pol heine

ekonomikuri
azrovneba
tomi I

FreE University Press

Tavisufali universitetis gamomcemloba

pol heine
ekonomikuri azrovneba
tomi I
Paul Heyne
The Economic Way of Thinking
Part I

saredaqcio jgufi:
Teimuraz kuprava
zaza gelaSvili
badri gelitaSvili

gamocemis koordinatori:
ana milaSvili

Tavisufali universitetis gamomcemloba

yvela ufleba daculia
mesame qarTuli gamocema 2011
ISBN 978-9941-0-3822-8 (orive tomis)
ISBN 978-9941-0-3823-5 (pirveli tomis)
www.freeuni.edu.ge

sarCevi

Tavi 1
ekonomikuri azrovneba........................................................................................................ 7
wesrigis amocnoba.............................................................................................................................................7
sazogadoebrivi TanamSromlobis mniSvneloba........................................................................................8
rogor xdeba es?.................................................................................................................................................8
inteleqtualuri instrumenti.....................................................................................................................9
urTierTqmedeba erToblivi SeTanxmebis saSualebiT.........................................................................10
ekonomikuri Teoriis mikerZoebuloba....................................................................................................11
TamaSis wesebi....................................................................................................................................................12
daskvnebi Tu mikerZoeba?..............................................................................................................................13
araviTari Teoria niSnavs cud Teorias...................................................................................................14

Tavi 2
efeqtianoba, gacvla da SedarebiTi upiratesoba.................................................... 19
miTi materialuri simdidris Sesaxeb........................................................................................................19
vaWroba qmnis simdidres ...............................................................................................................................20
efeqtianoba da faseulobebi ......................................................................................................................20
rogor gacvales gasma da harim mZime samuSao ........................................................................................21
Ggacvlis arsi, warmoebis alternatiuli danaxarjebis Sedareba ...................................................22
ratom specializacia? ..................................................................................................................................23
individualuri vaWrobidan saerTaSoriso vaWrobamde da piriqiT ...............................................23
transaqciuli danaxarjebi ..........................................................................................................................23
sabazro aRmoCenebi ........................................................................................................................................24
dava faseulobaTa Sesaxeb ............................................................................................................................24

Tavi 3
Semcvlelebi Cvens garSemo: moTxovnis cneba........................................................... 29
danaxarjebi da Semcvlelebi........................................................................................................................30
moTxovnis koncefcia.....................................................................................................................................31
zRvruli mniSvnelobebi................................................................................................................................32
zRvrul mniSvnelobebze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebebi.................................................................33
gamovsaxoT grafikze......................................................................................................................................33
moTxovna da moTxovnis sidide....................................................................................................................34
aris gansxvaveba?..............................................................................................................................................35
fuladi da sxva xarjebi.................................................................................................................................37
inflaciasTan dakavSirebuli araswori warmodgenebi........................................................................38
Tavisufleba da mwarmoebluroba..............................................................................................................38
dro Cvenze muSaobs.........................................................................................................................................40
moTxovnis safaso elastiuroba.................................................................................................................40
fiqrebi elastiurobaze................................................................................................................................41

elastiuroba da erToblivi Semosavlebi................................................................................................44

miTi vertikaluri moTxovnis Sesaxeb........................................................................................................45

Tavi 4
alternatiuli Rirebuleba da saqonlis miwodeba................................................. 55
danaxarjebi Sefasebebia................................................................................................................................55
mewarmis danaxarjebi, rogorc alternativis Rirebuleba...............................................................56
alternatiuli Rirebulebis magaliTebi................................................................................................58
danaxarjebi da qmedeba..................................................................................................................................59
danaxarjebi daqiravebul jarze................................................................................................................60
`aunazRaurebeli danaxarjebis~ gamoricxva..........................................................................................62
zRvruli damatebiTi danaxarjebi.............................................................................................................63
zRvruli da saSualo danaxarjebi.............................................................................................................64
danaxarjebi, rogorc gamamarTlebeli garemoeba................................................................................65
danaxarjebi da miwodeba...............................................................................................................................66
miwodebis safaso elastiuroba..................................................................................................................67

