Basic Electronics

Electronics Theory

the branch of physics that deals with the emission and effects of
electrons and with the use of electronic devices

WHAT IS MATTER ?

Scientifically we define matter as all the "material" things

about us.
- Occupies space
- Has mass
 Classes Of Matter
• Solid
- Within a solid, atoms/molecules are relatively close together, or "rigid";

- of definite shape and volume; firm; neither liquid nor gaseous; "ice is water
in the solid state"
• Liquid
- Liquid is a phase of matter in which the molecules are close together and
can move around slowly.
• Gas

- Gas is a phase of matter in which the molecules are widely separated,

move around freely, and move at high speeds
 Matter Composition
“A matter can be broken down into smaller pieces”

ATOMS

a. Protons – positively charged particles

b. Neutrons – uncharged particles
c. Electrons – negatively charged particles
Atom Structure
 The Law of Electromagnetic
Charges
• The law states:
Like charges repel, and unlike charges attract

attraction
+ -

positive negative

Repel
+

positive
No attraction occurs
 Conductor and Insulator
• Conductor
- Materials which easily allow the flow of electrons from 1 point to
another.
ex. Iron, Copper, Gold

• Insulator
- Materials which don't allow the flow of electrons from 1 point to
another.
ex . Plastic, rubber, wood
Difference Of Potential
If we connect a copper wire between two oppositely
charged bodies, an electron flow would result.

+ -
 Difference Of Potential
• Electric potential is the potential energy per unit of
charge.
+ - - +
PE PE PE PE

• Voltage is the difference of electrical potential between

two points of an electrical network, expressed in volts.
Electrical Pressure

WIRE WIRE
- +
PE PE
 CURRENT
• Electric current is by definition the flow of electric charge.

Active wire
wire Current is present

• The unit of measure for this parameter is Ampere

 Types Of Current
• Direct Current
- Direct Current is the movement of an electrical charge in one
direction.

• Alternating Current
- An alternating current (AC) is an electrical current where
the magnitude and direction of the current varies cyclically
 Measurement of Current
• The magnitude of current is measured in AMPERES. A current of
one ampere is said to flow when one coulomb of charge
passes a point in one second. Remember, one coulomb is equal
to the charge of 6.28 x 10 to the18th electrons.

Example: 1 Ampere
i - current

• Frequently, the ampere is much too large a unit for measuring

current. Therefore, the MILLIAMPERE (mA), one-thousandth of
an ampere, or the MICROAMPERE (µA), one-millionth of an
ampere, is used. The device used to measure current is called
an AMMETER and will be discussed in detail in later.
 Resistor
• Electricity, according to Benjamin Franklin, acts like a
fluid. It flows and has a measurable CURRENT . We can
restrict its flow by adding electrical friction. We say that
the restriction of electrical flow is called RESISTANCE
and that a device which causes such RESISTANCE is
called a RESISTOR . All materials, even the very best
CONDUCTORS demonstrate a certain amount of
RESISTANCE to electron flow.
 RESISTOR IMAGE
FIXED RESISTOR VARIABLE RESISTOR
CERAMIC RESISTOR

CARBON FILM RESISTOR

This is the most general purpose, cheap resistor. POTENTIOMETER
Usually the tolerance of the resistance value is ±5%.
Power ratings of 1/8W, 1/4W and 1/2W are frequently used.

Resistors used in computers and other devices are typically much smaller,
often in surface-mount packages without wire leads.
HOW TO READ THE RESISTANCE OF THE RESISTOR
 RESISTOR ANALYSIS

Rough size

Rating Thickness Length

power (mm) (mm)
(W)

1/8 2 3
From the top of the photograph
1/8W
1/4W 1/4 2 6
1/2W
1/2 3 9
 Resistance
• In order to compare the resistance of various materials, we need to
have some standard unit of measurement. The unit of measurement
for resistance is called the Ohm , and is indicated by the Greek
letter Omega ( Ω ).

More current
RESISTANCE TO FLOW

Less number of electrons are allowed to pass through

 Resistance
• Although Ohm is the basic unit, Kilo Ohm and
Mega Ohm are frequently used. 1 Kilo Ohm (K
Ω) is equal to 1 thousand Ω. 1 Mega Ohm (M &
Omega) is equal to 1 million Ω.

