt csJ.
KGikUJ gFF brYj, bjjUJ bjahjF brYj
vD cF VwJ.
xbthU brhYF jj bghUSL. bghUnshL Toa brhiy
fjny rhy wjJ.
Kiw bghUSzJ gogjh, gog Mt VgLwJ.
Fiwf
glf JizbfhL ffgLtjh, khztf brhfis
ghfhknyna glij ghJ kdghlkhf bghUSzuhJ,brh
bfhnl nghfyh.
xU glij kiwJbfhL brhiy gof brhdh gof Koahk
Uf thL.
j vGJf tirKiwfis ma Koahk nghfTL.
brhbwhl Kiw go
va brhbwhlf gytiw fj, m brhbwhlfyikj
brhfis vGJfis fgJ brhbwhl Kiw goghF. jhf ifahs
gL KiwfS J xW. J fijKiw vW TwbgW.
iwf
btW brhyhf fgijl, m brh ifahs bgUFbrhbwhl
khztfSF bghUis bfhLftyJ. Fvwh iffyh. Mdh,
F ghLwJ vwh v Jbfht.
jid isahL Kiw fjh, khztfl fF <LghL FahF.
Kiw gog khztfSF Mt mfF.
Fiwf
bjhlf iynyna brhbwhluhf gogJ khztfSF ljUtjhf
f Fjjhf UF.
brhbwhlfis ghfhknyna xf TL. Mdh, fUgyif
vGgof brhYnghJ mahJ iffTL.
Kiw vikUJ fodF brYj vgjF vkhwhdjhF.
brat fw Kiw ahid FpL mikj ghlgFf
brhKiw goghf mikfgLsd. t FHijf,
jhf gofntoa milfis jhfns vLJ Mtkhf
fwd. FHijf U fF Kiw goj wid
tsf bghUjkhd KiwahF.
61

gf nkbfhsgL Kiw
bjhlf iy vGJfis fgjh, vGJfshyhd brhfis
fgjh vd UntW fUJf ywd. brhKiw fjjh iuthf
gojYfhd gahF. Vbd, ff brhfis KGikahf nehF w
cilad. xnu neu gidJ vGJf mla brhiyTl nehF
FHijf brhfis gof CFfntL.
bjhlfiy khztf brhbwhlKiw goig g fgJ
fodkhf csJ. jdh, brhKiw go Kiwna gf gwgLwJ.
Mj go
xU iy nknyhlkhf goJ bria kL mahk m Ys
fUJf, brhbwhluikf, brhyh wf Kja midij goJ
mjny Mj goghF.g iy Mj go wid tsgjF
br, ciueil gFf njbjLfgL bfhLfgLsd.
Mj go nehff
ciueil ghlij MJ gof brtjh Fl nehff
iwntW.
brhfsa bgUf VgL.
bjhlfis tha mikJ vGj brJ, brhyhwid tsfyh.
xU gFia goJ dhfSF ilbaGJ w tsU.
ciueil wig czjyh.
br ghlij MJ gof brtj_y Fl nehff
iwntW.
brhea, bghU ea czj.
vJif, nkhid, ia bjhilfis mj.
fgid ea, ctik eaij mj.
bris bghUSzUtz jj.
bris XirKiwgo goj.
iwf

bkh mogil wf ey g ilwJ.

eaKzw tswJ.
brhfsa bgUFwJ.
gilghw w tsu thsJ.
gojj fUij m Mw tswJ.

Fiwf
xnu gFia MJ gogjh r Vglyh.
gFia goJ bria kL mJ dhfSF ilTW iy kL
VgLLj TL.
mfw go
br uLjiy nehfkhfbfhL xU iy nknyhlkhf goj
mfw go vdgL. fij, fLiu, khj, thu jf, Jizghl f
Kjad mfw goF Jiz.
62

mfw go nehff
thF goj wid tsj.
gojij RU vGJ wid tsj.
w Jiz jhnk goJ brfis aj.
Xneuij gaDs Kiw brytj.
fgidahwiy gilghwiy tsj.
jdif tsj.
iwf
ntfkhf goj, bghUSzj Kja wf tswd.
Kiwahd bghGJnghF thgwJ.
Mj go bgw bkhait cWbra cjwJ.
Fiwf
vj iy nknyhlkhf goFiy Vglyh.
Ujkhd bkhabgw cjtiy.
fijfis kLnk goF gHf VgLo, m tsF lyhJ
nghlyh.
goj wid tsF gf
goj w tsF gf fgt Knfg mikantL;
totikfgL gf goj iy nehfnfg mikantL.
bjhlf tF khztf goj w tsf Fl gfis
bfhLfyh.
1. glK brhY mla milfis bfhLJ gof brj.
2. va rj ghlfis njbjLJ bfhLJ mtiw cuj Fu ghl brj.
3. FHijfSfhd va fijfis njbjLJ bfhLJ, mtiw cuj Fu
gof brj.
4. ngY vGY mf gagLjhj , P vGJfis brhf milahs
fL gof brj.
5. rhiy milahsfshd , ft, br, FWfyhd tis, gs ghJ br,
x vGghnj, bjhlto ghij Kjatiw gof brj.
6. Rtbuho sguf, va vriff Kjatiw jah brJ gof
brj.
7. FHijf g VLfis xUtUbfhUt kh bfhLJ gof brj.
jdh, wuJ ifbaGJfis goF w bgWt.
8. oF tU ifbaGJ fojfis gof brj.
9. Wt ky, FHijfSfhd fij fis gof brj.
10. brjhis fhiy tghL TlY tFgiwY gof brj.
11. ngUJ iya lbgW ngUJ wgL fhy mltiz,mfhof
lbgW bghUf iygoa Kjatiw gof brj.
12. brjhf lbgW thiy mif, jgbtgiy, tiuglf
Kjatiw gof brj.

63

FHijf go tsfhd tKiwf

1. goFnghJ FiwjJ X mo ilbt iy oFkhW brj.
2. lgfUJ x tUgo khztfis cfhu itj.
3. J neuhf mkJ goFkhW brj.
4. FHij fghit nfhshW U, mjid f Mnyhrid TWj.
5. f goFnghJ ghnghJ jiyairahUf brj.
6 .thF goFnghJ cjL mirahkY KQKQfhkY ghJ
bfhSj.
tKiwfis gw brtj_y FHijf goj w
tsia mffyh.
gojiy iuthF tKiwf
goj wid mff ffh ms, f ef, f ghr, bghUSzU
Mw tiw mfj ntL.
ffh ms (Eye Span)
goFbghGJ f ttot xU Fl gFia ghwJ. ,
mLj gFia ghwJ. xUKiw ghg flw brhbwhFia f
fh ms(Eye Span) vg.
mtHf ngR ngho Kjl bgwh vD bjhl, mtHf
vgij kL xUKiw ghf Kobk, goF ntf Fiw. mtHf
ngR ngho vgJtiu xUKiw ghf Kobk goj ntf
mfF. vdnt, ffh ms mff g mj aikahjJ.
f ef (Eye jerk)
goFbghGJ ttot xU Fl gFia xUKiw ghj,
mLj gFia ghf FgJ f F (Eye jerk) vW f ef vW TWt.
xU gFia gogjF f gij f Wj vg. f Wj
xU gFF fh dho njit vW, jid fWj ms vW TWt.
f Wj mfkh goj ntf Fiw. f Wj fhy msit
FiwJ gof g mj ntL.
f ghr
goFnghJ xU bjhl KojJ mLj bjhlUF f ghit jhwJ.
jhjiy f ghr vg. f ghr mo wHhJ bryntL. xnu
tia L gogJ xU tL gogJ y ntisf ftJL. mJ
goF ntfij FiwF. f ghr Kiwahdjhf mika gaj ntL.
bghUSzU Mw
goj ceho bghUSzjny. bghUSz w ts gofis,
tia goj,
tF goj,
tfgh goj - vd _whf fhzyh.
64

vLJfhlhf, kfhkh fh ikahdt vd brhfis goj tia

gojyhF. ik vgij bghUnshL kL bghU ghfhk, m
bghUjU gig bghU ghj tF gojyhF. gid ik
vD brh jUwJ. brhYF ng ik, elij ik, fh
ik vd gntW bghUfis izJ fhgJ tfgh gojyhF.
bghUSz Mwiy tsF ttiff
FHijf miynfwthW jffis njbjLJ gof
bfhLfntL.
bjhlfUnj fij, d, ehlf, ehLts, eifRit mla
jffis goF Mtij lntL.
khzhf goF jff fod brhfS bghUsfhj fUJfS
mfkhf Uj TlhJ.
g yff Jiz gobfd mfkhd f th itfntL.
ey jfis brjhfis tutiHJ gof brjntL.
U btW fis goJ mit TWw fhuzfis VW
Mw kdgFtij khztfl VgLjntL.
ehnjhW Ma nkbfhsntoa braf:
1. xnu xila brhfis khzt f gLkhW vG itj.
2. jft gyif JJ jftfis vGJj,
3. br gyif mwhl brfis vG itj.
4. vGJ wF lfis czj njitahd glf tiuJ,
khzt f gLkhW itj.
5. iwa jidF vd WW bghbkhfisnah tha
fisnah Fw ghfisnah vG itj.
6. fhiy tghonghJ brf, ma jidf Kjatiw
gof brj.
brhf ntWghlf.
miu, miw; t,t,t; kiu, kiw; iy, is; mWF, mUF; K, K;
fiy, fis, fiH; ku, kw; m, m; , ; c, c; C, C;
s, H; Fs, FH; F, F; cis, ciH; cs, cH; M, M;
M, M; msF, mHF; f, f; sh, Hh; jhs, jhH; jh, jh;njhs,
njhH; Ks, KH; SF, GF; nfh, nfh; nf, nf; Ts, TH;
bghUj, bghWj;g, g; kUF, kWF; jU, jW; iu, iw; Ju, Jw;
brh, brh; nju, njw; kz, kd;ciy, cis, ciH; ts, ty.

6. vGJj w
bkh njh tsJ gy W MLfSF dnu vGJ thyhf
vzij vLag Ko vd fljd. ngRbkhia mjhtJ, x
totij t totkhFtnj vGjhF. vGJj vgJ gof fW bfhSjiy
l fodkhdjhF.
65

bkhia fFnghJ mYs vGJfis brhfis bjhlfis

Kiwahf vGJw bgWj vGJj w vdgLwJ.
go xUtid KG kjdhFwJ; ngR mtid stdhFwJ;
vGJj xUtid brikahdtdhFwJ vD My ciueilaha
ngf TW vGJ w wig FF. vGJ w bkh
caiy wdhF.
vGJj nehff
vGJj, fUij ngir iyahf g brj, bjhiy
cstfSl bjhlbfhSj Ma nehffis bfhlJ.
fUij ngir iyahf g brj
eh, e v cstl e fUJfis vzfis ngR_y
bt gLJnwh. y ehfSF eh vfUij Tndh vgJ kwJ
Lj TL. mnjnghW nfltU kwf TL; myJ kdkhWj fhuzkhf
nga fUij kWnjh Tonah Fiwnjh khWgnlh TWj TL. mjdh,
kd ntWghL FHgK VgL. tiw jf fUJfis iyahf g
bra vGJj cjwJ.
bjhiy cstfSl bjhlbfhSj
e fUJfis mantoat bjhiy Ujh, ngR_y KGik
ahf fUJfis bjf ayhJ. vG_ynk fUJfis vzfis
KGikahf btgLj aY. ljh bjhiy cstl kLk
fhyjh gnlhlK bjhlbfhSjF vGJ gagL. j mogil
jh Kfhy XiyRtof, fbtLf brngLf cUthd.
vGJtjFK g mj
FHijf vGj gHFK jirf, uf MatF Kiwahd
gf tHfntL.
jir g
vGJtjF jir g aikahjJ. FHijf gF tU
Kdnu Xus jir g bgUg. mij nkY tYgLJ tif
jffis f mLf g mfyh. FHijfsh f Koj
WW bghUfis , XlUJ knwh l itf brayh.
ijf, bfhilf, fk cUilfis tirahf mLf brayh.
jdh, jir ehf tYtilJ, izJ brayhW g ilwJ.
uyir gHf
FHijf u bkjirf gHfgl dnu vGJtjF vGJnfh
tHfntL. vGJt Kjiy WFjyhF. tyif Mfhou Kj
vGJ fUahwJ. Mfho ubfhL kz, j, fhW Kjat
FHijfis Ugngh Wf brayh. jdh Mfho uYF ey g
ilwJ. d vGJF (gg), fnfh (bg), (ngdh) Kja
tiw gagLj brayh.
66

fk cUtf brj
FHijf ifuf ewhf gbgw FHijfl fk
bfhLJ eF ira brantL. d FHijf Uatz
cUtfis bra Twyh. jdh, FHijf if ufS mtf
fgidnfg bragLtij ghf Ko. d FHijfis fnfh
(bg) bfhL vGj g mfntL.
cUbth tiu fU g mj
gf brat fw milfSl bfhLfgLs jhuheh,
jhgH Ma cUbth tiu milfbfhL nenfhLf, gLif
nfhLf, tisnfhLf Matiw tiua gWfntL.
cjh, kz, bfhilf vGJj
vGJf totfis cjh bto, mtiw Kiwahf bjhlf,
Ko gFfis jl ghf brantL. jdh, vGJf ttotij
cz thyhf cth bfht. tF bkikahd, tHtHghd
Jfis gagLjyh.
kz vGJfis vG, mtJ Kiwahf vGj brayh. a
bfhilfis vGJ tot mL mtJ vGj gHfyh. filf
vGJ totij brJ mtnk vGj brayh. gf vGJf
bjhlf, ts, Ko Matiw FHijfSF bjgLJ.
jhiy fUgyif
gf FHijfSF vL cau jhiy fUgyif mikJ,
m Rz foah tisf, Rf, nfhLf Kjatiw tiuJ gHf
ntL. WF iyUJ rW Knd njitgL nfhLfis
tiua gWf ntL.
nfhLfis Xus rahf tiua fwd tl, rJu, brtf,
Knfhz Matiw tiua gHfntL. d, t cjdh gl,
V, khgH Kja va cUtfis tiua brantL. mt
bgafis vGj brayh.
vGJnfhiy oF Kiw
bjho gHf RLfhL kL, I tisahjJ Ig tisahJ
vgd gHbkhf. bjhlf iy Kjny FHijf vGJnfhiy rahf oJ
vGJtjF gWfntL. vGJnfhiy eLu, Mfhou, bgUu
Ma _W ufshjh of brantL.
bghJthf, vGJnfhiy vGJ EF 3 Kj 4 br.. u ufsh
ojntL. FHijf vGJnghJ vGJnfhiy oFKiw, vGJgyif,
jh Kjatiw itFKiw Matiw Ma ftJ caKiwia
gw brantL.
ttot vGj gWj
j ttot nfhL, tyRah MdJ. j ttotij Kj
nfhblGJfS d R vGJfSbfhL vGj gHfyh. mthW
vGj gHFnghJ, mbtGJfnshL Toa cbkbaGJfis vGj
brantL.
67

ttotij vGj bjhlFtjFK, Ma fhoa goiyf

ttotij vG fhlntL.
1.
l
g
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70

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71

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72

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vGj gWj.
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3. khztf brhfsa bgUFj, brhyhw tsj, ku
bjhlf ma brj.
4. xU gFia goJ, mj bghUis RUfkhf bjthf mJ
bfhs brj.
5. ciueil gF aghf fhzgL yfzij czu brj.
6. mfuh ghJ bghUsa brj
7. bkhgW bfhs brj.
8. eil xwig czu brj.
9. gghil tsj.

brhfsa bgUFj
w ngRtij nfL bghUSzu goF gFf bghUiszu
j fUJfis ngR_y btLtjF mogil njit brhfsakhF.
ghl xbthU ghlY tUw midJ brhf bghUis
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fis fgj_y khztfsJ brhfsaij bgUf Ko.
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mo rWF nghw gHbkhf Kjatiw ngY vGY gagLj
gaj thyhf brhyh w tsU.

73

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bghUis jUtjh, J kubjhl vdgL.
ghl ciueil gF ulF kubjhlfis ifahs
g ajntL.
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ciueil ghlfis fFnghJ, MF aghf fhz lF
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ciueil tU yfz brfis KGik TwhJ, mtnghJ
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ghl fjiyL y brtjhL. vdnt, njitahd vGyfz,
brhyfz brfis kLT, va bkh gfis aJ ciueilia
el bryntL.
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brhfis jfthW gagLj fgJ ciueil ghl fj
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j brhbwhlf vthW mikantLbkd ekJ Kndh tH
sdnuh, mJnghy brhbwhliu mikJ vGJtJ bjhl kughF. vGth
74

nfw gaiy, vGth, bragLbghU, gaiybad Kiwahf mikj, dh

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ciueilia ifahSbghGJ bghUjkhd kubjhliu gagLj ff
ntL.
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jf
ng
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tsjntL.
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75

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td Fl, fhlfis aJ gagLJj.
ya fhL xGf gghL wfis gw.
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ciueil fF Kiw
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ghlgFia goj, ghl brfis sFj, JizfUfis ga
gLJj, izJ fj, brhfsa bgUFj, bkh gaj,
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gia goj, mj ika fUij nfng. vdnt, ftdkhf nff
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khztfsh Tw Koaiyba, Manu TwntL.
76

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ghlgF ika fUij fUgyif vGjntL. d,
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ntL. nknfh bfhLfgoUjh, mnknfhg mJ lbgW
g TWjntL. ghlfUJfis kL mgona s bryhJ,
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ghlij
fFbghGJ,
ghl
bghUSnfw JizfUfis Ma
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fha gFia sf tiugl jh,
dilf, RHyilf, kogilf,
glf Kjatiw gagLjyh.

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fhaf, IW fhaf Matiw J Twyh.
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ghlgF lbgW LngW, ij Kja brhf bghUis ma
brJ brhfsaij bgUfyh.
fUgyifia gagLJj
ghl jiyid fUgyif vGJjntL. ghl ika fUJ,
mUbrh bghU, brhfis J fhLj, x ntWgL brhfis vG
fhl, njitahd gl tiuj Kja brafnghJ fU gyifia ga
gLJjntL. fhjh nfgijl fzh ghgJ kd v g
khifah fUgyifia Ma gagLJjntL.
bkh gaj
ghlgFia fFnghnj ma brhfis brhbwhl mikf
brj, kubjhlf, gHbkhf, ctikf lbgU mtiw
brhbwhl mikJ Tw vGj bra gaj ntL.tha
tiffis Rofho, clghL- vkiw, br- a, neTW-maTW,
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tF iynfwthW bkhg mfyh. ciueil ghl bkh
gaj khzt bkhw bgw bgJ cj.
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Ma ghlij fj d, khztfis gof brantL.
ghlij fgjF K khztfis gof brj TlhJ. Vbd, a
ghlgF mUbrhbwhlf, a brhf, a fUJf lbgUF.
mtiw khzt JbfhL gogJ fod.
77

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gig tsF efhy

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Ma eF fj khztfis gof brnghJ, bghU J

gowhfsh? Vw WjfSl gowhfsh? rahd x ntWghLfSl
gowhfsh? vgij ftj ntL.
ghlij Uj
ghlij fJ Koj d fj gFia khzt mJ
bfhlduhbtd njja dhf nflntL. a brhf bghU
nfl, brhfis tha mikJ Tw brj, ghlgF ika
fUij nfl Mad Uj mlF. ghlij Uj braghL
wj thbkh gahf mik. Ma flhakhf ghlij
UjYF neu xJ Uj braiy nkbfhsntL.
bjhlbra tHFj
ghl fj W Uj dhF khzhf thbkhahf
il TWt. mdhfSF o ilbaG goJ tu brayh.
jdh, vGJ g kdghlwD tsU. ghl bjhlghd glf,
brfis uo tu brayh. jdh bgnwh, mil mayh cw
VgLwJ. bjhlbra khztDF Rikahf yhk Ritahf UFkhW
ghJ bfhsntL.
bkheil
Ma g khzhf ciueil lbgW gntW ciueilfis
mj aikahjjhF. va bjthd eilna fhyF VilaJ.
fUJ bjUjh bjthd eil iftu bgwyh. jF ey bkheil
fis fw tzUj ntL. vikna bkheilF mahF.
khzt Ma gtifahd ciueilfis mtJl, jdbfd xU
eilia mikJbfhL fLiu, fijf vGJjntL.
ciueil tiff
vGJ Kiwah, brhf mikJ tU jikah ciueil gytif
gL. mit: mLFbkheil, jj eil, va eil myJ MbwhGF
eil, dh il eil, kuths eil, a eil, ya eil, br eil
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brGj brk t.c.jgudh iwrhiy thg ngaij, lhl
uh.. nrJ is, iwrhiy brGj Jauij khaJ v brjHnwh!
if njhYa fYilFnghJ v fiu khaJ f jHnwh!
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78

lhl uh.. nrJ is gntW vJif nkhidf mika brhfis

ifahL mL Tajh J mLFbkh eil vdglJ.

jj eil
wbkh brhf fythJ a j brhfis gagL vGJtJ
jj eilahF. UtSt jeho njhat; UFw vw iy
ahjt. nf mt njha ehLF wggjh? myJ mt ahj YF
wggjh? YF wggnj rh. V? UFw jehLF kL
gagLtjh mikaiy. m~J cyFF gagLtjh mikJsJ.
ehoD cyf bgjnwh? vd K.tujuhrdh UtSt myJ thif
sf vD YF vGa mJiu U..f. TWth. wbkh
brhf lbgwhJ jjnH lbgWsjh, J jj eil vdgL.
vaeil myJ MbwhGF eil
va eil jFjil v bghU czUtz mikJ
tUtJ va eil myJ MbwhGF eil vdgL. jF vD lhl
K. tujuhrdh, j! aifUJ eh xU bga ghl fWbfhsntL.
thif gFf xiw kL nghWwt cUgoahtiy. cliy kL
ngh cukhf itUgtD mwh. mtDila cs mtDF gifah
mtid a t brY bfLJ mwJ. csij kL ikahf
ngh fhghWwtD ileLnt mygLwh. clY ntL csK
ntL vW uil cukhf ikahf fhgnj flikahF. vW
FLth. fUJ K khwhk Mnghifngh brtjh jid
MbwhGF eil vW Twyh.
dhil eil
dhilahf mikJ vGJ eil dhil eilahF. fahs be.J.
Rju tontY fTlg FLnghJ, khzt khza jh U
gof thf njit xbfhnw. ey iyaf mjifa
thfis bfhLF. J cf Ko, rjhnd? m iyaf
ffnshL fyhkh? TlhJ. caiy gfis kL vo ghjh
nghJkh? nghjhJ. vW TWth. gF dhilahf mikJ tJsikah,
J dhil eil vdgL.
kuths eil
kuths eil bagJ il fhy brthF bgUj eil
ahF. k gtsK fyjJngh tlbrh fis j brhfis fyJ
vGJtJ kuths eilahF. gyt fhy vGjgl $uhz, ra
jhk Kja f kuths eil mikjdthF. itzt
ciuahaf j eilia bgJ tsjd.
itzt ciuahauhd bgathrh is vGa bga Ubkh
ahahd, th[&njt jUrhah ghj lbkyh Hyh Uif. vF
xf HbrJ, H myJ w xJf H nf Uif, eh jh
efkjh moty Lj, ntj brahJ Uif vw gF lbgWsJ.
gF jG tlbkh fyJ tJsikah jid kuths eil
vnwh.
79

a eil
U..f.,
lhl
K.t.
va,
a
brhf
WW
Mnah eil wzj
thaf mikJ tUtJ a eil
mtj fUJ U
ahF. vLJfhlhf U..f., bgF
gFfis
njbjLJ
k bfhLf; cik bfhLf; tzf
vGJf.
brYJf. bgiz kJ nghwny
ehff. mtis fLgLj, moik
gLj, bfhLikahf elj mehff vW
bgiz nghWjg TWt. brhf WW thaf tJ
ik brtjh J a eilahF.
ya eil
fnwhF kL bghU sFkhW brhf mikJ vGJtJ ya
eilahF. vLJfhlhf tPhd Rthf e}YF vGa ciu,
mnw nfngh khzhfU nfngh MaUkhfyh uL bghJ
ghujh bgwgLkhnkhbt, mwW; bghJtifah MaUF
khzhfUF yfz bgwgld tyJ dh buD w tif.
ML bgwglh ik ~L fhlgL vgh. eil fnwhF
kLnk a Toajhf Ugjh, J caj ya eilia rhjjhF.
br eil
brsik mikJtU ciueil br eilahF. snfhtof,
kz kJiunahL muR nfLw
tid tJ cWjfhiy
fztid mF HJ nghj
fLidna ah
vd fz Twhf mikJ TWth. J ciueilnahL br jik
csjh br eil vdgLwJ.

