Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation

2-126 A spherical liquid nitrogen container is subjected to specified temperature on the inner surface and
convection on the outer surface. The mathematical formulation, the variation of temperature, and the rate
of evaporation of nitrogen are to be determined for steady one-dimensional heat transfer.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction is steady and one-dimensional since there is no change with time and
there is thermal symmetry about the midpoint. 2 Thermal conductivity is constant. 3 There is no heat
generation.
Properties The thermal conductivity of the tank is given to be k !" #$m%&. Also, hfg !'" k($kg for
nitrogen.
Analysis )a* +oting that heat transfer is one-dimensional in the radial r direction, the mathematical
formulation of this problem can be e,pressed as
-
.

,
_

dr
dT
r
dr
d

and T r T ) *
! !
!'/ &


k
dT r
dr
h T r T
) *
0 ) * 1
.
.
)b* 2ntegrating the differential equation once with respect to r gives
r
dT
dr
C
.
!

3ividing both sides of the equation above by r to bring it to a readily integrable form and then integrating,

dT
dr
C
r

!
.
T r
C
r
C ) * +
!
.

where C
!
and C. are arbitrary constants. Applying the boundary conditions give
r r!4
T r
C
r
C T ) *
!
!
!
. !
+

r r.4

,
_

+

T C
r
C
h
r
C
k
.
.
!
.
.
!

5olving for C C
! .
and simultaneously gives
C
r T T
r
r
k
hr
C T
C
r
T
T T
r
r
k
hr
r
r
!
. !
.
! .
. !
!
!
!
!
.
! .
.
!
! !

+ +



) *
and
5ubstituting C C
! .
and into the general solution, the variation of temperature is determined to be

!'/ * $ ! . . -6 . ! ) " . 67' & * !'/ )
! . .
.
! . .
* m ! . . *) & #$m .6 )
& #$m !"
.
! . .
!
& * .- !'/ )
!
! !
* )
.
!
.
!
.
. !
.
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
+
,
_

,
_

,
_

+ +

r
r
T
r
r
r
r
hr
k
r
r
T T
T
r r
C
r
C
T
r
C
r T

)c* The rate of heat transfer through the wall and the rate of evaporation of nitrogen are determined from

) *
) *
) *
) . ) *
.
) *) . *
Q kA
dT
dx
k r
C
r
kC k
r T T
r
r
k
hr

7 7 7
!
7 !"
.! !'/ .-
!
.!
.
!"
.6 .!
. !
.
!
. !
.
! .

#$ m &
m* &
#$ m &
#$ m & m
./!,.-- # )to the tank since negative*
.

,
,
m
Q
h
fg

./!.--
!'" ---
( $ s
( $ kg
1.32 kg / s
.-8-
r
!
r
.
h
T

r
-!'/%&
+
.
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
2-127 A spherical liquid o,ygen container is subjected to specified temperature on the inner surface and
convection on the outer surface. The mathematical formulation, the variation of temperature, and the rate
of evaporation of o,ygen are to be determined for steady one-dimensional heat transfer.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction is steady and one-dimensional since there is no change with time and
there is thermal symmetry about the midpoint. 2 Thermal conductivity is constant. 3 There is no heat
generation.
Properties The thermal conductivity of the tank is given to be k !" #$m%&. Also, hfg .!9 k($kg for
o,ygen.
Analysis )a* +oting that heat transfer is one-dimensional in the radial r direction, the mathematical
formulation of this problem can be e,pressed as
-
.

,
_

dr
dT
r
dr
d

and T r T ) *
! !
!"9 &


k
dT r
dr
h T r T
) *
0 ) * 1
.
.
)b* 2ntegrating the differential equation once with respect to r gives
r
dT
dr
C
.
!

3ividing both sides of the equation above by r to bring it to a readily integrable form and then integrating,

dT
dr
C
r

!
.
T r
C
r
C ) * +
!
.

where C
!
and C. are arbitrary constants. Applying the boundary conditions give
r r!4
T r
C
r
C T ) *
!
!
!
. !
+

r r.4

,
_

+

T C
r
C
h
r
C
k
.
.
!
.
.
!