Tavi 5
moTxovna da miwodeba: kooperaciis procesi............................................................ 77
sabazro sistemebi............................................................................................................................................77
transaqciuli danaxarjebi...........................................................................................................................78
sakuTrebis ufleba da institutebi..........................................................................................................79
fuladi fasebis maregulirebeli roli...................................................................................................79
ZiriTadi procesi............................................................................................................................................80
damatebiTi praqtika.......................................................................................................................................82
fasebis dafiqsirebis mcdeloba.................................................................................................................84
iSviaTobidan konkurenciisken....................................................................................................................84
konkurencia fiqsirebuli fasebis dros.................................................................................................86
mimwodeblis roli ganawilebaSi.................................................................................................................87
swori da araswori gzebi................................................................................................................................87
arsebobs Tu ara ukeTesi sistema................................................................................................................88
inflacia da binis qiris kontroli............................................................................................................89
iSviaToba da siWarbe.......................................................................................................................................90
momwodeblebi, romlebic gulgrilni arian fasis mimarT..................................................................90
Tqveni sakuTari aeroporti.........................................................................................................................91
fasebi, komitetebi da diqtatorebi..........................................................................................................92

Tavi 6
miwodeba da moTxovna: Teoriidan praqtikisaken..................................................... 99
gansazRvravs Tu ara fass xarjebi?...........................................................................................................99
sakvebis fasi da fermebis danaxarjebi...................................................................................................101
miwodebis raodenoba Tu miwodeba...........................................................................................................102

kidev erTxel fasebisa da danaxarjebis Sesaxeb..................................................................................103

danaxarjebi da sakuTreba...........................................................................................................................104
danaxarjebi da gadatvirTuloba.............................................................................................................105
isurve meti, sanam ufasoa............................................................................................................................107
samedicino momsaxurebis mzardi danaxarjebi.....................................................................................108
danaxarjebi da dazRveva.............................................................................................................................110
samedicino momsaxurebis danaxarjebi....................................................................................................110
elastiuroba da fasebis cvlileba..........................................................................................................111
vin ixdis gadasaxadebs?................................................................................................................................112

Tavi 7
informacia, Suamavlebi da spekulantebi................................................................ 123
uZravi qonebis gayidvis agentebi, rogorc informaciis mwarmoeblebi ......................................123
Ziebaze gaweuli danaxarjebis Semcireba...............................................................................................124
bazrebi qmnian informacias........................................................................................................................125
spekulaciis saxeebi......................................................................................................................................126
spekulaciis Sedegebi ..................................................................................................................................126
winaswarmetyvelebi da danakargebi.........................................................................................................127
Sida informaciiT movaWreTa sakiTxi.....................................................................................................128
pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi...........................................................................................................................130
Eeqimebi da araswori mkurnalobis sakiTxi.............................................................................................131
damateba: sabirJo saqonliT spekulantebi da fiuCersebis bazrebi..........................................132

Tavi 8
fasebis dadgena da monopoliebis sakiTxi............................................................... 143
vis SeiZleba vuwodoT monopolisti?.....................................................................................................143
alternativebi, elastiuroba da sabazro Zalaufleba ....................................................................144
privilegiebi da SezRudvebi......................................................................................................................145
fasis mimRebi da fasis maZiebeli..............................................................................................................146
fasis mimRebTa bazrebi da resursebis optimaluri ganTavseba.....................................................148

Tavi 9
fasis ZiebaSi ........................................................................................................................ 157
Ffasdadebis gavrcelebuli Teoria .........................................................................................................157
gaicaniT _ ed saiki.......................................................................................................................................158
Mmogebis maqsimizaciis ZiriTadi wesi.......................................................................................................159
zRvruli Semosavali....................................................................................................................................160
ratomaa zRvruli Semosavali fasze naklebi?.....................................................................................160
zRvruli danaxarjis toli zRvruli Semosavlis dadgena..............................................................162
fasismieri diskriminaciis dilema...........................................................................................................163
koleji _ fasebis damdgeni.......................................................................................................................163
fasismieri diskriminaciis zogierTi strategia................................................................................165

ed saiki gamosavals poulobs.....................................................................................................................167

aRSfoTeba da logikuri dasabuTeba.......................................................................................................168
sadilisa da vaxSmis fasi..............................................................................................................................169
davubrundeT Teorias _ `danaxarjebs plus danamati~....................................................................169