• Ex
- 8 M Ohm = 8,000,000 Ohm = 8,000 K Ohm
 Resistance
There are 4 factors that determine the resistance of a material

(1) Type of Material

- The resistance of various types of materials are different. For instance, gold is
a better conductor of electricity than copper, and therefore has less resistance.
(2) Length
- The resistance of a material is directly proportional to it's length. The longer
the material is, the more resistance it has. This is because the electrons must
flow through more material, and therefore meets more friction over the entire
distance.
 Resistance
(3) Cross Sectional Area
- The resistance of a material is inversely proportional to the
cross sectional area of the material. This means that the thicker the
substance is across, the lower the resistance. This is because the
larger the cross sectional area is, the less friction there is over a
given length.

R=p
L
A A = pie (R squared)
D R = radius
D = 2R, diameter

Area is directly proportional to diameter

 Resistance
• (4) Temperature
- In various types of materials, resistance can vary inversely or directly with
the temperature. This is because of the chemical properties of the material.
In Carbon, for instance, the resistance decreases as the temperature rises.
So we say it varies inversely. In copper, however, the opposite is true, with
the rise in temperature, we have a rise in the resistance.

Resistance then, is basically a form of friction which restricts the flow of an

electrical current. In basic science class, you learned that by putting your
hands together, and rubbing them quickly, your hands get warm. This is
because friction generates heat. Electrical friction - RESISTANCE - also
generates heat.
 Direct Current Theory
• The current leaves the
battery at the negative
terminal, flows through
the bulb, and returns to the
positive terminal of the battery.
The electrons flow in one
direction. This is known in
electronics as DIRECT
CURRENT flow because the
electrons flow only in one direction.
 Direct Current Theory
• As long as we can follow the current from the negative terminal of
the battery throughout the entire circuit, and back to the positive
terminal, we have a COMPLETE CIRCUIT
• In order to have any complete circuit, you are required to have at
least 3 parts:

a. The SOURCE or SUPPLY of Voltage.

b. The LOAD which uses the source Voltage.

c. A complete path of connecting wires.

 THE BASIC ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

• LOAD
- is any device through which an electrical current flows and which
changes this electrical energy into a more useful form.
• SWITCH
- which permits control of the electrical device, interrupts the current
delivered to the load.
• SOURCE

- is the device which furnishes the electrical energy used by the load .
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION
The schematic diagram
- is a "picture" of the circuit that uses symbols to represent the various
circuit components; physically large or complex circuits can be
shown on a relatively small diagram.
A SIMPLE SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Practice Reading Schematic Diagram
What happens to the path for
current when S1 is open as
shown in the figure?
 OHM'S LAW
• In the early part of the 19th century, George Simon Ohm
proved by experiment that a precise relationship exists
between current, voltage, and resistance. This relationship
is called Ohm's law and is stated as follows:

• The current in a circuit is DIRECTLY proportional to the applied

voltage and INVERSELY proportional to the circuit resistance.
Ohm's law may be expressed as an equation:
 OHM'S LAW
• As stated in Ohm's law, current is inversely proportional to
resistance. This means, as the resistance in a circuit
increases, the current decreases proportionately.
Capacitor Theory
 Capacitor Theory
• Capacitor “ENERGY STORAGE”
- A capacitor basically consists of two plates with an insulator in
between, although in practice the 'plates' are normally rolled up in a
can to save space. It can be used in a circuit to store charge for
small periods of time.

Charges will attracted to other

side of the plate Plate I

Separation called Dielectric

Plate II
 Capacitor Theory
• The plate on the capacitor that attaches to
the negative terminal of the battery accepts
electrons that the battery is producing.

- The plate on the capacitor that attaches to

the positive terminal of the battery loses
electrons to the battery.

-
1.5 V
Once it's charged, the capacitor has the same voltage as the battery (1.5 volts on the
battery means 1.5 volts on the capacitor).
- For a small capacitor, the capacity is small. But large capacitors can hold quite a bit
of charge.

Capacitance = is the property of a capacitor, a device, or an electric circuit that defines its
ability to store an electrical charge (or energy) when a given voltage is applied, measured in
farads (F)
 Capacitors
• Ceramic Capacitor Electrolytic Capacitor Tantalum capacitors

Ceramic capacitors are small in size and value, ranging from a few Pico Farads
to 1 µF. Not polarized, so either end can go to ground.