5olving for C C
! .
and simultaneously gives
C
r T T
r
r
k
hr
C T
C
r
T
T T
r
r
k
hr
r
r
!
. !
.
! .
. !
!
!
!
!
.
! .
.
!
! !

+ +



) *
and
5ubstituting C C
! .
and into the general solution, the variation of temperature is determined to be

!"9 * $ ! . . -6 . ! ) 8 . 6!/ & * !"9 )
! . .
.
! . .
* m ! . . *) & #$m .6 )
& #$m !"
.
! . .
!
& * .- !"9 )
!
! !
* )
.
!
.
!
.
. !
.
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
+
,
_

,
_

,
_

+ +

r
r
T
r
r
r
r
hr
k
r
r
T T
T
r r
C
r
C
T
r
C
r T

)c* The rate of heat transfer through the wall and the rate of evaporation of nitrogen are determined from

) *
) *
) *
) . ) *
.
) *) . *
Q kA
dT
dx
k r
C
r
kC k
r T T
r
r
k
hr

7 7 7
!
7 !"
.! !"9 .-
!
.!
.
!"
.6 .!
.
!
.
!
. !
.
! .

#$ m &
m* &
#$ m &
#$ m & m
)to the tank since negative*
.
245,450 W

,
,
m
Q
h
fg

.76 76-
.!9 ---
( $ s
( $ kg
1.15 kg / s
.-8!
r
!
r
.
h
T

r
-!"9%&
:
.
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
2-128 A large plane wall is subjected to convection, radiation, and specified temperature on the right
surface and no conditions on the left surface. The mathematical formulation, the variation of temperature
in the wall, and the left surface temperature are to be determined for steady one-dimensional heat transfer.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction is steady and one-dimensional since the wall is large relative to its
thickness, and the thermal conditions on both sides of the wall are uniform. 2 Thermal conductivity is
constant. 3 There is no heat generation in the wall.
Properties The thermal conductivity and emissivity are given to be k ".7 #$m%& and -.8.
Analysis )a* Taking the direction normal to the surface of the wall to be the x direction with x - at the
left surface, and the mathematical formulation of this problem can be e,pressed as

d T
dx
.
.
-
and + + +

k
dT L
dx
h T L T T L T h T T T T
) *
0 ) * 1 0 ) * 1 0 1 0) * 1
7
. .
7
.89
surr
7
surr
7
T L T ) *
.
76 &
)b* 2ntegrating the differential equation twice with respect to x yields

dT
dx
C
!
T x C x C ) * +
! .

where C
!
and C. are arbitrary constants. Applying the boundary
conditions give
&onvection at x L
k T T T T h C
T T T T h kC
$ 1; * 7/- 0) 1 0 <
1 * 7/- 0) 1 0
7
surr
7
. . !
7
surr
7
. . !
+ +
+ +

Temperature at x L4 T L C L C T C T C L ) * +
! . . . . !


5ubstituting C C
! .
and into the general solution, the variation of temperature is determined to be
* 7 . - ) .9 . 7" 76
m * 7 . - )
& #$m 7 . "
1 =* .'- ) * = 9!" *0) = #$m !- -.8)6./8 > & * .6 76 *) & #$m !7 )
& 76
* )
1 * .89 0) 1 0
* ) * ) * )
7 7 7 . " .
7
surr
7
. .
. ! . ! . !
x
x
x L
k
T T T T h
T C x L T L C T x C x T
+

+ +
+ +

)c* The temperature at x - )the left surface of the wall* is

C 64.3 + * - 7 . - ) .9 . 7" 76 * - ) T

.-8.
76%&

x
h
T

L
T
surr
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
2-129 The base plate of an iron is subjected to specified heat flu, on the left surface and convection and
radiation on the right surface. The mathematical formulation, and an e,pression for the outer surface
temperature and its value are to be determined for steady one-dimensional heat transfer.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction is steady and one-dimensional. 2 Thermal conductivity is constant. 3
There is no heat generation. 4 Heat loss through the upper part of the iron is negligible.
Properties The thermal conductivity and emissivity are given to be k ..9 #$m%& and -.8.
Analysis )a* +oting that the upper part of the iron is well insulated
and thus the entire heat generated in the resistance wires is
transferred to the base plate, the heat flu, through the inner surface is
determined to be

