A MODULAR STANDARD FOR THE

CADASTRAL DOMAIN (*)

Christiaan Lemmen, PaulVan Der Molen
Dutch Cadastre, Apeldoorn, The Netherland
& International Institute for Geo-Information
Science and Earth
Peter Van Oosterom, Hendrik Ploeger,
Wilko Quak, Jantien Stoter, Jaap Zevenbergen
Department of Geodesy, Delft University
of Technology. Delft, The Netherland
A stan d ard i zed core cad astral d om ai n m od el,
coveri n g lan d regi strati on an d cad astre i n a broad
sen se m u lti p u rp ose cad astre) , wi ll serve at least two
i m p ortan t goals:
1 . avoi d rei n ven ti n g an d re-i m p lem en ti n g th e
sam e fu n cti on ali ty over an d over agai n , bu t
p rovi d e a exten si ble basi s for effi ci en t an d
effecti ve cad astral system d evelop m en t based
on a m od el d ri ven arch i tectu re, an d
2 . en ab le i n vo lved p arti es, b o th wi th i n o n e
cou n try an d between d i fferen t cou n tri es, to
com m u n i cate based on th e sh ared on tology
i m p li ed by th e m od el. T h e con tri bu ti on s of
th i s p ap er co n si st o f an i m p ro ved an d
exten d ed versi on of th e exi sti n g cad astral
d om ai n m od el, an d th e i n trod u cti on of a
m od u lar ap p roach p ack ages . O n e of th e
m ai n p reco n d i ti o n s o f th e m o d el
d evelo p m en t i s to k eep th e m o d el as
tran sp aren t an d si m p le as p ossi ble i n ord er to
be u sefu l i n p racti se.
U n ti l tod ay m ost cou n tri es or states or p rovi n ces
h ave d evelop ed th ei r own cad astral system becau se
th ere are su p p osed to be h u ge d i fferen ces between th e
system s. T h e on e op erates d eed s regi strati on , th e oth er
ti tle regi strati on , som e system s are cen trali zed , an d
oth ers d ecen trali zed . Som e system s are based on a
gen eral b o u n d ari es ap p ro ach , o th ers o n fi x ed
bou n d ari es. Som e cad astres h ave a fi scal back grou n d ,
oth ers a legal on e. H owever, i t i s also obvi ou s th at th e
sep arate i m p lem en tati on an d system s m ai n ten an ce of a
cad astral system are n ot ch eap , esp eci ally i f on e
con si d ers th e ever-ch an gi n g requ i rem en ts. Also, th e
d i fferen t i m p lem en tati on s fou n d ati on s of th e cad astral
system s d o n ot m ak e m ean i n gfu l com m u n i cati on very
easy, e.g. i n an i n tern ati on al con text su ch as wi th i n
E u rop e. L ook i n g at i t from a li ttle d i stan ce on e can
observe th at th e system s are i n p ri n ci p le m ai n ly th e
sam e: th ey are all based on th e relati on sh i p s between
p erson s an d lan d , vi a p rop erty) ri gh ts an d are i n m ost
co u n tri es i n flu en ced b y d evelo p m en ts i n th e
I n form ati on an d C om m u n i cati on Tech n ology I C T ) .
T h e two m ai n fu n cti on s of every cad astral system are: 1 .
k eep i n g th e con ten ts of th i s relati on sh i p u p -to-d ate
b ased o n legal tran sacti o n s an d 2 . p ro vi d i n g
i n form ati on on th i s regi strati on .
I n m an y global d ocu m en ts Agen d a21 , H abi tat,
Jo h an n esb u rg) lan d i s co n si d ered as b ei n g an
i m p ortan t i ssu e. M ai n p oli ti cal objecti ves su ch as
p o verty erad i cati o n , su stai n ab le h o u si n g an d
agri cu ltu re, stren gth en i n g th e ro le o f vu ln erab le
grou p s i n d i gen ou s, wom en ) , are on e way or an oth er
related to access to lan d , an d to lan d -related
op p ortu n i ti es. T h i s d efi n i tely i m p acts on th e p oli cy of
d on or agen ci es e.g. th e E n gli sh p oli cy on better
li veli h ood s for p eop le , th e G erm an p oli cy on lan d
ten u re i n d evelop m en t coop erati on , an d th e D u tch
p oli cy on bu si n ess agai n st p overty ) , an d on P overty
R ed u cti on Strategy P ap ers for th e World ban k . H ow
wi th th i s resp ect govern m en ts d eal wi th th e lan d i ssu e,
cou ld be d efi n ed as lan d p oli cy . H avi n g a p oli cy i s on e
th i n g, h avi n g th e i n stru m en ts to en force th e p oli cy i s
an oth er. T h erefore govern m en ts n eed i n stru m en ts li k e
th e regu lati on s con cern i n g lan d ten u re secu ri ty, th e
lan d m ark et, lan d u se p lan n i n g an d con trol, lan d
taxati on an d th e m an agem en t of n atu ral resou rces. I t i s
wi th i n th i s co n tex t th at th e fu n cti o n o f lan d
ad m i n i strati on system s can be i d en ti fi ed : a su p p orti n g
tool to faci li tate th e i m p lem en tati on of a p rop er lan d
p oli cy i n th e broad est sen se.
T h e U N L an d Adm in istration G u idelin es U N /E C E ,
1 996) speak abou t lan d adm in istration as th e process of
determ in in g, recordin g, an d dissem in atin g in form ation
on own ersh ip, valu e an d u se of lan d wh en im plem en tin g
lan d m an agem en t policies . I f own ersh ip is u n derstood
as th e m ode in wh ich righ ts to lan d are h eld, we cou ld
also speak abou t lan d ten u re . Am ain ch aracteristic of
lan d ten u re i s th at i t reflects a soci al relati on sh i p
regardin g righ ts to lan d, wh ich m ean s th at in a certain
ju risdiction th e relation sh ip between people an d lan d is
recogn ised as a legally valid on e eith er form al or n on -
form al) . T h ese recogn ised righ ts arc in prin ciple eligible
for registration , with th e pu rpose to assign a certain legal
m ean in g to th e registered righ t e.g. a title) . T h erefore
lan d adm in istration system s are n ot ju st h an dlin g on ly
geograph ic in form ation as th ey represen t a lawfu lly
m ean in gfu l relation sh ip am on gst people, an d between
people an d lan d. As th e lan d adm in istration activity on
th e on e h an d deals with h u ge am ou n ts of data, wh ich
m oreover are of a very dyn am ic n atu re, an d on th e oth er
h an d requ ires a con tin u ou s m ain ten an ce process, th e role
of in form ation tech n ology is of strategic im portan ce.
With ou t availability of in form ation system s it is believed
it will be difficu lt to gu aran tee good perform an ce with
231
Octubre2004
* ) T h i s p ap er was p resen ted i n th e I I I I SD E C on gress
d evelop ed at C h ec R ep u bli c on Sep tem ber 2003.
T h e CT/Catastroboard th an ks th e au th ors for th e copyrigh t
for th e reprodu ction in th is issu e of th e revu e.
resp ect to m eeti n g ch an gi n g cu stom er d em an d s.
O rgan isation s are n ow in creasin gly con fron ted with rapid
developm en ts in th e tech n ology, a tech n ology pu sh :
in tern et, geo) -databases, m odellin g stan dards, open
system s, G I S, as well as a growin g dem an d for n ew
servi ces, a m ark et p u ll: e-govern an ce, su stai n able
d evelop m en t, electron i c con veyan ce, i n tegrati on of
p u bli c d ata an d system s. C ad astral m od elli n g i s
con sidered as a basic tool facilitatin g appropriate system
developm en t an d re-en gin eerin g an d in addition it form s
th e basi s for m ean i n gfu l com m u n i cati on between
differen t parts of th e) system s.
Stan d ard i zati on i s a well-k n own su bject si n ce th e
establi sh m en t of cad astral system s. I n both p ap er
based system s an d com p u teri zed system s stan d ard s are
requ i red to i d en ti fy objects, tran sacti on s, relati on s
between real estate objects e.g. p arcels an d p erson s
also called su bjects i n som e cou n tri es , classi fi cati on
of lan d u se, lan d valu e, m ap rep resen tati on s of objects,
etc. etc. C om p u teri zed system s ask for even fu rth er
stan d ard i zati on wh en top ology an d i d en ti fi cati on of
si n gle bou n d ari es are i n trod u ced Van O osterom ,
L em m en , 2 0 0 1 ) . I n ex i sti n g cad astral system s
stan d ard i zati o n i s li m i ted to th e terri to ry o r
ju ri sd i cti on wh ere th e cad astral system i s i n op era-
ti on . O p en m ark ets, globali sati on , an d effecti ve an d
effi ci en t d evelop m en t an d m ai n ten an ce of flexi ble
gen eri c) system s ask for fu rth er stan d ard i zati on . I n
Van O osterom , L em m en , 2003) an overvi ew i s gi ven
of th e followi n g i n i ti ati ves an d d evelop m en ts:
1 . L an d T i tle an d Ten u re SI G : fi rst i n i ti ati ve of
th e O p en G I S C on sorti u m O G C ) i n 2000.
2. Several stan d ard i zati o n i n i ti ati ves an d
d evelop m en ts i n C ad astral O rgan i zati on s
a) I n tro d u cti o n o f I SO Stan d ard s i n
G erm an y Sei fert, 2002) .
b) U S N ati o n al I n tegrated L an d System
F G D C , 1 999, M eyer, von et al., 2001 ) .
c) I n i ti ati ves fro m A u strali a an d N ew
Z eelan d L I N Z , 2002, L an d XM L , 2002,
I C SM 1 999,2002) .
d ) I n i ti ati ve fro m Swed en : T h e E U L I S
p roject O llen , 2002) .
3. C O ST R esearch Acti vi ty Statem en t.
4. T h e I n tern ati on al F ed erati on of Su rveyors,
F I G G reen way, 2002) .