Electrolytic capacitors look like small cylinders and range in value from 1 µF to
several Farads. Very inaccurate and change in value as the electrolytic ages.
Polarized, cathode must go to ground. Cathode is marked with a minus sign on
.
case. Value is usually written on case

Tantalum capacitors are similar in size to ceramic but can hold more charge, up
to several hundred µF. Accurate and stable, but relatively expensive. Usually
Polarized, anode is marked with a plus sign.
 Capacitor Theory
• The unit of capacitance is a farad. A 1-farad capacitor can store one
coulomb (coo-lomb) of charge at 1 volt.
• A coulomb is 6.25e18 (6.25 * 10^18, or 6.25 billion billion) electrons.

Applications

- Sometimes, capacitors are used to store charge for high-speed use. That's
what a flash does. Big lasers use this technique as well to get very bright,
instantaneous flashes.
- Capacitors can also eliminate ripples. If a line carrying DC voltage has
ripples or spikes in it, a big capacitor can even out the voltage by absorbing
the peaks and filling in the valleys.
- A capacitor can block DC voltage. If you hook a small capacitor to a battery,
then no current will flow between the poles of the battery once the capacitor
charges
 Capacitor Theory
• Capacitors in Series:

Putting capacitors in series reduces the overall capacitance:

(1/C) = (1/C1) + (1/C2) + (1/C3) .....
 Capacitor Theory
• Capacitors in parallel:
• Putting capacitors in parallel increases the total capacitance:

Capacitors in parallel : C = C1 + C2 + C3
 Capacitor Problem
• For the network shown, determine the
equivalent capacitance of the network, 30V

the charge on each capacitor, and the

1nf 2nf
potential difference across each.
6nf

We have a capacitor network to solve. Hence the first step is to

determine the equivalent capacitance of the network.

C' = C1 + C2 = 1 nf + 2 nf = 3 nf

1/Ceq = 1/C' + 1/6 nf = 1/3 + 1/6 = (2 + 1)/6 or Ceq = 2 nf

Inductor Theory
 Inductor Theory
• An inductor is an energy storage device. It can be as simple as a
single loop of wire or consist of many turns of wire wound around a
special core. Energy is stored in the form of a magnetic field in
around the inductor.
 Inductor Theory
• The Basics
In a circuit diagram, an inductor is shown like this:

To understand how an inductor can work in a circuit, this figure is helpful:

Most of the current should follow the low-resistance

path through the loop. What happens instead is that
when you close the switch, the bulb burns brightly
and then gets dimmer. When you open the switch,
the bulb burns very brightly and then quickly
goes out.
 Inductor Theory
The reason for this strange behavior is the inductor.
When current first starts flowing in the coil, the coil
wants to build up a magnetic field. While the field
is building, the coil inhibits the flow of current. Once
the field is built, current can flow normally through
the wire. When the switch gets opened, the
Magnetic field around the coil keeps current flowing
in the coil until the field collapses. This current
keeps the bulb lit for a period of time even though
the switch is open.

In other words, an inductor can store energy in its

magnetic field, and an inductor tends to resist any
change in the amount of current flowing through it.
Inductance = The property of an electric circuit that
opposes a change in current flow.
 Series and Parallel Inductor
• LT = L1 + L2

• L= Inductance
• Henry is the unit of measure for L

• Parallel Inductors
(1/Ltotal) = (1/L1) + (1/L2) + (1/L3) .....
 Diode Theory
• Diode
- diode is a component that restricts the direction of movement of
charge carriers. It allows an electric current to flow in one direction,
but essentially blocks it in the opposite direction.
 Diode Theory
• Rectifier.
- An electronic device with two
wires or terminals. A rectifier
allows electrical current to flow
through in only one direction
and is used for converting
alternating current into direct
current.

Zener
 Diode Theory
• Rectifier.
- An electronic device with two
wires or terminals. A rectifier
allows electrical current to flow
through in only one direction
and is used for converting
alternating current into direct
current.

Zener Diode = Voltage

Regulator
 Diode Theory
• Biasing
DIODE

Forward Bias
 Diode Theory
• REVERSE BIAS
ATX Power Supply
 Power Supply
• A power supply (sometimes known as a power supply unit or PSU)
is a device or system that supplies electrical or other types of
energy to an output load or group of loads. The term is most
commonly applied to electrical energy supplies.