, q
Q
A
-
-
7
!---
// //8

base
.
.
#
!6- !- m
#$ m
Taking the direction normal to the surface of the wall to be the x
direction with x - at the left surface, the mathematical formulation
of this problem can be e,pressed as

d T
dx
.
.
-
and k
dT
dx
q
) *
,
-
// //8
-
.
#$ m
+ + +

k
dT L
dx
h T L T T L T h T T T T
) *
0 ) * 1 0 ) * 1 0 1 0) * 1
7
. .
7
.89
surr
7
surr
7
)b* 2ntegrating the differential equation twice with respect to x yields

dT
dx
C
!
T x C x C ) * +
! .

where C
!
and C. are arbitrary constants. Applying the boundary conditions give
x -4 kC q C
q
k
! - !
-

x L4 + +

kC h T T T T
! . .
7
.89 0 1 0) * 1
surr
7

?liminating the constant C! from the two relations above gives the following e,pression for the outer
surface temperature T.,
h T T T T q ) * 0) * 1
. .
7
-
.89 + +

surr
7
)c* 5ubstituting the known quantities into the implicit relation above gives

. 7 7
.
7 . "
.
.
#$m //8 , // 1 .'- * .89 *0) = #$m !- /8 . 6 ) 8 . - * .. *) & #$m 9- ) + +

T T

@sing an equation solver )or a trial and error approach*, the outer surface temperature is determined from
the relation above to be
T. 758C

.-89

x
h
T

L
T
surr
q
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
2-130 The base plate of an iron is subjected to specified heat flu, on the left surface and convection and
radiation on the right surface. The mathematical formulation, and an e,pression for the outer surface
temperature and its value are to be determined for steady one-dimensional heat transfer.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction is steady and one-dimensional. 2 Thermal conductivity is constant. 3
There is no heat generation. 4 Heat loss through the upper part of the iron is negligible.
Properties The thermal conductivity and emissivity are given to be k ..9 #$m%& and -.8.
Analysis )a* +oting that the upper part of the iron is well insulated
and thus the entire heat generated in the resistance wires is
transferred to the base plate, the heat flu, through the inner surface is
determined to be

.
. 7
base
-
-
#$m --- , !--
m !- !6-
# !6--

A
Q
q


Taking the direction normal to the surface of the wall to be the x
direction with x - at the left surface, the mathematical formulation
of this problem can be e,pressed as

d T
dx
.
.
-
and k
dT
dx
q
) *
,
-
"- ---
-
.
#$ m
+ + +

k
dT L
dx
h T L T T L T h T T T T
) *
0 ) * 1 0 ) * 1 0 1 0) * 1
7
. .
7
.89
surr
7
surr
7
)b* 2ntegrating the differential equation twice with respect to x yields

dT
dx
C
!
T x C x C ) * +
! .

where C
!
and C. are arbitrary constants. Applying the boundary conditions give
x -4 kC q C
q
k
! - !
-

x L4 + +

kC h T T T T
! . .
7
.89 0 1 0) * 1
surr
7

?liminating the constant C! from the two relations above gives the following e,pression for the outer
surface temperature T.,
h T T T T q ) * 0) * 1
. .
7
-
.89 + +

surr
7
)c* 5ubstituting the known quantities into the implicit relation above gives

. 7 7
.
7 . "
.
.
#$m --- , !-- 1 .'- * .89 *0) = #$m !- /8 . 6 ) 8 . - * .. *) & #$m 9- ) + +