2. br fj
jbkh f brns caiyahd gF. br vgJ nj
bjLj brhfsh brfis RUfkhf TWtJ. cz nklh bt
gLtJ. jLfKoahj ngUz btghnl br vW, csYsJ
fij, g cUbtLgJ fij vW mjidg TWt.
fPDila Mw thj czf jhnk jJ ttJ br vW
ntbth TWwh. wj fUJfis wj mik wj thijfsh
btLtnj br; br fgid vyh mikfis bfhlJ vW
b TWwh. gho cs brhf xU bghUis sfiy. khwhf, mj
bghUisna e kd gilJLwd vW Mguh TWwh.
briyna e ma KGik bgwjhfhJ vW kh mdhL
TWwh. wj br Mkh x yghnl vwh lhlh. xU k
thj bghUis g vGJw ghlny cik brshf UfntL. vW
l TWwh.
80

br xgh RitfS, gJtif mHFfS, iw, cSiw,

ctk Kjad wJ fhzgL. gongh kdij <jFa brhea, bghU
ea, Xirea Kjad br w TWfshF. jifa w
TWfcs br gFia fj nehfij Kiwfis mJ
gagLJj Ma flikahF.
br fj nehff

cf csftj fea
cs JsJ fij - g
Fj Ughlf vGJf.
cUbtLgJ fij
bjs bjj j - cik
bjJiugJ fij
- fk njf ehaf is

fijfis brfis fF nehffis mJbfhnth.

br mikJs vJif, nkhid
xeafis mj.
cfcsftj
brhRit, bghURitia czj.
feaf
ghuah,
ctik ea, nyil eafis mj.
ghujhr,
thjhr
fgidw tsj.
ghlfis njbjLJ
gghoid tsj.
vGJf.
gilghw w tsj.
ghl fUJzj.
bris goJ goJ kj.
ehLgW, bkhgW bfhs.
mUbrhfSF mfuhia ghJ bghUsj.
bjhif brhf fis mj.
jid wid gilghw wid tsj.
xeafis mj
fP jh czjij, j mDgtij gogtF czJ
tjnfw va brbrhfis gagLJt. f va brhY gagL
jjh ea bghUj TL. fP gagLJ vJif nkhid gogjF
gjU. td, bkd vGJfis njbjLJ gagLJtjhY gh
mikdhY xea Vglyh.
fg jh vGa uhkhaz mu Ngdif bkikahd bg tot
jh tjh vd ghosh. mghl bkd vGJfisna F bgW
xea cilajhf mikJsJ.
gbah RF gyt mDf
brbra fr woa sh
mbrhs kiPbad mdbkd D
tbad erbkd trkf tjh
ghliy goFnghJ bkd vGJf xeaid cztJl,
khkh mobaLJ itJ elF xeaid czuyh. bth ea
gh mikgh VgljhF.
81

vJif ea
KjbyGJ msbthJ f, ulh vGJ x tUtJ vJif. br
midY vJif eaid fhzyh. fPf ylf brhfis
tdkh bkdkh vJif ea mikgo brt. vJif eh
gogjF gjUtij Ma bris thL goj_y czu brayh.
bghdh kah nghf kh
wkh mfkh j kh
kdh kiyah flY kh
kah uah kW kh
Kdh dh eL kh
KGjh ehjKw KH baF
dh gug bts njf
afUiz bghKyh sF njnt!
vd uhkf mofsh UtUgh bghdh, kdh, Kdh, dh vd
vJif tJsikia fhzyh.
vJif, nkhid bjhilf lbgWs ghlfis flf.
nkhid ea
br Kj KjbyGnjhL tU f xnwh gynth
KjbyGJ x tUj nkhid vdgL.
cc bu(W) cgrah jkid
czhik nfho bgW.
vD xsitah ehFnfho ghl, Kjyo KjbyGJ ulh mo
KjbyGJ x tJ nkhid eaij jUtij fhzyh.
ff frlw fgit fw
f mjF jf.
- Fw: 391
UFw Kjyo ehF fY KjbyGJ ffu xWngh tJ
nkhid jUtij khztF sfyh.
bghU ea
ghlYs xU brh bghUis ntbwhU brhbfhL sFtnj
bghURitahf mik.
ehFzK ehgilah IyD eyikrh
MF yng mKurh - ntgil
thSnk fzh tjd kFil
MSnk bgik auR
vw esbtgh ghl_y bghU eaij mayh.
jka aif mHFilat; mHif Mwh; mr, kl, ehz,
g vD ehF gfis jid ghJfhF ahid, Fiu, nj, fhyh
Ma ehF gilfshf bfhLsh; bk, th, f, _F, br vD Iy
fis ey mikrfshf bgWsh; mt fh mUF y bt
82

Kurhf xwJ. ntgil TathS mtsJ U ffshf Dwd.

mHa Kf mtsJ mHF bgUik nrF btbfhw Filahf fwJ.
d jkal mHF bgik Mwd vd TWtj_y
bghUea mayh.
brh ea
Tluhrg fuha ehLts ghl, Xl fhgJ, xLf fhgJ,
thl fhgJ, tUj fhgJ, nghl fhgJ, yg fhgJ, njl fhgJ
vd L L fhgJ vD brhny tJ, brh eaij czJtij
fhzyh. thW br lbgW brheaij khztfis czu bra
ntL.
ctik ea
xU bria Ritgl brhy mHFs xU bghUis g Tw
ctikfis fPf gagLJt. t njtuhris Fnrnyh
ghahd Fnry tUifia nfl fz jh tUifia nfl
FHijnghy kjh vW TWth. jid,
jhaJ tUif nfl
js FH nghW
nea Fila dh
beD ctik g
nghaiH L nd
nghaiH L nd
nghaiH L nd
vdiu bghU brhwh
vD br_y mayh. d, fPf gdhY bradhY ga
jUtjhY cs xWikia EQaJ btgLJ wDilatf.
br lbgW meafis khztfis ma brjntL.
nyil ea
xU brhiynah bjhliunah UbghU jUgo mikJ ghLj nyil
vg. jid, uLw bkhj vd TWt. brhts f yt jh aW
ghlf nyil ea bghUj ghLt.
Mo Fl(J) mil MLngh njiu
_o w KffhL - Xokil
g gugbuD gh zhFKlh
cLgh bgbsdnt XJ.

nyilea czj
f fhsnkf ghlf
uL vGJf.

vD ghl fhsnkf yt, ghig vis xUnru mikJ ghosh.

gh, glbkLJ MoL bgo nrU. v, brL MlbgW
vbzahf Fl nrfgL. gh - glbkLJ MLbghGJ c vd
iur xia vG. v, brL MLbghGJ bh vD x
baG. gh, gh cs bgo _oia wjh, c vW xbaG
jiyia F; glbkLJ Kfij fhL. vbz Flij wJ
83

ghjh wgt Kfij fhL. ghF sgl ehFL. vis

brL Mo vbz vLj zhF ilFbkd ghig
vis xnubghU mikJ eagl ghosikia vLJT, khztf
ff Mtij l ntL.
fgid w tsj
fgid ea ghlfSF w nrF.
fgid w g .th.b#fehj mtf,
fgidah gnf - xU foths vgiy
bt VtU - mj Y gwF.

fijf lbgW

vd ghosh.

uhkhaz fg, uhkDila m uhtzDila cliy JisjJ

g TWnghJ,
btbsUf rilKoah btbgLj
Unk nkY G
vUF l cUF
leho iHj thnwh
fUF kyTj rhdia
kdiw fuj fhj
cUF vdfU clFJ
jlanjh xUt th
m uhtzDila cliy JisJ brtij TWtJ fgid ea
fjh csJ.
fhy fPuh uhkru fuha fgidnah Jg viyia
cilJ mjfghY brYgo mikJsJ.
Md kiHbgha yH
mfjoah bkneht moik rht
khu nghFbjW ijbfh nlhl
tny flfhu kJ bfhs
rhnthiy bfhblhUt vnu bry
jsbthzh UJtu rg l
nfhntj cGJl flik nff
FUfnsh jrizia bfhLbt whnu!
vd cyYs mjid Jaufis xUnru mikF fgid w fPf
j brhjh. mj eykidJ khzt Efu etgLJj Maj
nehfkhf Uj ey.
vYz
fPf jh fl aif fhfis ehK fhQkhW vYw
ghLwd. Fwhy kiy FuFf isahLtij Fwhy Fwt Ma
Tluhrg fuha,

84

thduf fbfhLJ knahL bfhR

kJ ffSF thff bfR
fhdtf baJ thdtiu miHg
ffd j tJtJ fha isg
njdU iubaG tht bahGF
brfnuh gfhY njfhY tGF
Tds iwKoj ntay fhu
Fwhy Tl kiybaf kiyna
vd vYw ghosh. gongh jik FwhyF miHJ brwh. J
nghw ghlf_y khzhf cs vYz njhw brtJ br
fj nehffS xwhF.

gghoid tsj
bkhghl thyhf khzt kd caj gghoid ijf
Ko. jya mw f, rf yaf fhzgL gghL
brfis khztf ma brjntL. weh},
ahJ Cnu ahtU nf
J eW wju thuh
<bad uj jW mjbd
<na vw mjD jW
bfhbsd bfhLj cajW mjbd
bfhns vw mjD cajW
vd caj fUJf TwgLsd. mwfS xwhd UFw,
xGf Gg juyh xGf
cD Xg gL.
ve bfhwhF clh ciy
bre bfhw kfF
vW wj mwfUJfis vLa.
FHijfSF,

kfhf ghuah dW

bghbrhy TlhJ ghgh - vW

wbrhy MfhJ ghgh
rhf iyao ghgh - Fy
jh ca brhy ght
vd fUJfis vLJ TWth. xsitah,
rh ublha ntiy
vd TWth. jifa mw fUJfis gghL brfis khzt gUt
Kjny CLtJ czJtJ bkhghl jiyaha nehfkhF
jnf ca gghL TWfis yaft goaLf.

85

.gilghw w tsj
xUt wj brawid fhQbghGJ jhK mJnghy bragl
ntL vD vz midtUF tUtJL. mnjnghy wj gilfis
czJ knjhUF jhK mitnghW gilf ntLbkw vz
vGtJ aif.
khztfSF fij vGJ Mtij bjhlf tFUnj CF
j ntL. kfhf ghuah jkJ gjhtJ ta fij vGj bjhldh.
vdnt, bjhlf tF khztfSF ghl mobahiw bfhLJ mjiz
ahf Xuoia vGj brayh. iliy tF gh yfzij T,
mtf wikahf fij gilf CFfyh.
khzt cs ClF vzfis vG tof cj
thfis tF cUth jUjntL. wj fijfis vLJ
TWj, Niy mikJ bfhLj, br bghJs Ritfis
czJj Kjad khztfl fij gilF wid tsF. rKj
yt,
ehuh! ehuh! brfh ehuh!
gHgL gid HF sjd
gts Tth brfh ehuh!
kid bjir Fkaho
tlir nfF uh
vnfh khw tG Tl
Mil thil bkJ
ifaJ bfhL bkaJ bgh
fhyJ bfhL nkyJ j
ngiH UF ghbgd cF
ViH ahsid fld vDnk
vd tWik thL fzt, tWik thL j kidF ehiu xiw J
Ltjhf mikJsh.
ghl mikJs ctik ea, ViH Jau
gogt kd MHgJLtij fhzyh.
u fP ghujhr, ku bjhF xU ghid My Gbjd
fU, mjid bjhlFuF glghoid ehK mgona fhQkhW
eifRitl ghosh.
is gh bjhf
GbjW FuF bjhL
sid bjhl is
btLbfd Fjijngh
isnjhW FJ jh
Gs Gij bayh
xghgh v ba
cngh jth ghF
d, eaf ghlfis njbjLJ khztfis L L goJ
kH brjntL.
86

fw yFf
br fgj tahf khzt bgwntoa bkhwfis br
nehffis yFfshf
bfhL fjntL.
f nyh iy fthK
brYs brhfis
ndWngh L eil.
- Fw: 59
J goj.
bris bghU sFgo
Wik a brh kWik
goj.
ik g jU.
- Fw: 98
brYs bghU
vt Jiwt Jyf Kyfnjh
brthd brhfis flj.
lt Jiwt j.
-Fw: 426
brYs Ritahd
gFfis Ritj.
Ca bkg bjhUtF ngijah
mUbrhf bghUis
nfik bah l - Fw: 797
TWj.
br mikJs vJif,
Fwghfis bghUjU tif
nkhid eafis TWj.
bjG gof.
bghUSzF VwthW
Funyw jhl goj.
br lbgW mfis eagl ciuj.
br fF Kiw
bris fFfh nehffis kdbfhnl ff bjhlf
ntL. br myJ fij fj jiyaha nehf, fP
czjij gonghD czUkhW brjyhF. br ff F
Ma,Mt_o bjhlFj, Ma tuyhW T bjhlFj, Niy T
bjhlFj, irl ghLj, J goj, eaKzJj, ebdfis
ma brj, L ghLj, bjhlbra Ma goiyfis kd bfhs
ntL.
Mt_o bjhlFj
bris fF Kd ffUw ghl fUid mJ
bfhsntL vD Mtij VgL ff bjhlfntL.
khztfl ffntL vD Mt Vgljf Niyia mikJ Tw
ntL.
UFwis ff FK UFw jik, UtSt
bgUik, ya tuyh UFw bgUFl, UFw cyf
bghJkiwahf ftJ Kja brfis Tdh, UFwis ffntL
vD Mt F.
ffUF yaf RitFj gFfis s T
Mt_lyh. br, fijfis fgjF Mt_o fj wj KiwahF.
Ma tuyhWT bjhlFj
J bgUghyhd Ma fsh nkbfhsgL tUwJ. J J
bghUjkw Kiw. Ma tuyhW, mtaa f, mt fhyJ ytf,
mt thj fhy Kja brfis Ta, br gFia bjhlFnghJ
khzt fisgilJLt. vdnt, brSF vts iuthf brWl
87

Konkh mts iuthf brW ff bjhlfntL. ntlhj tu

fisbayh T br Ritia bfLJl TlhJ.
bris fj W jifa RitFj ghliy ghoat ah
bjkh? vD dhit baG, Mt_o Ma tuyhW Kjadtiw Twyh.
fhiy baGjl go -
f bfhLFey ghL
khiy KGJisahL - vW
tHf gLbfhS ghgh - ghlYF Ma tuyhW TWf.

Niy T bjhlFj
cz mogil njhWw ghl, fP FlbthU
Niy cUbgUF.
fP csJzf ObuW
btglcja Lj vJ vgij czJlh, fP czjtiw
cwthW czJ eh Ritf Ko. mjifa Niyia mJ s
ghliy ffyh. Kiw wj Kiwna vwhY vyh ghlfSF
Kiw bghUJbkd Tw KoahJ. g crY Jg MHY
vG cz btgilahd ghliy czu, mJ vGj NHiy mJ
bjhlF Kiw gagL. bgUghY jghlfSF Kiw bgJ cj.
btnahx jnk nrh kiwa
bghnahvD ilahbshL isahbdhL nghdh;
iknah! kufjnkh! kflnyh! kiHKnyh!
Inah! t tovgJ Xmah mHFcilah.
- (fguhkhaz: fifgly)
ghliy goJ mj brhbghU eaij czbjGJf;
fyJiuahLf.
ifkh Wcfthk fwnjh bktU
jkh aYj jhbrt - mkh!
KisF vW KRit ehF
isF tadjh bkW.
- (ebd: 27)
br gF czJ ebd fUij sFf.
irl ghLj
bris fgjFa jFj Niy mikj , mjid KjKj
mKfgLJbghGJ irl ghLj wjJ. ciueilia gogJngh
gojh brhf xeaid khzt czu KoahJ. irl ghLwik
jkiybad Ma fUdh, J rj miknghL Funyw jhnthL
bjhlf, eLiy tFFa ghlfis g brj xehlh khtl
Ma f g Wtdf f bjh Eg Jiw ilF.
mjid bgW khztfis nff brayh.
88

goJ fhlntL. mbghGJjh ciueilW mJ ntWglJ

vgjid khzt czt.
th UFkhdh, br myJ ghliy irl ghLgtiu bfhL
ghlbrJ, xg ehlh gbrJ, tF khztfis nff brayh.
J goj
Ma uL myJ _WKiw irl gojwF, brYs
brhfis J gofntL. br ahgo f mika z
fis gagL brhfis nrJ vGUg. myJ Ufhf
brhfis J vGUg. tiwaJ jj brhfshf bghU
sF iy J gojntL. vLJfhlhf,
mtw fhF fU brWthF
csf yhfh mu
vD Fwghit,
mmw fhF fU brWthF
cmf Mfh mu
vd J TwntL.
bris J gojd br cs mUbrhfSF bghU
TWjntL. mthW bghU TWbghGJ, jf NiyaikJ khztnu
bghUsa brj eW. a brhfshU Ma bghUT sf
ntL. mUbrhfis sa br ul fUid ma
brj ntL.
br eaRl
br fUij czu brtnjhL mj eaid czu bra
ntL. lhl c.nt. rhehija mtf, j Mrh rlnfhigafh fj
g TWnghJ, bghikfis (ghit) fho FHijfis fttJnghy
j brf eaij vLJfho v csJF mj sgUt
j ijia ijjt mtnu vd Tsh. T_y br l
bgW brhea, bghUea, rjea, ctik ea, nyil ea Kjatiw
sFtJ aikahjJ vgJ bgwgLwJ.
br eaij vLJ TWtnj br tF wj, RitFj gF
ahF. brhRit bghURit bjhileaK meaK rj ik
bfhl ghlf khztfis isf itgnj Maf Kj flik ahF.
br ea ffgLbkhwW;
czah gbfhsgLtjhF.
ebdfis ma brj
br czJ bghU gogt kd, yt gf idF ebd
ahF. mF cnlh milF jh vD UFw mdJ jikid
btgLJwJ. m vgJ kd beahF. mbe xUtU
bfhUtiu zf itF ebdahF. mebdia khzhffis fil
of LtnjhL, eh midtlK ml elJbfhsntL vD
ebdia khztf kd gj ntL.
89

bjhlbra tHFj
bris fJ Koj d, khzhfF bjhlbrayhf y
braghLfis bfhLjntL. br fUJ, eaf, mUbrh
fSF bghUbsG tu brayh. br fUnfg bghUjkhf
gl tiunjh glfis nrfnjh tu brayh. Ma jFj, bghUjkhd
bjhl braiy Kdjhfnt lL bfhLj ntL.
br- ciueil fF nehffY KiwfY cs
ntWghLf
br, ciueil Ma U ghlfis elJtj nehffY
KiwfY aghfnt ntWghLf csd. mit:
br

ciueil

m. nehf
1. Xirea, brhRit, bghURit
ku vYz, fgid Mat
t khzhf j gghiltsj
2. czfis brikgLj

3. Ritzw, mHFzw tsj

1. xaik, brh ku, bjhl

brhfsa bgUf, eil
Kiw yfz Mat
t bkhait tsj.
2. nfl, ngRj, goj,
vGJjMa mogil
wfis tsj.
3. bkhait tsj.

M. bjhlF iy ntWghL
1. ghlgFF KDs fijgFia
myJ fia, NHiy T
bjhlFj.
2. brSFa Xirl goj.
3. brhfis bghUtz
J goJ fhLj.

1. Mt_o a ghlgFia
bjhlFj.
2. thL goj.
3. ghl csij mgona
goJ fhLj.

. ts iy ntWghL
1. xeaKzJ kHntLkhifah
thL goj wl bgW.
2. brhYF brh ciu brhtJ,
br goig RitawjhF.

3. br ey gFfisnah KG
brisnah beLU nghlyh.
mjdh g bgwyh.

90

1. fUJzj nehfkhifah
thF gojiy gogoahf
tsj w.
2. brhYF brh ciu
brhtJ brhfis
bjhlf mikf
cjtjhF.
3. bghJthf, ciueil
beLU bra liy.

<. yfz Tw ntWghL

1. br gWtU yfzfS
bghUSzJ nghWtjfhf
Xuil TWj.

1. bkh mikig ma,

zyfz ma eil
Kiw yfzkhf mf ms
TWj.

c. w ntWghLf
1. br br RUfK bfhlJ.
2. motiuaiwFglJ.
3. fgidia mogilahf bfhlJ.

4. ahyfz fSFglJ.
5. fP jh mDgj gij
wU mila brtJ.

1. be bgUfK bfhlJ.
2. motiuaiw guJ brtJ.
3. Muhia, fhuzfha
bjhlig, mDkhdij
mogilahf bfhlJ.
4. ahyfz f njitiy.
5. brhfsa bgUFtJ, iH
vGJtJ.