F u rth er in itiatives can be recogn ised in E u rope:
I N SP I R E is an in itiative to su pport th e availability of
spatial in form ation for th e form u lation , im plem en tation
an d evalu ati on of U n i on p oli ci es . 60 sp ati al d ata
com pon en ts, grou ped arou n d 1 7 th em es h ave been
i d en ti fi ed as i m p ortan t d ata-sets, am on g oth ers
topograph y, cadastral properties, geograph ical n am es
adm in istrative areas, postcodes, bu ildin gs an d addresses,
terrain elevation an d orth oph otos. I N SP I R E in ten ds to
set th e legal fram ework for th e gradu al creation of a
sp ati al i n form ati on i n frastru ctu re . I N SP I R E can be
con sidered as an ou tcom e of th e 6th E n viron m en tal
Acti on P rogram 2001 -201 0 of th e E U . www.ec-
gis.org/in spire) .
After th e false start i n 2000 , th e O G C n ow seek s
sp on sors for P rop erty an d L an d I n i ti ati ve as an n ou n ced
i n a p ress release of M arch 25, 2003: T h e O p en G I S
C on sorti u m , I n c. O G C ) i s i ssu i n g a C all for Sp on sors
fo r a P lan n i n g A cti vi ty th at m ay su p p o rt fu tu re
d evelop m en t of an O G C P rop erty an d L an d I n form ati on
P L I ) I n i ti ati ve. T h i s p lan n i n g acti vi ty wi ll seek
i n terested sp on sors to p rovi d e i n p u t on tech n ology
requ i rem en ts an d con cep ts to foster d evelop m en t of
n ext-gen erati on i n terop erable n etwork ed arch i tectu res
an d cap ab i li ti es to en ab le b ro ad er sh ari n g an d
ap p li cati on of p rop erty d ata an d lan d i n form ati on
between collaborati n g organ i zati on s . An d :
T h e u ltim ate goal of th e O G C P roperty an d L an d
I n form ati on I n i ti ati ve i s to p rom ote i n creased
u n d erstan d i n g of th e ap p li cati on of O p en G I S
Specification s to th e ch allen ge of cross-organ ization al
an d cross ju risdiction al access to critical in form ation .
T h e I n i ti ati ve wou ld seek to d esi gn , test an d
operation ally validate open arch itectu ral fram eworks for
distribu ted property an d lan d in form ation n etworks. As
part of th e growin g Spatial Web , th ese n etworks will
allow i n form ati on to be easi ly exch an ged between
con su m ers, govern m en ts, an d bu si n esses for m an y
differen t pu rposes. T h is in form ation wou ld be accessible
on lin e th rou gh O pen G I S I n terface Specification s an d
oth er stan dards con sisten t with best practices defin ed as
part of N ation al an d G lobal Spatial D ata I n frastru ctu res
an d E -G ovem m en t i n i ti ati ves. T h i s i n i ti ati ve wi ll
dem on strate h ow stan dards-based distribu ted n etworks
of d atabases an d i n form ati on servi ces can h elp
con su m ers an d citizen s to access vital data, bu sin esses to
offer prem iu m cu stom er services, an d govern m en ts to
provide m ore effective service to citizen s .
T h i s p ap er co n ti n u es i n Secti o n 2 wi th an
o vervi ew o f th e p ro gress m ad e so far i n th e
d evelop m en t of a stan d ard i zed C ad astral D om ai n
M od el based on th e geograp h i c stan d ard s from I SO
an d O G C O p en G I S) . T h i s cad astral m o d el i s
d evelop ed i n coop erati on wi th th e F I G , th e research i s
also related to th e fram ework of th e C O ST C o-
ord i n ati on i n th e fi eld of Sci en ti fi c an d Tech n i cal
R esearch ) A cti o n G 9 : M o d elli n g R eal P ro p erty
Tran sacti on s . Altern ati ves for 3D C ad astral m od elli n g
are d i scu ssed i n Secti on 3 an d th e d yn am i c n atu re of
C ad astral system s i s elaborated on Secti on 4. T h e
m ai n co n clu si o n s an d fu tu re wo rk are fi n ally
d escri bed i n th e last secti on .
Cadastral Domain Model
T h e core of th e cad astral d om ai n m od el as d ep i cted
i n F i gu re 1 i s th e cen tral p art of th e m od el as was
alread y p resen ted at th e F I G work i n g week i n Ap ri l
2003, P ari s L em m en , Van O osterom 2003) . I t sh ows
th e U n i fi ed M od eli n g L an gu age U M L ) class d i agram ,
wh i ch rep resen ts th e resu lt of th e p revi ou s work . T h e
relati on sh i p between real estate objects e.g. p arcels
an d p erson s som eti m es called su bjects ) vi a ri gh ts i s
th e fou n d ati on of every lan d ad m i n i strati on . B esi d es
ri gh ts, th ere can also be restri cti on s between th e real
estate objects an d th e p erson s. T h e fi gu re sh ows th at
R i gh tO rR estri cti on i s an associ ati on class between th e
classes P erson an d R ealE stateO bject. N ote th at th i s an
n -to-m relati on sh i p , wi th th e con d i ti on s th at every
p erso n s sh o u ld at least b e asso ci ated wi th o n e
R ealE stateO bject an d vi ce versa every R ealE state object
sh ou ld be associ ated wi th at least on e P erson i n d i cated
232
CHRISTIAAN LEMMEN, PAUL VAN DER MOLEN, PETER VAN OOSTEROM, HENDRIK PLOEGER, WILKO QUAK, JANTIEN STOTER, JAAP ZEVENBERGEN
i n th e U M L d i agram wi th th e m u lti p li ci ty of l..* at both
en d s of th e associ ati on ) .
Wh en p resen ti n g or tryi n g to d escri be a m od el, on e
always faces th e qu esti on h ow to d escri be th i s m od el
for d om ai n exp erts n on -tech n i cal en d -u sers, m an agers,
bu t n ot m od eli n g exp erts ? . T h i s qu esti on reap p ears i n
every con text wh ere m od els are d evelop ed . Textu al
d escri p ti on s alon e are d i ffi cu lt to u n d erstan d , as th e
m od el stru ctu re m ay n ot be vi si ble. F or th i s p u rp ose all
k i n d s of d i agram s h ave been d evelop ed wi th boxes an d
arrows . H owever, every ti m e th e boxes an d arrows d i d
h ave a d i fferen t m ean i n g, wh i ch m ad e gen eral
u n d erstan d i n g, even by m od eli n g sp eci ali sts, d i ffi cu lt.
T h erefore, th e O bject M an agem en t G rou p (OMG, see
B ooch , R u m bau gh , Jacobson , 1 999) stan d ard i zed th e
m ai n typ es of d i agram s an d th e m ean i n g of boxes an d
arrows . I n th i s p ap er we wi ll m ai n ly u se U M L class
d i agram s to d escri be th e cad astral d om ai n m od el. T h ere
are several oth er typ es of U M L d i agram s. N orm ally th e
m od eli n g starts wi th th e d evelop m en t of u se case
d i agram s for th i s work we refer to th e C O ST Acti on G 9
M od eli n g R eal P rop erty Tran sacti on s ) . I n th i s p ap er we
start wi th th e class d i agram s as th ese are th e m ost stable
an d i n d ep en d en t of organ i zati on s an d actors, U M L class
d i agram s are reason ably well su i ted to d escri be a form al
an d stru ctu red set of con cep ts, th at i s an O n tology
G m ber, 1 993) . T h i s i s on e of th e m ai n resu lts from ou r
attem p t to d evelo p a C ad astral d o m ai n m o d el.
E xp eri en ces i n oth er d om ai n s sh ow th at i t i s sti ll n ot
easy to read th ese d i agram s. T h e solu ti on u sed i n th i s
p ap er i s to u se L i terate M od eli n g , th at i s U M L d i agram s
em bed d ed i n text exp lai n i n g th e m od els. M ore d etai ls
an d d i scu ssi on on L i terate M od eli n g, wi th exam p les
from B ri ti sh Ai rways, can be fou n d i n Ari ow, E m m eri ch
an d Q u i n n , 1 998) .
A U M L class d i agram d escri bes th e typ es of
o b jects an d th e vari o u s k i n d s o f stru ctu ral
relati on sh i p s th at exi st am on g th em li k e associ ati on s
an d su btyp es. F u rth erm ore th e U M L class d i agram s
sh ow th e attri bu tes an d op erati on s of a class an d th e
co n strai n ts th at ap p ly to th e way o b jects are
con n ected B ooeh , R u m bau gh , Jacobson , 1 999) . T h e
p rop osed U M L class d i agram for th e cad astral d om ai n
con tai n s both legal/ad m i n i strati ve object classes li k e
p erson s, ri gh ts an d th e geograp h i c d escri p ti on of real
estate objects, th i s m ean s i n p ri n ci p le th at d ata cou ld
b e m ai n tai n ed b y d i fferen t o rgan i zati o n s, e. g.
M u n i ci p ali ty, P lan n i n g Au th ori ty, p ri vate Su rveyor,
C ad astre. C on veyan cor an d /or L an d R egi stry. T h e
m o d el wi ll m o st li k ely b e i m p lem en ted as a
d i stri bu ted set of geo- i n form ati on system s, each
su p p o rti n g th e m ai n ten an ce acti vi ti es an d th e
i n form ati on su p p ly of p arts of th e d ataset rep resen ted
i n th i s m od el d i agram ) , th ereby u si n g oth er p arts of
233
A MODULAR STANDARD FOR THE CADASTRAL DOMAIN
Figure 1: Core of the Cadastral Domain Model: Person, RightfOrRestricton, RealEstateObject
th e m od el. T h i s u n d erli n es th e relevan ce of th i s
m o d el; d i fferen t o rgan i zati o n s h ave th ei r o wn
resp on si bi li ti es i n d ata m ai n ten an ce an d su p p ly an d
h ave to com m u n i cate on th e basi s of stan d ard i zed
p rocesses i n so called valu e ad d i n g p rod u cti on ch ai n s.
