PPB 25403 Strength of Materials Lecture 1: Stress Analysis

Mechanics of Materials: An Introduction

What? Why? Applications?

Introduction
Mechanics of materials is a study of the relationship between the external loads on a body and the intensity of the internal loads within the body. This subject also involves the deformations and stability of a body when subjected to external forces. Applications: Complete picture of mechanical behaviour such as forces, motion Safe design in all type of structures i.e building, bridges, airplanes, ships, motors, machines.

Learning Outcomes

Stress Review of Free Body Diagram Equilibrium of a Deformable Body Stress Concept Normal and Shear Stresses Factor of Safety

Free Body Diagram

Pictorial representation often used by physicists and engineers to analyze the forces acting on a body of interest
Beam

Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

External Forces 1.Surface Forces - caused by direct contact of other bodys surface 2.Body Forces
- other body exerts a force
without contact

Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

Reactions Surface forces developed at the supports/points of contact between bodies.

Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

Equations of Equilibrium Equilibrium of a body requires a balance of forces and a balance of moments
F 0 MO 0

For a body with x, y, z coordinate system with origin O,

Fx Mx 0, 0, Fy My 0, 0, Fz Mz 0 0

Best way to account for these forces is to draw the bodys free-body diagram (FBD).

Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

Internal Resultant Loadings Objective of FBD is to determine the resultant force and moment acting within a body. In general, there are 4 different types of resultant loadings: a) Normal force, N b) Shear force, V c) Torsional moment or torque, T d) Bending moment, M

Stress
Distribution of internal loading is important in mechanics of materials. We will consider the material to be continuous. This intensity of internal force at a point is called stress.

Stress
Normal Stress Force per unit area acting normal to A
z

lim
A

Fz A

Shear Stress Force per unit area acting tangent to A

zx

lim
A

zy

lim
A

Fx A Fy A

Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar

When a cross-sectional area bar is subjected to axial force through the centroid, it is only subjected to normal stress. Stress is assumed to be averaged over the area.

Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar

Average Normal Stress Distribution When a bar is subjected to a constant deformation,

dF P
A

dA

A P A

= average normal stress P = resultant normal force A = cross sectional area of bar

Equilibrium
2 normal stress components that are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.

Example 1
The bar has a constant width of 35 mm and a thickness of 10 mm. Determine the maximum average normal stress in the bar when it is subjected to the loading shown.

Solution:
By inspection, different sections have different internal forces.

Solution:
By inspection, the largest loading is in region BC,

PBC

30 kN

Since the cross-sectional area of the bar is constant, the largest average normal stress is

BC

PBC A

30 103 0.035 0.01

85.7 MPa (Ans)

Average Shear Stress

The average shear stress distributed over each sectioned area that develops a V shear force. A
avg

= average shear stress P = internal resultant shear force A = area at that section

a) Single Shear

b) Double Shear

2 different types of shear:

Allowable Stress
Many unknown factors that influence the actual stress in a member. A factor of safety is needed to obtained allowable load. The factor of safety (F.S.) is a ratio of the failure load divided by the allowable load
F .S F .S F .S F fail Fallow
fail allow fail allow

What we have learned today

Free Body Diagram Equilibrium of a Deformable Body Stress Concept Normal and Shear Stresses Factor of Safety