3. yfz fj
khztf jhbkhia g eF mUjny mtf ma bkhia
f g j F a j F j m o g i l M a j K M F v g h m P (Sweet).
jhbkh m vgJ wghf yfz mitna FF. ngY vGY
brw iHfis U bfhtjF yfz m njitahF. khztf
bkhia fF iy brh, bjhl, ku, tHF Matiw mJbfh
wd. vdnt, Maf yfz fis kL fJ Wlhk,
mjid ciueil, br MatnwhL bghU fj ntL.
mnghJjh mfS mt gaghL khzhffsh eF czubgW.
yfz fjY bkh fjY
kf, jfl aghf mikUF xbaG wid J jhf
bghU jU xwhf brJ bkhia gilJ bfhld. bkhku khwhk
fhjYF, bgUj khWjf VgL a kudF sfhj iy bkh
mikJlhjgo jLjYF yfz aikahjjhwJ. bkh kuF
cgL vGjgl yafis gojJ mtYs eafis mJ
nghWtjF yfz cjwJ. bkh mikig KW czJ
bfhtjF, yFfis mJ mjnfg bragLJtjF yfz
m cjwJ. vGJ brhY bghUS ah m bjhlila
Vida vbt tiff aFwd vgjid ma yfz m
cjwJ.
yfz fgJ ga fUJf
vW vbz vLgJ nghW yaW
vLgLtJ yfz - ngufa

91

ya fL mjF yfz ag vW e} Ma gtz

KtU Tsh. jifa yfz gWtJg _W tifahd
fUJf ywd.
yfz
Ujkhd ngir nfgjhY brikahd eil vGjbgw fis
gogjhY bkhid Ujkhf ngr vGj bjJbfhsyh. mjdh,
yfzij g xU ghlkhf fgJ vd y TWt.
yfz nj
yfzij Kiwahf gyho bkhia brikw fwjhf bfhs
KoahJ. gHfhy bjhfha, e} fwng ya ffglJ.
vdnt, yfz ghlij midJ tFfY jahf ffntL vd
TWt.
eilKiw yfz m

aD D w cK
frjg Fj thjd knd -(e: 165)

bkhia iHaw ngr

vGj njitgL yfz
ghit vLJfhLfSl sFf.
mit ghlnjhL izJ
ffntL.
bkhait
cWgLJtjF yfz xU Jizahfnt csJ vgjid eh id
bfhsntL.
vtFKj bjhlf bgwntL?
bjhlfiy tFf yfzij jghlkhf ff ntoa
iy. brh, bghU, brhbwhl Mat m bgws s khzhf
fF yfz m xU gaid juhJ.
iliy khzhffF eilKiw (Functional) br, ciueil
ghlfis fFnghJ bjhlila yfzij sFj eKiwahF.
caiy, nkiy tF khzhffF yfzij jghlkhf ffyh.
jnghJs ghllgo yfz bgafis brhfis mKf
gLJj _wh tF va Kiw bjhl J jhf VHh tFtiu
eilbgWwJ. yfz gF ciueil ghl W bfhLfgoU
gjh, mtiw mtghlnjhL izJ ffyh. vlh tFKj
yfz jghlkhf ffgLwJ. Kiw khzt miyF Vwjhfnt
csJ.
yfz fj nehff
bkh wafis aJ nghWj:
xbthU bkh jdbfd y wafis bfhL fG. mtiw
mgo brj yfz fj kbwhU nehfkhF. bkh x
aid yfz czJwJ. wbkh brhfis jbkh
gilFbghGJ gwntoa xaid eh yfz thyhf mayh.
iz, gh, mik Kiwia aj, a tHF, jF tHF Kja ngR
92

tHidaj, iz, gh, v, l, fhy tGtik nghwtiwaj

Kjad ekF bkh wafis czJtdth.
Ujkhf ngr vGj fj
FHijf midtU mtut jhbkh Xus ngRw bgnw
gF tUwd. miy mtf jhbkhah jiH ngRwd
vgijl, mtut Lbkhia ngRwd vdyh. Vbd, mtf ng
tlhu tHFfS bfhirbkhfS t>c brhfS FUF. mtiw
fisJ Ua bkh ngr, brhbwhl mik, brhyhKiw Kja
tiwaJ vGj ttFj yfz ghl nehfkhF.
xnu bkhid gntW gFfY gyjkhf ngr bjhldh,
gyhLfSF mJ gntW bkhfshf khlTL. vdnt, bkh
kuig ghJfhf Ujkhd ngR aikahjJ.
td Fl, fhlfis mj, vbdd vGJf bkhKj,
bkhW tUbkd mj, vGJ kaf mj, brhf Ua
totfisaj Kjat_y vGJfh VgL iHfis Fj TL.
br aWjF goJ kjF cjj
z fisatjh brfYs brhbwhlfis J
bghU fhzyh. nyil bghU fL kHyh. bjhifiy bjhlf,
MFbgaf Kja brYs yfz mikfis fL nghw Ko.
myfz_y br mikJs mea mJ ghuhlyh.
ahyfz m br mHid mJ nghw cjtJl xUt br
aWtjFa wid mF. br kugJ aw, a kuid
miknwhbkd ma t Jizahf F. nkTa midij
mtjF gagLtnj yfz ghl kbwhU nehfkhF.
yfz fF Kiw
yfz fFbghGJ tUKiw (Inductive method), sFKiw
(Deductive method) Ma UKiwfis gWnwh. mUKiwfisg
thf mJbfhnth.
tUKiw

tUKiw yfz ff
khztfSF
bjj VwbjhU yfz gFia d
v L J f h L f i s b f h L fL vGJf.
mtilnas
xWik
ntWikfis
MuhJ
xU nrhiy, fhW, njhl,
bghJid tUJ fj bgh btLJfhLfis
tU KiwahF. id Kj J T ia tutiHf.
TwhJ khztj mwhl thif
gagLJ brhbwhlfUJ
khztfns id mJbfhs brtjh J wj KiwahwJ. wj
ngRKiw, Ua vGJKiw mikJs aid tiuaWJ
TWtnj yfz bagjid khzt eFzt.
brhbwhlfis myJ vLJfhLfis fUgyif vGJtjF
khztl aghf ciuahLtJngh Ma bjhlfntL. ciuahl
93

ilna y bjhlfis Ma lL gagLjntL. Mdh, khzt

mJ aghf Vgljhf vQgo mikj eW. thW mik, ghl Rit
fjhf sF.
Ma xU fia TWtjhf bjhlfyh. tU t xU Wt
khkuJ fbyjh; njhlfhu tUtJfL Xodh; nH Gjh.
mt fhbyhojJ.... thW ytiw brhL, Wt vd brjh?
fbyjh vd, mtDF vd nejJ? fhbyhojJ vd dhf_y
ilfis tutiHJ jjna fUgyif vG J vGj brayh.
f + + vjh. fh + xojJ vd vGJt. jid bjhlJ bghdhir,
ja, bghl, gyhL Kja bjhlfis gUajJ, thafwJ,
gHjJ nghw bjhlfis fUgyif tifgL vGjyh. iy
bkh jF tU xW, tUbkh Kj c tjh uoF
jikia mtfisna Tw brjntL. W, jF KxW
ct uL vD id Tw brayh.
tUKiw eikf
tUKiwia g fg gy eikf csd.
m) khztf jhf mj gy brfUJ, mahj xU bghJid
mJbfht. fj bjjUJ bjahjjF brYj
ntL vD csa bfhifF J bghUjkhsJ.
M) khzt a id jhnk v ghJ mJbfhtjh, mtf
kd mJ ewhf gwJ.
) Kiw khztfSF ghl Mt VgLwJ. jhfshfnt
xU ia fLoj cz VgLtjh mtfsJ jdif
tswJ.
Kiw_y fg y FiwfS csd.
m) Kiwgo gy vLJfhLfis ghJ, khzt xbthU
bghJid mtjF lneukhF.
M) Kiwia g fjh khzt bgwntoa yfz m
KGikia Fl fhyF fJ Koj ayhjjhF.
) khztid fLongh iy itJ, vLJfhLf_y
mtidna bghJid fLof brtjF Ma jwik
thjtuhjntL. nkY, Ma xU ghl jiynf l neu
jahj njitgL.
sFKiw
khztfns v fLzu Koahj y fis Ma sF
Kiw ffyh. yfz bahiw T, mjid gy vLJfhLf
_y sFj sF KiwahF. Kiwna gHfhy yfz
fj gwgl KiwahF.
bkpW z zfu, dfu <W zia TW e} ,
z d td tu lw, wt
akhF ntWikF; mtF
midJ bktD aghFnk
- (e: 209 )
vd T, mj d xbthWF vLJfhL bfhLjntL.
94

ntWik z td tu zfu bk lfu bkahf, dfu bk

wfu bkahf khW.
k + Fl = kFl; bgh + Fl = bghFl.
ntWik z bkdK ildK tu zfuK dfuK
aghfnt UF.
k + kiy = kkiy; bgh + tik = bghtik
mt z tUbkh Kj _dK tu zfuK dfuK aghfnt UF.
bghwjJ; iwjJ.
thW ia T, vLJfho_y s brtjh tU eikfshtd:
m) yfz ghlgFia f iuthf ffyh.
M) yfz fS vLJfhLfS bfhLfgoUgjh Ma
f vjhf fj TL; l neu jah njitiy.
sFKiw y FiwfS csd:
m) fj bjjUJ bjahjjF brYjntL vD
csa bfhifF Kiw KY khwhdJ.
M) Ma yfz ia iuthf fW bfhLJlyh. Mdh, khzt
ia ewhf mJbfhlhfsh vgij cWahf brhyKoahJ.
) Kiwgo Ma brhtij khzt nfL bfhoUgij ju,
ntW ntiy brtiy. Mjyh, ffgL yfz m
beLehfSF iyUFbkd brhtjiy.
sFKiw, tUKiw Ma UKiwfY FiwfS iwfS
csd. Ma yfz ghlij fFbghGJ xbthU gFF Vw
Kiwia ifahSjntL. tUKiw sFKiw fyjbjhU
Kiwgo fjY ey gagjhF.
xWKj iu jhu nfho
viw as wt g
<W bkbfL D W
Vg njF bkhgJ idnj. - (e: 197)
1. ghit bjGJf.
2. ghit sFKiw sFf.
3. 11, 12, 13, 25, 30, 68, 99, 101,300, 400, 500, 800, 999, 10000, 60000 Ma
vfSF vQ bgafis vGJf.
4. xWKj Xyf tiu vQbgafis vGJf.
5.xbthW, uL, eehF, IitJ, mthW, ggJ,
_bthW, _btil, _HF, _yF, Kj, KgJ, KfHR,
Keh, Kbkh, xUgJ, guL, UgJ, xgdhu, ehyhu,
ehtif, ehbyhW, ehdh, ehk, ehf, IW, gdhu,
mWgdhu, vFz, vfy, Xuhu, <uhu - btQ
bgafis g fyJiuahLf.
95

sFKiw - tUKiw uLFKs ntWghLf

sFKiw

tUKiw

1. bghJ ia T vLJfhLfSl
sFwJ.

1. vLJfhLfis T
mtW bghJia
mikwJ.
2.ghlKoam bgWwd.
3. bkJthf brY Kiw.
neu mfkhF.
4. bgw yfz m cWahf
iybgUF.
5. cs bfhiffSF VwKiw

2. a m Kjnyna tHfgLwJ.
3. iuthf ffyh. fhybry
Fiw.
4. bgW yfz m cWahf iy
bgUF vd Tw KoahJ.
5. bjjUJ bjahjjF brYj
Kja cs bfhiffSF VwKiw
aW.
6. RajidF liy.
7. yfz cs ghid
vLJfhLfis TWtjh Ma
ntiy vjhwJ.

6. jid brJ bghJia

fLogjh jdifia
tswJ.
7. khzhf j taJF m
iyF Vg vLJfhLfis
jahfntoUgjh
MaUF ntiy mfkhwJ.

4. Jizghl fj
khztfSF gJiw g ya MtK bgUFtjF Jiz
git Jizghl fshF. Jizghl f, yf fKjad mfw
goF cadthF. fTlf Mwh tFUnj MJ gY ghl
fnshL khztf jidia tsfjf Jizghl fS l
bgWsd. Maf Jizghl fj nehf, fFKiw Mait
g mJbfhtJ f njitahdJ.
Jizghl fj nehff
1. bkha tsj
khztf Jizghl f fijf, thif tuyhWf, ma
fLof Kja w brfis gowd. mgFf a brhf
gy l bgwyh. mtiw lneh bghUsJ nkY gowd.
mfuhia ghJ bghUswd. Maiu nfL bghUswd.
jdh, mtfsJ brhfsa tilwJ; bkha tswJ. thW
bkha tsj Jizghl xU nehfkhF.

96

2. iuthf goFw tsj

Jizghl iy tF fFbghGJ khzhf thF gowd.
Ma llgo fhy tiuaiw brJ, jid lfSF jid
gffis gojntL. goJ KojJ dhfSF ca ilf myJ
br RUf TwntLbkd mgjh khzhf ngho kdghiknahL
go <LgLt. jikaahknyna mtf iuJ goFw bgWt.
thW iuJ goF wid Jizghlf thyhf tsjiy xU
nehfkhfbfhL mjnfg gajntL.
3. thF goFw tsj
bjhlfiy khzt vGJfis ghJ xJ gof fW
bfhwd. caiyF tutu gof ntoajidij thL
gojj vgJ KoahjbjhU brayhF. thF goj_y wUF
ilW Vglhk Fahd gFfis iuthf gofyh. x cWfSF
nrh VgLtiy. fUw, bghUSzj Kjat ftd F.
jdif jKa Vgl tL. Mjyh, thF goj w
khztbgw eh g gaj ntL. mgF Jizghl
fj Kiwia eF gagLjntL. vdnt, thF goj w
tsjiy Jizghl fis fFbghGJ xU nehfkhf bfhSj
ntL.
4. jdif tsj
MtJl fis gogjhY, gJiw fis goJ mbgW
tjhY, gyuJ thif tuyhWfis jhnk goJ bratjhY khzhfF
jdif tswJ. d, yf brW nkY gy fis goF wik
bgWwd. thW khzhfl jdifia tsj Jizghl
f nehffS xwhF.
5. go Mt_l
Jizghl f lbgWs fijf, tuyhWf Mat WW
gFfis T wtiw khzhfnu gojgo Mtij lyh.
vLJfhlhf, ekF mf cjtJ Filah, brUgh vD dhit vG,
ciuaho, ntlhjt e vD fijia gofbsd Mwh tF
FHijfSF Twyh. Jnghnw njFuh#, gf, mzh nghnwh
thif ff ytiw T, vlh tF khzhfiu Jizghl iy
gof brayh. mtf KG tu ma MtnjhL gof bjhlFt.
thW go Mt_l brtJ Jizghl f nehfkhF.
6. fUJz w tsj
gof fWbfhl khzt xU gFia gojJ m TwgoUF
fUij aJ bfhSw bgWjntL. brKiw ntiyfis brj,
wfis tsJbfhSj, fUJfis bgWj Kjadtfhf khzt
fis fwd. vdnt, go gytiw fWbfhs gagLwJ.
jidna f tyh xUt, FHij Kj gof fWbfhwJ. d
97

fWbfhs gowJ. (At first the child learns to read, then reads to learn) vd Ritahf
Tsh. thW mit tsJbfhs goF gF fUJ czJ
bfhSj aikahjjhF. wid tsf Jizghl fis jFj
Kiw gagLJjntL.
7. gJiw mid bgWj
f fiuy vD bjhlUnfg ehnlhW gjkhd ma fS
fij fS cyf brf ga fS cley ngQ fS bttj
tzKsd. mjifa fS khzhf ma ntoatiw nj
bjLJ bjhFJ vikah Jizghl fshf mikwd. mjdh,
khzhfuJ gJiw m bgUFwJ. thW gJiw mid tsjY
Jizghl f nehfkhF.
8. fgid w tsj
Jizghl f khzhf Wfijfis ma fLo
fis gowd. mthW goFfh fijahaUila fgidia tf
goJ mwd. J shf fgidah. thW shf fgid gy
jlit <Lgl khzhf jhnk fgid bra bjhlFt. thW mtf
fgid w tsu Jizghl f bgJ cjwd. jid xU w
nehfkhf bfhsyh.
9. RUbaGJ w tsj
Jizghl fis goJ mt Fl jiyYs brfis
RU Kiwahf vGJwid tsjY Jizghl f kbwhU
nehfkhF. gagjfhf xbthU Jizghl WY
bfhLfgLs fLiu gFa jiyfnshL nkY y jiyfis
cUth bfhSj ntL.
10. g ikafUJ mj
tUzidfis LJ aikah brfis uo bfhSj,
Kiwahf fLiu to vGJj Mat gagj_y nehfij
iwntwyh.
11. brhfsa
brhfsa mj brhfsa, gagLJ brhfsabkd
uL tifgL. mj brhfsaij tila brj Jizghl
f jiyaha nehfkhF. xU brhYF neuhf cs bghUis s
TwKoahj iyY mbrh gagLjgLs lneh, mj bghUis
xUt mJbfhSjntL.
tifahd wid tsJ Jizghl
f brh fsaij tila br.
12. Xneuij eF gagL kj
khzhfUF o Fahd Xneu ilF. tF Jizghl
bjhlghd WW brfis T Mt_oUgjh, o jkJ X
neu mtiw gog. thW Xneu goF gHfij VgL
98

lh vbghGJ X iljhY nknkY fis gof vQt.

jdh, mtfsJ brhfsa bgUFtJl gJiw mit bgWt.
thW X neuij eF gagLJt gbgw Jiz ghlf
cj. mg mgij Jizghl fgj nehfkhf bfhSj ntL.
13. _y f - mfuhf gagLJw tsj
Jiz ghlf nknfhshf brfnsh ciueil gFfnsh fhl
bgwyh. khzt _yiy ghJ, mbrf myJ gFf tU lfis
mJ mtiw goj eW.
xU UJ nknfh gFfis Ma
vthW ifahwh vd mtJl, jhK mthW nknfhfis vGJ Mwiy
bgWt.
a ghllgo eLiy g gUtnyna khztUF mfuh
ghJ bghUs gHf VgLJjntL. mw tsf Jizghl
tFng VwjhF. Jizghl cs mahj a brhfSF mfuhia
ghJ mtfisna bghUbsGJgo brayh. xU brhYFa gy bghUf
mj lJnfw bghUisa w tsU. xU brh gy bghUfis
mtjh kiwKfkhf brhfsaK til. mfuh ghJ bghUs
wD tsU.
Jizghl fF Kiw
jbkh ghlJF Jizahf mikjbjhU jhnd vd fU,
khztfis Jizghl xU gFia o goJtu brh, tF
fLiu vGj brwd. Kiwia gWtjh khztUila iuthf
goj wid lL tsj ayhJ. Jizghl itf bgwj
nehff iwntw tU fF Kiwfis gwyh.
1) brfis T Mt_l
Jizghliy KjKjyhf gof bjhlF K jFj brfis
T iy gogjF Mt_lntL.
2) rahd ntf khzt goj
llgo khztfis vj gfKj vj gf vj gtiu
gofntLbkd TWjntL. vjid lf gofntLbkd
TWjntL. MW, VHh tFf xU gfij gof khztfSF 2
lKj 3 lneukhfyh. nk tFfSF bry bry neuij
Fiwfyh. Fj neuF khztiu gof brjntL. khztiu
mtf ynyna Kdjhf xUKiw goJ tu brayh.
3) dhf nfL fUJ vGJj
Fl a gFia goj d, mgF jiyig gf
ika fUij jFj dhf_y tutiHJ fUgyif Kiwahf vG
tuntL. W, J fLiu vGJtjnfw F rlfkhf mik.

99

4)fUij sFj
bghJfUij vGa d, nknfh br, gHbkhf, fij Ff
Matiw khzt mJsduh vd jFj dhf_y mjntL.
khzt mJbfhsiybad mjh Ma sFj ntL.
thnw Fl w gFfis ffntL.
bjhFJ Tw
khzt TW ilfis mtfisna bjhFJ Tw brjntL.
khzt bjhFJ TWtjnfw dhfis Ma nffyh. iyna,
Manu brfis bjhFJ Twyh.
RUFj
bjhFj brfis Fl jiy RU Tw brj ntL.
thW gaFbghGJ g jiyig, g lbgW
aikah fUJfis khzt mt. J Kiwahf, nfhitahf mikgo
ghJ bfhsntL.
a brhfis sFj
Jizghl lbgWs a brhfis Ma sFnghJ,
khzt mJbfht. mbghGnj mt mtiw fUgyif vGJj eW.
khztU j Fngo vG itJbfhL oF brW mfuhia
ghJ L bghUsj ntL. mthwh, mtfsJ brhfsa bgUf
thL.
5) fLiu vGJj
tF jahf bgw F rlfij itJbfhL khztiu
fLiu vGj brjntL. thW eLiyg iy Ma
tfhoahf UJ F rlf jahjhjh ca tFf khztfns
xU iy goJ Ffis jahfaY. Kiw Jizghl
fjh, fF nehff midJ iwntW.

5. bjhFiu
a, jya totfshd br, ciueil, yfz,
Jizghl Mat jikf, tiff, fgj nehff, khztfSF
fF Kiwf Kjad thf sfgLsd. nkY br, ciueil,
yfz, Jizghl Kjatiw sf bkh gfS vLJfhL
fSl sfgLsd. ghlfis fj vD a thyhf
khzt Ma br, ciueil, yfz, Jizghl Matiw fF
wid iftu bgWt. br eakJ nghWt. ciueil wkJ
gWt. yfz ikia mt. Jizghl nehfij
iwntWt. bkhj wj bkhahauhf ft vgJ btgil.

100

4. gWKiwf
mKf
eh brfis mJbfhSj xU iy. Mdh, m brfis w
mkhW gWj ntW iy. mthW gWtjF gntW Kiwfis
gwyh. gtifahd fj Kiwf cybfF gwgL tUwd.
fj nehf, ghlbghU, khzt vif, njit, fFfhy,
NHYnfg nkFl Kiwf bghUjkhdtiw njbjLJ Ma
ffntL. mnghJjh khztj fwyil wW. vyh fjy
KiwfY iwfS cL; FiwfS cL. Kiwjh wjbjd ahU
cWahfnth mWnlh Twiy. tuyhW, a, ma ghlf
ghlbghU ghlf. bkhghl w tsF ghlkhF.
g iy
bkhghl wf tsgjnf Kjl bfhLfgl ntLnka
ghlbghUSfW. wfis tsgjnfw gWKiwfshf iuKiw,
eoKiw, isahLKiw, fyJiuahl Kiw, bral Kiw,
xgilKiw, brat fw Kja gWKiwfis g gtF
fj, fj bjhEg, bjhlbra, fw fj bghUf
Mad g mJbfhs Unwh.
goiyf
1. iuKiw
2. eoKiw
3. isahLKiw
4. bral Kiw
5. xgilKiw
6. brat fw
7. gtF fj
8. fj bjh Eg
9. bjhl bra
10. fw fj bghUf
11. bjhFiu

1. iu Kiw
fy bgUghyhndhuh ifahsgL fjKiw iu
KiwahF.
nkiy, f, gfiyfHff Kiw gwgLwJ.
caf khztf fa taJnfw gl bgwtfshjyh TW
fUJfis fgid bra s bfhs aY vgjhnyna iu
Kiwia ifahSwd. Kiw thyhf bgUFGfSF vikahf
ffyh. ehgJ khztfKj UW khztfSF xnu neu iu
Kiw ffyh.
101

KndghL
xU kneu myJ xU ghlntisfhd iu jahF FiwjJ
ehF k neukhtJ ghLgL jiy/ghlbghUSnfw fUJfis bjhFf
ntL. njo bjhFjtiw, tifgL, KiwgL, KDF
Kuyhk nfhfntL. iuF njitahd Ffis ifalf
jh vGbfhsntL. FfisbfhL vNHY wghf
ffyh. myJ, eilKiwnfwthW xLU jh (Transparency sheets),
eGtf(Slides), f eGtf( Power Point), fh glf, fUJ glf,
tiuglf, tuf Kjait bfhL ffyh.
iuahW Kiw
iuKiw khztf/nfngh taJ, kdiy, ghlbghU,
Matiw kd bfhsntL. tFgiwnfw, midtU mj vik
ahd brhfisna gagLjntL. lnfg fUJnfg cq
bkhtHFfis gagLjyh.
iu jFjilyhk Mnwhlkhf nfngh VFwD
nfwthW UfntL. ftdjw Vglhtz iuahWtJ ftd
jw Vglh xUKfgLJtJ iuahs flikahF. xU fUij
sa wnf mLj fUJF bryntL.
iuKiw ililna Iafis vGg, dhf nff l
jUtnjh myJ iuF lkgnjh iuahWgtiu
bghUjjhF. vgoUD fnghUF/nfnghUF VgL Iafis
dhfis nfgjfhd neuij xJfntL. iyba, mtfSF
kdiw VglhJ. nkY, iuahWgt nfngh fwyilit/ jh
Ta fUjilit jt mJbfhsyh.
iwf
xnu neu mfkhndhF ffyh.
fa gl ftlUJ fgjh < a nfnghF
VgLwJ.
jidia Ltjhf UwJ.
njitahd sffis nfLbgw thgfgLwJ.
dhf, Iaf nff neu xJfgLwJ.
Fiwf
midtU wghf iuahWt vd Tw KoahJ.
iuF Kjah gf mf. njitahd f ilgjJ.
midtU KjahnghL wghf iuahWt vd vghf KoahJ.
iuKiw xUnghdjhf mikwJ.
bgUFG fwyh nff nff midtUF thngh neunkh iy.
102

 Fl neuF iuia KofntL vgjh, jh bjhFjtiw

bayh TlntL vD ntfnjhL iuahWt.
dhf, Iaf nff Fiwj neunk xJfgLtjh, midtUF
thyhk nghwJ.
rhjd JizfUfis gagLjayh/braglh iy Vglyh.
midtUF fw brwiljJ vd Tw KoahJ.
ftd jwYF th mf. bgUFGthjyh fLgLJtJ fod.
xU ynu KG iwnthL fUg.
iuahWgtUnf Kjl mfgLwJ.
bg f g gidJ l ngr
FbgLJ iuahWf.