O n e sh ou ld n ot look at th e wh ole m od el all
p ack ages togeth er as p resen ted at th e en d of th i s
secti on ) at on ce as th e colou rs are rep resen ti n g U M L
p ack ages or coh eren t p arts of th e m od el:
G reen an d yellow: legal/ad m i n i strati ve asp ects,
green an d blu e: real estate object sp eci ali zati on s, blu e,
p i n k an d p u rp le: geom etri c/top ologi cal asp ects. I t i s
li k ely th at m ore p ack ages wi ll be d evelop ed . B esi d es
b ei n g ab le to p resen t/d o cu m en t th e m o d el i n
co m p reh en si ve p arts, an o th er ad van tage o f u si n g
p ack ages cou ld be th at i t i s p ossi ble to d evelop an d
m ai n tai n th ese p ack ages i n a m ore or less i n d ep en d en t
way. D om ai n exp erts from d i fferen t cou n tri es cou ld
fu rth er d evelop each p ack age. I t i s n ot th e i n ten ti on of
th e m od el th at everyth i n g sh ou ld be reali zed i n on e
system . T h e tru e i n ten ti on i s th at, i f on e n eed s th e
typ e of fu n cti on ali ty covered by a certai n p ack age,
th en th i s p ack age sh ou ld be th e fou n d ati on an d
th ereby avoi d i n g rei n ven ti n g re-i m p lem en ti n g) th e
wh eel an d m ak i n g m ean i n gfu l com m u n i cati on s wi th
oth ers p ossi ble. F u rth erm ore basi c p ack ages cou ld be
i m p lem en ted by software su p p li ers, e.g. G I S su p p li ers
li k e E SR I are p rovi d i n g m od els for several d om ai n s
li k e agri cu ltu re, top ograp h i c m ap p i n g, bi od i versi ty/
con servati on , d efen ce, en ergy u ti li ti es, en vi ron m en tal
regu lated faci li ti es, fo restry, geo lo gy, h i sto ri c
p reservati o n , h yd ro grap i c/n avi gati o n , m ari n e,
p etroleu m , p i p eli n e, system arch i tectu re, telecom -
m u n i cati on s, u rban , water u ti li ti es, water resou rces.
O n e d om ai n of i n terest for E SR I i s C ad astre 201 4
K L au fm an n , Steu d ler, 1 9 9 8 ) . T h e p ri n ci p les o p
C ad astre 201 4 are i n tegrated i n ou r ap p roach . I n th e
followi n g su bsecti on s th e d i fferen t p ack ages wi ll be
d escri bed i n m ore d etai l.
Specializations of RealEstateObject:
object detail classes
A R ealE stateO bJect i s an abstract class, th at i s,
th ere are n o object i n stan ces of th i s object class.
H owever, i t h as sp eci ali zati on classes wh i ch h ave
object i n stan ces , su ch as P arcel, P arcelC om p lex,
P artO fP arcel, Vo lu m eP ro p erty, R estri cti o n A rea,
Ap artm en tU n i t, an d N on G eoR ealE state. I n a U M L
class d i agram th e sp eci ali zati on classes p oi n t to th e
m ore gen eri c class wi th an op en h ead ed arrow. T h e
sp eci ali zati o n s are m u tu al ex clu si ve. T h e
sp eci ali zati o n s o f th e R ealE stateO b Ject class are
rep resen ted i n th e blu e p ack age; see F i gu re 2. All
th ese sp eci ali sati o n s o f R ealE stateO b jects h ave
asso ci ati o n s wi th o n e o r m o re P erso n s vi a th e
R i gh tO rR estri cti on associ ati on . T h e P arcels are also
p art of a two d i m en si on al p arti on i n g of th e su rface
see secti on 2.4) , bu t n ot all th ese p arts h ave th i s
d i rect associ ati on wi th P erson s. T h ere are p arts, called
Servi n gP arcels i n ou r m od el, wh i ch on ly h ave d i rect
associ ati on s wi th two or m ore m ai n ) P arcels i n
D u tch m an d eli gh ei d ) . T h i s m ean s th at a
Servi n gP arcel serves a n u m ber of oth er P arcels; e.g. a
joi n t faci li ty, su ch as a p ath or p laygrou n d . A strai gh t
li n e i n th e U M L class d i agram d ep i cts th i s associ ati on .
I t co u ld b e co n si d ered as so m e k i n d o f jo i n t
own ersh i p vi a th e m ai n ) P arcels. I n th e U M L class
d i agram P arcel an d Servi n gP arcel are b o th
sp eci ali zati on s of P arti ti on P arcels, wh i ch all-togeth er
fo rm th e p arti ti o n o f th e 2 D d o m ai n . T h e
P arti ti o n P arcel class, ju st as th e R ealE stateO b ject
class, i s an abstract class as th ere wi ll n ever be
i n stan ces of th i s class. N ote th at P arcel i s based on
m u lti p le i n h eri tan ce fro m R ealE stateO b ject an d
P arti ti on P arcel, both abstract classes .
A P arcelC o m p lex i s an aggregati o n o f P arcels.
T h e fact th at th e m u lti p li ci ty at th e si d e
P arcelC o m p lex i s 0 . 1 i n th e asso ci ati o n wi th P arcel)
m ean s th at th i s i s o p ti o n al. A P arcelC o m p lex
si tu ati o n m i gh t o ccu r i n a system wh ere a set o f
P arcels co u ld b e i n o n e m u n i ci p ali ty o r even i n
an o th er ad m i n i strati ve u n i t h as a legal/cu sto m ary
m ean i n g, fo r i n stan ce b ei n g th e o b ject o f o n e
m o rtgage. A P arcel can b e su b d i vi d ed i n two o r m o re
P artO fP arcel s. T h i s case co u ld o ccu r wh en
p reli m i n ary P arcels are created d u ri n g a co n veyan ce
wh ere th e P arcel wi ll b e sp li t an d su rveyi n g i s d o n e
afterward s. I t co u ld also b e h elp fu l to su p p o rt
p lan n i n g p ro cesses, b ased o n cad astral m ap s, wh ere
estab li sh m en t o f P arcels i n th e fi eld i s d o n e later i n
ti m e. N o te th at i n th e m o d el a co m p o si te asso ci ati o n
i s u sed , i n d i cati o n th at th e co m p o n en ts fro m th e
class P artO fP arcel) h ave n o m ean i n g/ri gh t o f
ex i sten ce wi th o u t th e aggregate class P arcel) , th i s i n
i n d i cated wi th th e clo sed d i am o n d .
An Ap artm en tC om p lex i s associ ated wi th on e or
m o re P arcel s. T h ere can b e at m o st o n e
Ap artm en tC om p lex located on a P arcel. T h ere can be
two o r m o re A p artm en tU n i t s i n an A p artm en t
C om p lex. I n case th e m u lti p li ci ty of a class i n an
associ ati on i s on e 1 ) , th en th i s i s n ot exp li ci tly
sh own i n th e U M L class d i agram as i s th e case at th e
si te of th e Ap artm en tC om p lex i n th e associ ati on
b etween A p artm en tU n i t an d A p artai ffln tC o ro p lex .
N ote th at artAp artm en tU n i t i s i n ten d ed i n th e gen eral
sen se, n ot on ly/u n i t for li vi n g p u rp ose; bu t also for
oth er p u rp oses, e.g. com m erci al. I n oth er word s, all
bu i ld i n g u n i ts wi th legal/regi strati on si gn i fi can ce are
i n clu d ed h ere.
P arcel s are d efi n ed by P arcelB ou n d ari es an d h ave
a geom etri c/top ologi cal d escri p ti on O u sterom , van .
L em m en , 2001 ) . T h e class P arcelB ou n d ari es always
h as two n ei gh bou r P arti ti on P arcel s, wh ere terri tori al
P arcelB ou n d ary s h ave on e zero-P arcel as n ei gh bou r,
rep resen ti n g th e extern al terri tory. T h ere can be m ore
th en on e P arcelB ou n d ari es between two n ei gh bou r
P arti ti o n P arcels, d ep en d i n g o n attri b u tes an d th e
geom etri c con fi gu rati on . E xclaves an d en claves from
terri to ri al p ersp ecti ve can b e m an aged i n th i s
ap p ro ach . I n gen eral th i s ap p ro ach i m p li es th at
i n d i vi d u al P arti ti on P arcels, an d th erefore also th e
d eri ved classes P arcel an d Servi n gP arcel., are n ot
exp li ci tly rep resen ted as closed p olygon s . Attri bu tes
can be li n k ed to i n d i vi d u al bou n d ari es; th i s allows for
exam p le classi fi cati on of i n d i vi d u al bou n d ari es based
on th e ad m i n i strati ve su bd i vi si on of th e terri tory. I n
th i s way d ou ble, tri p le or m u lti p le storage of th e sam e
bou n d ary can be avoi d ed , th u s avoi d i n g all k i n d of
gap an d o verlap p ro b lem s, wh i ch d o n t h ave a
m ean i n g i n reali ty.
234
CHRISTIAAN LEMMEN, PAUL VAN DER MOLEN, PETER VAN OOSTEROM, HENDRIK PLOEGER, WILKO QUAK, JANTIEN STOTER, JAAP ZEVENBERGEN
I n m ost cad astral system s a restri cti on i s associ ated
to a com p lete R ealE stateO bject P arcel) an d th i s i s also
reflected i n th e p resen ted m od el: a P erson can h ave a
R i gh tO r R estri cti on on a R ealE stateO bject th ere are
also P u bli cR estri cti on s; see secti on 2.5) . H owever, th i s
m ay be i n con ven i en t i n som e cases: on e th i n g m ay
cau se th e restri cti on on m an y R eaI E stateO bjects an d i n
su ch a case th i s i n form ati on h as to be rep eated m an y
ti m es wi th all p o ssi b i li ti es fo r i n co n si sten ci es .