Tavi 10
konkurencia da mTavrobis ekonomikuri politika.............................................. 181
konkurentuli zewola.................................................................................................................................181
saxelmwifo politikis ambivalenturoba..............................................................................................184
gayidva danaxarjebze nakleb fasad ........................................................................................................185
ras niSnavs `saTanado danaxarjebi~?.......................................................................................................185
`mtaceblebi~ da konkurencia....................................................................................................................186
fasebis regulireba......................................................................................................................................187
`antimonopolisturi~ politika..............................................................................................................188
Sermanis aqtis interpretacia da gamoyeneba........................................................................................189
vertikaluri SezRudvebi _ konkurentuli Tu antikonkurentuli?..........................................190
azrTa sxvadasxvaoba.....................................................................................................................................191
Sejameba.............................................................................................................................................................192

Tavi 11
mogeba...................................................................................................................................... 203
ra unda Sediodes danaxarjebSi?..............................................................................................................203
ratom ixdian sargebels?............................................................................................................................204
droiTi upiratesobebi................................................................................................................................205
sargeblis ganakveTTan dakavSirebuli riski.......................................................................................206
sargeblis realuri da nominaluri ganakveTebi..................................................................................207
ganuzRvreloba _ mogebis aucilebeli piroba...................................................................................208
mogebisadmi swrafva.....................................................................................................................................208
mewarme...............................................................................................................................................................209
sad mTavrdeba winaaRmdegoba?..................................................................................................................210
aramomgebiani institutebi........................................................................................................................211
socializmidan kapitalizmSi gardamavali periodi..........................................................................212
amas yvela akeTebs..........................................................................................................................................213
konkurenciis SezRudva...............................................................................................................................214
konkurencia sxva frontebze.....................................................................................................................214
rodesac ganuzRvreloba qreba, konkurentuli vaWrobis Sedegad
miRebuli mogeba warmoebis danaxarjebad gadaiqceva ......................................................................215
konkurencia ZiriTad resursebze............................................................................................................215
konkurencia da sakuTrebis ufleba........................................................................................................216
damateba: diskontireba da mimdinare Rirebulebebi.........................................................................216
sadamde izrdeba dRevandeli Tanxa?.......................................................................................................217
momavali Tanxebis dRevandeli Rirebuleba.........................................................................................217
wliuri Semosavlebis dRevandeli Rirebuleba...................................................................................217

ekonomikuri
azrovneba

arg meqanikoss advilad SeuZlia Tqveni avtomobilis gaumarTaobis aRmoCena, radgan icis,
rogor muSaobs igi gamarTul reJimSi. mraval adamians, vinc ar icis, rogor muSaobs norma
lurad funqcionirebadi ekonomika, ekonomikuri problemebis gageba eZneleba. isini im meqani
kosebs mogvagoneben, romelTa praqtika mxolod uwesrigo Zravebis SeswavliT Semoifargleba.
xSirad imis gagebac ki gviWirs, rasac SeCveulebi varT. swored am mizeziT, yuradRebas iSvia
Tad vaqcevT sazogadoebaSi arsebul wesrigs da ar ZalgviZs koordinaciis im meqanizmebis gage
ba, romlebzedac yoveldRiurad varT damokidebulni. amitom, urigo ar iqneboda ekonomikuri
Teoriis Seswavla im moqnilobis gaazrebiT dagvewyo, romliTac yoveldRiur monawileobas vi
RebT sazogadoebriv TanamSromlobaSi. amis SesaniSnav magaliTs warmoadgens sagzao moZraoba
pikis saaTebSi.