T T

@sing an equation solver )or a trial and error approach*, the outer surface temperature is determined from
the relation above to be
T. 895.8C
.-87

x
h
T

L
T
surr
q
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
2-131E The concrete slab roof of a house is subjected to specified temperature at the bottom surface and
convection and radiation at the top surface. The temperature of the top surface of the roof and the rate of
heat transfer are to be determined when steady operating conditions are reached.
Assumptions 1 5teady operating conditions are reached. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional since the roof
area is large relative to its thickness, and the thermal conditions on both sides of the roof are uniform. 3
Thermal properties are constant. 4 There is no heat generation in the wall.
Properties The thermal conductivity and emissivity are given to be k !.! Atu$hft%B and -.'.
Analysis 2n steady operation, heat conduction through the roof must be equal to net heat transfer from the
outer surface. Therefore, taking the outer surface temperature of the roof to be T. )in B*,
1 * 7/- 0) * )
7
sky
7
. .
. !
T T A T T hA
L
T T
kA + +

&anceling the area A and substituting the known quantities,
7 7 7
.
7 . "
.
. .
C 1 9!- * 7/- *0) C ft Atu$h !- !8!7 . - ) " . -
B * 6- *) B ft Atu$h . . 9 )
ft -."
B * /. )
* B ft Atu$h ! . ! )
+ +

T
T
T
@sing an equation solver )or the trial and error method*, the outer surface temperature is determined to be
T. 38F
Then the rate of heat transfer through the roof becomes

) . *) *
) *
Q kA
T T
L

! .
!! .6 96
/. 9"
Atu $ h ft B ft
B
-." ft
.
28,875 Btu / h
Discussion The positive sign indicates that the direction of heat transfer is from the inside to the outside.
Therefore, the house is losing heat as e,pected.
2-132 The surface and interface temperatures of a resistance wire covered with a plastic layer are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no change with time. 2 Heat transfer is one-
dimensional since this two-layer heat transfer problem possesses symmetry about the center line and
involves no change in the a,ial direction, and thus T T)r* . 3 Thermal conductivities are constant. 4
Heat generation in the wire is uniform.
Properties 2t is given that k
wire
#$ m & !6 and
k
plastic
#$ m & !. .
.
Analysis Detting T
I
denote the unknown interface temperature, the mathematical formulation of the heat
transfer problem in the wire can be e,pressed as
-
!
+
,
_

k
g
dr
dT
r
dr
d
r

with T r T
I
) *
!
and
dT
dr
) * -
-
Eultiplying both sides of the differential equation by r, rearranging,
and integrating give
r
k
g
dr
dT
r
dr
d

,
_

r
dT
dr
g
k
r
C +

.
!
.
)a*
Applying the boundary condition at the center )r -* gives
A.&. at r -4 -
-
.
- -
! !
+
dT
dr
g
k
C C
) *

3ividing both sides of ?q. )a* by r to bring it to a readily integrable form and integrating,
dT
dr
g
k
r

.
T r
g
k
r C ) *

+
7
.
.
)b*
.-86
x
T

h
T
o
L
T
sky
r
.
r
r
!
g
T

h
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
Applying the other boundary condition at r r
!
,
A. &. at r r
!
4 T
g
k
r C C T
g
k
r
I I
+ +

7 7
!
.
. . !
.

5ubstituting this C
.
relation into ?q. )b* and rearranging give
T r T
g
k
r r
I wire
wire
) *

) * +
7
!
. .
)c*
Past!" a#er The mathematical formulation of heat transfer problem in the plastic can be e,pressed as
-
,
_

dr
dT
r
dr
d

with
T r T
I
) *
!

and

k
dT r
dr
h T r T
) *
0 ) * 1
.
.

The solution of the differential equation is determined by integration to be
r
dT
dr
C
!

dT
dr
C
r

!
T r C r C ) * ln +
! .

where C
!
and C. are arbitrary constants. Applying the boundary conditions give
r r!4 C r C T C T C r
I I ! ! . . ! !
ln ln +
r r.4
+

k
C
r
h C r C T
!
.
! . .
0) ln * 1

C
T T
r
r
k
hr
I
!
.
! .

ln

5ubstituting C! and C. into the general solution, the variation of temperature in plastic is determined to be
T r C r T C r T
T T
r
r
k
hr
r
r
I I
I
plastic
plastic
) * ln ln
ln
ln + +

+

! ! !
.
! .
!
#e have already utiliFed the first interface condition by setting the wire and ceramic layer temperatures
equal to T
I
at the interface r r
!
. The interface temperature T
I
is determined from the second interface
condition that the heat flu, in the wire and the plastic layer at r r
!
must be the same4


+

k
dT r
dr
k
dT r
dr
gr
k
T T
r
r
k
hr
r
I
wire
wire
plastic
plastic
plastic

) *
) *
ln
!
!
!
.
! .
!
.
!