2. eo Kiw
eo vgJ xiwnghynth xUtiunghynth br X caj
fiyahF. FHijf cyf fgid cyfkhF. g FHijf Ma
ngh eoj, ahidngh elj, Kangh Fj, fngh KHFj,
ehngh Fiuj, fhfngh fiuj Kjadtiw brJ fhLt ngg
milt. tF iynfg yFf, gwitf, jiytf, ehlf cWdf,
khufngh clyirfnshL, FunywjhnthL eoFnghJ mtf w
bgWtnjhL ghgtf czfis Ltjh eoKiw mikwJ.
eoKiwia gagL fwiy vikahfyh. gdh kwt
iy jid itJ ghF kdiy VgLwJ. ghlbghU, wDnfg
fij khjfshf khztfis Ma eof brJ fwiy nkgLjyh.
eoKiwia ifahSj
ey FutsK Funyw jh cz btghL clbkh
jFjilaw brhyhbfhL Ma eoJ fhlntL. tFgiw
fj fUnfw cilfnsh xgidfnsh iybawhY fhgLJ
MwnyhL fUij btgL ffntL. gntW bkhwfis
xUnf btgLj eoKiwial wjKiw ntbwJ iy badyh.
eo bkhwf gy btgLtjh xbthU khztDF VnjD
xU fUij bfhLJ eof thgfntL. mr, Tr, nkilga
ngh bfhs eoKiw fj ngUj . eoKiw Ma
Kkh ahf fjh khztfS KtJ eo Kiwia g
fWbfht.
eoKiw vGJw ts
ehlfij mgjfhd KDiu vGJj, ehlfgFfhd ciuahlf
vGJj, fh sf vGJj, ghlf vGJj Mat khztiu
<LgL, mtfsJ vGjhwiy tsfyh.

103

eoKiw ngRj w ts
ehlf cWd iyF Vg Fu Vwjhl ngRj, nfhg, a,
uf Kja czfSF Vg ngRj, dh, a thafis
mtFa xl ngRj Kjat khzt <LgLtjh mtfsJ ngRj
w ts bgW.
eoKiw kdghl Mw ts
ehlf cWd ngR ciuahlfis ghL ghlfis khzt
kdghl brJ eog gnfg. mjdh, mtfsJ kdghl Mw tsU.
eoKiw brhfsa bgUf
eofhf khzt ehlf cWd ngR ciuahlfis kdghl brJ
TWt. mthW TWfh mbrhfis, bjhlfis jFj lkJ TWt.
brhfS bjhlfS mtfSilajhwd. jdh, mtfsJ brhfsa
bgUF.
iwf
eoKiwdh idthw, Fu ts bgWwd.
gy Kiy Mogho eogjh mr Tr y fij khjnuhL x
eoF Mwiy khztf tsJbfhwd.
khztf jhnk VW eogjh ghlbghUY wY fwyil
cWahwJ.
fijnahL xLtjhY fij cWduhfnt kh bragLtjhY
kdbtGfis czfis njitahd lbtgLJ
MwY wD khztfSF VgLwd.
cznahL eogjh khztfSF brhbwhlf kd gJ iybgW
Lwd.
Funywjh, czfSnfw Futs, bkghLf, clyirf, eil,
cil, brafsidJ khzt vfhy KndwF Vwjhf
mikwd.
khztj kdghl Mwiy brhyh wid bkhahwiy
bkhahSikia bkhtsij btgLj cj.
Fiwf

vyh ghlbghUfis eoKiw fgJ ayhbthW.

Ka g fhyK brydK mfkhF.
khztf midtiu <LgLJtJ tWjYFgL L.
tF ntis bragLJtJ fodkhd bra.
cuf ng gho eofntoUgjh w tFf ftd jW.

fz, nfhty, kd, mu - ehF cWd

gnfFgoaikj fz tHFiu fhia
eoJ fhLf.
104

3. isahL Kiw
isaho MtK <LghL fhLtJ FHijf a. isahL
tjh cl tsailtnjhL k kdiw TLw kd ghik
MSikwD FHijfSF VgLwd. nkY vzfis bt
gLJj, KiwfSF fLgLj, xGFKiwfis gWj, l
Lj, jiyiknaw, jKiw tUtiu fhUj Kja Fzfis
isahL thyhf khztf bgWwd.
g tFgiwY
tFgiwF btY isahLfis eljyh.
vj isahL vyh FHijfis xwhf nrgnjhL
xbthUt jw tsF cjwnjh mJnt
tFgiwnfw isahL
- mkdZ
bkh gWj tFgiw isahLfns bgUghY isahl
gLwd. Ma wik, lLj, Mt, nehf, ghlbghUSnfg
gtif bkh isahLfis mikfyh. isahLf thyhf
nfl, ngRj, goj, vGJj, brhfsa bgUf, brhisahLf
Kjatiw totikJ bkhwid tsfyh.
gWF ghlbghU, ghlntis, NH Kjatnfg bkh
isahLfis Ma llntL. isahLtjF njitahd
bghUfis brJ bjhFJ itJbfhsntL. xbthU isahoY
xWF nkgl wf btgoD bkh wDnf KDik mf
ntL. bkh isahLfis tFgiwFnsna mikJ bragLJtnj w.
bkh isaho isahLnth vif, FGdUfhd jiyt,
isahL Kiw, isahoUJ btnaWj, isaho ga, kbg
tHFgt, eLt vd isahonfw Kiwfis tFJbfhsntL.
bkh isaho f btgLj KDik mfntL.
ff VgLnghJ eLtuhf UJ Ma tfhlntL. jtW brJ
btnaW nghJ
jtfhd fhuzij T btbgWtjF
tfhLgtuh Cf_l Toatuhf Ma fHntL.
isahLKiw j fj
bjhlfiy, eLiy gf jbkh fj isahL
Kiwia vthW nkbfhsyh vgij mJbfhnth.
mtiw
fUJlD eiflD wiklD ifahlh ey gaid vghfyh.
bjhlfiy tFfSF
1. Fl vGJfis tll
fUgyif jh, eh, gh, eh Kja vGJfis njhl, jhjh, eh,
ne h v gd t iw v G , j h v G i j e h v G ij t l L v d
TWf.FHijf njhl vD brhYs jh t totij tllh
mJ iHbagij czJ.
105

2. glf bgaf X vGJ LgoUf, mjid vGJfUJ

vLJ ug brj
nrt gl

-t vd UF. nr vgij vLJ mikj.

3. glfis bgafis bghUJj

xU tir FHijfl glfis kbwhU tir FHijfl
bgafis bfhLJ m vwJ m glKs FHij brh(m)
cs FHij xwhf tJ w.
4. bghUfis ghJ bga vGj brj
gy bghUf glf mla bgabjhU glij bfhLJ
Flnjh vG bjhlF bgafis vGj brayh. fg, f,
fzho ... Kjad.
5. bghJ vGnjhL nrJ thj
fh
gh

th
6. bghUJj isahL
ifF

bjh

fhYF

tisa

jiyF

brU

uYF

njhL
nkhu

7. khs vGJfis bghUjU brhyhf khWj (_W - ehF

vGJf kL)
gf -

fg

lf -

fl

8. vGJ Tl isahL
jj vGjilfis FJ itJbfhL MSbfhU vGjhf
brh brhfis cUthFj (myJ) xU brhiy brhy, mbrhYFa
vGJfis vLj.
9. X vGJ nrJ brhyhFj.
g- =

gl, gH, ga.

- u

<u, u, ku, fhu, u, Mu ...

106

10. uilbfh nrJ brhyhFj.

rhW - nrhW
jh - njh (nghwd)
11. brhfis Kiwkh bfhLJ thakhFj.
(v.L) gjhY dhJ.
gjhY dhJ.
12. il jUf.
FHijf tlkhf mku, xU FHij eL w. vbrh TWf vgJ
dh. tl cst xU brhiy Tw, eLYs FHij vbrh
TwntL. cd TWf dh tl cst j vwh, eLYs
FHij vd TwntL. thd vwh, vd TwntL. y
vwh kh vd mFs cd bga TwntL.
13. X xaikj brhf TWj.
fL - JL, vL, gL ... vd TWj.
miy - kiy, fiy, jiy ... vd TWj.
14. fij mikj.
xU fij Kj brhbwhliu Ma TaJ khzhf xbthUtU
xbthU bjhluhf mikJ fijia Koj.
15. maid fLo.
xnu dij nrj gy brhf mla gy bjhFfis jah brJ
bfhf. xbthU bjhFY mj dij nruhj xU brhiy nrLf.
FHijf dij nruhj brhiy nfhoL fhlntL.
v.L. fhJ, f, _F, ehF, ghF, if, fh.
gR, vUJ, fGij, fhif, eh, f.
16. gl xiw fho, Vw jiy ju brj.
17. FHijf tlkhf W xbthUtU xU Fw Tw brj.
l Fw brhyhjt btnaWj. Wtiu isahLj
(brhd Fwis L brhYj TlhJ.)
18. xU f ga gy bjhlfis bfhLJ fUbjhGF VgLgo
KiwgLJj.
19. xU fijid gh T Kof brj.
20. UbghU jU brhfis Tw brj.
khiy, ML, XL ...

107

12. brhf mikgo Lfijf TWj.

v.L.

_W vGJfshyhd brh.
jiynghdh kiwF.
ilnghdh FiuF.
filnghdh FF.

Fiu

F:- itnghW khzhfj wikF NiyF Vg, Ma bkh

isahLf gy mikJ, bkhwid tsjntL.
iwf
fnwh vD vz njhwhk vjhf ff VwKiwahf csJ.
isaho FHijf k ailwd.
fw isfis fKnd fhz KowJ.
khztfilna xWik, cj kdghik VgLwJ.
isahil KojJ btbgUj clhwJ.
jhnd xiw brnghJ id iybgWwJ.
KaW jt fgjh, L jtW bra thiy.
Ma lLLtjh ngRtJ FiwwJ.
FHij ika fwYF ttFwJ.
Fiwf
vyhtiw isahL Kiw ff KoahJ.
xnu isahil midtU isahLnghJ Tr, FHg VgL.
xbthU ehS ghlbghUis isahL Kiwia bghUfis
lLtJ brtJ ntiy gSit jU.
eh KGtJ bjhlJ isaho fgJ fgJ nrhit jU.
xbthU lK lL braghLfis fJtJ ayhbthW.
w tFf ftd jW.

4. bral Kiw
khztf ffntoa ghlgFfis jjahf bjhlgw Kiw
fgjF gyhf xU bra lij ikakhfbfhL gy ghlfis
izJ fjny bral Kiw (Project Method) ahF. J neuoaDgt
KiwfS f gaDilabjd TwgLwJ.
gy uidfis csla xU braiy, mjdJ aif iynyna
KGik iwWgo brJ Kojny bra l vd Otr vgh
TWwh.
brJ fw vD cs bfhifia mogilahfbfhl Kiwia
cUthat gh vD mbkf fahsuht.
bfhyah gfiy fHfij nrj Ma f bjh g
Tl jiytuhUj .M. r vgt KjKj bra l vD
bjhliu gagLdh. mj krhNr ef cs bjh g
108

f gbjh gF khztf <LgLw ntiyfSF bra l

vD bgaiu Otr vgh gagLdh. mjid bjhlJ gbjh
kLk f w fY J gagLjglJ. gh vgt
gf gagLJtjnfw Kiw l tFjh.
bral Kiw wj csa bfhiff mlsd.
1. g ntiyf <LgL brtj_y j nehf myJ Fnfh iw
ntW vgj khztF bra ft VgLwJ. ft jU
ntiy KG MtJl <Lgl thgwJ.
2. fw wj csa bfhifahd brJ fw vD bfhifia
Kiw bgJ gWwJ. khztf jhfns lL jfsh
Kojtiu braiy brJ Kowhf.
3. braiy iwntWtjF ntoa tfis, njhW ilWfis
jgjfhd Kiwfis khzt neuo mDgtf tna mwd.
4. g thif fgid isahlhf, ngh brayhf yhk,
btyf thif fHToa brafis xjdthf mika l
cjwJ. f tYefshd #h ^, gh KjnahuJ fUJfns
Kiw mogilfshf mikwd.
bra lid iwntWt,
1. braiy njbjLj,
2. lLj,
3. iwntWj,
4. kLj
vd ehF iyf csd.
1. braiy njbjLj
bra lFa braiy khztfns njbjLj ntL.
Vw braiy njbjLf khzt mJiz mDgtKilatuhUfkhlhbu
Ma tfhlyh. Mdh khzt, mtfns njbjLjjhf czUgo Ma
gahw ntL.
njbjLfgL bra l khztUila m, w MatF Vwjhf
mikj ntL.
khztfsh njbjLfglhk Mauh Rkjgljh khzt bra
l UgnjhL <Lglkhlhf.
2. lLj
bra lij iwntWtjF lLj, iwntW tfis
Muhj Mat khztF gaj ntL. TLkhdtiu
khztiuna ll brj eW.
ll njitahd m njitah, iyaF brW gy
fis ghf brjntL. vbjj f vbjj gFfis
gof ntLbkd Ma tfhlyh.
khztf lLbghGJ WW jtWf Vglyh. f a jtWf
isfis khztfns mDgFgo lyh. , mtf U
bfht. Mdh cHngh bghUbrynth VgL bgUjtWf iHFgo
brayhWthuh, Ma FWL tfhl ntL.
llij tuKiwahf vG itf brj eW.
109

3. iwntWj
bral Kiw braiy iwntWjyha iyna f RitilajhF.
il njhW ilWfis ffis braiy
iwntWtjh, khzt Fj MtJl <LgLt.
khzt MtFah bral nehfF wghf brWlhjgo
Ma nkghit brjntL.
xbthU gF iwntWbghGJ Ma khztiu ffhj eW.
mtfns braiy rghJ bfhs Lj ntL.
iy VgL W ffdh khzt braiy KWfhJ
ifLj TlhJ. Ma jFj Kiw tfhl ntL.
4. kLj
bra lid iwnta Fiwfis iwfis khzt Muhj
ntL.
bra LgL nghdit, brahk jf ntoait vitbait bad
khztfns MuhJ Tw brjntL.
bra lij wilajhf ntW vbdd tfis ifahsyh
vd khztf TWtJ eyJ.
nkbfhs Toa khWjfis mLj bra l gWjYF cj
tz FJ itf brjntL.
bral Kiw eikf
khzt Fl nehfJl bra <LgLwd. nehfid iwntW
MtUgjh CfnjhL brayhWt. CfnjhL bragL gid
tsj l wafshF.
jh bjhlfhw (Initiative), bghWz, lL iwntWj, kLj,
TLw
kdghik Kja gfis Kiw khztfl tswJ.
eilKiw thif vgL ffis Jbfhs Kiw bgU
gawJ. bra l ntiy <LgLbghGJ vgL
ilWfis jdifnah vbfhwd.
cl ciH jhthdJ vD fUJ f, ciH cait khzt
czu l t tFwJ.
bra lf khzt gilghwiy tswd. wghf brJ
Kof ntLbkw Mtjh bra <LgLbghGJ, mtf adtiw
brw bgWwhf.
nkTa eikf l UD y FiwfS csd.
ghl lYs ghlgFfis X xGFF cgL khzt mJ
bfhs Kotiy.
nkY, bra l aghf bghUtU ghlfis kL
ffyhnk ju, vyh ghlfis ff KoahJ.
xbthU bra lij wj Kiw iwntw ntLkh,
Fj gz brythF.
Fj bra l ntiyia Fj fhy Ko vW cWahf
brhtjiy; fhy brythfyh.
110

 tFgiwF btna ntiy <LgLtjh, khztfis X xGFF

cgL itj rW ukkhdJ. Ma Fj wDilatuhjntL.
iyba, XUt ntiy bra gy xW brahUg.
l y Fiwf UD, eikf y wghUgjh bra
l ntiyia g f braKiw, wghf gJ taJFgl
khztUF fif Ma gagLJtJ eyJ.

5. xgil Kiw
mbkf eho lhl caiy g gaha ghA
mikahuh bthgilKiw bjhlf, caiy tFf eilKiw
gLjglJ. khztf kdtsnfg ghlfis gy gFfshf J
Fl fhyF mtfshfnt fgnj xgil KiwahF. nk tFf
khztf jhfshfnt xiw fWbfhs Kiw bgJ cj.
Kiw bgnwhf Jizl bragL FHijf f wghf
fwd. ca tFf ya Ritzj, wdh brj, xU
jiy fUJfis njo bjhFJ vGJj, wrhj braf
gLJj, bkhw TWfis fwj, gilghw tsj, cj bgWj,
ll, bjhFj, gFj, kl, btl vd gntW wfis
xgil Kiwdh khztf bgWwd.
KndghL
tFiy, ghlbghU, m ts, cldonjit Kjatiw
fU bfhL xgil jiyfis Ma bj brantL.
ghlbghU, xgilfsh, fUnfw ghit f, ilFlf,
fUJfis ifahS Kiw, vGJ Kiw, nknfh fhL Kiw, gaik
Kjadtiw Ma sfkhf TwntL. njnghW khztj
njitF m tsF xgilfis juyh. xgilfis vGJ
Kiw, xgilF fhy, gf ms Kjatiw lL totikfntL.
xnu xgilig gyUFTl juyh. xbthUtUF jj xgil
fS juyh. tFiy, miy, bra w, njit Kjatnfg
Kjahfis nkbfhsntL.

eh fnw vW brhtijfhoY eh mDgtfis

bgWnw vW FHijf Tdh, mjidna cikahd
f vdyh.
- #h ^
xgilfis mF Kiw
1. xgilf Fl nehfKiladthf bjthditahfUj
ntL.
111

2. mit khzhf Ug Toadthf Mt_lToadthfmikj

ntL.
3. jugL a gFf khzhf Kija gll bjhliladthf
UjntL.
4. gofntoa f, mf gFf Kjad Ff goUj ntL.
5. ajhf mikD jtiy; f bgajhf mikahjgo ghJ bfhsntL.
6. khzhf jidia l Toadthf mikjntL.
7. tF neuJF khzhf taJ, m MatF bghUjkhdjhf
mikjntL.
bkhghl xgilf
bkhghl ciueil, yfz, br, fLiu Matiw fg
xgilfis ifahsyh. Fl jiy brfis uLj,
fiyfsa, br bjhFfis goJ fLiuF ntoa brfis
vGJj, mfuh cjah y gFfis s vGJj, yfz fis
jhnk flj nghwtF xgilf juyh.
jh ffUF ghlbghUSF Vg khzhf miy, g
NiyF Vg xgilfis Ma jahJ juyh. bra lKiwia
nehFnghJ, mj tsna xgil Kiw vdyh.
iwf
xgil khztj mthwiy brawid nkgLJwJ.
fis njo fUJfis bjhFJ tifgL KiwgLJ caiy
w clhwJ.
Fj neu xU braiy wgl KoF Mw bgWwd.
ll, jidw, jhnd fw wf tswd.
Fiwf

bjhlf gfSF J fodkhd KiwahF.

mfkhd xgilf bfhLFnghJ khztf rgilJLt.
xgilfis ghitL U jUtij ntiygSthf fUJwd.
midJ khztfS Fj neu xgilfis xgilg vd Tw KoahJ.
mfkhd ftd xgilf brYJnghJ tF fw kd bryhJ.