wesrigis amocnoba
ukanasknelma debulebam SeiZleba dagabnioT `rogor? nuTu pikis saaTebSi sagzao moZrao
ba sazogadoebrivi TanamSromlobis magaliTia? gana is junglebis kanonis anu TanamSromlo
bis uaryofis magaliTs ar warmoadgens?~ sruliadac ara. Tu sityvaTa SeTanxmeba: `sagzao
moZraoba pikis saaTebSi~ TqvenTvis `sagzao sacobTan~ asocirdeba, amiT kidev erTxel xdeba
zemoT gamoTqmuli Tezisis damtkiceba: `Cven mxolod uwesrigobebs vamCnevT, xolo saqmeTa
normalur mdgomareobas imdenad veCveviT, rom is TavisTavad arsebulad migvaCnia~. arada pi
kis saaTebSi transportis mTavar Tvisebas warmoadgens ara sagzao sacobebi, aramed moZrao
ba. Tuki adamianebi yoveldRiurad endobian transports, albaT mxolod imitom, rom TiTqmis
yovelTvis aRweven daniSnulebis adgils. ra Tqma unda, satransporto sistema unaklod ar
moqmedebs, magram sad ar xdeba es? sakvirveli faqti isaa, rom sistema saerTod muSaobs.
aTasobiT adamiani yoveldRiurad dilis rva saaTisaTvis gamodis saxlidan, miujdeba
saWes da midis samsaxurSi. isini marSrutebs winaswari SeTanxmebis gareSe irCeven, manqanis
marTvis xelovnebac sxvadasxvanairi aqvT, aseve erTnairi rodia maTi damokidebuleba
riskisadmi da Sexeduleba Tavazianobis wesebze. roca sxvadasxva formisa da zomis msubuqi
avtomobilebis es simravle Seerwymeba qalaqis magistralebs, maT uerTdeba avtobusebis, mo
tociklebis, taqsebis mravalferovani nakadi. yvela mZRoli sxvadasxva mizans eswrafvis,
fiqrobs mxolod sakuTar interesebze, magram ara egoizmis gamo, aramed mxolod imitom, rom
araferi icis sxvebis miznebis Sesaxeb. sxvis Sesaxeb TiToeulma maTganma mxolod is icis, ra
sac xedavs: satransporto saSualebaTa mcire da ganuwyvetliv cvalebadi jgufis mdebareo
ba, mimarTuleba da siswrafe. am informacias emateba mxolod is mniSvnelovani varaudi, rom
sxva mZRolebs iseve gulwrfelad ar surT avaria, rogorc TviTon maT. garda amisa, arsebobs
erTiani wesebi, romelTac yvela mZRoli emorCileba: gaCereba SuqniSnis wiTel sinaTleze da
siCqaris SezRudva. es aris da es. yovelive es Zalian hgavs qaosis Seqmnis instruqcias, rasac
sabolood jarTis mTebTan unda miveyvaneT.
7

amis sanacvlod ki warmoiqmneba kargad koordinirebuli nakadi, imdenad mdore, rom masze
maRlobidan dakvirvebisas SesaZlebelia esTetikuri siamovnebis miReba. marTlac, pikis saa
TebSi saqalaqo transportis moZraoba gvaZlevs saocrad warmatebuli sazogadoebrivi
TanamSromlobis magaliTs.

sazogadoebrivi TanamSromlobis mniSvneloba

sagzao moZraobis magaliTi imis karg demonstracias warmoadgens, Tu raoden xSirad vamCnevT
sazogadoebriv TanamSromlobas. TiToeuli Cvengani icnobs sagzao moZraobas, magram TiTqmis
aravin aRiqvams mas, rogorc garkveul erTobliv moqmedebas. igive magaliTi sxva mxrivac sain
teresoa. is gviCvenebs, rom Cveni damokidebuleba koordinaciis meqanizmebze gacilebiT Zlieria,
vidre Cveulebriv igulisxmeba. rom ar arsebuliyo efeqtiani procedurebi, romlebic adamia
nebs TanamSromlobisken ubiZgebs, Cven ver SevZlebdiT civilizaciis nayofiT tkbobas. tomas
hobsi `leviaTanSi~ aRniSnavda (1588-1679):
`aseT mdgomareobaSi ar rCeba adgili SromismoyvareobisaTvis, vinaidan aravisTvis ar aris
uzrunvelyofili misi Sromis nayofi; amitom ar aris miwaTmoqmedeba, ar aris sazRvao vaWroba,
ar aris zRvaosnoba, ar aris moxerxebuli nagebobebi, ar arsebobs nivTebis gadaadgilebisa da
moZraobis saSualebebi, rac did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs, ar arsebobs codna miwis zedapiris Sesa
xeb, ar aris drois gazomva, ar aris xeloba, ar aris literatura, ar aris sazogadoeba, da rac
yvelaze uaresia, esaa iZulebiTi sikvdilis mudmivi SiSi, xolo adamianis sicocxle xanmokle,
uimedo, Raribi da ganmartoebulia1~.
hobss miaCnda, rom adamianebi imdenad arian garTuli TavdacviTa da sakuTari moTxovnebis da
kmayofilebiT, rom mxolod Zalas (an misi gamoyenebis SiSs) SeuZlia aiZulos isini, Tavi Seikavon
erTmaneTze mudmivi Tavdasxmebisagan; amitom T
Y avis qmnilebebSi is aqcents sazogadoebrivi Tanam
Sromlobis erT-erT iseT yvelaze fundamentur formaze akeTebs, rogoricaa Zaladobisagan da
Zarcvisagan TavSekaveba. rogorc Cans, mas miaCnda, rom, Tu SesaZlebeli iqneboda adamianebs Tavi
SeekavebinaT agresiisa da sxvisi qonebis warTmevisgan, maSin pozitiuri TanamSromloba, romlis
drosac SesaZlebelia warmoebis, soflis meurneobis, mecnierebis da xelovnebis ganviTareba, Ta
visTavad ganviTardeboda. magram gana es marTlac ase iqneba? da an ratom unda iyos ase?