5olving for T
I
and substituting the given values, the interface temperature is determined to be
C 97.1 +

,
_

,
_

+

& .6
m* &*)-.--8 #$m )!7
& #$m !."
m -.--9
m --8 . -
ln
&* #$m .)!."
m* --9 . - *) #$m !- 6 . ! )
ln
.
.
. 9 /
.
plastic
!
.
plastic
.
!
T
hr
k
r
r
k
r g
T
I

=nowing the interface temperature, the temperature at the center line )r -* is obtained by substituting
the known quantities into ?q. )c*,
T T
gr
k
I wire
wire
9 .
&>
#$ m m*
7 )!" #$ m &*
) *

.
) . *) .
-
7
'8!
!6 !- - --9
!
. /
+


97.3 C
Thus the temperature of the centerline will be slightly above the interface temperature.
.-8/
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
2-133 A cylindrical shell with variable conductivity is
subjected to specified temperatures on both sides. The rate of
heat transfer through the shell is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is given to be steady and one-
dimensional. 2 Thermal conductivity varies quadratically. 3
There is no heat generation.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be
k T k T ) * ) * +
-
.
! .
Analysis #hen the variation of thermal conductivity with
temperature k)T* is known, the average value of the thermal
conductivity in the temperature range between T T
! .
and is
determined from
( ) ( )
( )
1
]
1

+ + +

1
]
1

,
_

.
! . !
.
. -
! .
9
!
9
. ! . -
! .
9
-
! .
.
-
! .
ave
9
!
9
9
* ! ) * )
.
!
.
!
.
!
T T T T k
T T
T T T T k
T T
T T k
T T
dT T k
T T
dT T k
k
T
T
T
T
T
T

This relation is based on the requirement that the rate of heat transfer through a medium with constant
average thermal conductivity k
ave
equals the rate of heat transfer through the same medium with variable
conductivity k)T*.
Then the rate of heat conduction through the cylindrical shell can be determined from ?q. .-88 to be
( )
* $ ln) 9
! .
* $ ln)
.
! .
. ! .
! . !
.
. -
! .
. !
ave cylinder
r r
T T
L T T T T k
r r
T T
L k Q

1
]
1

+ + +

Discussion #e would obtain the same result if we substituted the given k)T* relation into the second part
of ?q. .-88, and performed the indicated integration.
2-134 Heat is generated uniformly in a cylindrical uranium fuel rod. The temperature difference between
the center and the surface of the fuel rod is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change with time. 2 Heat transfer
is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the center line and no change in the a,ial
direction. 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 Heat generation is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity of uranium at room temperature is k .8./ #$m%& )Table A-9*.
Analysis The temperature difference between the center and the surface of the fuel rods is determined
from
C 92.8

&* #$m. / . .8 ) 7
m* -!/ . - *) #$m !- 7 )
7
. 9 8 .
k
r g
T T
o
s o

.-88
r
.
T
.
r
r
!
T
!
k)T*
T
s
g D
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
2-135 A large plane wall is subjected to convection on the inner and outer surfaces. The mathematical
formulation, the variation of temperature, and the temperatures at the inner and outer surfaces to be
determined for steady one-dimensional heat transfer.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction is steady and one-dimensional. 2 Thermal conductivity is constant. 3
There is no heat generation.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k -.88 #$m%&.
Analysis )a* Taking the direction normal to the surface of the wall to be the x direction with x - at the
inner surface, the mathematical formulation of this problem can be e,pressed as

d T
dx
.
.
-
and

dx
dT
k T T h
* - )
*1 - ) 0
! !

