Gas Dynamics-Shock Waves

Shock Wave
Review:
Ø It has been observed for many years that a compressible
fluid under certain conditions can experience an abrupt
change of state.
ØFamiliar examples are the phenomena associated with

detonation waves, explosions, and the wave system formed
at the nose of a projectile moving with a supersonic speed.
ØIn all of those cases the wave front is very steep and there
is a large pressure rise in traversing the wave, which is
termed a shock wave.
Here we will study the conditions under which shock

waves develop and how they affect the flow.
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Normal Shock
Introduction:
Ø By definition, a normal shock wave is a shock wave that is

perpendicular to the flow.
Ø Because of the large pressure gradient in the shock wave,
the gas experiences a large increase in its density and
decrease in its velocity.
Ø The flow is supersonic ahead of the normal shock wave
and subsonic after the shock wave.
Ø Since the shock wave is a more or less instantaneous
compression of the gas, it cannot be a reversible process.
Ø Because of the irreversibility of the shock process, the
kinetic energy of the gas leaving the shock wave is smaller
than that for an isentropic flow compression between the
same pressure limits.
Cont..
Ø The reduction in the kinetic energy because of the shock
wave appears as a heating of the gas to a static
temperature above that corresponding to the isentropic
compression value.
Ø Consequently, in flowing through the shock wave, the gas

experiences a decrease in its available energy and,
accordingly, an increase in its entropy.
Ø A shock wave is a very thin region, its thickness is in the

order of 10−8 m.
Ø The flow is adiabatic across the shock waves.

Development of a Shock wave
q Pressure pulses
transmitted through the
gas to the rightward
Piston A = Constant movement of the piston.
q The waves travel
towards the right with
the acoustic speed.
qThe portion of the gas
which has been
traversed by the
pressure waves is set in
Pressure
motion.
qThe pressure waves
in the upstream region
travel at higher
velocities.
qThus the upstream
waves are continuously
Distance along the duct overtaking those in the
downstream region.

Simplifications & Assumptions
The following simplifications to be made without introducing error in the
analysis:
1. The area on both sides of the shock may be considered to be the same.
2. There is negligible surface in contact with the wall, and thus frictional
effects may be omitted.
Assumptions
1. One-dimensional flow
2. Steady flow
3. No area change
4. Viscous effects and wall friction do not have time to influence flow
5. Heat conduction and wall heat transfer do not have time to influence flow
6. No shaft work
7. Neglect potential
Shock Types
1. Normal Shock (One-dimensional phenomena)

2. Oblique Shock (Two-dimensional phenomena)

Normal Shock – Fundamental Equations

Normal Shock on Fanno & Rayleigh curves

Normal Shock on Fanno & Rayleigh curves

Flow over a slab- Comparison
q In subsonic flow, sound waves
Subsonic flow
can work their way upstream and
forewarn the flow about the presence
of the body.
Therefore, the flow streamlines
Slab begin to change and the flow
properties begin to compensate for the
body far upstream.
q In contrast, if the flow is

Supersonic flow supersonic, sound waves can no
longer propagate upstream. Instead,
they tend to coalesce a short distance
ahead of the body (shock wave)
Slab Ahead of the shock, the flow has
no idea of the presence of the body.
Immediately behind the shock, the
Shock wave streamlines quickly compensate for the
obstruction.
Prandtl-Meyer Relation
We know adiabatic energy equation
Applying the above eqn. to the flow before and after the shock wave we get
(1)
First part of this equation gives Similarly the other part is
(3)
(2)

From Momentum equation
From Continuity equation
Substitute continuity eqn. in momentum eqn.
Multiply with γ
but
Therefore
(4)
Introduction of eqn. (2) and (3) in (4) gives

2
*
(γ + 1)a + c yc x (γ − 1) = 2 γ c yc x
2
*
(γ + 1)a = 2 γ c yc x − γ c yc x + c yc x = (γ + 1)c yc x

2
c yc x *
= a Prandtl - Meyer relation
c yc x cycx
1= 2
= ×
a * a* a*
a* = a*x = a*y
Therfore
M *x × M *y = 1
This is another useful form of the Prandtl - Meyer relation

Downstream Mach number
Generally the upstream Mach number (M x) in a given problem is
known and it is desired to determine the Mach number (M y)
downstream of the shockwave.
For adiabatic flow of a perfect gas gives

* 2 2γ
a = RT 0 (1)
γ −1
2
From Prandtl - Meyer relation C xC y = a * (2)
From eqn. (1) & (2)
(3)
Substituting these
values in eqn. (3)
Cont..

Cont..

Static pressure ratio across the shock
From Momentum equation
We know that
(1)
Substitute M 2y in eqn (1).

Cont..
Py 1 + γ M 2
=
px 2γ
+ γ M 2x
γ − 1
1 +
2γ
M 2x − 1
γ − 1

Cont..
For a Shock
Py
Mx > 1; >1
Px
Py
Mx = 1; =1
Px
Py
Mx = ∞ ; =∞
Px

Temperature ratio across the shock
Upstream and downstream of the shock, we get
T0 x γ −1 2 T0 y γ −1 2
= 1+ Mx & = 1+ My
Tx 2 Ty 2
From the adiabatic energy eqn. for a perfect gas T0x =T0y = T0 , therfore
substitute M 2
y in the above eqn.
Cont..