6. brat fw
mKf
fj IgJF nkgl gWKiwf gwgLwd.
xbthU gWKiwY iwfS FiwfS csd. mgWKiwfS
xnw brat fw KiwahF. tFgiw bgUghikahd neuij
Mafns vLJbfhtij LJ fw braf khztfis MtJl
<LgL jhfshfnt ff tnagL jUtnj brat fwyhF.
FHijf bghUfis itJbfhL braghLf <LgL bjhlJ
112

gfis nkbfhL fw KGikaila Ko. fwYnfw NHiy

VgL jUtJ njitglh mtnghJ FHijfSF cj brtJnk
Ma gahF. jHf gf bgUghY gtF, gyghlf fF
NHny ywJ. NH FHijf midtU KGikahd fwyilbgw
brat fw Kiw filofgL tUwJ.
brat fwKiw xU wid nkbfhL mjid bjthf
fwj wnf mLj wDF bry Ko. vdnt, xU tF midJ
wfis fW Kojwnf mLj tFF bry Ko. Kiw jhnd
fwYF Kjl bfhLfgLwJ. khztf jhfshfnt brayilfis
vLJ fwd. nkY khzt vj iy csh vts w
bgWsh vgij bjJbfhs MaUF thsJ. khzt j
wikia jhnd mJbfhs t brwJ.
brat fw l KjKjyhf 2003 M ML brlg f 23
M eh brid khefuhFgl 10 klyf 13 kh gf
bragLjglJ. 2004-2005M faho brid khefuhFgl
midJ gfY l bragLjglJ. bghGJ jHf KGtJ
bjhlf gf bragLjgLwJ.
brat fw mQFKiwf
ghllij KGikahf gWj
wfis WW fshf J fw gofshf khWj
xbthU fw goY gy brafis nkbfhSj
midJ fwgofis rbjhlngh izJ bjhlgL fw
Vgoia cUthFj.
xbthU fw goY mikfgLs braghLf:
1. w tsfhd bjhlfiy braghLf mikj
2. mKfgLjgl wDfhd tYl brafis nkbfhs
3. wts gFa braf
4. kL braghLf
5. FiwF braghLf
6. tsbgUF braghLf
milf
wfrhj fw milf
gtF fj Kiwnfg fF FG milf
fwyilit g br wdil goa
gaf

khztf jj fw ntfnfg fg.

cj njitgL FHijfSF kLnk Ma neuij bryLth.
FHijf fw braf <LgLtJ cW bragLwJ.
jhnd fw, FG fw, tF khztUl fw Kja a cf
fwyilit nkgLJwd.
fwyil ma Kiw klgLwJ.
cl eyik, cS UHh, gUt fhy bjhYfhf bt bry,
113

 FLg NH Kja fhuzfSfhf ilF khztf L

gF tJ, l braghLfUJ bjhlJ ff tnagLwJ.
fwyilf ftahf Mt ClToajhf csd.
jf fw iyia jhfns mJbfhS thsJ.
khztfSF MaUFilnaahd ilbt FiwJ khztfsh
Maiu v mQf KowJ.
FHijf jfSfhd braghLfis bragLJ KG cik bgWwd.
khztf jfSF fUJfis fyjha xUtUbfhUt bjhl
bfhS w tsJbfhs thf mf.
Ma ey tfhoahf VJthsuhf ffhghsuhf Cf_L
gtuhf gahWwh.
tF Uthf
brat fw tFfis ftdJl mikfntL. tFgiw
khztf vjhf vGJ brW tUtjnfg FGfshf bragl lUgjhf
UfntL. khztf FGfshf cfhJ braghLfis nkbfhtj
nfg ghfis JnghlntL. ilwhf cs bghUfis xUwkhf
xJ itfntL.
jhiy fUgyif
tFgiw Rt ehFwK jiuUJ _wo cauF fU
tz fUgyifia clhfntL. (Low-level black board)
fUgyif khzt vifnfg xbthU khztDF FiwjJ
ulo mfy lxJ khzt bgabuGjntL. mtutUF
xJfgl l j, My, fj, r_fma ghlfSFa
gfis vGjyh, tiuayh, fzlyh. Ma xU FG ftd
brYJnghJ kwtf jhiy fUgyifia gagLjyh.
f gj
tFgiw Mwiu mo cauFnk bka f gj xW mikf
ntL. f gj khztf gilf, tzoait,
tiujit Matiw bjhFJ, mtut bgabuG fo f gj
bjhfl ntL. JJ gilf tUbghGJ giHadtiw fH
ghJfhghf itJ L adtiw flntL.
milfis ghJfhj
fw milfis mt FpLfSnfg jj jLf (Tray)
itfntL. xbthU jo KgfK m itfgL milf
FpL (logo) bgjhf xlgoUF. (v.fh.) ahid FpL xlgl jo
midJ tFFa ahid milfS itfgoUF. milf
gil tzijbfhL mJ vtFFaJ vd fblLJ
ffntL.
milf itfgLs jLf khztf vLJ itF cau
Rtnuhu tFgiw VjhtJ xUgfkhf UfntL.
114

FG milfS FGfS
KjKjyhf g nrfgL khztf Kj FGjh cfhu
ntL. midJ ghlfSFa mogil jikfS FG
sfgL. FG khztfis Vgo Kiw ff jahgLJ.
FGnyna Jiz fUbgo FpLf midJ csd. xbthU
ghlfhd midJ FpLfis khztf JbfhSkhW sf ntL.
brat fw MW FGf csd. j MW FGfSF MW
milf csd. j milfSF FG milf vd bga. xnth
milY mFG lbgW midJ FpLf glfS FG vQ
UF.
FG khzt bragL Kiw
Kj FG cs braghLfis KoF khztfSF Vgo
mikid sfntL. xbthU goiyY cs FpLfSFa bra
ghLfis mnj tir brJ KofntL. xU Fpoid br K
mFpL MW FG milf vj FG csJ vgij ftJ mFG
F mkhzt bryntL. bjhlf iy khztf rahd FGF
bry MaU tF khztfS cjlntL. fhyngh khztfns
Vgof cs FpLfis ghJ, mLJ jhf bryntoa
FGid bjJbfhthf.
milfis vLjY itjY
Vgoia ghJ jh ffntoa milia khzt bjJbfhs
ntL. khztf jFK Koj milia Kofntoa
milia g bghGJ bragLbfhoUF miliag
bjUfntL. FpLf vfis rahf mj ng mil bgo
jLfUJ rahd milia vLl aY. milia vLjJ mjFa
FGF brW Kiwahf fwJ L vLj l tirbago
milia itf khztfSF g mfntL.
FG isahLf
Vgof gy FG isahLfS bghkyhl nghw braghLf
bfhLfgoUF. braghLfnghJ midJ khztfis xwhf
To braglyh. braghLf KojJ mtut jj FGfSF bryntL.
fhyiy mltiz
fhyiy braghL mltiz Niya tUwJ.
braghil khztf FGfshfjh brantL. khztf
tFgiwiaL btna brW fhyiyia fhzntL. mtfSF
ey thj brJ Kofis mltiz FfntL. ehnjhW fhiy
khiy Untis fhyiyia mJ FF gHfij VgLjntL.
l bragL Kiw
brat fw tFgiw
1. khzt midtU ghf mkt. MaU mtfSF il mkJ
fgh.
115

2. cau jhj fUgyiff, Rtgyiff lbgW; khzt vGJtjF

tiutjF cjahf mik.
3. khzt tiuj Xafis fhgLj tF jiyFnk rW cau
fgj UF. m Xafis wtiw fhgLJt.
4. khzt tUifia g bra mtf bgaf vGjgl jhnd tUif g
br jh.
5. fhyiyia Fgjfhf fhyiy mltiz xW.
6. Mnuha rfu mil xW.
7. glFpL xlgl jlf (Trays) mykhf UF.
8. brKiw ntiyfSF cj tzbkGFf, fk, bghkyhlJfhd
bghUf.
9. khzt milid g br sfjh
10. Vgo milf
11.ghfJ vbdd FpLfis itJst vbfF mkuntL
bkd FF FG milf
brat fw braghLfSF cjtd:
1)FpLf cs gl milf xbthU ghlJF btntW FpLf
csd.
j
My
fj
Niy ma

yFf
thfdf
gwitf
f

2) tFfSFa milf Xuf btntW tzfsh mikf

goUF.
Kj tF
ulh tF
_wh tF
ehfh tF

fUt
fUgir
fUy
kr

3) FG mogil FHijf mkj

brat fwKiw MW FG mogil FHijf mkt. j
fw iunfg xnth milahf fFnghJ mtil cs
df cs FG FHijf mkuntL.
FG - 1 fwYF jah braglntoa FG KGik Ma bghW
(Preparatory group)
FG - 2 Maiu KGtJ rhj FG (Fully Teacher supported group)
FG - 3 Maiu Xus rhj FG (Partially Teacher supported group)
FG - 4 clgnthiu KGtJ rhj FG (Fully peer supported group)
FG - 5 clgnthiu Xus rhj FG (Partially peer supported group)
FG - 6 jhnd fF FG (Self-learning group)
brat fwYF jah
g khzt nrjJ KjKjyhf mtfSF FpLfg,
tFFa mil, tzf g Ma vLJ TWth. f
116

Kj MW thuf eilbgW. iy mtf yFf jghlJF,

gwitf fj ghlJF, thfdf MyJF, f Niy maYF
vgij mt.
mil Xu fUt U mJ Kj tFFaJ; fUgir
ulh tFFaJ; fUy _wh tFFaJ; kr ehfh
tFFaJ vgij mt.
bragl bjhlFj
Kj tF xbthU ghlJF 0 goiy fwYF jah brtjhF.
Ys FpLf khzt ngr, nff, ifufis gagLj, isahl
cjtdthF.
0 goiy
goiy, FHijfis fwYF Mt_o jah brtjhF.
gdhW FpLf csd. xbthU FpoF xU braghL csJ.
braghLf FHijf kl <LgLkhW mikfgLsJ. bra
gho bgW mDgtf dh FHijf Vgo fFnghJ f
gaDsjhf mik. gdhW FpLfSfhd braghLfis MW thuf tiu
tHfyh. 0 goiy cs gdhW FpLfSfhd braghLfis
Vgo csthW tirahf bfhLf ntLbkgiy; Ma,
FHijf Ugnfg braghLfis kh juyh.
nkfl jahnghnj FHijf wid Ma Xus mayh.
mijbfhLjh FHijfis Vgoia g fw milfis
vLJ FGf mkJ gof bjhlFt. Kj XuL FGf kLnk
mik. wFjh midJ FGfSF FHijf brt. v milia
mil FHijfSF l itfgLwJ. V FHijf VWnghJ
nkgo cs FHijf go cs FHijfSF cjthf.
Vgo csthnw tirKiwia gw ntoa njitiy.
vLJfhlhf, (bkhghl)
jhuheh
jhgH
bg
ghid
Myku

cUbth nenfhLf tiuj

cUbth tisnfhLf tiuj
tzLj, tiuj
fkzh cUtf brj
isahLj ... vd mik.

bkhghlJFa FpLfS braghLfS g

iz - 1 fhf.
FpLf sf
Ka
Ka milf nfl wDfhdit.
tilf fijf,
ciuahlf vGjgoUF. Ma gof khzt nfg. w khztf
nfF w bgwJ Udh mtfshfnt gofyh. tz glfSl
tilf lbgWsd.
117


tilf khztfis ngr itgjfhf lbgWsd. xUw
tzgl, kWw glfSfhd dhf lbgUF. dhfis
Ma nff khzt il TWt. dhf lbgwhj y fhfis
khztf fgidahf Twyh. til khzhffF ngRw tsu
thsJ.
ahid
tilf goF milfshF; tilf nkny glf
UF; nH tha bjhlf UF; y nfhol lfS mikUF;
goj glfis ghJ nfhol lfis ugyh.
m
it vGj cj milf. milf nkny cs glij ghJ
nH cs dhfSF il vGjyh. nkY, vGJfis uhf uil tf
vGj g jugLsJ. mtiw khztf jf g VLf vGjyh.
f
br bjhlghd milf it. t brSF mUbrhbghU,
ul fUJ tHfgoUF. nkY, mbrf TW fUJf mla
fijf tHfgLsd. mfijfis gojhny khztfF br fUJ
MHkhf g.
Myku
khztfSF kL isahLfbfhl milf it.
isahLfis vgo isahlntLbkd RUfkhd fSl
sfgLsd. Ma mtiw gojJ khztfis isahl
brayh.
th
tilf ghlf tHfgLsd. tiw khztf irnahL
ghlyh. ghljf tJs ghlfns bgUghY lbgWsd.
bghkyhl
IJ bghkyhlf bfhLfgLsd. fij cWdfis
tzf khztf cjnahL Ma jahfntL. khztfF fij
cWdf jikfis cz cznahL Fu Vw wfJl
khztf trdfis ng eoF tz wj g tHfntL.
njitgL neuf tiw Ug Ug brayh. khztfF
braghL kL.
L
tilfis oF vLJ brW Lghl brJ tuyh.
iyna, fa msUF tilfis ghJ vG brW
Lghlf brJ tuyh.
bg
khzt g VLf bfhLfgLs ufSF njitahd
tzfis khztfis bfhLf brayh.
118

jf
muR mJs ghljffYs y bkh gfis tilf
gf v, dh vQl jugLsd. tilfSF khzt tUnghJ
milia vLJ goJ ghJ ghljf FLs braghLfis
bra itfyh.
ML
J nrhjid milahF. gyjkhd khf dhfshf
mikUF. jFK nfL, goJ, vG ghj milfUJ
mdhf mikUF. j milia wghf khzt Kojh w
ey Kndw VgLsjhf fUjgL.
eh
it xLbkhjkhf Kdnu mjtiw LzJ nrhjid br
to mikfgLsd. it nj mil to UjhY nj iy.
khztf bgw wid m msnfhyhf eh mil mikJ csJ.
khzt xbthU FpLg efJ xbthU goY cs
FpL dfis g Knd 23 gofis fljh, bkhghl
Kj tFig goJ Kojtdhf fUjgLth. xbthU goY
KndWbghGJ tFgiwYs milid g br sfjh
Ma g brth. khzt vthW Knd tUwh vgJ jt
bj. L gahf bfhLfgLtdtiw jhnd fw gF khzt
brJ Kogdtiw Ma ghitL UJth. xU ghlJFa
FpLfis g bragl khzt, Ma mLJ vd ghl brhwhnuh
mFpL dfis vLJ thnw bragLt.

7. gtF fj
Ma xnu neu xWF nkgl tFfSF fF iyiana
gtF fj vnwh. jHf <uha gfns mf. Ijhaf
UjhY xUt L brwhY m g gtF fj iyF
brWLwJ. vdnt, jHf gf bgUghyhdit gtF fj
Kiwnyna bragLwd. Cuh xa bjhlf g Maf
midtUnk gtF fjnyhL gy ghlfF Mafshf
fwd. gtF, gy ghl fgjF Ma wj lLgtuhf
wfis xUizJ fF Mw ftuhf w khztfis
gagLj bjjtuhf khzt ey mfiwbfhltuhf ggl
ftuhf UfntL.
tF izKiw
Ma-khzt jnfg tFfis izJ fjiy
nkbfhSnghJ fw-fj wghf eilbgW. m tF izig
NHYnfg wDnfg Ma khzt vifnfg fhQkhW
mikJbfhsyh.
119

Ma
vif

tFf

tFf

tFf

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

1, 2

2,3

4, 5

x W F

nk g l

tFf

3, 4, 5

t F fS F

x n u n e u

4, 5

f gJ

f o d k hd

g a h D f F F H i j f v i f F i w t hf U g j h t F g i w x G F
f L F U F . x nu ne u g y t F fS F f fnt o a N H t F g i w
U t hf , n e uo f fh , w k hz t J i z , w fi s x U i z

f j , j hn d f w , F G f w K j a m Q F K i w f i s g w y h .

tFgiw Uthf
Xuha g g Ma, xbthU ehS lnl gia
el bryntL. vbt tFfis izfyh? vbt wfis
xUizfyh? vbjj ghlntisf vbdd braghLfis
nkbfhtJ? w khztflKs wfis wghf gagL bfhtJ
vgo? jh xU tFUFnghJ w tFfSF vbdd gfis
jUtJ? fwyilit kLtJ vthW? cq tsfis gagL
bfhtbjgo? tFgikig vthW mikJ bfhtJ? fw _iyfis,
JizfUfis, brat fw milfis, khzt FGfis vthbwyh
fw-fjYF gagLjyh vd v lL MaUF tFgiw
Uthf iftj fiyahF.
w xUiz
ghll, ghlf, wfis efj MaUF gtF gy ghl
fjY xU Rikahf bjahJ. xnu neu xWF nkgl tFfis
izJ xU wid tsf, gy ghlfYs xj wfis izJ xU
tF ff lL wD wd f Mauh kLnk aY.
wikf Ma xU ghl_y gntW ghl fUJfis F ff
Ko. njj Mauh ma, r_fa bkh ghlfis, bkh
ghlf w ghlfis izJ ff aY. thW fgjh xnwh
blhW izJ xL ntWgL fFnghJ idthw nkgLwJ.
nkY mj, j, gagLj, gFj, bjhFj, kl vD Mwf
tswd. thW izJ ffayhj wfis neuoahf ffyh.
w khztfisbfhL eLju khztfSF bkJthf
fnghUF vjhf ffyh. xU FHijna kbwhU FHijF ff
120

Ko vD bkhia g Ma braglyh. w khztf f

tsia fUbfhL tfhLtnjhL mtj m gF ntifF
tfho cjtntL; iyba, w khztfilna elij w
VgL L.
Ma w khztf Jizia KGtJkhf rhuhk
njitahd nghJ kLnk eho gagLj ntL.
gtF fj vbjj tFfis izJ
vbjj wfis ffyh vd lLf.
gtF fj wf
gtF fj wf khztfis cUthf Ko.
fj FiwghLf, lghLf, mY r VglhY wikahd
Mauhf Ujh wj FHijfis ehLF mf Ko.
Ma, j vznfg idjthW FHijfis cUthfyh.
Kj tFKj Ijh tFtiu ghlfis gy Kiw nff ff
FHijfSF th.
Kj tFKjny midJ tF FHijfSl ngr, gof, vGj, isahl,
ff th.
taJ ntWgho _j FHijf brafis mJbfhs, gw, gHf
th.
FHijia ghnj FHij fWbfhtjh MaUF fgJ vJ.
w khztf JizUgjh Ma bkJthf fnghiu fLzJ
fwiy nkgLJwh; mfiw brYJwh.
Fiwj vif khztfns Ugjh midtiu g Ma
KGtJkhf bjJbfhwh.
xj wfis xUizJ fgjh xbthU tFFjjahf
ff njitiy.
xUizfayh wfis kL Fl tFF neuoahffjh
nghJ.
gtF fj lghLf

MaUF cleyFiw VgLnghJ LbgLgJ vjhd brayW.

ehnjhW lL gia afntL.
khzt vif mfkhf UFnghJ tFgiw xGF bfLwJ.
gRik mfkhwJ.
taJ ntWghodh khztfilna xGf FiwF t tFwJ.
fwyilit kLtJ fod.
mofo LbgLF Mauh tF fj jilgLwJ. a
MaUF xj wfis xUizJ fgJ fod.

121

8. fj bjh Eg
IgjhLfSFK thbdhia ghuhjt, nfouhjt eilna
csd. Mdh, iwa FHijf thbdh, bjhiyfh, brng, f
vd gy ma fLofis bjh Eg JizfUfis bjhL
a ghF thfis bgWsd. jah gf kL, Cuh
xa gfS efuh gfS fj bjh Egf gytiw
bgWsd. D IjhLfSF gf midJ ft
fia f bjhiyfh tahd fia bgWL. Ma
khztf mtiw a ff jfis jFgL bfhs ntL.
fj MaUF cjtd fj JizfUfns. JizfU
fis bra fUfis af fWbfhshj Ma, j gia
ww braayhJ. j my JizfUf, af, gagLJ Kiw
Matiw RUfkhf mJbfhnth. nkY wghf ff, f bjh
E g fi s (Educational Technology Books) eho ffyh.
fj JizfUf
bjh fU neia bghWnj bjhyh g wF.
tytDF Y Mj vgJ wnfh ga thF. wf Ma
va, bryyh bghUfis gagL fwyilit nkgLJth.
iyaj fUf Ujhjh ff Ko vgJ gadw ngR. y
gf iyaj fj bghUf UF. Mdh, mtiw Kiwahf
af bjahkY ghlbghU, wDnfg gagLJ w zh
u. khzt taJ, vif, ghlbghU, ghlw, neu Kjatiw
fUbfhL ilF bghUfisbfhL JizfUfis brJ
gagL wghf fJ fwyilit nkgLj ntL.
Ma g khztf va, bryyh, zhF bghUfis bfhL
JizfUfis bra gagLj j g fhynyna fWbfhs
ntL. bghUfis af guhkf gagLj mJbfhs
ntL. fia af f eGtfis (Power Point Slide Presentation)
khztfis <Fgoahf tzf, vGjsf, aff, xaikf,
glf nrj, af glfis nrj, fhgLJj Kja brafis
fWbfhsntL. cf gfhy ft fw-fj fhykhf
f bjhiyfht fwiy nkgLJ fhykhf UF vgjid
fUbfhSf. xnthuha g khztD nH FLs fwfj JizfUfis bra gagLj mJ bfhsntL.
JizfUf
sf milf, RHyilf, bghUjilf, brUfilf, gynehF
brUfilf, btLUf, eGtf, Kgkhz bglff, xLU
jh, xehlh, khf, cik bghUf, dilf, bghUJ
dilf, jha igf, vGJ totf, brhyilf, brhbwhl
milf, Wj FpLf, cUisf, Tf, fd rJu bgof,
bjhiyfhbgof, of Kja JizfUf bkhghl ff
cj JizfUfshF. nkY, JJ JizfUfis ghlbghUS
nfg w tsgjnfg cq tsfis gagL brayh.
122

va, bryyh bghUfshf Ff, bfhilf - a bfhilf,

ntgbfhilf, fbfhilf dw - THhff, f, bgof,
jLf, milf, filf, ehjf, ehfho jhf, ehfho milf,
ggir milghf, gsF Wf (Tooth brushes), iyf, f, fhf,
ff, iuf, g tiff, nty Kja bghUfisbfhL
JizfUfis brJ ffyh. MaUF kdK mfiw Ujh
fw-fjYfhd bghUf vzwit j fKnd bj; .
Ma g khztf fw-fjYfhd bjhFngLfis g
fhynyna bjhFJ itJbfhlh, gfhy vjhf gagLjyh.
jhgwit vthW czit njonjo FRfSF CLwnjh mnj
kdghiknahL xnth MaU UfntL. gwit CLtnjh cl
tsF; f Clnghtnjh m tsF vgij kwJl TlhJ.
bjhFngLf
FHij ghlf, Wfij bjhF, u fij bjhF, ebd
fijf, Xuf ehlff, wj fUJ ehlff, gl fLiuf, xU gf
fLiuf, fLiuf, ytf, murf tuyhW, gHbkh bjhF, Lfij
bjhF, bgabjhF (ku bgaf, cwKiw bgaf, C bgaf,
Hik bgaf, ML bgaf), MNo bjhF (xsit, ghu, ghujhr)
Kjatiw yfUJ ehjfUJ bjhFJ itJbfhs
ntL. ifbaGJ bjhFfis khztf fLiunaLf, njjhf,
mryilf KjatUJ bjhFfyh. br jiy bjhfUJ
bga vGJ bjhFig brantL.
glbjhFf
giHa Ef, ehjf, thu jf, f jf, kyf Kja
tUJ tU gltiffis ulyh. ciltiff, cz tiff,
L tiff, Itif y glf, UHhf( J, yh, Jt, rkz,
bgsj, a) fhff, yFf, gwitf, gdhL bfhof, f,
jiytf, ytf, fPf, bjhf, irfUf, g fiy, Xafiy,
thfdf - y Mfha; ehoa fiyf - guj, fjf, FRo; ehLw
fiyf- kyhl, xyhl, njtuhl, ahl dw. isahLf,
LbghUf, bghUf Kjat glfis bgafis
bjhFJ khzt fwyilit nkgLjyh.
bjh Eg fUf
Ma, ghlbghU, ghlbghUis bfhLbrY tKiw, khzt,
ghit, fw is vD MW iyf fw fwJ. fUij
vLa tjfhd fy-bry fUf njit. thbdh, x ehlh, x
bgUf,bjhiyng,brng Kjad nf fUfshF. fUgyif,
mif gyif, glf, Rtbuhof, tu sf milf, dilf,
gl Ef (Flip book, Flip chart), Jgyiff (Flannel board, graph), gl gilf
(Picture strips), tiuglf (Graphs), ffhf (Exhibits) gyif sguf (Hoardings) Kjad fy fUfshF. bjhiyfh, x-x glfhf, f
Kjad fy bry fUfshF.
123

bkh fj fUf
xiwjh btpLf (Leaflets) (xU gf brf), ko btpLf
(xWFnkgl gff kofglit) (Folders), JL btpLf(Fl
jiy _WKj guL gf ms) (Pamphlets), fhy m btpLf
(gntW jiyf tukhf vGjgl dW brf) (Bulletin),
nwLf (Booklets), Rwif fojf (Circular letters), br fojf (News letters), brjhf (Newspapers), gUt jf (Magazines), FngLf (Journals)
Kjad bkh fjiy fwiy nkgLJ.
f j
fzL fUahf bjhlf fhy totikfgl f, W jft
gkhw jndyhk fwJ. f jft gkhw wl
bgWtjh, f gaghL f ts jf ayhjjhF.
f, f Ega vD ghlgF fia af gH
Uf. f mikj idit (Memory) itfgoUF
bkDUfSF Vg, mij eh gagLjaY. ita betLf
(Floppies) FWjLfY (Compact disc) gaghL bkDUf dQ bjh
Egjh g bragL gagLjgLwd.
tW jiH
fgjF fgjF gagLw bkDUfg gF fhngh.
bkhw tsfhd bkDUf
eh iy gogJnghy f idit, be, FWjL
nghwt gagl jftfis f iuF bfhLtJ gofyh.
gffis uLnwh; gonwh. thnw f jftfis
nknkY gofyh. f iu jftf nknkY fhju f
Fgyif cs m FiH mGdh nghJkhdJ.jfhy ff
x kLkyhJ, x izfgoUgjh x, x Ma U Clff
tahf f JizbfhL bkhia ffyh; ffyh.
nfl w tsf f
dQ bjh Egjh gagLs jftfis f
iutahf ghf Ko. jftfnshL xia izFnghJ, x kW
x jftf bgwgLwd. br, f Ma U fw thfS
gagLwd. t gaghilbfhL, nfl NHiy fah ju
Ko. nfnahL fh iztjh fw is nkgLwJ.
nfl wid tsF gy gfS vit jfd vd f.nfl
NHfis, xTWfshf kLnk xg ehlh tahf juaY. Mdh,
f tahf nfl NH ffisna iu fhgLj Ko. mthW
fhgLJjiy cUngh (Simulation) vg. fhia xia
izgnjhL, Mt_L JizfUahf f sFwJ.
nfl wid msj njid f thyhf nkbfhs Ko.
Kng totikfgl nj dhfis f thyhf nff brJ,
njbjL myJ mik ilfsh fgt wid clDFl msf Ko.
124

goj w tsf f
f iu bfhLtugL fw bghUis gof brJ, go
ntfij msf fia gagLjyh. f mikf bkDU
bjh Egjh gogt iuid msf Ko. f iutahf jU
flisfis nkbfhL xU lF tHfgL brhfis fJ lyh.
braf vyh fngh Fia (Mouse) af brtjhny eilbgW.
gojYfhf tHfgL gHF braf iw, nfl wid dhft
msgJnghy goj gntW wTWfis f afjh msfyh.
brafis vyh nkbfhStjF Kdnu totikfgl bkDUfis
fbgh tYef cUthsd. mtiw Kiwgo gagLJtnj ekJ g.
f w gaghLf
gF vLJfhlgl f gaghLf vnghJ fG? fgt
xbthUtUF xU f vD iy Vglhjh. iy Vgl y
fhy Mfyh. vD f gaghofhf totikfgl y bkDUf
fgjF kL fgjF bgJ gagL.