F u rth er, a restri cti on m i gh t also cover/affect on ly a p art
of th e R ealE stateO bject, bu t i t i s n ot yet) regi stered
wh i ch p art th i s i s. A better solu ti on for th i s si tu ati on i s
to i n trod u ce a n ew layer i n ad d i ti on of th e p lan ar
p arti ti on of th e P arti ti on P arcels wi th R estri cti on Areas
com p arable wi th C ad astre 201 4 , K au fm an n an d
Steu d ler 1 998, K au l an d K au fi n an , 2003) . T h ese can be
con si d ered as a k i n d of R eaI E stateO bjects overlap p i n g
oth er R eaI E stateO bjects, from wh i ch th ey carve ou t a
p art of th e associ ated ri gh ts. We wou ld su ggest to
m ai n tai n on ly th e p osi ti ve ri gh ts, th at i s n ot exp li ci tly
store for on e P erson ) th at an oth er P erson h as a p art of
th e ri gh ts, i n th e cases wh ere th e p osi ti ve ri gh t h old er
i s k n own see also secti on 2.4) . T h i s can be obtai n ed
vi a i n sp ecti n g all ri gh ts asso ci ated wi th th e
R ealE stateO bject an d th e overlap p i n g R estri cti on Area s.
N ote th at R estri cti on Area s are m od elled as closed
p o lygo n s an d o b tai n th ei r co o rd n ates fro m
Su rveyP oi n t s, see secti on 2.3) an d th ere i s n o exp li ci t
top ology between R estri cti on Area, th at i s, th ey are
allowed to overlap an d i t i s exp ected th at th ey wi ll n ot
often sh are com m on bou n d ari es as P arcels d o) .
B ecau se of th e h igh pressu re on th e u se of space,
m ore an d m ore situ ation s occu r wh ich can best be
m odelled in th ree dim en sion s. N orm ally a 2D ) P arcel
represen ts th e wh ole 3D colu m n from th e cen ter of th e
E arth , trou gh th e su rface ou t in to th e sky. E xplicit 3D
Volu m eP roperties carve ou t a part of th is space in favou r
of an oth er P erson th e bu yer of a 3D Volu m eP roperty) . I t
is possible th at on e Volu m eP roperty overlaps with m an y
P arcels again th is can be obtain ed via spatial overlay) . I n
235
A MODULAR STANDARD FOR THE CADASTRAL DOMAIN
Figure 2. The RealEstateObject package refined (blue part)
th e sam e m an n er as su ggested for R estriction Areas, we
su ggest th at it is best on ly to register th e positive side of
th e registration with ou t redu n dan cy. Volu m eP roperties
are m odelled with ou t extern al topology, bu t with in tern al
topology by referen cin g several tim es to th e sam e Su rvey
P oin t, wh en th is is sh ared between th e differen t faces of a
polyh edron . Volu roeP roperties sh ou ld n ot overlap in 3D
space. H owever, th eir projection in 2D space m ay overlap.
I t i s exp ected th at i t wi ll n ot h ap p en often th at
Volu m eP roperties will sh are faces with oth er explicit
Volu m eP rop erti es as i s th e case i n 2D wi th th e
P artition P arcels . M igh t th is assu m ption tou rn ou t to be
wron g, th en a 3D topological stru ctu red m odel sh ou ld be
in trodu ced. M ore backgrou n d an d discu ssion on alter-
n ative 3D cadastral m odellin g can be fou n d in section 3.
T h e class N on G eoR ealE state can be u sefu l i n case
wh ere a com p lete) geom etri c d escri p ti on of th e
R ealE stateO bject d oes n ot yet) exi st. E .g. i n case
wh ere o n ly o n e co -o rd i n ate i n si d e th e
R ealE stateO bject i s observed , u si n g Satelli te I m ages or
G P S. O r i n case of a ri gh t to fi sh i n a com m on ly h eld
area i tself d ep i cted as a Servi n gP arcel) , wh ere th e
h old er of th e fi sh i n g ri gh t d oes n ot or n o lon ger
h old ri gh ts to a lan d p arcel i n th e area.
Surveying Classes
O bject classes related to su rveyi n g are p resen ted
i n p i n k colou r; see F i gu re 3. A cad astral su rvey i s
d ocu m en ted on a Su rvey D ocu m en t, wh i ch i s a legal)
so u rce d o cu m en t m ad e u p i n th e fi eld . M o st
i m p ortan tly, th i s d ocu m en t con tai n s si gn atu res; i n a
fu ll d i gi tal su rrou n d i n g a fi eld offi ce m ay be requ i red
to su p p o rt th i s u n d er th e co n d i ti o n th at d i gi tal
si gn atu res h ave a legal su p p ort. O th erwi se p ap er
based d ocu m en ts sh ou ld be con si d ered as an i n tegral
p art of th e cad astral system . F i les wi th terrestri al
o b servati o n s d i stan ces, b eari n gs, an d referred
geo d eti c co n tro l o n p o i n ts are attri b u tes o f
Su rveyD o cu m en t, th e M easu rem en ts. B o th
P arcelB ou n d ary an d Su rveyP oi n t are associ ated wi th
Su rveyD ocu m en t. F rom th e m u lti p li ci ty i t can be
reco gn i zed th at o n e Su rveyD o cu m en t can b e
asso ci ated wi th several Su rveyP o i n ts. I n case a
Su rveyP oi n t i s observed at d i fferen t m om en ts i n ti m e
th ere wi ll be d i fferen t Su rveyD ocu m en ts. I n case a
Su rveyP o i n t i s o b served fro m d i fferen t p o si ti o n s
d u ri n g a m easu rem en t th ere i s on ly on e associ ati on
wi th a Su rveyD ocu m en t.
Geometry and Topology: imported
OpenGIS classes
O b ject classes d escri b i n g geo m etry an d to p o lo gy
are p resen ted i n p u rp le; see F i gu re 4 . T h e C ad astral
D o m ai n M o d el i s b ased o n alread y accep ted an d
avai lab le stan d ard s o n geo m etry an d to p o lo gy
p u b li sh ed b y I SO an d O G C I SO . 1 9 9 9 a, 1 9 9 9 b ,
O p en G I S C o n so rti u m 1 9 9 8 , 2 Q O O a, 2 0 0 0 b . 2 0 0 0 c
an d 2 0 0 0 d ) . G eo m etry i s b ased o n Su rveyP o i n ts
m o stly after geo referen ci n g, d ep en d i n g o n d ata
co llecti o n m o d e: tap e, to tal stati o n , G P S, etc) an d i s
asso ci ated wi th th e classes tp _n o d e to p o lo gy n o d e)
an d tp _ed ge to p o lo gy ed ge) to d escri b e
i n term ed i ate sh ap es p o i n ts b etween n o d es,
i m etri cally b ased o n Su rveyP o i n ts. T h e asso ci ati o n
b etween a P arcel B o u n d ary an d Su rveyD o cu m en t i s
d eri ved vi a th e classes Su rveyP o i n t, tp _n o d e
an d tp _ed ge.
P arcels h ave a 2D geom etri c d escri p ti on . A P arcel
corresp on d s on e-to-on e to th e tp _face i n a top ologi cal
stru ctu re as d efi n ed by I SO T C 21 1 an d O p en G I S
C on sorti u m ) . A face i s bou n d ed by i ts ed ges i n 2D . An
ed ge i s related on e-to-on e to a P arcel B ou n d ary, wh i ch
m ay con tai n n on -geom etri c attri bu tes as exp lai n ed i n
6 . 2 . E very ed ge h as ex actly two en d p o i n ts,
rep resen ted i n tp _N od es. I n ad d i ti on , an ed ge m ay
also h ave several i n term ed i ate p o i n ts. B o th
i n term ed i ate p oi n ts an d n od es are associ ated wi th
Su rveyP o i n ts. T h e to p o lo gi cal p ri m i ti ves tp _face,
tp _ed ge an d tp _n od es, h ave all a m eth od op erati on )
called R eali ze wh i ch can be u sed to obtai n a fu ll
m etri c rep resen tati on ,
T h ere are two ad d i ti on al geom etry layers, wh i ch
are n ot based on exp li ci t top ology stru ctu re, th ese can
be fou n d i n resp ecti vely th e classes R estri cti on Area
an d Volu m eP rop erty. As i n th e top ology/geom etry
layer of P arti on P arcel, all coord i n ates are obtai n ed
fro m th e Su rveyP o i n ts. T h ere are also
R eali ze m eth od s avai lable wi th i n th e R estri cti on Area
an d Volu m eP rop erty classes to retu rn th e com p lete
an d exp li ci t geom etry resp ecti vely gm _su rface an d
gm _volu m e. A Volu m eP rop erty i s d efi n ed by at least 4
n o n -p lan ar Su rveyP o i n ts; th i s wo u ld resu lt i n a
tetrah ed ron . th e si m p lest 3D volu m e object. T h e
R estri cti on Area i s d efi n ed by 3 or m ore Su rveyP oi n ts,
wh i ch all h ave to locate i n th e sam e h ori zon tal p lan e
of th e earth su rface) .
236
CHRISTIAAN LEMMEN, PAUL VAN DER MOLEN, PETER VAN OOSTEROM, HENDRIK PLOEGER, WILKO QUAK, JANTIEN STOTER, JAAP ZEVENBERGEN
Figure 3. The Survey Package, pink.
Legal/Administrative classes
O b ject classes p resen ted i n yello w co ver th e
refi n em en ts i n th e L egal/Ad m i n i strati ve si d e; see F i gu re
5. A 1 1 u p d ates associ ated to JR i gh tsO rR estri cti on s are
based on L egalD ocu m en ts as sou rce. I n p ri n ci p le legal
d ata wi ll n ot be ch an ged wi th ou t p rovi si on of a
L egalD ocu m en t. T h e essen ti al d ata of a L egalD ocu m en t
are associ ated wi th can be rep resen ted i n ) th e classes
R i gh tO rR estri cti on , M ortgage or P u bli cR estri cti on . A
si n gle legal d ocu m en t m ay be th e sou rce of m u lti p le
i n stan ces of th ese classes an d m ay even create of m i x of
th ese th ree typ es. I n th e o th er d i recti o n , a
R i gh tO rR eslri cti on , M ortgage or P u bli cR estri cti on i s
always associ ated wi th exactly on e L egalD ocu m en t as
i ts sou rce.