1 * ) 0
* )
. .
T L T h
dx
L dT
k
)b* 2ntegrating the differential equation twice with respect to x yields

dT
dx
C
!
T x C x C ) * +
! .

where C
!
and C. are arbitrary constants. Applying the boundary conditions give
x -4
! . ! ! !
*1 - ) 0 kC C C T h +

x L4 1 * 0)
. . ! . !
+ T C L C h kC

5ubstituting the given values, these equations can be written as
! .
88 . - * .8 ) 6 C C
* " . . - *) !. ) 88 . -
. ! !
+ C C C
5olving these equations simultaneously give
.- 77 . 76
. !
C C
5ubstituting C C
! .
and into the general solution, the variation of temperature is determined to be
x x T 77 . 76 .- * )
)c* The temperatures at the inner and outer surfaces are
C 10.9
C 20


. . - 77 . 76 .- * )
- 77 . 76 .- * - )
L T
T
.-8"
k
h
!
T
!
L
h
.
T
.
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
2-136 A hollow pipe is subjected to specified temperatures at the inner and outer surfaces. There is also
heat generation in the pipe. The variation of temperature in the pipe and the center surface temperature of
the pipe are to be determined for steady one-dimensional heat transfer.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction is steady and one-dimensional since the pipe is long relative to its
thickness, and there is thermal symmetry about the centerline. 2 Thermal conductivity is constant.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k .- #$m%&.
Analysis The rate of heat generation is determined from
[ ]
9
. . .
!
.
.
#$m "'7 , 98
7 $ * m !. ) m* 9 . - ) m* 7 . - )
# --- , .6
7 $ * )

L D D
W
V
W
g

+oting that heat transfer is one-dimensional in the radial r direction, the mathematical formulation of this
problem can be e,pressed as
-
!
+
,
_

k
g
dr
dT
r
dr
d
r


and & /- * )
! !
T r T
& "- * )
. .
T r T
Cearranging the differential equation
-

,
_

k
r g
dr
dT
r
dr
d
and then integrating once with respect to r,
!
.
.
C
k
r g
dr
dT
r +

Cearranging the differential equation again
r
C
k
r g
dr
dT
!
.
+

and finally integrating again with respect to r, we obtain
. !
.
ln
7
* ) C r C
k
r g
r T + +

where C
!
and C. are arbitrary constants. Applying the boundary conditions give
r r!4
. ! !
.
!
!
ln
7
* ) C r C
k
r g
r T + +

r r.4
. . !
.
.
.
ln
7
* ) C r C
k
r g
r T + +

5ubstituting the given values, these equations can be written as
. !
.
* !6 . - ln)
* .- ) 7
* !6 . - *) "'7 , 98 )
/- C C + +

. !
.
* .- . - ln)
* .- ) 7
* .- . - *) "'7 , 98 )
"- C C + +

5olving for C C
! .
and simultaneously gives
. . .68 97 . '"
. !
C C
5ubstituting C C
! .
and into the general solution, the variation of temperature is determined to be
.-8'
r
.
T
.
r
r
!
T
!
g
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
r r r
r
r T ln 97 . '" /" . 789 . . .68 . . .68 ln 97 . '"
* .- ) 7
"'7 , 98
* )
.
.
+ + +

The temperature at the center surface of the pipe is determined by setting radius r to be !8.6 cm, which is
the average of the inner radius and outer radius.
C 71.2 + * !86 . - ln) 97 . '" * !86 . - ) /" . 789 . . .68 * )
.
r T
2-137 A spherical ball in which heat is generated uniformly is e,posed to iced-water. The temperatures at
the center and at the surface of the ball are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change with time. 2 Heat transfer
is one-dimensional., and there is thermal symmetry about the center point. 3 Thermal conductivity is
constant. 4 Heat generation is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k 76 #$m%&.
Analysis The temperatures at the center and at the surface of the ball are
determined directly from
C 108.3

+ +

&* . #$m !.-- ) 9
m* !6 . - *) #$m !- / . . )
& -
9
.
9 /
-
h
r g
T T
s

C 325

+ +
&* #$m. 76 ) /
m* !6 . - *) #$m !- / . . )
& 9 . !-"
/
. 9 / .
-
-
k
r g
T T
s

2-138 .... 2-141 Design and Essay Problems
.-"-
h
T

g
D