9. bjhlbra
khzt, jh fwtiw thif NH bragL ghF bghGJ
jh mJ gaDW fahwJ. bjhlbra tHFtjh, jhbgw f
gaid clDFl gagL f njitia czu fwij
LUth ghf thnggLwJ. Mfnt, fw-fj bjhlbra
aikah gF twJ.
bjhlbra tHFKiw
mwhl ghlbghUis fj, bjhlbra tHFtij tHfkh
bfhsntL. goj, kdghl brj, vGJj (foj, fLiu, fij,
miff, gobaLj ehF, ghlbghU), FbgLj, cWnehf,
tiuj, totikj, KndghLf brj, fUf brj vd fj
nfg brafis tHfntL.
fbgW Kj jiyKiwdUF W ghlntisnyh w tF
neunyh brafis bra Ma tfhlntL. iyba, fyh
bgnwh jfsh tfhl ayhk jgoF (Tuition) mD iyF
MgLwd.
xU eh XU ghlfSF kLnk bjhlbra tHfntL.
midJ ghlfSF bjhlbra tHFtij khztf bgURikahf
fU gia btWwd. d ehf d ghlfSF
bjhlbra tHFtbjd Maf lLbfhsntL. bgUghyhd
Maf LKiw fhyf dhjhfSF ilbaG tUkhW fj
ghlf midF dh-ilf vG tUkhW TWtij tHfkhf
bfhLsd.

125

Kiwia LJ ghlbghUrhj fijf, fLiuf, fijf,

Xaf, miff, bralf g vG tUkhW brj gaDsjhf
UF.
jhnd fw
g Ma cjl fF khzt o mfwiy nk
bfhL jhnd goJ vG tiuJ ghwh. IanjhWbghGJ
oYs, mf gfYnsh cjia eho fWbfhwh. jdh,
jdh jahf brJ KofaY vD jdif VgLwJ. kdghl
bra, w cj J fLiu vGj, fij vGj, mif vGj nl
Vw lkhF. bjhl braf khzt jhnd brtjhf cq tsfis
gagL brtjhf Uj w. mbghGJjh bjhlbraJ MtK
k VgL. nkY khztnd jJ bra Toajhf tHFtnj w.
bjhlbraiy kL Kiw
bjhlbraiy tHFtJ vts aikahjnjh
mts
aikahjJ mjid kLtjhF. ehnjhW ghlntisia bjhlF
nghnj Kija eh bjhlbraiy ghitl dnu fjiy bjhlf
ntL. thW ghgjh khztf mfiwlD MtJlD bjhlJ
bjhlbraiy brJ tUt. ghlntis Konyh khiynyh ghgjhf
jitjh neuikah ghitl ayhk nghL. gHf
Mal ojh, khztfSF mY r VgLLtnjhL, mLj
Kiw bjhlbra brtij WLt.
bjhlbraiy ghitljfhf r Fpil jtwhk lntL.
mJl, gia KoUF iynfg eW, f eW, r, Kndw njit,
Kanjit vd FlntL. brhfshY KWtyhY ghuhlntL.
W FHijfis jobfhLJ ghuhlyh.
Ma jidF
bjhl bra tHFK khzt KndwF bra vtif
cj? eilKiw thifF Vwjh? thG NHYF bghUjkhdjh?
ghlw, ghlbghUSF bjhlilajh? bfhLfgL bjhlbra
Rikahdjh? Rfkhdjh? khztdh jahf bra aYkh? XU kneuF
Kof Kokh? vgijaJ bjhlbra tHfntL.
bjhlf tF khztf fwiy nkgLj
vjifa bjhlbraf tHfyh vgij khzt
Ma tFgiw fyJiuahLf.

126

10.fw- fj bghUf
xU braiy/ntiyia/gia/bjhiy vjhf brikahf
iuthf bra cjtJ mjFa fUjh v mJ rhy bghUJ. Ma
bjhY mthnw. Ma bjh fUahtJ, jh fgjF khzt
fwYF cj JizfUfns. fw fj khzt kd iybgw
brantLkh, IyfS czUkhW fj ntL. Ma
brhtjdhY khzt nfgjdhY kLnk fw fJlhJ. fw 100
GfhL fGnghJ, vbt yft vts brwilwJ vgjid
csayP fzL Tsij fhngh.
Ritz _y
bjhLy _y
Ef_y
br _y
f _y

=
=
=
=
=

1.0%
1.5%
3.5%
11%
83%

njnghW 100 GfhL fw fGnghJ vtsF kd gwJ

vgij mP MJ Tsd.
nfl 100 GfhL v kd gtJ 20 GfhL.
fhz 100 GfhL v kd gtJ 30 GfhL.
nflY fhzY 100 GfhL v kd gtJ 50 GfhL.
ngRtJ 100 GfhL v kd gtJ 80 GfhL.
ngRtJ bragLtJ 100 GfhL v kd gtJ 90 GfhL.
mPf TWgo khztfSl ngRtjdhY mtfis bragl
brtjdhY 90 GfhoFnk fwyilit bgw braaY vgJ
bjthwJ. bjhL gHfhj f, RLnghlhY tuhJ vgJ jehL
tHF. gf brat fw(Activity Based Learning), brJ fw ( Learning by
doing), jhnd fw (Self-learning), brKiw nrhjidf (Practicals), ghl
gf(Exercises), bra lKiwf( Projects) Kjad khztfns brJ ff
ntL vD nehjhmikfgLwd.
mt tanfw braghLfis bra mDkfhjnghJ,
thfis kWFnghJ, njitahd bghUfis juhjnghJ,
neuij xJ juhjnghJ FHijfis eh KlkhLnwh;
fwiy jLJLnwh. mjdh, mt ta bgwntoa
fw fHhk ngh fw FiwghLila FHijahLwJ.
gUtnj g br vD gHbkh fwYF bghUJ.
fw vgJ taJ ntWgho eilbgW xU bjhlbrayhF. vjbthU
Jik ad vyhUnk ff ntoanj. FHijf xbthU beho
jf Iytna fwtznk Uwd. FHijf fwiy ahuhY
jLJ WjayhJ. mtfVnjhbthiw vbghGJ fWbfhnl
Uwd. Maf FHijf fwYF Jiza ntL; thfis
cUth juntL; njitahd trfis VgL juntL; taJ, Mt,
127

njit, ehl, Ugnfg tel FHijf fwYF Jiz

fntL. FHijfSF fw Mt FiwnghJ IankgLnghJ
jLkhw VgLnghJ miu tH, tfhLgtuhf, nkgLJgtuhf,
Cf_Lgtuhf Ma fHntL.
xU gl Xuhu brhfSF izahF - d gHbkh
yfh tna bgwgL mDgtfns
f mogilahF
- mP fha
brhfSFK bghUf

- bglyh

yfns m thf

- khonrh

eh nfnw; Mdh, kwJLnw.

eh ghnw; Xus kd jFwJ.
eh bra <LgLnw; KGikahf Jbfhnw.
- d gHbkh

xU FHijjh kbwhU FHijF ff Ko.

kwtf fw CfgLjyh; trfis VgL
juyh; tfhlyh; miu Twyh; ghuhlyh;
gnffyh; KiwgLjyh; KDjhuhzkhf fHyh.

fw bghUf gaf
fw bghUf tz, tot, af, ms Mad FHijia fwgh
<wd.
fw bghUfis bjhL a brJ fgjh, fwit kd
iyJ wd.
fw bghUf thyhf fgjh, fw fUJfis id bfhLtUtJ
vjhwJ.
fw fj bghUfis gagL fgjh MaUF g vjhwJ.
fgJ Rikahf yhk Rfkhf kahf eilbgWwJ.
jhnd ff w khztfSl FGthf ff t brwJ.
bghUfis mJ ngr vGj brtjh Kiwgo ff ttFwJ.

fw bghUf
fw bghUf fh bghUf, nf bghUf, fh-nf
bghUf vd _tifgL. fh bghUf fzh ff gagLtd.
128

fh
iul Toait
eGtf iugl

iul Koahjit
ngrh gl

Kgkhz

JLf

glf

cUtf
bra

bra

sf

tiu

gLgit

glhjit

glf

glf

nf
xg

thbdh

ehlh

fh-nf

ngR iugl

x-x

bjhiyfh

g ehlh
Kjyh ulh tF FHijfSF cik bghUfis fhona
mt bgafis mKf brantL. cik bghUf ilfhjnghJ
mUtfis mltz glfshfnth Kgkhz cUtfshfnth kh
cUtfshfnth fhjntL. bghUf mKfkhd wnf glfshf
brhfshf tzf fhlntL. thW fgjh FHijf
kd v gJbfhs njitahdnghJ LUthf aYwJ.
fw bghUf jahjY gaghL
sfjh (Chart): yfz ya brfis Kiwahf TWtjF gyhf
glfshf tiuJ vG fhl gagLtJ sfjh. sfjhis
ghjlndna xU jiy gy fshf J brtij v mayh.
vLJfhlhf:
129

id
KW
bjiy
vfhy ffhy

vr
F

wjfhy

idbar

bgabur

clghL

vkiw

<Wbfl

<Wbflhj

vkiw

vkiw

bgabur

bgabur

dilf: dilfis _Wjkhf jahfyh. xUw gl mj

kbwhUw sf. xUw brh, mj kbwhUw bghU. UwK gl
vD Kiw mikayh. _W milf Kjyil glK brhY;
ulhtJ mil gl kL; _whtJ mil brh kL vwthW
bjhF dilia jahfyh. dil ms 18 x 10 br..
dil XugFf tzlglntL. brf mltz
vGjglntL. d ntf khzt goFtz brf f bga
ms vGjglntL.

to

RHyil: khztf ifahtjF Vwtif 15 br.. Mu msF tlkhf

milfis fjJ vLJbfhsntL. xnu mil, bga a
mil,xnu msyhd uL milf, UJ bgjhf _W milf,
xnu gil izfgLs uL milf nghw totf t
cL.xUKiw RHal midJ ilfS neUFne bghUJgo
miktJ fj RHyilahF. ilfhz xbthUKiw milia
RHyWgo mikj njjj RHyilahF. xnu w myJ tot ghJ
izF jhnd fw RHyil vd gytiff cL.

130

ghL

ML

njL
XL

ne

ehL
ghy

ghl
brh
kj

fw fjbghUf fwiy
fjiy nkgLJ,
vjhF.
vwj fw
bghUf fKnd lwd.
mtiw wikahf gagLJ
tJ Ma gwikahf
fUjgL.

j
kha mil: dhit ilia izJ fw fU mikgJ kha
milahF. khztF bjahjtif bkGdh ilf vGjgl
ntL. FFk nghw VnjD tzfis bkGF vGJ
kiwJs ilia fla brayh. ij tha mil, cUt mil,
dilbad brfSF VwthW mikfyh.
fUg

fh ftjW.

bghUJf
cns x btna

kha mil

nkny x

nH

gy

eGtil: brhts bgUFtjF eGtilia gagLjyh. vGJ,

brhY glK, brhY sfK Kjatiw eGtil mikfyh.

131

u
fh a

g L

iu

ij

il

eLbtGJ

filbaGJ KjbyGJ
eGtilf

eLbtGij
brhbgWj

brUfil: iyahd xU fw fUahf bjhlf tFKj nk tFtiu

jid gagLjyh. joj mil btW nrh bgof myJ
CJt bgofis xo jid vjhf jahfyh. Jf, kufilfis
bfhL jahfgL brUfilf iyahdjhf UF.
tifghL ig
bghUJf

brh

bghU
JLJ

giHa rilfUJ
btobaLfgl
igf

mUbrhbghU, vbrh, brhtiff, tifghLf, XbuGJ <buGJ

brh Kja gfSF brUfilfis bgJ gagLjyh.
W bgof kziy u, f myJ F izj cUt glfis
jahJ m brU brUfil jahfyh.
bjhluilf: 18 x 10 br.. dilf bjhlila brfis tirahf
vG bu J_y izfyh. jid xw xwhf mLjLJ
izfyh. bjhl fthf ngRjiy khztfl CFf fij kW
NH glfis xlyh. sfjhis 18 x 10 br.. ms kof. nkY
G tzjh Rwgl fil Ffis xl. uL Ffis J
of bjhluil ilF.

132

Ritf
MW

fh

fr

ct
Jt

w xlgLs bu J
f
J fPf
ghuah

sfjh
ko

ghujhr
thjhr
bghUjil : ehfho mil sfjhis xo jhnd fw, njj
milfis cUthfyh. dhYs iy Gf ilYs cns
brYkhW mikfyh. dhF neuhf ghkia itJ khztid
mjFa ilF neuhf ghkia efj brayh.
bghUJf

bghUJf

bghUJf

gh
3
(jhnd fw)

(njjj)

(iz)

iz bfhLJ bghUjilf jahfyh. xnujkhf myJ

btntW totf btlgl sfjhfis xWlxW izF
tif bghUjilf jahfyh.
vGjilf: jjahf vGJfis 3x3 br.. ms rJukhf bto
vGjilfis jahfyh. tl, rJu, Knfhz, , iy Kja
totf vGJfis vG milf jahfyh.

133

brhyilf: 1. XbuGJ, <buGJ, _btGJ - vd brhfSF jfthW

brhyilf msit mikJ bfhsyh.
2. w fw fUfnshL izJ jid jahfyh.
tha milf: 1. tha KGik vGJtjhf tha mil
mikantL.

2. ntoa sf, totf khzt ifahStjF Vwjhf mikayh.

(nkfl _W milfis joj milf sfjhis xo
jahfyh.)
gjf milf: 1. rJu, brtf, tl Kja totfY gjfij jahfyh.
2. vGjgL vGjs bgajhf mltz UfntL.
3. fG jhthf bjhfl VJthf bga izfglntL.
gfilf: 1. FiwjJ 4 x 4 br.. msUJ bga mstiu jid
jahfyh.
2. rJu, brtf nghw totf btW bgof (bgo, ggir
bgo, nrh bgo...) J sfjhid xo, kufil, sho,
btEiu mil KjatiwbfhL jid jahfyh.

MWtJ d

br

bt

ML

mw bra U

3. vGJ, brh, flis, tha, ghl tf Kjatiw vGjyh;

glfS xlyh.
_f_of: 1. fhj T, sfjh, tzjh, joj milf, gh rhJ
bfhL Kf_ofis jahfyh.
2. sfjh, tzjh, joj milf cUtfis tiuJ bto
baLJ ffSF neuhf w itJ, jid jahfyh. fhJ gF
uL UwfY fLtjF VwthW mikfyh.

134

3. fhjij btjaij CwitJ cuL Mo, Kf_o m

thJ jid brayh. nkflthnw gh rhY jahfyh.

cUtgl: tzglfis (ghu, ghujhr, fk...) joj milf

xo cUnfg bto vLf. mj w ifgl rlfSF
itgJnghy W jahf.

Kgkhz bglf: 1. kh cUtfis xLUjh (m) fzhoah

bragl ngiHD itJ cUthfgLtJ Kgkhz cUt bglf.
ca fh, fhL, Itif y, mryf vd vij khztDF fhgLj
J cj.

135

h
bj

U Fw

brhjf: sfjhid koJ jfnghy ijJ jid jahfyh.

gl csthW W vGij iyah, KjbyGJ kL khbfhnl
UFgo, W vGij khWgo jid jahfyh. MNo,
bfhiw ntj, UFw - tfis mj gHik tonthL czJbfhs
cjtJ - Rto tot jf.

fh

jhi

W
}
h
fe
m w eh } W
f

brh f: milf (m) sfjh brhyh bgUfF

gagL brhfis jahfyh.

136

b
W

j hi

u bghik: 12 x 9 br.. mss sfgl jh glYsthW gl

tiuf. mij bto vLf. tiuj gl w gl fhoathW uf
EiHgo uL Jisf mikf.

KilnahL bghik: Kilnahil vLJbfhL mjJ Kfij

tiuJ Xo nkgF fg fis xlntL. gl fhosthW
Ffis itfntL. Xo cilj gFia tzjhbfhL
kiwf ntL.

mil bgo bghik:milbgo _W gFfis izF

tz itJ, mjid btobaLf. mjnk gF KfK
gF th XugF (jahf mil brJ) fhJ jahJ xl.
mil mogF tahf ehF ufis nkneh filuiy
thgF bjkhW mikf.
Jgyif: joj milnk (ngUJ, Urfu thfd Jilf
gagLJ) bka Jia xolntL. gy totf btlgl
fw bghUfmla W milf w cjh JLfis
(brhubrhu bt bjgo) xlntL. jid mgona J mG
xolyh. cUtglF brjijnghynt j w W brjh,
gyifia f itfyh. milJ btEiu mil (m) bka gh
xo gyif jah brayh. m cjhSF gyhf F^ia
gagLjyh.

137

cjh xlgl
vGjilf

Jgyif

11. bjhFiu
a iuKiw, eoKiw, isahLKiw, bralKiw,
xgilKiw Kja gWKiwf sfgLsd. KiwfSfhd
KndghLf, iwf, Fiwf vLJiufgLsd. brat fw,
mQFKiw, braghLf, tFgiw Uthf, FGf mik braghL,
brayilf, jhiy fUgyif, fhyiy mltiz, goiyf Kja
braghLf sfkhf TwgLsd. gtF fj tF iz
Kiw, tF Uthf, w xUiz, gtF fj wf,
gtF fj lghLf Kja TWf bjthfgLsd.
fj bjh Eg vD gF fj JizfUf, gtif
JizfUf, bkh fj fUf, f j gaghL g
sfgLsd. bjhlbra vD gF tHF Kiw, jhnd fw,
kL Kiw g brhygLsd. fw fj bghUf gF
fwbghUf tiff, mtiw jahJ gagLJKiw Mad
sfgLsd.
khzt Maf Kjyh ulh tFfSF cik bghU
fisna fw fjYF gagLjntL. ilfhjtF kLnk
khf, Kgkhz glf, tiuglfis gagLjntL. va
bryyh bghUfis gagL JizfUfis bra ntL.
mthW braayhjnghJ kL bghUfis iybfhLJ th
JizfUfis brantL. mtiw ujukhd JizfU
fshf leh gagl Toajhf brtJ w. FHijf tz,
tot, af, ms Matwh v ftugLtjh tF KDik
jJ braglntL.
138

5. fj w tsj
mKf
f braKiw fw, fjbyd U TWfis bfhlJ. fj
fw nghbjyh fw fwJ vd Tw KoahJ. KGikahd fw fH
ntLbk fj Fj wDilajhf sfntL. vdnt, khzt
Ma j fw wid tsJbfhs glf Ma fjiy
cWnehFjntL. mthW cWnehFbghGJ wj fw isfis
jU cfis jhK gwyh.
vdnt, ty brat fwiy
cWnehFj, kut fwiy cWnehFj, gilghw fw Kiwid
cWnehFj Mad g mtFa gotfis uj g, br
ts bgWtjfhf br ul g mJbfhnth.
goiyf
1. cWnehf njit
cWnehF Kiwf
2. brat fwiy cWnehFj
kut fwiy cWnehFj
cWnehf got
3. FiwfisjY iwgwY
4. br uL w
mfuhf
fLf
5. bjhFiu

1. cWnehf njit
khzt Maf gfSF brW glf Maf fF
Kiwid neuoahf cWneh bgW glnt cWnehfyhF. g
fhy cWnehf fhy gJ ehfshF.
Maf fjiy cWneh wf Mafshf cUthfnt
gntW braghLf g khztf <LgLjgLwd. cWnehfgL
Ma fj wfis filof Fiwfis ngh bfhs cW
nehf njitgLwJ. jiywj Mauhf fHntLbk Ma gy
fjiy cWnehFtJ aikahjjhF.
cWnehF Kiwf
Kj tFUJ ehfh tFtiu brat fw Kiw, Ijh
tFF kut fj Kiw, MUJ vlh tFtiu gilghw
fw Kiwia g ghlf gWfgL bkhwf tsfgL
wd.

