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nh lut Shannon (Shannon's Law).

Vo nm 1948 nh ton hc Shannon, ngi c xem l cha ca k nguyn thng tin, trnh by cng thc v thng lng knh (channel capacity), c gi l nh lut Shannon. y l mt nh lut c bn m mi k s vin thng u phi bit. nh lut Shannon nh ngha thng lng knh (k hiu C) nh tc bit (R) ln nht m chng ta c th thng tin qua knh m thng tin khng b mo. Thng lng knh c xc nh: C = W log2 (1 + S/N) vi: W l bng thng ca knh thng tin, c n v o l [Hz], S l cng sut ca tn hiu c truyn i, c n v [W], N l cng sut ca nhiu, cng c n v o [W]. C c th nguyn [bit/giy] hay [b/s]. hiu mt cch trc gic cng thc trn ta gi s S N, v lng t ha S bng n bit, c ngha l chia S thnh 2n mc. ng thi gi s N c bc ca bin mt mc lng t ca S, c ngha l N=1, do vy S/N = 2n. Khi ta c gi tr gn ng: C = W log2 (1 + 2n) = W log22n = Wn C=nW (2) (1)

iu ny c ngha rng thng lng bng s bit trong mt symbol nhn vi bng thng knh. Khi nhiu N ln hn, ta phi t hn ch c ngha l lng t ha th hn sao cho mt mc lng t ha tn hiu bng vi mc nhiu, c ngha l gim n, hay gim s bit to thnh mt symbol. nh lut Shannon ni cho ta bit rng tc bit ln nht m knh c th t c, hay iu tt nht ta c th lm, l R=C (3). Tuy nhin cc h thng c thc hin trong thc t lun c R. Khi thay (3) vo (1) v bin i ta c th vit li cng thc (1) nh sau:

(W/R) log2 [1+ (Eb/N0) (R/W)] = 1 (4) vi Eb l nng lng ca 1 bit tn hiu, c n v [joule/bit] hay [J/b], cn N0 l cng sut nhiu trn mt n v bng thng, c n v [W/Hz]. Gii thch bin i nh sau: Eb R c th nguyn [J/b] [b/s] = [J/s] = Watt v biu din cng sut tn hiu, k hiu bi S nh trn; N0W l cng sut nhiu cha trong bng thng W, k hiu N. Do vy (Eb/N0) (R/W) trong (4) chnh l S/N trong (1). C th o ch tiu k thut ca knh thng tin nh tc bit c th t c trn mt n v bng thng (R/W) theo t s gia nng lng trong 1 bit v cng sut nhiu theo tn s (Eb/N0). Khi chun ha (4) bng vic nh ngha hiu sut bng thng y = (R/W) [b/s/Hz] v k hiu x = Eb/N0 ta c: (1/y) log2 (1 + xy) = 1 (5) hoc (1 + xy)1/y = 2 (6) i vi y>0, khi ly gii hn ton hc: (1+ xy)1/y ex, y e = 2.718, do vy x = ln(2) = 0.693, hoc -1.6 dB. iu ny c ngha rng khi ta c bng thng v hn, cng sut tn hiu trong mt bit c th ch bng 69% cng sut nhiu (hoc thp hn nhiu 1.6 dB) trong mt n v bng thng m thng tin truyn qua knh vn khng b mo. Hnh 1 l th m t cng thc (6). Ngoi ra c th miu t quan h R/W theo (S/N), c ngha l y theo z=xy trong cng thc (5) bng bin i sau: log2 (1 + z) = y (7)

Hnh 2 m t quan h trong cng thc (7). Cc ng biu din gii hn ton hc ca cc cng thc (6) v (7) khi cho y 0 (c ngha W ) c gi l gii hn Shannon, l hiu sut bng thng l tng ca knh thng tin.Khi bit gii hn Shannon, cc thc th nghin cu (t chc, c nhn) hoc cc nh cng nghip u c gng tm kim phng php m ha tt hn sao cng gn gii hn ny cng tt. Tt nhin cc ng m t h thng thc t u nm pha di pha bn phi ca ng gii hn Shannon.

Tm li, nh lut Shannon cho ta bit tc bit ln nht m knh thng tin, vi bng thng xc nh, c th cung cp, sao cho thng tin truyn qua n khng b mo, ng vi cc t s tn hiu/nhiu khc nhau. T s tc bit/bng thng c gi l hiu sut bng thng, v th m t mi quan h ca n theo cc t s S/N khc nhau ng vi trng hp l tng (W ) c gi l gii hn Shannon.

C=B*log2(1+S/N) Trong : C: capacity (bits/second) B: bandwidth (Hertz) S: signal power (Watt) N: noise power (Watt) Theo cng thc C=B*log2(1+S/N) th C ph thuc vo B v S/N ratio log2 l log c s 2. y l cng thc rt quan trng trong vin thng, ngha ca C l : tc bit ln nht c th truyn qua h thng vi chnh xc cho. tng tc knh truyn th ngi ta c th tc ng vo B nh tri ph, internet bng thng rng, xin thm ph tn ... hay tc ng vo S/N nh phn tp, MIMO ... hay n gin ch l tng cng sut pht (tng S) hoc tng cng cc bin php lc tht chn, chng nhiu gia cc knh gn nhau (gim N) ... Nhiu lm Ni chung l dnh n dung lng h thng (hiu l tc cng c nhng y l tc max m h thng c th cung cp cho tt c ngi dng - tc l cng nhiu ngi dng th tc ring cng t) th cng thc ny rt hay c nhc ti

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