rogor xdeba es?

rogor aiZuleben erTmaneTs sazogadoebis wevrebi, Seasrulon urTierTdakavSirebuli qmede
bebis swored iseTi erToblioba, romlis Sedegadac xdeba moxmarebisTvis aucilebeli material
uri da aramaterialuri faseulobebis Seqmna? saWiro pozitiuri qmedebebis maiZulebeli meqaniz
mi, wmindanebis sazogadoebaSic ki, aucileblad unda arsebobdes, Tuki maT ar surT icxovron
`Raribulad, ganmartoebiT, xanmokled da araadamianurad~. wmindanebsac sWirdebaT winaswar
gansazRvron, sad, rogor da rodis daexmaron adamianebs, raTa es daxmareba efeqtiani iyos.
rogorc Cans, hobsi kargad ver xedavda am problemis gadawyvetis mniSvnelobas saxelmwifoSi
cxovrebis sworad mosawyobad. misTvis cnobili sazogadoeba bevrad martiv tradiciebsa da wesCveulebebs efuZneboda da ar ganicdida iseTive swraf da damangrevel cvlilebebs, romelTa
garemoSic Cven gavizardeT. mxolod meTvramete saukunis bolosTvis daiwyes moazrovneebma sul
ufro xSirad im kiTxvis dasma, Tu ratom funqcionirebs sazogadoeba normalurad? rogor axerxe
ben individebi, romlebsac amoZravebT sakuTari interesebi da gaaCniaT mcire informacia, Seqmnan
ara qaosi, aramed saocrad organizebuli sazogadoeba.
meTvramete saukuneSi aseTi moazrovne iyo adam smiti (1723-1790), romelic erT-erTi yvelaze
SorsmWvreteli aRmoCnda. smiti im epoqaSi cxovrobda, rodesac didad ganswavlul adamianebsac
ki miaCndaT, rom siRaribesa da uwesrigobaSi dabrunebisgan sazogadoebas mxolod saxelmwifo
moRvaweTa dauZinebeli yuradReba icavs. smiti ar daeTanxma am mosazrebas. imisaTvis, rom uareyo
sazogadod gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba, mas mouxda sazogadoebrivi koordinaciis iseTi meqaniz
mis aRmoCena da aRwera, romelic, misi azriT, mTavrobisgan damoukideblad moqmedebda. amasTan, es
meqanizmi imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom mis winaaRmdeg moqmedi samTavrobo RonisZiebebi xSirad amao
1

Hobbes, Leviathan, or the Matter, Forme and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiastical and Civil, 1651

aRmoCndeboda xolme. Tavisi analizis Sedegebi smitma 1776 wels gamoaqveyna wignSi `gamokvlevebi
xalxTa simdidris bunebasa da mizezebze~ da amiT ekonomikuri mecnierebis damaarseblis saxelic
moixveWa. smits ar aRmouCenia ekonomikuri azrovnebis wesi, magram igi iyo pirveli avtori,
romelmac es wesi sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebisa da TanamSromlobis yovelmxrivi ga
mokvlevisTvis gamoiyena.