2. brat fwiy cWnehFj

brat fw goiyf, FpLf, mWtif FGf, fhyiy
mltiz, Mnuha rfu (ey rfu), fwyilf, braghLf tiw
139

nehFtjfhd got bfhLfgLsJ. mgotij Kiwahf ugntL.

d, mit Fj jidfis jid gF vD jiy g
brantL.
brat fwiy cWneh utjfhd got
brKiw g (Practicum) bfhLfgLsJ.
mjid bkhghl cWnehfYF gagL bfhf.

f rhjhuz Ma ngRwh.
rhjhuz Ma sFwh.
wj Ma brJ fhLwh.
f wj Ma cs xnaWwh.
- mP mdhL

kut fwiy cWnehFj

Ma Maj braf, fj Kiwf, JizfUf gaghL,
fUgyif gaghL, tFgiw nkyhik, dh nfFKiw, Ma
mQFKiw, Ma-khzt ilid Kjatiw cWneh
FbgLJ bfhL cWnehf gotij ug. Ma fjYs
wikfis khzthaf ifbfhs ntL. FG Kiw, FG
braghLf, JizfUfis gagLJ ghF, fjYF K-
braghLf, kLf, ghl f l Kjatiw TJ nehf
ntL.
thW cWnehFnghJ mLJs cWnehf gotij uj
ntL. ubghGJ eW, f eW vD ghuhL brhfis kL
Ffhk tF fjtiw thf vGjntL.

cWnehf got
g bga

tfho Ma bga :
khzt Ma bga
tF
ghl
ghl v - jiy
eh
neu

:
:
:
:
:
:

1. ghl f l

:
140

2. MajgLJj

3. fw-fj
JizfUf :
4. fw-fj Jiz
fUfis ifahSj

5. gl sfK fUgyif
ntiy
6. fw-fj braghLf:
7. dhf nfl

8. khzt gnf

9. tYl

10. kL

11. bjhlbra

khzt Ma ifbahg
tfho Ma
iuahs
ifbahg
141

gilghw fKiw
eLiy, caiy, nkiy gfYs MW, VG, vlh
tFfSfhd fjKiw gilghw f KiwahF. Kiw
brat fw mogil nfhghLf khzt ff Ma Jizj,
fF wf, Kiwf, jhnd bjJbfhSj, goj Kiw,
JbfhS Mw, jhnd KG bra <LgLj, kd tiugl, gl tiuJ
ghffis Fj, goj, vGJj, bjhFj, fyJiuahl, fod gFfis
vikah fw Ma goiyf lbgWsd. tiw efJ tF
bragLJj khzt Ma gahF. ulh Mo gilghw
fKiwg mtiw cWnehF Kiwg thf mJbfhsyh.

3. Fiw fisjY iw gwY

xbthU fKiwia cWnehFnghJ Ma fjKiw,
mQFKiw, bkghLfis btgLJ ghF, eifRit cz, fUij
sF nghF, xL Kiw, dh nfF Kiw, JizfUfis ifahSj
Kjat MaUF Ma ntWghL fhzgL. cWnehfYF brY
Ma khztf tF fwY fjY
cs iwfis
jkjhbfhs ntL. xnth MalK xbthU khztlK Vnjh
xU wiknah gy wikfnsh fhzgL. mtiw Ma g khztf
cth gHfgL bfhsntL. mtiw LJ, xU y
Fiwfis bgJgLJtJ js ntoatiw bfhStJ vfhy gF
mHF nrfhJ.
Maf, khztflJ gHFfh mtflKs eyhwfis
wfis gHftHffis gfis vLJbfhs ntL. g
ik, khzt xGf, fF ghF, tfhL Kiw, jbdhGf, cj
kdghik, f nkghL, gHF nghF, ngRkhw, vGJ khw, goFKiw,
JizfUf br Kiw, frh braghLf, frhuh braghLf,
eifRit, xUiz w, MSik w, bkghLfnshL fFKiw,
Hhfis KW elJ w, FLg Hhf fyJbfhs, nrF
Kiwf, cisahLf, btisahLf, fwyil wF Maf,
gntLf guhk, ghl f l vGJ Kiw vd vJiz vJiz
wnfhiu fhQfnsh mJizia cth fW bfhsnt f
gF g bgw brf vgjid fU bfhs ntL
Ma g khztf xbthU ehS g tshf eilbgW
ffis cWneh fWbfhsntL. mthW cWneh jhnk
fW bfhSbghGJ jStd j bfhStd bfhsntL. Fiwfis
fisJ iwaJ gdh xbthU ehS fw bghdhns; f
nkghL ehns; fF ehns.

142

gF brw g fj cf kdftj
ghlgFfis g ffis g fyJiuahLf..
cf fj f czj Fiwfis mjfhd
fhuzfis egfSl fyJiuahLf.
cf Kkh Ma ah? mt geyfis goaLf.
XuhaUF njitahd egf vbddbtW goaLf.
fj iwthf mika nkbfhsntoa brafis thf.

4. br uL w
fF MaUF ghl xU tfhona. mJnt KGikahd fwiy
khztF mfhJ. ghl lbgW brfSF fUJfSF thd
sffis ghl fhgJ mJ. ghl fF Manu ghl
fhzgL brfis khztf cs gf if sff,
vLJfhLf, bjhlila brf Matiw vLJiuJ fig
cnuhlKilajhfntL. cnuhl Kilajhf fj fH Maf
gntW f, ghit f, mfuhf, ngufuhf, fLf, fiy
fsaf, wdh fis ghitL njitahdtiw FbgLJ
bfhsntL.
vLbjhif, gJghL, gbdfzF, mfuhf, fLf,
fiy fsaf, mjhd jhk Kjad bghJghit fshF.
ghl XU brfnsh gFnah fnth lbgUF. KGtij
ma _y fis - bghiu, bjiu, fUJiu, sfiu, Fiu
fis - ghitL ghlgFF bjhlila K- fUJfis
mjntL. m bgUf VgLs eh Ma midij
idUJj ayhj xW. Mdh, vbt brf vbjj f
ilF vgij mjntL. jidna br uL w vd TWt.
ghit fshf sF mfuhf, fLf, fiyfsa Kjad g
aJ bfhnth.
mfuhf
bkhYs brhfis mfutirgL mtWfhd bghU jJ,
bjhFfglnj mfuh. jid mfu Kj vd TWt. tfuh
xbthU brhYF ca bghUsidJ bfhLfbgUF. mjid ghJ
eh ga gLJtjFa bghUis mJbfhsyh. fHf jHfuh, kJiu
jHfuh, jehL ghl Wtdjh btLs mfuh Kjad thW
mikjit.
jbkh mfuh (eh. fiunt is)
bkh mfuh, bghUsfuh, bjhifafuh, bjhilafuh vd ehF
gFf csd. bkh mfuh - brhYFa gntW bghUfis mayh.
(vLJfhL) U-UL, kaf. bghU mfuh - brhYF ya
143

tHF ntW brhfis mayh. (vLJfhL) U-m, fF, , y,

kF. bjhifafuh - xU bjhif brhiy J mbrh vbttiw
Fwd vd mayh. (vLJfhL) k (9) -etk-nfhnkjf, y, gts,
Zguhf, kufj, khf, KJ, it^a, itu (etkf bgafS
mfutir csik fhf.) bjhilafuh - ghl aWbghGJ Ys
vJif brhfis mJ gWf. vJif brhf FbHJif, beobHJif
vd Utifahf mikJsd. vLJfhlhf F vGij mLJ
ulh vGjhf vJif tuntLbk mfuh c (ef), R (cJis),
J (gts), g (gU), t (t) vD brhfis fhzyh.
beo vGijaLJ f ulh vGjhf vJif tuntLbk
mfuh fhf, nff (L), nfhf (breh), nrhf, jhf, njf, ehf vD
brhfis fhzyh. thW tfuh f gaDilaJ.
ah jfhy jHfuh
J j-j-My vd bghUjU mfuh. fhy xU brh
vbdd E ntWghLfSl tHfgLwJ vgij vLJfhLfSl
fhLtJ j wghF. vLJfhlhf, vL vD id vbt bghU
tHfgLwJ vd 26 lf FfgLwd. mtW xUytiw mnth.
1. uyh Fj - jiu gsgsgh aij FJ vLjh. 2.
caJj - vid mofhnj vW ifbaLJ Flh. 3. thFj - vij
vLjhY uL %gh. 4. bkhSj - Fs j vLf nghfyhkh?
5. thfdij sj - toia vLfhk ahUfhf fhU? .......... it
ju, vL - vgjndhL ntW brhf nrJ kubjhluhj; mj bghU
Mad Ff bgWwd. vLJfhlhf y: vLJ br, vLJ ts,
vLJL....
j ngufuh (Tamil Lexicon)
ngufuh 25 ML fhy gah bt tjJ. brid gfiy
fHfjhuh btl bgwJ. tfuh j brhfSF GsthW
sff lbgWsd.
1. brh, 2. brh My x bga, 3. yfz ghFghL, 4. brh
njhw,5. d brhf, 6. brhbghU jY MyY, 7. brh
bghUSnfw ya nknfh. ntGTWfS y brhfSF 4, 5, 6
vlbgw TWf lbgwh. VHhtJ Twhf cs nkbfh_y brh
btntW bghU vbjj ya tJsJ vd eh mayh. Jnt
tfuh wghF.
_W mfuhfis njbjLJ xbthY xU bgabrh
xU idbrhYF vthW bghU sf jUwd vgij
xL fhLf.
fLf
j cs brhfis gntW tiffSF cgL, mtF
bghUis ghl to jj fns fLf. ilfToa fLf Kj
144

 nrj thfu. jD bjt bga bjhF Kjyhf gbghU TlJ

xU bgabjhF <whf gU bjhFf csd. tW VwFiwa 9500
brhfSF bghU sf jugLsJ.
fLf bgUgF thfuij baho WgF khWgL csd.
.. 15 M whoduhd kly Ul aa Nlhk fil fLfS
jiy wjjhf Fg. j cslfij RUfkhf fhngh.
Nlhk fL
0. w ghu, 1. njt bgabjhF, 2. kf bga bjhF, 3. y
bga bjhF, 4. ku bga bjhF, 5. lbga bjhF, 6. gbghU bga
bjhF, 7. braif tot bga bjhF, 8. g ga bga bjhF, 9. bra
ga bga bjhF, 10. x ga bga bjhF, 11. xUbrh gbghU bga
bjhF, 12. gbga TlbjhU bga bjhF vd guL gFfis
bfhljhF.
KGik Ujghth Md 1197 brfis bfhlJ.
fhy brfSF ciueil brh sf bfhLJ gf
gLsJ. Nlhk foY w fLfY bkh tsij btgLJ
gF gbga TlbjhU bga bjhF vgjhF.
mjhd jhk
j xUt Kaah 1910 M ML btlgl j fiy
fsa mjhd jhk. ij gilJ btlt brid girag
f j nguha bgUikFa M. fhuntY Kjah mtf. 1600
gffSF nkgl ytf, gHbgU yaf, ya
ghuf, uhz fhr ghuf, nfhf Kjyhdtiw ga tuyhW
tufS csd. jHhaF bgJ gagL.
fiyfsa
brfis bjhFJ jU ghit fS xW fiyfsa.
mPf, ytf, jiytf KjnahuJ tuyhWf, cdf, jhtuf
ga brf, fbgw lf, bghUf, ff bjhlghd tuf
Kjyhd gtif brfis fiyfsa_y mayh.

5. bjhFiu
fj w tsj vgJ khzt Ma eilKiw gf
cs fj braft fFwfis mjY, jj wfis
nkgL bfhSjY MF. Kj tFKj ehfh tFtiu gagLj gL
brat fwKiw, Ijh tF gagLjgL kut fwKiw,
Matiw cWnehF khzt Maf, mtUJ m brf,
gotf mtiw gbr Kiwf, jh flt Fiwfis fisJ
iwfis gWtjfhd Ff, fLf, mfuhf, ngufuhf
MatUJ bkhrh brfis uLj Fj brf a
TwgLsd.
145

6. ghl f l
mKf
e}, ciufgL bghU csjikJ vd TWtjnfg, xU
ntis xU ghlijnah ghlgFianah fgjhf UjhY mjid
vthW fgJ vgjF tfhLtnj ghl f lkhF. khtU ghl
KiwfS nfg f lfS khtUtJ aifahF. W bjhlf
gf Kj ehF tFtiu brat fwKiw Ijh tF
kut fj Kiw gwgL tUwJ. MWKj vlh tFtiu
gilghw f Kiw mKfgLjgLsJ. Ma g bgWnth
_W Kiwfis bjJbfhtJ aikahjjhF. a Kiwf
g mtiw bragLJ Kiwg bjthf mJbfhsyh.
goiyf
1. ghl f l aikahik
ghl f l eikf
wj ghl f l gf
ghl f l bragLJj Ma kd bfhs jfit
2. brat fw ghl f l
brat fw tFgiw Jizahf cjj
3. Ijh tFfhd ghl f l
4. fj F
5. fj bghU jah
6. bjhFiu

1. ghl f l aikahik
fjiy wghFtjF btfukhf KogjF cs wnfh
tFgiw fjiy Kiwahf lLjny ahF. vtiw fgJ, vthW
fgJ vgij KTona lLj ntL. ghl ffgLtj
Kjik nehf m ghlij khztUF fFnghJ vthW bjhlFtJ,
a brfis vthW mikgJ, vjifa JizfUfis gagLJtJ,
fj Koj Fl nehff iwnt csdth vd ma nrhjid
brtJ Kjatiw KTona lLj aikahjjhF.
Kiwahf fj g bgw ega isgo
ff ghl f l jahj aikahjJ.

146

ghl f l vGJt eikf

ghl gogoahd ts VgLgo brJ Kiwahf ff cjwJ.
mLjLJ vd brantL vd lLtjh tF neu zhtiy.
ghl sfF njitahd JizfUfis KTona jahJ itJ
bfhs KowJ.
wj, bghUjkhd fj Kiwfis njbjLJ ff cjwJ.
j bkhghlij w ghlfSl izJ ff t tFwJ.
wikahf fF jdifia MaUF jUwJ.
jah ntWikfF Vg fwyDgtfis khztfSF tHl cj
brwJ.
ghl nehffis khztf mill MaUF cjah mikwJ.
wj ghl f l gf

ghlgF btgLJ Fnfh, nehff lbgUF.

khztfl vnehF fw isfis bfhoUF.
fj Kiw fjYF cj fw bghUfS goalgoUF.
ghlbghU gF vLJfhlhf TWgit midJ bjthf
mikUF.
d brKiw ntiy, d neu eilbgW vd tiuaiw bra bgUF.
Mt_l, KDiu, ghlbghU gogoahd ts vd xbthW
vts neu vd FfgoUF.
izJ fF brfis bjgLJ.
tYLjYF gagL braf lbgUF.
bjhlbrayhf bfhLfgL brafis bfhoUF.

ghl f l bragLJj Ma kd bfhs jfit:

ghl f lkhdJ y jiyf mikfgl ghlbghUis
fJ, iw bra ntLbkgJ iy. gF tUw xbthU
FHijia xU bfhS ghukhf fU, el cs ghl f
l vD iu mtf jiy Fj TlhJ. FHijf xbthW X
cUs bghU. mtfis fLgL itf ayhJ; Fj RWRWl
bragLgtf. Mfnt, mtfSF ghlfis ff lLnghJ
mtfis fw bra <LgLj ntL.
tF gagLJw xbthU braY khzt kd xbthUj
isid VgLJ. xU ghlgFid ff gagLJ bra xU y
khztUF vghF gyid mfyh. mnjbra y khztfSF vj
gaD mfhkY nghfyh. Mfnt, ghlfis ff lLnghJ, gyj
brafis llh fw vyh khztlJ aghf fG.
brat fw ghl f lfhd gotf, brKiw
g sfkhf jugLsd. mtiw gagL ghl
f l braiy wghf nkbfhf.

147

khztfl Ugjf elij khwfis VgLJ tif f

bra lfis mikjntL. tFgiwF bghUjkhd, njitahd,
Rikyhj, Ritahd brafis f brafshf lL lbgw
brantL.
gtF, giy fjYF bghUjkhF tif ghl f
l mikkhW ftJ bfhsntL. 2005M ML nja fiyl
totik vghfgL Fnfhfis iwntW f brafis
lbgw brantL.
Kj ehF tFtiu cs brat fw mogilahfs
bfhif, mogil f, wghd TWf, fw milf, Vgo milf,
FG milf, milw sfjhf, g VLf Matiw KGikahf
mJ khztf ff tfhl ntL.
gF brW fj g <LgLtJ vgJ Ma f
fiy l Ka TwhF. Ma f gla gnghJ
khzt Maf Kj MoY ulh MoY bjhlf
g Kiwna 30 ehf fj g bgwntL. khzt
Maf Kj tFUJ ehfh tFtiu brat fw
KiwY Ijh tFF kut fw KiwY fj bra
<LglntL.

2. brat fw ghl f l
Kj tFUJ ehfh tFtiu brat fwKiw gw
gLwJ. Kiw ghlf l brayilf lbgWwd.
brayilf wid ghliy mogilahf bfhL WW fwgofshf
cUthfgLsd. xbthU fwgo rngh izJ fw Vgo
mikfgLsJ. iy Ma khzt fgjF Jizahf cjgtuhf
bragLwh. xbthU fw go:
1. w tsfhd bjhlfiy braghLf,
2. tYl braghLf,
3. g braghLf,
4. kL braghLf,
5. FiwF braghLf,
6. ts bgUF braghLf.
vD Kiw mikfgLsd. g khzt Maf xbthU
braghL milia mjFa FpLfis (Logo) eF mUj
ntL.
brat fw Kiwf lbgW milf, FpLf, fF
Kiwf Mait g gWKiwf vD a mJbfhOf.
148

brat fw tFgiw Jizahf cjj

brat fw tFgiw fj g <LgL khzt Maf
nkbfhs ntoait:

fhiy tghL Tl FHijf tFF bry cjj.

FHijf jf tUifia g brJshfsh vd nflj.
fhyiy mltiz ca FHijah iw bragLsjh vd rghj.
Mnuha rfuij utjfhd braf FHijfis <Lgl brj.
FHijfis miutl tot f itJ IJl neuF
RWRWgila br braf <LgLJj.
FHijf gofntoa ghlfSfhd FG milfis njbjLJ
FG itf brj.
FHijf midtU jhf ffntoa milfis vLJ, mtut FG
mktij cWbrj.
FHijfy jfSFa milfis vLg lgLthfsh mtf
rahd milia vLgjF khzt Ma cjtntL.
KGik Ma cjl aF FGF brW mFHijf fgjF
khzt Ma cjtntL.
xU FG FHijf mf vif Ughfnsah khzt Ma
bkJthf fnghUF cj brJ Vgo nkny bry cjtntL.
w FGfYs FHijfSF cj njitgo khzt MamF brW
cjtntL.
jhiy fUgyifY jf FngoY g VoY FHijf
vGJtij r ghfntL.
FHijfSF bjhlbra tHfntL.
Vgo, ghl bramil tUwbghGJ FHijf ghliy
gagLj CfkfntL.
khzt Ma FHijfnshL bghkyhl fF VghL brantL.
FHijf milfis mtbghGJ milw mil g
brjtL.

brat fwKiw xWF nkgl tFig nrjtf xbthU

FGY gy iyf Ughf. vdnt, khzt Ma KTona ghl
f l jahj ayhJ. vdnt, tFgiw khztf bragl
Kiwia mjF khzt- Ma cja Kiwia mifahf jahf
ntL. j_y kWeh tFF khztfis jah bra Ko.
3. Ijh tFfhd ghl f l
Ijh tFF eilKiwYs kut fj Kiw gwgL
tUwJ. jbghGJ gwgL ghl f l,
vghfgL fw btghLf,
Maj bra,
fw-fj braf,
kL braf,
bjhlbraf
Ma iyf gwgLwd.
149

vghfgL fw btghLf
Ijh tF ghl xbthU ghlgFUJ khztfl
tsf glntoa wikf myJ ghlgFia fw khztf
btgLJ wikf goalgLsd. mtiw vghfgL fw
btghlhf FjntL. nkY, gF bkhwfnshL
khztfl btglntoa xGf, bkhgW, ehLgW, gghL
TWfis FlntL.
Maj bra
jid Mt_L bra vd Fg. ghl ffF Ma vLj
vLnyna ghl brfis jUtnjh sff bfhLgnjh fj Kiw
Ug jfjW.
khztf tFig TJnehF kdiy
Uwhfsh? vd ma ntoaJ Ma bghWghF. vyh khztfS
tFig TJ nehF kdiy Ughf vd fUj KoahJ. mtfSila
kdiyia xUKfgL tFig TJnehF Mtij CL brany
Maj brayhF.
jF khzt Ma ghlbghUnshL bjhlila fij, ghl, , f
sf Kjat VjhtJ xiw gagL khztfis MajgLj
ntL.
fw-fj braf
fF braKiw khztfSF Cf_Lj, brh sff
jUj, JizfUfis fho sFj, fUgyif vGJj, gy
vLJfhLf jUj, gl tiuj, ghofhLj, dh nfl, khzt
ilTw F bfhLj, xbthU khztid TJ nehFj, tFgiw
xGif TJ nehFj Kja gy braf khzt Maiu rhjdthF.
ghlbghUSF vghF fw isF cathW nkbfhS fj
Kiwf fw-fj bra vGjglntL.
ghlbghU sfF njitahd fw bghUf goa,
ghlbghU sfF bghUjkhd fwKiwf mjhtJ FGfw,
gnfW fw, isahLKiw fw, jhnd fw, xU khzt kbwhU
khztDF fWbfhLj Kja Kiwfis gWtJ FlntL.
ghlbghU bjgLj njitahd fsgaz g FlntL.
vghfgL fw btghLf bfhLfgLs bkhwfS
xGf, gghL, ehLgW, bkhgW bjhlghd brfS btgL
tz fw-fj brafis mikjntL. bkh ghl fj
caa nehf bkhw tsjY ebyhGffis gjYkhF.
kL bra
fjiy kLj fj eilKiw aikahj brafS
xW. tF fjiy nkbfhSnghJ, fj bra Koj
FHijf j wid ma kL brjntL. mjfhf, vjifa
dhfis dtyh vgij KTona lL FjntL.
150

bjhlbra
bjhlbra, vgJ fj ghlgF FHijfSF Lg myJ
tF g bfhLjiy FF. bjhlbra bghUfis nrfj,
glbjhF jahj, bgnwh-egfSl fsgaz brW tUj,
mfho, bjhlto iya, ngUJ iya, mryf Kja lfSF
brW, mF eilbgW brafis FJtu brj MF. bjhlbra xU
Rikahf yhk Ritahf UFtif mikJ bfhLfntL.
ghlbghU bjhlghf vjifa bjhlbraiy bfhLfyh vgij gF
Fl ntL.