At the Cable
At the motherboard

• The most common computer power supply is built to conform with

the ATX form factor. This enables different power supplies to be
interchangeable with different components inside the computer.
 A T X Connector Standard
• The ATX (for Advanced Technology Extended) form factor was
created by Intel in 1995. It was the first big change in computer case
and motherboard design in many years.

• ATX overtook AT completely as the default form factor for new

systems. ATX addressed many of the AT form factor's annoyances
that had frustrated system builders.

AT POWER CONNECTOR
 A T Standard
Advanced Technology Standard
 B T X Connector Standard
• In 2003, Intel announced the new BTX standard, intended as a
replacement for ATX. BTX (for Balanced Technology Extended) is a
form factor for PC motherboards, originally slated to be the
replacement for the aging ATX motherboard form factor in late 2004
and early 2005.

At the motherboard
 B T X Connector Pin Designation
Pin Signal Description
1 +3.3 VDC
2 +3.3 VDC
3 COM Ground
4 +5 VDC
5 COM Ground
6 +5 VDC
7 COM Ground
8 PWR_OK Power good - indicate that VDC voltages
are in range.
9 +5 VSB Standby voltage
10 +12 VDC
 B T X Connector Pin Designation
Pin Signal Description
11 +12 VDC
12 +3.3 VDC
13 +3.3 VDC
14 -12 VDC
15 COM Ground
16 PS_ON# Active low. TTL compatible (0.1-0.8V low; 2.0 high?).
When low - DC outputs are enabled. When high - power supply should
not deliver DC current.
17 COM Ground
18 COM Ground
19 COM Ground
20 N/C
21 +5 VDC
22 +5 VDC
23 +5 VDC
24 COM Ground
 A T X Power Connector
- ATX Power
Supply connector
- Typical wattages range
from 200 W to 500 W
- There are also other,
smaller connectors, most of
which have four wires:
two black,
one red,
one yellow.

“each black wire is a Ground, the red wire is

+5 V, and the yellow wire is +12 V.”
 ATX
Pin Name Color Description

• 1 3.3V Orange +3.3 VDC

• 2 3.3V Orange +3.3 VDC
• 3 COM Black Ground
• 4 5V Red +5 VDC
• 5 COM Black Ground
• 6 5V Red +5 VDC
• 7 COM Black Ground
• 8 PWR_OK Gray Power Ok (+5V & +3.3V is ok)
• 9 5VSB Purple +5 VDC Standby Voltage (max 10mA)
• 10 12V Yellow +12 VDC
• 11 3.3V Orange +3.3 VDC
• 12 -12V Blue -12 VDC
• 13 COM Black Ground
• 14 /PS_ON Green Power Supply On (active low)
 ATX
Pin Name Color Description
• 15 COM Black Ground
• 16 COM Black Ground
• 17 COM Black Ground
• 18 -5V White -5 VDC
• 19 5V Red +5 VDC
• 20 5V Red +5 VDC

At the motherboard At the cable

 Question
• Can I fit an ATX mainboard in an AT case?
- Not really. An AT case and AT power supply can neither power up
nor house a new ATX mainboard. ATX and AT are two different
form-factors. The AT case was designed before ATX. Most of the
computer cases built before late 1996 were AT form-factor. For over
10 years, from about 1985 to 1997, the AT form-factors, founded by
the original IBM PC-AT, provided the standard for 90% of the PC
industry. Today, the majority of new systems ATX form-factor. The
ATX is also known as the Extended AT form-factor.
 Choosing a Power Supply
Why Weight Matters?
The more appropriate question is why size matters.
The weight of a power supply is directly related to the quantity, quality,
and size of the material (thus cost) used to build the power supply.
 Choosing a Power Supply

• Conclusions

This brief study clearly confirms an empirical

knowledge: the quality of a power supply can be
estimated by its weight.

- The very simple and easy way for ordinary PC users to

estimate and compare the quality of a power supply.
Prepared by: Sir Philip
 OPERATING SYSTEM
- A software that provides a software platform on top of which other
programs, called application programs, can run.
 DOS
• DOS
- Disk operating system, the original system used for
PCs. You type in commands instead of pointing and
clicking.
- A disk operating system is an operating system that
resides on a disk.