E ach ju ri sd i cti on h as a d i fferen t lan d ten u re
system , reflecti n g th e soci al relati on sh i p s regard i n g
ri gh ts an d restri cti on s to lan d i n th at area. T h e
vari ety of ri gh ts i s alread y qu i te large wi th i n m ost
ju ri sd i cti on s an d th e exact m ean i n g of si m i lar ri gh ts
sti ll d i ffers co n si d erab ly b etween ju ri sd i cti o n s.
U su ally on e can d i sti n gu i sh between a n u m ber of
categori es of lan d ri gh ts.
a) F i rstly we h ave th e stron gest ri gh t avai lable
i n a ju ri sd i cti on , called e.g. own ersh i p , free-
h old or p rop erty.
b) Secon d ly we h ave d eri ved ri gh ts from th e
p revi ou s category wh ere th e h old er of th i s
d eri ved ri gh t i s allowed to u se th e lan d i n i ts
totali ty often wi th i n th e li m i ts of a certai n
lan d u se typ e, e. g. h o u si n g o r an i m al
farm i n g) .
c) T h i rd ly we h ave m i n or ri gh ts th at allow th e
h old er of i t to som e m i n or u se of som eon e
else h i s lan d . e.g. walk i n g over i t to th e road .
Su ch ri gh ts can b e called servi tu d e o r
easem en t, an d also m ay i n clu d e th e ri gh t to
p reven t certai n acti vi ti es or con stru cti on at
som e n earby lan d , e.g. freed om of vi ew.
d ) F o u rth ly we h ave th e so called secu ri ty
ri gh ts, wh ereb y certai n o f th e p revi o u sly
m en ti on ed ri gh ts can be u sed as collateral,
237
A MODULAR STANDARD FOR THE CADASTRAL DOMAIN
Figure 4. The Geometry, Topology and some related packages, purple
m ai n ly th rou gh ban k loan s, e.g. m ortgage,
h yp oth ec, li en .
T h e aforem en ti on ed ri gh ts are p ri m ari ly i n th e
d om ai n of p ri vate law. U su ally th e ri gh ts are created
after an agreem en t between th e p erson getti n g th e
ri gh t an d th e p erson losi n g som eth i n g wh o sees h i s
ri gh t restri cted by th e n ewly created ri gh t) . T h e ri gh ts
an d restri cti on s we are con cern ed wi th h ere u su ally
rem ai n vali d , even i f th ese p erson s ch an ge after th e
ri gh t was created an d regi stered ) . T h i s i s called a
ri gh t i n rem i n m an y ju ri sd i cti o n s. T h ere i s a
d i fferen ce b etween legal system s an d regi strati o n
ap p roach es i n wh eth er ri gh ts, oth er th an u n d er a) , are
form u lated an d record ed p ri m ari ly as th e ri gh t of th e
h old er, as a restri cti on to th e ri gh t or object) th ey are
carved ou t from , or both . T h e last solu ti on i s of
cou rse ri sk y from d ata m an agem en t p oi n t of vi ew,
si n ce i n con si sten ci es can ari se.
B ecau se p rop erty an d own ersh i p ri gh ts are based
on n ati on al) legi slati on , look u p tables can su p p ort
i n th i s. E . g. , th e ri gh t o f o wn ersh i p m i gh t b e
N orwegi an O wn ersh i p , Swed i sh O wn ersh i p , etc.
etc. C u stom ary R i gh t related to a regi on or I n form al
R i gh t can be i n clu d ed ; from m od elli n g p ersp ecti ve
th i s i s n ot an i tem for d i scu ssi on . O f cou rse, for th e
actu al i m p lem en tati on i n a gi ven cou n try or regi on ,
th i s i s very i m p ortan t.
I n ad d i ti on to th ose p ri vate law restri cti on s, m an y
cou n tri es also h ave p u bli c law restri cti on s, wh i ch are
u su ally i m p osed by a local) govern m en t bod y. T h e
h o ld er o f th e ri gh t i s ab stract ei th er m e
govern m en t or soci ety-at-large ) an d u su ally th ey
are p ri m ari ly seen as restri cti on s. Som e of th em ap p ly
238
CHRISTIAAN LEMMEN, PAUL VAN DER MOLEN, PETER VAN OOSTEROM, HENDRIK PLOEGER, WILKO QUAK, JANTIEN STOTER, JAAP ZEVENBERGEN
Figure 5: The legal/administrative classes (yellow) and person classes (green).
to a sp eci fi c R ealE stateO bject or ri gh t th erei n ) or a
sm all grou p of th em . E .g. m ost p re-em p ti on ri gh ts, or
th e d u ty to p ay a certai n tax for i m p rovem en ts on th e
road , or th e d u ty to rep ai r d am age or p erform belated
m ai n ten an ce. O th ers h ave th ei r o wn area o f
ap p li cati o n , li k e wh eth er th ere i s so i l p o llu ti o n
p resen t, flood p lai n s, re) zon i n g of areas esp . wh en
u rban d evelop m en t i s m ad e p ossi ble i n a ru ral area) .
E ach restri cti on typ e h as i ts own p lace i n th e
cad astral d om ai n m od el. P u bli c restri cti on s wi th th ei r
own areas can be record ed vi a th e R estri cti on Area class,
n ot bei n g li n k ed to a sp eci fi c h old er. O bvi ou sly th e
d ocu m en ts on wh i ch th ey are based n eed to be
i n clu d ed . P u b li c restri cti o n s, wh i ch ap p ly to
R ealE stateO bjects bu t h ave n o clear ben efi ci ary, are
reco rd ed as P u b li cR estri cti o n s. O th er restri cti o n s
sh ou ld be record ed as well as p ossi ble as ri gh ts i n th e
n am e of th e h old er, bu t i n certai n cou n tri es som e typ es
d o n ot state th e h old er or th e h old er i s a n ei gh bou ri n g
R ealE stateO b ject, regard less o f wh o h o ld s th at
R ealE stateO bject . I n su ch cases th e restri cti on as su ch
i s record ed on th e R ealE stateO bject, often wi th ou t a
p erson con n ected to i t. N everth eless, th e m ost vi tal
ri gh ts are u su ally i n th e n am e of a p erson , li k e
own ersh i p , leaseh old or u su fru ct. Secu ri ty ri gh ts d i ffer
between ju ri sd i cti on s. Som eti m es th e h old er of th e ri gh t
e.g. ban k ) i s record ed , i n oth er cases th ere i s on ly a
restri cti on record ed , i n form i n g oth ers som eon e alread y
h as a secu ri ty ri gh t on th i s R ealE stateO bject often on ly
a d efi n ed , an d often record ed , am ou n t of m on ey i s
secu red , an d a secon d or th i rd m ortgage cou ld be
created ) . F or every R i gh tO rR estri cti on i t i s i m p ortan t
th at i t i s m ad e clear h ow i t i s record ed . I n all cases th e
relevan t sou rce L egalD ocu m en t s sh ou ld be associ ated .
O n e sh ou ld fi n ally be aware th at i n m ost ju ri sd i cti on s
certai n u se ri gh ts an d certai n secu ri ty ri gh ts can exi st
totally ou tsi d e th e regi strati on system . T h ese so called
overri d i n g i n terests are vali d , also agai n st th i rd p arti es,
wi th ou t regi strati on . E xam p les can be ren t con tracts for
sh orter p eri od s, certai n agri cu ltu ral ten an cy agree-
m en ts, an d li en s by tax au th ori ti es.
T h e abstract class P erson th at i s agai n a class
wi th ou t object i n stan ces h as as sp eci ali sati on classes
N atu ralP erson or N on N atu ralP erson li k e organ i sati on s,
co m p an i es, co -o p erati o n s an d o th er en ti ti es
rep resen ti n g so ci al stru ctu res. I f a P erso n i s a
N atu ralP erson i t can n ot be a N on N atu ralP erson an d
th e oth er way arou n d . T h at i s, N atu ralP erson an d
N on N atu ralP erson are m u tu al exclu si ve.
R i gh t a su bset based on th e typ e attri bu te i n
R i gh tO rR estri cti o n ) i s co m p u lso ry asso ci ati o n
between R ealE stateO bject an d P erson , wh ere th i s i s
n ot com p u lsory i n case of restri cti on th e oth er su bset
i n R i gh tO rR estri cti on ) . F or exam p le, a restri cti on li k e
en cu m bran ce i s on ly associ ated wi th th e lan d : th e
R ealE stateO bject.
T h e class R i gh tO rR estri cti o n allo ws fo r th e
i n trod u cti on of sh ares of ri gh ts i n case wh ere a grou p
of P erson s h old s a u n d i vi d ed p art of a com p lete ri gh t.
History and dynamic aspects
T h ere are two d i fferen t ap p ro ach es wh en
m od elli n g th e resu lt of d yn am i c system s d i screte
ch an ges i n th e state of th e system ) : even t an d /or state
based m od elli n g:
I n even t based m od elli n g, tran sacti on s are
m od elled as a sep arate en ti ty wi th i n th e system
wi th th ei r own i d en ti ty an d set of attri bu tes .
Wh en th e start state i s k n own an d all even ts
arc k n ow i t i s p ossi ble to recon stru ct every
state i n th e p ast vi a traversi n g th e wh ole ch ai n
of even ts. I t i s also p ossi ble to rep resen t th e
cu rren t state, an d n ot k eep th e start state an d
go back i n ti m e vi a th e reversal of even ts .