Density ratio across the shock
Density ratio across the shock also called as ‘Rankine-Hugoniot equations’
Equation of state for a perfect gas gives
ρy p y Tx
= ; substituting for the pressure and temperature ratio
ρx px Ty
1 (γ + 1)2 2
ρ y  2γ Mx
2 γ −1 2 γ −1
= Mx − 
ρx  γ + 1 γ +1  γ − 1 2  2γ 2 
1 + M x  M x − 1 
 2  γ − 1 
γ + 1  2γ  γ +1 2
 M x2 − 1  M x2  M x
ρy 2  γ −1   2 
= =
ρx  γ − 1 2  2γ 2   γ −1 2 
1 + 
M x  M x − 1  1 + Mx 
 2  γ − 1   2 

Cont..
The equation of continuity for constant flow rate through the shock gives
γ −1 2
cy ρx 1+ Mx
= = 2
cx ρ y γ +1 2
Mx
2
Another expression for the density ratio across the shock can be derived in
terms of the pressure ratio alone. This is useful for comparing the density
ratios in isentropic process and a shock for given values of the pressure ratio.
We know that the pressure ratio across the shock

py 2γ 2 γ −1 2 γ + 1 py γ −1
= Mx − ⇒ Mx = +
px γ + 1 γ +1 2γ p x 2γ
 γ - 1 2  2γ 2 
1 + M x  M x − 1 
2 Ty Ty  2  γ − 1 
Substituti ng M x in ; =
Tx Tx 1 (γ + 1)2 2
2 (γ − 1)
Mx

Cont..
 γ − 1  γ + 1 p y γ − 1    2γ  γ + 1 p y γ − 1  
1 +  +    +  − 1
T y  2  2γ p x 2γ    γ − 1  2γ p x 2γ  
=   
Tx (γ + 1)2  γ + 1 p y + γ − 1 
2(γ − 1)  2γ p x 2γ 
After simplifying and rearranging the numerator and denominator
(γ + 1)3 p y  1 + γ − 1 p y  py 
1 + γ − 1 py 

Ty 4γ (γ − 1) p x  γ + 1 p x  p x  γ + 1 px 

= =
Tx (γ + 1)3  p y + γ − 1  py γ − 1
+
4γ (γ − 1)  p x γ + 1  px γ + 1

Cont..
py γ −1
+
p y Tx px γ + 1 ρy p y Tx
= ; We Know that =
 py  ρx
1 + γ − 1
px Ty px Ty

 γ + 1 p 
 x 
γ + 1 py
1+
ρy γ − 1 px
∴ =
ρx γ + 1 py
+
γ − 1 px
Or , in terms of pressure ratio Rankine-Hugoniot equations
γ + 1 ρy
−1
py γ − 1 ρx
=
px γ + 1 ρy
−
γ − 1 ρx

R-H and Isentropic relation- Comparison
γ
Py  ρy 
= 
Isentropic relation Px  ρ x 
q It may be observed that for

Rankine-Hugoniot a given density change the
relation pressure ratio across the
Py
shock is greater than its
Px corresponding isentropic
value.
γ +1
1 γ −1 q But at lower mach
numbers the difference is
0
1 ρy ρx negligible and the flow
through the shock wave can
be considered nearly
isentropic.

Stagnation pressure ratio across the shock
P0 y P0 y P y Px
= (1)
P0 x Py Px P0 x
γ −1 γ
Py 2γ 2 γ −1 P0 x  γ −1 2 
= Mx − ; =  1 + M x 
Px γ + 1 γ +1 Px  2  (2)
γ −1 γ
P0 y  γ −1 2 
=  1 + M y 
Py  2 
Substitute (2) in (1), on rearrangement gives
γ γ −1
 γ +1 2 
P0 y  Mx  −1 γ −1
  2γ γ − 1 
= 2
 ×  M 2x − 
P0 x  γ −1 2  γ +1 γ +1
1 + Mx
 2 

Change in entropy across the shock
Change of entropy across the shock is given by
Ty py  γ −1  py
Ty
∆s = s y − s x = c p ln − R ln = c p ln − c p   ln
Tx px Tx  γ  px
T y Tx Ty py
∆s = c p ln
( )
; substitute and
p y p x γ −1 γ Tx px
− γ −1 γ
 p0 y   γ − 1   p0 y   p0 y 
∆s = c p ln  = − c p   ln  = − R ln 
 
 γ  
p0 x p0 x   p0 x 
    
Substitute p 0y p 0x in the above eqn. Finally
∆s γ  γ −   2γ γ −1
= 
ln 
2
+
1  +
1
ln 2
Mx − 

R γ − 1  (γ + 1)M 2 γ + 1  γ − 1  γ + 1 γ +1
 x 


Gas Dynamics-Shock Waves

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Gas Dynamics-Shock Waves

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Shock Wave

ØFamiliar examples are the phenomena associated with

Here we will study the conditions under which shock

Ø By definition, a normal shock wave is a shock wave that is

Ø Consequently, in flowing through the shock wave, the gas

Ø A shock wave is a very thin region, its thickness is in the

Ø The flow is adiabatic across the shock waves.

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GDJP Anna University

1. Normal Shock (One-dimensional phenomena)

GDJP Anna University

GDJP Anna University

GDJP Anna University

GDJP Anna University

q In contrast, if the flow is

First part of this equation gives Similarly the other part is

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From Continuity equation

Substitute continuity eqn. in momentum eqn.

Introduction of eqn. (2) and (3) in (4) gives

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GDJP Anna University

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For adiabatic flow of a perfect gas gives

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GDJP Anna University

Substitute M 2y in eqn (1).

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Equation of state for a perfect gas gives

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We know that the pressure ratio across the shock

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After simplifying and rearranging the numerator and denominator

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q It may be observed that for

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Substitute p 0y p 0x in the above eqn. Finally

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