4. fj F (Teaching Notes)
xU ntis ff ntoaJg thf vGJj ghl f
l (Lesson Plan) vgij Vbfdnt mJbfhnlh.
Ma, xU thu ffntoa ghlgFfsidij v
ghJ vG jahgij fj F vnwh.
f wnghL mika fF ghlbghU bjhlghd brfis
Kdnu ulntL. uL brfis khjthahf thuthahf
bjhFJbfhL khztfSF ffntL. bghJthf, xU thu
ffUF ghlf bjhlghd brfis bjhFgnj eilKiw
gf gwgLwJ. xU thu ffUF brfis bjhFJ
jahj fj F vdgLwJ.
fjYF Ma F aikahjJ vgjfhfnt Mafis
nkghit br jiyikaha fj Fig ghitLwh. g
MF tU MthsU xnth MaU fj FngL itJsduh
vgij M brwh. Ma flhakhf ghlijg Kdjhf v,
vG jahj ntL vgjid tWJtjfhfnt Kiwf gw
gLwd vgij khzt Maf czjntL.
fj F jahj
fj Fid ghlbghU sf, bghJF vd U fshf
J vGjyh. ghlbghU sf ghlgF RUf lbgWtJl
sfntoa fUJfS mikjntL. ciueilah brhfsa
bgUFj, brhyh w tsj, nknfh brf, JizfUf
Kjatiw FlntL.
br gFah vbdd Kiwf ea czjbgW vd FgJ
w. W khzt nkbfhsntoa brKiw ntiyf, dhf,
gf vd ghlnfwthW mikj nkY wig nrF.
bghJF ghl myJ br vGa Ma g ghlbjhlghf
TwgL w vLJfhLf, w fUJ fhL nknfhf, br
_y f, khzt milantoa xGfyhWf Kjadtiw Fl
ntL.
151

ghl f l, fj F ntWghLf:
ghl f l
1. xU ghlntis fgjFa ghlgFF vGjbgWtJ.
2. vghfgL fw btghLf, Maj bra, fw-fj
braf,kL braf, bjhlbraf vD jiy vGjbgW.
3. xU ghlntis ffUF midJ brfS f thf fwfj JizfUfSlD fF KiwfSlD lbgUF.
4. g bgW khzt Ma jahJ bghWgha myJ iuahsl
ifbahg bgWt.
fj F
1. XuhoFa ghlfis J, xU thu ffntoa ghlgFf
midJF vGj bgWtJ.
2. ghlbghU, bghJF, dhf, Lntiy vD jiy vGj
bgUF.
3. xU thu ffgL brf RUfkhf khztf milantoa
xGfyhWfS lbgUF.
4. gahW Ma ghlF jahJ jiyikahal ifbahg bgWt.
5. KlL Kiwahf jahJ braglh vghF ega istJ cW.

5. fj bghU jah (Preparation of Instructional Materials)

fj bghUf jah vgJ xU ghl myid (Unit) fgjF
njitahd midij thf jahjiy FF.
bkhghlij bghUjtiu X ciueil ghlij X myfhf
bfhsyh. br gF ghlkhf lbgW UFw, ehyoah Kja
tW xU it X myfhf bfhsyh. yfzY mthnw bfhs
ntL. thW J bfhSnghJ X myid fgjF njitahd
midJ jahJ bfhSjiy fw-fj bghU jah vnwh.
fj bghU vgJ ghlbghU, mjid ff Ma nkbfhS
w jah gf, khzt <LgL braf, nj dhf Ma
midij FF.
ghlbghU
fj bghU jahj Jnt mogilahd gFahF. Ma,
vgFia ff Uwhnuh mgF brf midJ Kiwahf
sfkhf vGjbgWj ntL.
izJ fj
ghlbghUis fFnghJ, mjndhL bghUtU brfis
izJ fjh mit id eF g. Ma vbt ghlfis
vbt brfis izwh vgjid gF FjntL.
ciueil ghlnjhL yfzij izJ fFnghJ mtiw
bjthf FjntL.
152

_y f
ghlbghUis fgjF izJ fjYF nknfh gFfis
sFtjF Ma gagLjntoa _y f goa bfhLfntL.
nkY, m _y f vgFf gagLj bgWwd vgij FjY
ntL. ghlbghU bjhlghf khzt gof ntoait vitbad Ma
fUJ goaiy jUjntL.
JizfUf
ghlbghUis fgjF Jizahf njitgL JizfUf
midij jUjntL. tiuglf, sfglf, ehLglf,
Rtbuhof, kh cUtf, dilf, brhyilf, RHyilf,
brhjf, glbjhFngL, Kf_of, bghkyhl bghikf, gtif
gaghL gyif, eGt, rydglf, xg ehlhf, iugl JLf
Kjat goa lbgWj ntL.
Ma nkbfhsntoait
JizfUf jahj, dhjh vGJj, fsgaz miHJ bry
ntLkh mJga l Kjad gF lbgWjntL.
khzt brKiw ntiy
ghl fFbghGJ, fj wF khzt nkbfhs ntLbkd
Ma lL ntiyfsidJ vGj bgWjntL. br
bjhFf, mfuh ghJ vGJj, j jahj, gHbkh, kubjhl Kja
bjhFf jahj, glf tiuj, kabfh iH vGJj, zg,
foj, fLiu vGJj, ngR tHF izahf vGJ tHif vGJj,
bjhifbrhfis bjGJj Kjatiw FjntL.
dhf - g
ghl gFait khzt bgWsduh vd ma, Ma lL
tsf Ua wfis khztf milJsduh vgij ma cj
dhfis vGJjntL. dhf idjj tif, idF bfhzj
tif Matiw rhj JKiw dhfS, FW il dhfS, fLiu
dhfS lbgwntL.
xU Fl ghlgFia fgjF nkflthW midJ
bghUfis jahJ, vG bfhSjny fj bghU jahjyhF.

6. bjhFiu
a ghl f l, fj F, fj bghU jah
Ma _id ga sfij mnjh. _W fjiy, fwiy
CFF brafshF. jnghija eilKiw cs brat fw
nkbfhsntoa mQFKiwfis sfkhf fnlh. it khzt
Maf fj wid tsgLj bgJ gagL.

153

iz - 2

dhjh - 1 l tiu

fhy: 3 k neu
ghl myF/fj
nehf

mj
(20)

j
(20)

cr kbgf: 100

gagLJj
(30)

w
(30)

bkhj
(100)

158

bkhw (40)

1(*1)

1(*1)

2(*1)

10

5(*3)

bkh a
fjY (8)

(*1)

1(*1)

mogil wf(12)

(*1)

(*1)

ghlfis fj(12)

(*1)

(*1)

gWKiwf (12)

(*1)

(*1)

cWnehf (6)

ghlf l (10)

(*1)

(*1)

bkhj (100)

1(*1)

4(*1) 0

2(*3) 1(*2) 4

20

10

F:-

- W dh (100 brhfSF fhk)

F - FW dh (200 brhfSF fhk)
f - fLiu dh (500 brhfSF fhk)
iwFF ( ) cs vf kbgfis FF.
eru FpL (*) cs vf bjiy dhfis FF.
flfSF cs vf dhf vifia FF.

3(*1) 1

2(*2)

iz - 2

dhjh - 2 l tiu

cr kbgf: 100

fhy: 3 k neu
ghl myF/fj
nehf

mj
(20)

j
(20)

gagLJj
(30)

w
(30)

bkhj
(100)

1(*1)

10

5(*3)

159

bkhw (40)

1(*1)

1(*1)

bkh a
fjY (8)

(*1)

(*1)

mogil wf(12)

(*1)

(*1)

ghlfis fj(12)

(*1)

(*1)

gWKiwf (12)

(*1)

(*1)

cWnehf (6)

(*1)

(*1)

ghlf l (10)

bkhj (100)

2(*2)

4(*2)

1(*1)

3(*1) 1

1(*1)

(*1)

20

10

2(*2)

F:-

- W dh (100 brhfSF fhk)

F - FW dh (200 brhfSF fhk)
f - fLiu dh (500 brhfSF fhk)
iwFF ( ) cs vf kbgfis FF.
eru FpL (*) cs vf bjiy dhfis FF.
flfSF cs vf dhf vifia FF.

iz -1
brat fwYfhd FpLfS braghLfS

ghLj, nfl

1. th

2. jhuheh

cUbth tiu rhjd

3. jhgH

cUbth tiu rhjd

4. cgfuz bgo

fw milf bfhl bgoia

ifahSj

5. bg

tz Lj, tiuj

6. gl u

xiwnghynt cs glfis
mJ xnwhL xW nrj

7. thij u

xiwnghynt cs kbwhU
thijia mJ, xnwhL
xWnrj

8. fhJ

fij nfl

9. ghid

ifF ifufSF jirg

10. bghkyhl

iu w bghikfis fho
mt H _ykhf bghkyhl
b r J fh o fi j

154

TWj

11. Myku

Mt_L bt isahLf,
c isahLf

12. Ka

ghlf, brhbwhl _ykhf

thijf mKf

13. kh

vG xia nfL ttot

flj

14. khL

vGJf cr, ttot

Matiw mj

15. ahid

a thijf mKf

16. mF vGJf

vGJfis bjhl KoFj

mj

17.

NiyfL ngr itj,

thj, fgidF KaJt
jUj.

18. ug kh

uguh cUtha vGJfis

bfhL vGJf totij
mj

19. m

glfis ghJ bga vGj

brj

20.vl

vGJfis nrJ mjKs

thijfis cUth vGJj

21. Knfhz

milf bfhLfgLs
thijfis ghJ JL
milf bfhL mLFj

155

22. brk MLjiy

brjh, JL uRu nghw

t khzt fwj vGJfis
tlLj

23. Mik

fh flfis vGJfisbfhL
brj

24. id

nfhol lij brj

25. ML

thij, brhbwhl cUthFj

26. FuF

bghUJf

27. Fiu

nH, nkny, cns, btna, mU,

bjhiy nghwt bghU
mj

28. xlf

FWbfGJ isahL

29. eh

nj mil

30. fuo

fijia goJ dhfSF

ilaj

31. ahid
jfzho

mj xnu khahd x vGJ

fis mnj x cs mahj
vGJfis mJ goj

32. jf

ghl jffis gagLJj

156

33. f

br

34. ilndhru

x g

35. n#hf

L g

36. FuF mY

eoJ fhLj, FGthf eoj

37. Lghl mil

o br braghLf

157

158

159

iz - 3
jbkh fj
KjyhkhL
kh dhjh- 1
fhy: 3 k

cr kbgf: 100

gF - m
I. midJ dhfSF W brhfSF fhk ilaf. (10x2=20)
1. ff frlw fgit fw
f mjF jf.
- UFwYs joj brhfSF bghU T fUij vGJf.
2. uilsF mLFbjhlUF uouL vLJfhLf jUf.
3. tw clh - bjhl czJ MFbgaiu sFf.
4. bghdh nkand njhiy miufirJ - joj brh
mikJs cU kafij sFf.
5. Gs thaf bghUjkhd lf tbyhiw nrJ, bghUj
kw lf tbyhiw vGJf.
vj fijia gojhY mYs aikah gFfis FJ
bfhsntL. Ritahd bjhlfis mgona vG bfhSj eyJ.
bghUsfh bjhlfSF jHfuh ghJ bghU mJbfhlh e
bkhw tsU.
6. Ijh ntWik f, x bghU jUkhW vLJfhLf jUf.
7. jf nfh, jf nfh - U bjhlfY fhzyhF bghU
ntWghil bjgLJf.
8. F RjkhdgR, bebtbz fgL.
xU tajhd gho til RL wh.
-thafis bghUbghUjKw vGJf.
9. ah Ph ahnuh anuh
vij Eij vKiw nf - joj brhf ahiu Fwd?
10. ct cFw bknlhL - ghid sf uL vLJ
fhLf jUf.
II. vitnaD IJ dhfSF xbthWF UW brhfSF
fhk ilaf.
(5x4=20)
11. mita bkg f fyh
mitarh MFy brhY - eita
<Jzh brtK eTjh dyK
j thik eW.
- be sf
- ghl fUid ciueil vGJf.
12. Gs ciuahl gFia brahFf.
160

kid: (Kfkyl) thUf! thUf!

yt : atns! thr brW gh! Kiukiy nfhkh Fkz ekfj
bgUaij mtiw RkJ F fid gh.
kf : (knahL) M... M... ahid... ahid...!
kid: e Fiwu th tHa Fkz ts gyhL thf! mgnu!
ts bghUis e a y vl itng? vd brnt?
13. Gs bria ciuahlyhf khWf.
gilfhy kj aifnahL iaJ thjh. neh leh
thjh. Mdh, W bgUtU bjhrhiyfS nghFtuJ thfdfS
fhiw khRgLJwd. mt iuryh bryfS ghfgLwd.
14. ahfhth uhD ehfhf fhthfh
n rhfhg brhGF gL.
- joj uL brhfis bjG z TWf.
15. g gif , tsD bgUa gwkiyJ mikj mukid
fUiz totkhf Ujh gh. mwhF myjhF mt cw
Jizt.
- gF ika fUJ ahJ?
gF mikJs mUbrhf bghUis sFf.
16. ahJ Cnu ahtU nf vD jiy fLiu vGJtjF njitahd
F rlf xW jah brf. fLiu gagLjgL bghUjkhd
nknfh, gHbkhf, f vitnaD uL vGJf.
17. brhyh m U aDyf
tbrhyh vW kHhnj - bghbr
mtisah bghfh(J) mHfuh jbz
ftuth bghF fl.
1. cyf vjdh kwJ?
2. fl vjdh bghFwJ?
18. t h i a j fhL fS j e h o m i k U w d . k i y fns hL i l J
j n a w J b r f hL f , b t j i f J m F f h U H Y , t L
J i t g n j f h t d f W f k G e h w K , t h g u j b g h f
i u , f h g u j W f < l K , b f hG b f ho f d Y c s i j
F g d t y n t h?
- i u g F e i l w i g s F f.

gF - M
III. midJ dhfSF W brhfSF fhk ilaf. (10x2=20)
19. bkh kurhjJ vgij sFf.
20. bkh gHFtjF fwYFKs ntWghLf uoid TWf.
21. bkh mogil wfis vthW tifgLjyh?
22. mKjh j ntiyfis ntfkhf KoJL gia neh brwh. thaij bghU tz gogjnfg rhnfhoL fhLf.
23. Jizghl fj nehff ahit?
24. jbkh wid tsf cj ehF xgilfis TWf.
25. brat fwiy cWnehFnghJ w khztid vthW milahs
fLbfhlh vgij sFf.
161

26. iy vF ngjiy vD ghliy ff vjifa Maj braiy

tHF?
27. ghl f l aikahikia TWf.
28. y,s ntWghlh bghU ntWgL vgij ff ehF vLJfhLf
jahf..
IV. vitnaD IJ dhfSF xbthWF UW brhfSFfhk
ilaf.
( 5 x 4 = 20)
29. bkh ya mHFz g F tiuf.
30. j uil tHFiy FJ j fj mj is FJ
sFf.
31. goj wid ghF fhuzfis sFf.
32. Ijh tFF nfl wid tsf cj braf ehfid TWf.
33. jFK xW ct uL ghit vthWvLJfhLf
jJ ia tUgh?
34. ghl f w tsgjF nkbfhl cWnehf vthW
gaglJ vgij vLJfhLfSl sFf.
35. brat fwnghJ khztf mil lghLf uoid T,
mtiw vthW fisjh vgij sFf.
36. Ijh tF ebd gFia ff njitahd brfis vjbjj
fUJ vthW uLth vgij TWf.
V. IW brhfSF fhk ilaf. ( 2 x 10 =20)
37. ngRj wid tsf cj fw braf Iid s TWf.
(myJ)
38. Gs br mikJs xea, brhea, bghUea,
meafis sFf.
is gh bjhf
GbjW FuF bjhL
sid bjhl is
btLbfd Fijngh
isnjhW FJ jh
Gs Gijbayh
xghgh v ba
cngh jth ghF.
39. iuKiwid s mj iw Fiwfis Muhf.
(myJ)
40. kurh fj Ijh tFF ciueil ghlff jah brantoa
goiyfis vLJfhLfSl sFf.

162

jbkh fj
KjyhkhL
kh dhjh- 2
fhy: 3 k

cr kbgf: 100

gF - m
I. midJ dhfSF W brhfSF fhk ilaf. (10x2=20)
1. j vGJf tifbjhiffis bjGJf.
2. Iiz, xgh Rit - bjhif brhfis bjGJf.
3. , KJkf - brhfis J vthW zjbjd TWf.
4. jFK xWct uL - ghid uL vLJ
fhLf jJ sFf.
5. Ibjhif bkhnk wbjhf mbkh - sFf.
6. v yjid btnghy fhnk
m yjid mw
- Fwgh lbgWs ctikia sFf.
7. ehfh ntWik bghUsha gif, ne, jF, mJthj MatF
vLJfhLf jUf.
8. vGik vGw cSt jf
Gk Jiljt e.
- Fwghfhd bghUis ciueilgL vGJf.
9. Gs thafYs iHfis , mjfhd fhuzij FLf.
m) MWbts kfS kufS FoirfS MLkhLfS jJ
brwd.
M) MW fhHj MfS ehF ifHj bgfS kUJt kid
nrfgld.
10. Kjiy bjhbga, Kjiy j bjhbgafis rhWfho
sFf.
II. vitnaD IJ dhfSF xbthWF UW brhfSF
fhk ilaf.
(5 x 4 = 20 )
11. clgLbk g sFf.
12. nyil eaF X vLJfhL jJ sFf.
13. Ff braghy ff
fhJ br id
- Fwgh mikJs vJif, nkhidia
s fhJ vD brhYzJ bghUis TWf.
14. Gs ciuahliy brahFf.
Fkz: yt bgUk tuntL! jHid fkna! tzf.
yt : ts bgUkh thf! eho fL ffntoa eh, W
fho rnw. ~J v bghyhj fhy.
Fkz: ytnu! jfis F fhz nejJ v ey fhy! eh vdF
xU bghdh; edh.
15. KJkf, fbyjh - brhfis J z TWf.
16. tU gia goJ mj ikafUij m lbgWs
mUbrhfis T bghUjkhd jiyLf.
163

neh vD brhF Jg vgJ bghU. clYF Jg vbghGJ

newJ? mtW, j j flid Mw ayhJ, jilgLnghJ,
mjhtJ gLnghJ Jg clhwJ. F mogil bgUo,
bghUjh cz Kjad. (U..f., bg bgUik)
17. bg f vD jiy fLiu vGJtjF njitahd F rlf
xW jah brf. fLiu gagLjntoa bghUjkhd gHbkhf,
nknfhf ehid vGJf.
18. f cilik bghUSilik vuL
brtK brt vdgL - yh
FiwuJ jKd gngh jhK
jiytz jhH bg.
m) Utif brtf ahit?
M) fia vthW ffntL?
gF - M
III. Gs xbthU dhF W brhfSF fhk ilaf.
(10x2=20)
19. tlhu isbkh m XuhaUF njit- fhuzij sFf.
20. bkh kuf vbtlf wgLwd vgjF uL vLJ
fhLf jJ sFf.
21. kabfh x iHfis f, uL vLJfhLfis jJ sFf.
22. br, ciueil gw nehffYs uL ntWghLfis vGJf.
23. ghl f l, fj F tilnas ntWghLf
uoid TWf.
24. izJ fj vwh vd?
25. ehfh tFF ciuahl wid tsf cj tKiwf ehid TWf.
26. Ijh tFF va v tuf, mf goj wid tsf
tHF bjhlbraf ehid TWf.
27. fyJiuahliy nkbfhSnghJ ftbfhs ntoa braf ahit?
28. vL vD idgFia NHYnfg gagLkhW ehid vGJf.
IV. vitnaD IJ dhfSF xbthWF UW brhfSF
fhk ilaf.
(5x4=20)
29. mjhd jhk- fiyfsa vjifa brf lbgUF? mit
khztfSF vtif gagL vgij sFf.
30. ghntWghLf bkh vjifa ntWghLfis VgLsd vgij vLJ
fhLfSl sFf.
31. jYs kUbfhf, miufis sFf.
32. cik ftj VnjD bris vG, mJ V ftjJ vgjfhd fhuzfis
TWf.
33. ghl f lij bragLJnghJ Ma kd bfhsntoa
brafis sFf.
34. ciueil ghlt brhfsa bgUf cj braghLfis TWf.
35. Ijh tF khztf bghUSzU Mwiy tsf vjifa fis
njbjLJ gof br vgij sFf.
164

36. kut fw cWnehfYF brat fw cWnehfYF

vjifa ntWghLfis czf vgij sFf.
V. xbthU dhF IW brhfSF fhk ilaf (2x10=20)
37. bkh rKjha, gghL, jkj tsF vthW cjwJ vgij
sFf.
myJ
38. br fj nehffis vLJfhLfSl sFf.
39. ey ifbaG eafis vGJj w tsF ttiffis
sFf.
myJ
40. bral Kiwid s bjhlf tFfSF vtifahd bra
lfis tHFth vgjid FLf

165

iz - 4
mfkL brKiw g
t.v

jiy

kbgf

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

cWnehf got uj
ghl f l jahj
tlhu tHF brhfS Ua totfS
brat fw milf jahj
eoKiwnfw Xuf ehlf jahj

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

fw bghUf jahj
FHij ghlf bjhF jahj
FHij fijf bjhF jahj
kabfh brhf ntWghL -bjhF jahj
dhjh l tiu jahj

1.

fUjuF - uL jiyf elJj

1.

ciy njf

1.

dht jahj
(1. Ijh tF br, ciueil
2. jbkh fj - X a)

bkhj kbgf

166

25

iz - 5
ghit f
1. mjhd jhk

- fhuntY Kjah.
rhujh ggf, brid-5, 2006.

2. yfz fsa

- Kidt bghnfh,
bgh ggf,
brid,1997.

3. ya tuyhW

- lhl . ghyRuka,
maf, brid.

4. ya tuyhW

- lhl K. tujuhrdh,
irt jhj g fHf,
brid.

5. Itif ghlfS wdogil

fjY

- nguha . fzg,
rhjh g, brid-14.

6. fa j

- Kidt br, bt.

fiybr, r btpL,
<nuhL.

7. f nj

- lhl . udrghg,
rhjh g, brid-14.

8.brat fw kW jhnd fw
( Ma ifnaL)

- Ma f Muh g
aff, brid- 6.

9.j fj gf

- j. guRuhk, muR ggf,

kJiu-12, 2001.

10. j fj Jik nghFf

- Kidt eh. gHntY,

fy ggf, xujehL, 2005.

11. j gW Kiw

- e. R buoah,
khfthrf yf,
jgu, 1980.

12.jghl brhY Kiw I & II

- gh. bghdg,
jehL ghl Wtd,
brid, 1981.

13. j fS jtyhk vGjyh

- Kidt bghnfh,
Jth ggf,
brid, 2000.

14. ew fF Kiwf

- nguha . fzg,
rhjh g, brid-14.
167

15. ew gw nehfK Kiw

- lhl K. nfhjuh#,
njbkh ggf,
brid-14, 1980.

15. e} fhoif ciu

- MWKf ehty,
irt jhj g fHf,
brid.

16. a neh j ya tuyhW

- lhl jHz,
dh jf iya, kJiu.

17. igj fF Kiwf

- lhl .gh. ntQnfhgh,

rhujh ggf, brid-5, 2006.

18. A Course in language Teaching Practice and

Theory

- Penny Ur.(1996),
Cambridge University Press.

19. Document on Social, Moral and Spiritual

values in Education
20. Educational Technology

- B.R. Goyal (1979), NCERT, New Delhi.

21. Learning to Teach: A Hand book for Primary

and Secondary School Teachers

- Dr. A. Panneerselvam, A. Sampath and

S.Santhanam,
New Edition, Santha Publishers,
Chennai-14.
- Gill Nicholls (1999), Kogan Page Ltd,
London.

22. Methods of Teaching:: A Skilled Approach,

E. Chearles

- D. Jacobsen, (1985), Merrill Publishing

Company, London.

23. Tamil Phonetic Reader

- S. Rajaram,
Central Institute of Indian Languages
Mysore.

168