I n state based m od elli n g, on ly th e states th at
i s th e resu lts are m od elled exp li ci tly: very
object gets at least) two d ates/ti m es, wh i ch
i n d i cate th e ti m e i n terval d u ri n g wh i ch th i s
object i s vali d . Vi a th e com p ari son of two
su cceed i n g states i t i s p ossi ble to recon stru ct
wh at h ap p en ed as resu lt of on e sp eci fi c even t.
I t i s very easy to obtai n th e state at a gi ven
m om en t i n ti m e, by ju st selecti n g th e object
based on th ei r ti m e i n terval tm i n -tm ax) .
I n o u r m o d el we h ave i n tro d u ced a h yb ri d
ap p roach as both asp ects of even t an d state based
m od elli n g can be fou n d . T h e legal an d su rvey)
d o cu m en ts can b e co n si d ered as ex p li ci t rep re-
sen tati o n o f even ts tran sacti o n s) . H o wever, th e
effects of th ese even ts are k ep t i n th e states of th e
asso ci ated o b jects wh i ch h ave tm i n an d tm ax
attri bu tes . N ew i n serted i n stan ces get a tm i n , equ al
to th e ch eck -i n /tran sacti on ti m e an d a tm ax equ al to
th e m axi m al i n teger valu e. A d eleted i n stan ce gets a
tm ax equ al to i ts ch eck -i n /tran sacti on ti m e. I n case of
u p d ate of on e or m ore attri bu tes, a n ew i n stan ce wi ll
be created as cop y from th e old i n stan ce wi th i ts n ew
valu es for u p d ated attri bu tes wi th a tm i n equ al to
ch eck -i n /tran sacti on ti m e an d a tm ax equ al to a m axi -
m u m valu e. T h e old i n stan ce gets a tm ax equ al to
ch eck -i n /tran sacti on ti m e. T h i s allows to qu ery for th e
sp ati al rep resen tati o n o f cad astral o b jects at an y
m om en t t back i n ti m e or to qu ery for all u p d ates
between a m om en t t1 an d t2 i n th e p ast. Ap art from
ch eck -i n /tran sacti o n ti m es th e real d ates o f
observati on i n th e fi eld can be i n clu d ed to m an age
h i story.
N ote th at n early every object i n h eri ts th ese tm i n
an d tm ax attri b u tes vi a ei th er R ealE stateO b ject,
R i gh tor-R estri cti on or P erson . I t wou ld h ave been
p ossi ble to i n trod u ce a n ew object Tem p oralO bject
wi th tm i n an d tm ax) from wh i ch i n tu rn th ese th ree
m en ti o n ed classes wo u ld i n h eri t th ei r tem p o ral
attri bu tes m ai n ly becau se of legi tabi li ty th i s was n ot
d on e) . I n ad d i ti on to th e even t an d state m od elli n g, i t
i s also p ossi ble th at th e p aren t/ch i ld associ ati on s
between cad astral objects are m od elled li n eage) , e.g.
i n case of su b-d i vi si on of a cad astral p arcel. H owever,
as th ese associ ati on s can also be d eri ved from a sp ati o-
tem p o ral o verlay, i t was d eci d ed to n o t fu rth er
com p li cate th e m od el wi th th e exp li ci t p aren t-ch i ld
relati on sh i p s.
B esi d es th e d ata m od elli n g asp ect of th e d yn am i c
p rocesses wi th i n th e C ad astral D om ai n , on e cou ld
qu esti on h ow are th e fu n cti on s an d p rocesses related
to each oth er? F ocu s of th e work u n ti l n ow h as been
on th e U M L class d i agram , th at i s, th e stru ctu ral
asp ect. T h e U M L class d i agram sh ou ld fu rth er be
com p leted by d i agram s coveri n g oth er asp ects, e.g. vi a
state u se case, seq u en ce, co llab o rati o n , state o r
acti vi ty) d i agram s. F i gu re 6 sh ows a state d i agram of
239
A MODULAR STANDARD FOR THE CADASTRAL DOMAIN
th e sp li tti n g of a p arcel. Acti vi ty d i agram s sh ow h ow
p rocesses are related to th e i n form ati on d ata) an d
h ow on e flows from on to th e oth er. I n all th e oth er
m en ti o n ed typ es o f U M L d i agram s, acto rs o r
organ i zati on s p lay an i m p ortan t role an d th i s m ay be
q u i te d ep en d en t o n th at n ati o n al) set-u p . T h e
i n trod u cti on of d i fferen t stages of a p arcel on e-
p oi n t, i m age, su rveyed ) , a ri gh t start, lan d h old ,
freeh o ld ) an d a p erso n co u ld fu rth er reflect th e
d yn am i c n atu re of th e system . M ore back grou n d
d i scu ssi o n related to th e d yn am i c asp ects o f a
cad astral system can be fou n d i n secti on 4.
Further developments
As i n d i cated i n th e begi n n i n g of th i s secti on , th e
p resen ted th i rd versi on of th e C ore C ad astral D om ai n
M od el see F i gu re 7) i s ju st a p rop osal an d a p oten ti al
start for th e fi n al stan d ard i zed m od el. M an y m ore
th i n gs h ave to be d on e an d p erh ap s m od elled i n
ad d i ti on al p ack ages or refi n em en ts . P oten ti al fu rth er
d evelop m en ts cou ld be:
G eo d eti cR eferen ceP o i n ts, co u ld b e a sp eci ali -
zati o n o f Su rveyP o i n t. T h i s wi ll m ak e Su rvey-
P o i n t an ab stract class wi th C ad astralSu rvey
P o i n ts an d G eo d eti c-R eferen ceP o i n ts as i ts
sp eci ali zati o n s. F u rth er sp eci ali zati o n co u ld
b e C ad astralC en tro i d P o i n t, i n case o n ly o n e
p o i n t o f a P arcel o r N o n G eo R ealE state i s
o b served , see Jack so n 2 0 0 2 .
H i gh er level ad m i n i strati ve u n i ts aggregati on s:
secti o n s, m u n i ci p ali ti es, ) an d th e rela-
ti on sh i p to th e lower level u n i ts. I f p ossi ble
red u n d an t sto rage o f th e geo m etri c an d
top ologi cal d ata sh ou ld be avoi d ed .
L an d con soli d ati on /reform , u rban d evelop m en t,
u rban an d ru ral cad astres
L i n k s to extern al regi strati on s cou ld i n clu d e:
1 . P erson s e.g. vi a fi scal p erson i d en ti fi er, or
oth er ap p roved i d en ti fi ers
2. C om p an i es/organ i zati on s e.g. ch am ber of
com m erce)
3. Ad d resses an d zi p cod es, related to objects
an d su bjects
4. B u i ld i n gs or m ore gen eral, top ograp h i c
d ata, i n relati on to core cad astral d ata.
Figure 7: the completecadastral core model, version
3.0 (See http://www.eulis.org/pdf/4_annex5.pdf)
Three dimensional alternatives/extensions
C u rren t cad astral regi strati on system s, based on
2D top ologi cal an d geom etri cally d escri bed p arcels.
h ave sh own li m i tati on s i n p rovi d i n g i n si gh t i n th e
2 D an d 3 D ) lo cati o n o f 3 D co n stru cti o n s e. g.
p i p eli n es, tu n n els, bu i ld i n g com p lexes an d i n th e
verti cal d i m en si o n d ep th an d h ei gh t) o f ri gh ts
establi sh ed for 3D con stru cti on s Stoter an d P loeger,
2002; Stoter an d P loeger, 2003) . I n th e p revi ou s
secti on th e Volu m en tri cP rop erty was i n trod u ced , bu t
th i s requ i res a si gn i fi can t ch an ge i n th e legi slati on i n
m o st co u n tri es. T h erefo re i n th i s secti o n so m e
altern ati ves wi th less legal i m p act an d based on th e
well k n own con cep t of th e2D p arcel) for 3D si tu ati on s
are p resen ted togeth er wi th th ei r U M L class d i agram s.
I n ad d i ti o n to th e 3 D legal vo lu m es, th e 3 D
co n stru cti o n s th em selves can n o t b e q u eri ed i n
cu rren t cad astral regi strati on system s, for exam p le i t
240
CHRISTIAAN LEMMEN, PAUL VAN DER MOLEN, PETER VAN OOSTEROM, HENDRIK PLOEGER, WILKO QUAK, JANTIEN STOTER, JAAP ZEVENBERGEN
Figure 6: State diagramof splitting a PartionParcel. If a part of a parcel is sold, the parcel is split into several
PartOfParcels, which become regular parcels again only when their boundary is surveyed.
i s n ot p ossi ble to p erform a qu ery su ch as wh o i s th e
own er of th i s tu n n el? . To overcom e th ese li m i tati on s,
th e 3D asp ect sh ou ld be i n corp orated i n th e core
cad astral d ata m o d el. Two altern ati ves to th e
Volu m etri cP rop erty of th e core cad astral d ata m od el
h ave been i n trod u ced i n th e 3D cad astre research
Stoter an d P loeger, 2002; Stoter an d P loeger, 2003) .
T h ese wi ll be d escri bed i n th i s secti on .
Registration of the 3D extension of rights
T h e fi rst altern ati ve i s ju st a si m p le ex ten si o n o f
th e co re m o d el: th e i n tro d u cti o n o f a 3 D ri gh t-
o b ject. T h e 3 D ri gh t-o b ject i s th e 3 D rep resen tati o n
o f a ri gh t th at i s estab li sh ed o n a p arcel fo r a 3 D
co n stru cti o n Sto ter an d P lo eger, 2 0 0 2 ) . T h e 2 D
ex ten t o f a 3 D ri gh t-o b ject i s th e actu al p arcel-
b o u n d ary. T h e u p p er an d lo wer li m i ts o f th e 3 D
ri gh t-o b ject are th e u p p er an d lo wer li m i ts o f th e
sp ace wh ere th e ri gh t ap p li es Sto ter an d P lo eger,
2 0 0 2 ) . T h e 3 D ri gh t-o b ject gi ves i n si gh t i n th e
verti cal d i m en si o n o f th e ri gh ts estab li sh ed . F o r
ex am p le wh en a rai lway tu n n el cro sses a p arcel an d
a ri gh t o f su p erfi ci es i s estab li sh ed o n th e p arcel, th e
3 D ri gh t-o b ject i s th e 3 D d escri p ti o n o f th e sp ace
wh ere th e ri gh t ap p li es. T h i s ex am p le i s i llu strated
i n fi gu re 9 . F o r th i s ex am p le n ew fi cti ve) p arcel
b o u n d ari es were created i n o rd er to avo i d th at p arts
o f p arcels th at d o n o t o verlap wi th th e tu n n el are
affected wi th a ri gh t o f su p erfi ci es. Wi th th e 3 D
ri gh t-o b jects i t i s p o ssi b le to see th at th e ri gh ts are
estab li sh ed fo r an u n d ergro u n d co n stru cti o n , also
th e d ep th an d h ei gh t o f th e co n stru cti o n i s vi si b le,
wh i ch i s n o t vi si b le o n co n ven ti o n al cad astral m ap s.