An example of MS-DOS's command-line interface, this one showing that the

current directory is the root of drive C.
 DOS Family
• PC-DOS, MS-DOS, FreeDOS, DR-DOS, Novell-DOS,
OpenDOS, PTS-DOS, ROM-DOS and several others.
• MS-DOS from Microsoft was the most widely used
 MS-DOS Family
• MS-DOS 3.0, released in September 1984, first supported 1.2Mb floppy
disks and 32Mb hard disks. MS-DOS 3.1, released November that year, first
supported networking

• MS-DOS 3.2, released in April 1986, was the first retail release of MS-DOS.
It added support of 720K 3.5" floppy disks. Previous versions had been sold
to computer manufacturers, who pre-loaded them on their computers. This
is because operating systems were considered part of a computer, not an
independent product.

• MS-DOS 3.3, released in April 1987, featured logical disks. A physical disk
could be divided into several partitions which are considered as independent
disks by the operating system. Support was also added for 1.44Mb 3.5"
floppy disks.
 MS-DOS Family
• MS-DOS 4.0, released in July 1988, supported disks up to 2GB (note that
typical disk sizes were typically 40-60Mb in 1988), and added a full-screen
shell called DOSSHELL. Similar or better shells, like Norton Commander
and PCShell, already existed in the market. This release had been
considered very buggy. On November 1988, Microsoft addressed many
bugs in a service release, MS-DOS 4.01.

• MS-DOS 5.0, released in April 1991, included the full-screen BASIC

interpreter QBasic, which also provided a full-screen text editor (previously,
MS-DOS had only line-based text editor), disk cache utility, undelete
capabilities, and other improvements. It had severe problems with some
disk utilities, fixed later in that year. The fixed version had been called MS-
DOS 5.01.
 MS-DOS Family
• MS-DOS 6.0 had been released, On March 1993. also featured the disk
defragmenter DEFRAG, backup program MSBACKUP, memory
optimization with MEMMAKER, and rudimentary virus protection via MSAV
• MS-DOS, 6.21 (released March 1994), appeared due to legal problems.
• MS-DOS 6.22 which was released in May 1994 was the last stand-alone
version of MS-DOS available to the general public. MS-DOS was removed
from marketing by Microsoft on November 30, 2001.
• Microsoft also released versions 6.23 to 6.25 for banks and
American military organizations. These versions introduced
FAT32 support. Since then, MS-DOS exists only as a part of
Microsoft Windows versions based upon Windows 95 (e.g.,
Windows 98, Windows Me).
 MS-DOS Command
• Microsoft DOS (Disk Operating System) is a command line user
interface.

• Command line
- A prompt where the user types in a command, as opposed to using
the mouse to perform a command.

Below is a listing of the MS-DOS commands most commonly used and

that you will most likely use during a normal DOS session.
- cd,
- dir,
- copy,
- del,
- format
 MS-DOS Command
cd
- CD (Change Directory) is a command used to switch directories in
MS-DOS.
dir
- The dir command allows you to see the available files in the current
and/or parent directories.
copy
- Allows the user to copy one or more files to an alternate location.
You can only copy files which in their extension modes
del
- is a command used to delete files from the computer.
format
- Format is used to erase all of the information off of a computer
diskette or fixed drive.
DISK PARTITION AND FORMAT

PREPARED BY: SIR PHILIP

 Boot Disk
• A boot disk is a removable digital data storage medium, normally
read-only, that can load (boot) an operating system or utility
program.

• Floppy disks and CD-ROMs are the most common forms of media
used, but other media, such as tape drives, zip drives and more
recently, USB flash drives can be used.

ZIP DRIVE
 Disk Partition

- In computer engineering, hard disk drive partitioning is

the creation of logical divisions upon a hard disk that
allows one to apply operating system-specific logical
formatting.
 Purpose of Disk Partition

1. If one partition becomes corrupt, only that partition suffers and not
the whole hard drive.

2. Often, two operating systems cannot coexist on the same

partition, or use different "native" disk formats. The drive is
partitioned into different logical disks for different OSes.

- Utility to create a disk partition is done by FDISK

 FDisk
• Fdisk is one of the more commonly used MS-DOS commands, even
today with Windows 95 and Windows 98. Fdisk allows the user to
delete and/or create partitions on the hard disk drive.

• MS-DOS 3.3x and below used fdisk.com

• MS-DOS 4.x and above uses fdisk.exe