T h e U M L class d i agram o f 3 D ri gh t-o b jects i s sh o wn
i n fi gu re 8 . F o r every ri gh t th at i s estab li sh ed o n a
p arcel an d th at co n cern s a co m p lex si tu ati o n o n e
p arcel i s u sed b y m o re th an o n e p erso n ) a 3 D ri gh t-
o b ject i s m ai n tai n ed . T h i s co n tai n s th e 3 D
rep resen tati o n o f th e ri gh t, wh i ch i s also m ai n tai n ed
i n th e D B M S.
O n e 3D ri gh t-object can be associ ated wi th m ore
th an on e ri gh t, e.g. i f a tu n n el i s h eld by two su bjects.
O n e 3D ri gh t-object can h ave a referen ce to m ore th an
on e p h ysi cal object. F or exam p le wh en two tu n n els
h eld by on e su bject cross a p arcel an d on ly on e ri gh t
i s establi sh ed for th e two tu n n els. All 3D ri gh t-objects
belon gi n g to on e p h ysi cal object can be fou n d si n ce
th ey refer to th e sam e 3D p h ysi cal object. T h e factu al
own ersh i p of a volu m e of sp ace can be fou n d by
traci n g th e su bject s th at h as/h ave th e ri gh t th at i s
associ ated wi th th e 3D ri gh t-object. T h e d ata m od el
n eed s som e ad ju stm en t com p ared to th e cu rren t
cad astral m od el, bu t th e p ri n ci p le of th e 2D p arcels as
basi c objects rem ai n s th e sam e. T h e regi strati on of a
3D ri gh t-object wi ll n ot tak e p lace i f on ly on e su bject
h as th e com p lete ri gh t on a p arcel. F or th e tu n n el th e
regi strati on of 3D ri gh t-objects wi ll n ot tak e p lace,
wh en th e M i n i stry of Tran sp ort an d P u bli c Work s
own s th e i n tersecti n g p arcel. T h i s lead s to gap s i n th e
3D regi strati on . T h i s i s clearly i llu strated i n F i gu res
9b an d 9c. F i gu re 9b sh ows th e si tu ati on wh en n ew
p arcels are created an d som e of th ese p arcels are i n fu ll
own ersh i p wi th th e M i n i stry. F or th ose p arcels a 3D
ri gh t-object wi ll n ot be created th e M i n i stry own s th e
wh ole p arcel colu m n ) . T h e si tu ati on i s even less clear
i n fi gu re 9c. T h i s wi ll be th e case wh en both n ew
p arcels an d th e ori gi n al u n d i vi d ed p arcels are i n fu ll
own ersh i p .
Figure 9: 3D right-objects representing the 3D extent
of rights established on 2D parcels for a railway tunnel
owned by the Ministry. Figure a (top left): all the parcels
are encumbered by right of superficies, new parcels are
created for all intersecting parcels. Figure b (top right): as
figure a, but now three newly created parcels are in full
ownership of the Ministry. Figure c (bottom: three newly
created parcels are- in full ownership, two parcels that are
not subdivided are in full ownership. All the other (new)
parcels are encumbered with a right of superficies.
(See http://www.eulis.org/pdf/4_annex5.pdf)
Legal space of object is registered
H ow to k n ow th e actu al locati on of th e tu n n el
an d to avoi d th e gap s i n th e regi strati on ? T h e on ly
so lu ti o n i s th e regi strati o n o f th e co m p lete
241
A MODULAR STANDARD FOR THE CADASTRAL DOMAIN
Figure 8: UML class diagramof 3D right-objects.
con stru cti on i tself, as i s sh own for th e rai lway ti m n ei
i n F i gu re 1 0. T h i s wou ld be th e m ost op ti m al solu ti on
to regi ster 3D si tu ati on s an d i s th e secon d altern ati ve
p rop osed : regi steri n g th e 3D p h ysi cal object i tself
togeth er wi th a sp ati al d escri p ti on of th e legal sp ace of
th e object. T h e legal sp ace i s th e sp ace th at i s relevan t
for th e cad astre bou n d i n g en velop e of th e object) ,
wh i ch i s u su ally larger th an th e p h ysi cal exten t of th e
object i tself for exam p le i n clu d i n g a safety zon e) .
N o te th at th i s so lu ti o n d o es n o t i n tro d u ce th e
p ossi bi li ty to regi ster 3D p h ysi cal objects as real-estate
objects. T h e cad astral regi strati on of th e legal statu s of
real estate i s sti ll based on 2D p arcels.
Figure 10: .Registration of the legal space of the
railway tunnel. The dashed line is the project ion of the
tunnel on the surface. Note that the parcels are not
divided into smaller parcels.
(See http://www.eulis.org/pdf/4_annex5.pdf)
T h e U M L class d i agram of th i s regi strati on i s
sh own i n fi gu re 1 1 . Ap art from p arcels cad astral
objects , 3D p h ysi cal objects are also regi stered . T h e
h old er of th e 3D p h ysi cal object i s a su bject wi th a
ri gh t on th e i n tersecti n g p arcels establi sh ed for th e 3D
p h ysi cal object factu al own ersh i p , wh i ch i s n ot th e
sam e as th e ju ri d i cal own ersh i p ) . T h i s can be ri gh t of
su p erfi ci es, bu t also com p lete own ersh i p . I n gen eral
th e h old er of a 3D p h ysi cal object i s th e p erson or
organ i zati on wh o i s resp on si ble for th e 3D p h ysi cal
object, an d u ses th e object as i f h e were th e own er.
R i gh ts an d li m i ted ri gh ts are sti ll regi stered on p arcels.
T h e on ly ri gh t th at a p erson can get on a 3D p h ysi cal
object i s th at h e can becom e th e h old er of th i s object.
T h erefore, a 3D p h ysi cal object i s n ot a su bset of
cad astral objects: 3D p h ysi cal objects are m ai n tai n ed
i n ad d i ti on to 2D p arcels.
T h e ju ri d i cal relati on sh i p between th e legal sp ace
of th e 3D object an d th e i n tersecti n g p arcel s i s
stored i m p li ci tly, becau se th e h old er of a 3D p h ysi cal
object i s m ai n tai n ed . T h i s i s th e sam e n on -n atu ral)
p erson wh o h as a ri gh t on th e i n tersecti n g p arcels.
T h e solu ti on of regi steri n g th e legal sp ace of 3D
o b jects co m p en sates m an y li m i tati o n s o f cu rren t
cad astral regi strati on . T h e i n tersecti n g p arcels sti ll
n eed a ri gh t referri n g to a 3D con stru cti on , bu t th e
p arcels n eed n ot to be d i vi d ed i n to sm aller p arcels.
T h e sp ati al relati on sh i p s between p arcels an d th e
legal sp ace o f th e) 3 D p h ysi cal o b ject can b e
m ai n tai n ed wi th sp ati al fu n cti on s i n th e D B M S.
Dynamic Aspects of the model
T h e d yn am i c n atu re o f lan d ten u re i s a m ajo r
ch allen ge fo r cad astral m o d elli n g. I n secti o n 2 . 5 we
d i scu ssed so m e stru ctu ral asp ects o f th e d yn am i c
cad astral system s, m ai n ly at an o vervi ew level i n th e
m o d el. I n th i s secti o n so m e m o re d etai ls an d
co n si d erati o n s are p resen ted . I n th e fi rst p lace th ere
i s vari ety o f fo rm s o f ten u re To u lm i n & Q u an ,
2 0 0 0 ) , Z o o m ers & Van D er H aar, 2 0 0 0 ) an d i t i s
p o ssi b le to swi tch b etween th ese fo rm s, an d
u p grad e o f th e ri gh t. R egard i n g p ri vate ten u re th ere
242
CHRISTIAAN LEMMEN, PAUL VAN DER MOLEN, PETER VAN OOSTEROM, HENDRIK PLOEGER, WILKO QUAK, JANTIEN STOTER, JAAP ZEVENBERGEN
Figure 11: UML class diagramof 3D physical objects.
are fo r ex am p le ri gh ts to lan d wi th an u n li m i ted
d u rati o n li k e freeh o ld , o wn ersh i p , m u lk ) , ri gh ts
wi th li m i ted d u rati o n li k e leaseh o ld an d M i ri ) ,
co n d o m i n i u m an d strata ti tle, ren ts, d eri ved ri gh ts
li k e u su fru ct, su p erfi ci es, easem en ts, m o rtgages,
an d fo rm s o f ad verse p o ssessi o n . R egard i n g p u b li c
fo rm s o f lan d ten u re we o b serve cro wn lan d s, state
lan d s, p arastatal lan d s, an d vari o u s fo rm s o f p u b li c
i n terest i n lan d li k e en cu m b ran ces p ertai n i n g to
lan d u se regu lati o n s, p re-em p ti ve ri gh ts,
ex p ro p ri ati o n ) . A lso lan d ri gh ts wi th i n th e
cu sto m ary law an d trad i ti o n are m o re an d m o re
co n si d ered as b ei n g legal m o reo ver i t th ey are
reco gn i sed ex p li ci tly b y statu to ry law. Wi th o u t su ch
a reco gn i ti o n h o wever o n e co u ld assu m e th ey
wi th i n th e ju ri sd i cti o n o f th e cu sto m ary trad i ti o n
th ey are as vali d as wri tten law. Vari o u s fo rm s are
tri b al lan d s, co llecti ve lan d s, i n d i vi d u al u se ri gh ts,
seco n d ary ri gh ts ri gh t to co llect fi rewo o d , grazi n g
after h arvest, water ri gh ts, b erry p i ck i n g etc. ) , an d
p asto ral ri gh ts grazi n g li n es, co rri d o rs, reserved
grazi n g areas) . T h e d yn am i c n atu re o f lan d ten u re
d o es n o t p ertai n to th e n o rm al lan d m ark et an d lan d
d evelo p m en t lan d refo rm ) o n ly, i t reflects also th e
en vo lvi n g ri gh ts to lan d i n co u n tri es wh ere
ad ju d i cati o n an d cad astral b o u n d ary su rvey th at
resu lts i n th e i ssu i n g o f fu ll fletch ed ti tles to lan d
freeh o ld ) i s co n si d ered as b ei n g m u ch to o
ex p en si ve an d to o d em an d i n g. N ew ri gh t to p lan d
are en vo lvi n g, su ch as n ati ve ti tle A u strali a, U SA ,
C an ad a) , M ao ri ti tle N ew Z ealan d ) , certi fi cates o f
cu sto m ary o wn ersh i p an d o ccu p ati o n certi fi cates
e. g. U gan d a) , co -ti tli n g e. g. M o zam b i q u e) , starter
an d lan d h o ld ti tle e. g. N am i b i a) , cad astral
certi fi cates A lb an i a) , vi llage ti tles e. g. T an zan i a) ,
to n am e a few. A lso q u i te a few co u n tri es are
attem p ti n g to i n tegrate th ei r cu sto m ary ten u re i n
th e statu to ry en vi ro n m en t, su ch as th e n ew lan d
laws i n U gan d a 1 9 9 8 ) an d M o zam b i q u e 1 9 9 8 ) ,
N am i b i a p en d i n g) , So u th A fri ca C o m m u n al
P ro p erty B i ll p en d i n g) , B o li vi a I N R A -law 1 9 9 6 ) ,
G h an a C o n sti tu ti o n 1 9 9 2 ) .
Si m i lar i n n o vati ve co n cep ts F o u ri e et al,
2 0 0 2 ) are o b served fo r th e geo m etri c co m p o n en t
o f l an d ad m i n i strati o n , wh ere a wel l k n o wn
g u i d i n g p ri n ci p l e fo r th e cad astre sp eci al ty ,
req u i res an go o d i d en ti fi cati o n o f th e lan d p arcel
th at i s su b ject to th e ex ecu ti o n ri gh ts, n o rm ally b y
th e su rvey o f i ts b o u n d ari es. A p art fro m th e
d yn am i cs o f th e lan d p arcel as th e resu lt o f th e
lan d m ark et an d lan d d evelo p m en t su b d i vi si o n ,
co n so li d ati o n , red i stri b u ti o n , resti tu ti o n etc. ) n ew
fo rm s o f i d en ti fi cati o n are m en ti o n ed su ch as
m i d p o i n t co -o rd i n ates o n ly, to p o grap h i c vi su ali sa-
ti o n si m i lar to th e ap p li cati o n o f th e gen eral
b o u n d ary ru le i n e. g. i n E n glan d an d Wales) an d
ali k e Jack so n , 2 0 0 2 ) . A ll th ese ex am p les m i gh t
p ro vi d e so m e evi d en ce th at th e creati o n o f co re
cad astral d o m ai n m o d els m i gh t b e o f a co m p lex
n atu re, an d i s a ch allen ge. H o wever th e d ri ver fo r
th e d evelo p m en t o f a co re cad astral d o m ai n i s th e
b asi c co n cep t o f a relati o n sh i p b etween p eo p le
an d lan d , wh atever ri gh t h o ld ers, wh atever ri gh ts,
an d wh atever lan d o b ject. T h e h ere p resen ted
d y n am i c asp ects co u ld b e rep resen ted i n th e
p ro p o sed m o d el, fu rth er research i s req u i red to
veri fy th i s.
CONCLUSION
A core cad astral d ata m od el sh ou ld serve at least
two p u rp oses:
E n able effecti ve an d effi ci en t i m p lem en tati on
of flexi ble an d gen eri c) cad astral i n form ati on
system s based on a m od el d ri ven arch i tectu re
as argu ed i n th i s p ap er , an d
P ro vi d e th e co m m o n gro u n d fo r d ata
exch an ge between d i fferen t system s i n th e
cad astral d om ai n .
T h e later on e i s a very i m p ortan t m oti vator to
d evelop a core cad astral d ata m od el, wh i ch cou ld be
u sed i n an i n tern ati on al con text; e.g. th e E U L I S
p roject. T h e O p en G I S C on sorti u m P rop erty an d L an d
I n form ati on I n i ti ati ve , as an n ou n ced i n M arch 2003,
u n d erli n es th e relevan ce of stan d ard i zati on . We wou ld
agai n li k e to em p h asi ze th at th e cu rren t th i rd )
versi on of th e C ore C ad astral D om ai n M od el i s ju st a
p rop osal; i t i s i n com p lete an d m ay even con tai n
errors. We wou ld li k e to en cou rage everybod y to
p arti ci p ate i n th e fu rth er d evelop m en t of th i s m od el i n
ord er to m ak e th i s stan d ard i zati on effort really work .
World wi d e m an y efforts can be recogn i zed related to
stan d ard i zati on i n th e cad astral d om ai n . I t i s agai n
p ro p o sed h ere to jo i n fo rces b etween F I G an d
O p en G I S I SO T C 21 1 ) an d to establi sh an O G C SI G
for th e C ad astral D om ai n . T h e acti vi ti es of th i s SI G
cou ld be organ i zed i n close co-op erati on wi th th e FIG.
T h e i n tro d u cti o n o f a de facto stan d ard o n th e
cad astral d om ai n , wh i ch i s O p en G I S com p li an t, i s a
su b stan ti al effo rt. I n an y case th ere sh o u ld b e
su ffi ci en t su p p ort world wi d e.
Acknowledgements
T h e au th o rs wo u ld li k e to th an k all p erso n
i n volved i n th e d i scu ssi on related to th e creati on of a
core cad astral d ata m od el i n alp h abeti cal ord er :
M arti n A m esk am p , Jaap B esem er, G reg B u eb ler,
R olfd e B y, Jon ath an D oi g, Ji i rgen E bbi n gh au s, An d rew
F ran k , lan G reen way, Wi n fri ed H awerk , A n d rew
Jon es, Ju rg K au fm an n , C h ri sti an K au l, Wem er K u h n ,
R on L ak e, H an s M attson , G erh ard M u ggen h u ber,
M ark u s M u ller, Au gu sti n e M u lolwa, C arl R eed , G u u s
Sch rei ber, E ri k Stu bk jaer, Arbtn d Tu lad h ar, an d P eter
Wood sford .
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245
A MODULAR STANDARD FOR THE CADASTRAL DOMAIN
Necessary conditions for sending articles to CT/CATASTRO
C T /C atastro i s a m agazi n e fro m th e Sp an i sh D i recto rate G en eral fo r th e C ad astre,
wi th a fou r-m on th ly p eri od i ci ty an d i t i s sp eci ali zed i n cad astral m an agem en t an real
state tax establi sh i n g a fu n d of d i scu ssi on an d an alysi s of all p roblem s d eri ved from
t h e m e n t i o n e d m a n a g e m e n t , i t a l so d e a l s w i t h t h e i n t e re st s o f t h e l o c a l
ad m i n i strati on world wh i ch are d i rectly related to th e C ad astre.
T h e m agazi n e i s op en to an y p erson wh o wi sh es to collaborate. T h e arti cles th at are
sen t to be p u bli sh ed :
Sh ou ld be sen t i n a m agn eti c su p p ort, wri tten at a d ou ble sp ace an d th ey sh ou ld
be n ot m ore th an 25-30 p ages lon g. I t also sh ou ld h ave ti tle, au th ors n am e an d
organ i zati on s n am e to wh om belon gs.
I f a p art of th e text i s wan ted to be wri tten i n i tali cs, i t sh ou ld be u n d erli n ed i n th e
ori gi n al. N otes m u st be correlati vely n u m erated i n th e text u si n g brack ets an d wi ll
be located i n th e p age of th e text to wh i ch i t corresp on d s. B i bli ograp h y sh all be at
th e en d o f th e arti cle ad m u st b e alp h ab eti cally p resen ted u n d er th e ti tle
B I B L I O G R A P H Y, h av i n g th e fo l l o wi n g fo rm at: S U R N A M E ; n am e s i n i ti al ;
p u bli cati on d ate i n brack ets; arti cle s ti tle or book s ti tle; m agazi n e s ti tle p reced ed
b y th e wo rd I n o r E d i to ri al; P lace o n p u b li cati o n o n ly fo r b o o k s ; n u m b er o f
p ages, followed by th e abbrevi ati on p gs.
T h e grap h i c p art wi ll be p ri n ted i n wh i te an d black d i agram s, grap h i cs, m ap s,
etc. sh ou ld be sen t all togeth er wi th th e ori gi n al text, p oi n ti n g th e exact locati on
i n si d e i t.
Arti cles sh ou ld be sen t to th e tech n i cal coord i n ati on of th e m agazi n e:
C oord i n aci n T cn i ca d e C T /C atastro
D i recci n G en eral d el C atastro
M i n i steri o d e E con om a y H aci en d a
P aseo d e la C astellan a, 272
28046 M AD R I D
Telf. 91 ) 583 67 02 F ax 91 ) 583 67 52
E -m ai l: ad ju n to.d i rector@ catastro.m i n h ac.es