inteleqtualuri instrumenti
Cveulebriv, ras vgulisxmobT `azrovnebis ekonomikur wesSi?~ upirveles yovlisa, midgomas
da ara ukve mza daskvnebis nakrebs. jon meinard keinsma kargad Camoayaliba debuleba, romelic am
wignis dasawyisSia moyvanili:
`ekonomikuri Teoria ar warmoadgens sameurneo politikaSi gamoyenebul ukve mza rekomenda
ciaTa nakrebs. is ufro meTodia, vidre moZRvreba, inteleqtualuri instrumentia, azrovnebis
teqnikaa, romelic mflobels exmareba swori daskvnebis gakeTebaSi~.
magram ras niSnavs `azrovnebis teqnika~? Znelia amis mokled da gasagebad axsna. amas Tqven sa
kuTari praqtikidan gamomdinare unda mixvdeT. SesaZloa umjobesi iyos, igi ganvmartoT, ro
gorc koncefciebis erToblioba, im ZiriTadi daSvebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom socialuri indi
videbi moqmedeben rac SeiZleba meti mogebis misaRebad.
exeba Tu ara es daSveba yvela socialur individs? simarTle rom vTqvaT, ekonomistebs pirwa
vardnili imperialisturi ambiciebi gaaCniaT. swamT, rom maTi Teoriebi bevrad ufro farTod
moicaven imas, rasac Cveulebriv gulisxmoben adamianebi, rodesac sazogadoebis `ekonomikuri
seqtoris~ Sesaxeb msjeloben. azrovnebis ekonomikuri stiliT SegviZlia SeviswavloT rogorc
sagzao moZraoba pikis saaTis dros an saerTaSoriso vaWroba, aseve aramomgebiani organizaciebis,
saqvelmoqmedo fondebis da samTavrobo dawesebulebebis saqmianoba. Tuki SeiZleba, rom IBM-sa
da amerikeli fermerebis federaciis biuros saqciels axsna movuZebnoT, ratom ar SeiZleba ase
Tive axsna moeZebnos amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis sasoflo sameurneo departamen
tis da Sida anakrebebis samsaxuris qcevas? samTavrobo saagentoebi da maTi ganStoebebi, sazoga
doebis sxva jgufebis msgavsad, xom imave individebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic sakuTar mogebasa da
xarjebze zrunaven? ekonomikuri Teoria sulac ar amtkicebs imas, rom adamianebi egoistebi an
zedmetad materialistebi arian, viwro TvalTaxedva aqvT, ainteresebT mxolod fuli da
gulgrilebi arian sxva yvelafris mimarT. amas rodi vgulisxmobT, roca vambobT, rom adamianebi
mieltvian maqsimalur mogebas. sinamdvileSi yvelaferi imazea damokidebuli, Tu ra miaCniaT
adamianebs mogebad an xarjad da is fardobiTi mniSvneloba, romelsac isini maT aniWeben. eko
nomikuri Teoria ar uaryofs xelgaSlilobas, sazogadoebrivi azris an sxva saTnoebis realo
basa da mniSvnelobas.
ekonomikuri azrovneba iZleva ori aspeqtis axsnas _ erTi fokusirebulia qmedebebze, xolo
meore urTierTqmedebebze. fokusireba xazs usvams ekonomias. ekonomia niSnavs SesaZlo
resursebis iseT ganawilebas, rac am resursebidan maqsimaluri amoRebis saSualebas iZleva. eko
nomias deficiti ganapirobebs, Tundac vinmes SeuzRudav resursebze miuwvdebodes xeli, mxed
velobaSi unda iqonios, rom mokvdavTaTvis dro deficituri resursia. mdidarma adamianebma
unda icodnen, rogor xarjon ekonomiurad: radgan iutaSi, samTosaTxilamuro kurortze
gatarebul kviras ver gaatarebT akapulkos sanapiroze, Tqven unda gaakeToT arCevani imisda
miuxedavad, Tu ra Semosavali gaqvT. rogorc momdevno TavebSi vnaxavT, ekonomikuri azrovneba
ekonomiis procesis da arCevanis axsnas deficitidan gamomdinare iZleva.
is iZleva mravali gamoucnobi, magram mniSvnelovani urTierTqmedebis axsnas. Tu ekonomiuri
qmedebis mTavar problemas iSviaToba warmoadgens, ekonomikuri urTierTqmedebis ZiriTadi
problema individualuri procesebis mravalgvarobasa da araTanazomadobaSi mdgomareobs.
deficits ekonomiiT vebrZviT. vebrZviT imiT, rom moviTxovT, milionobiT adamianis urTierT
TanamSromlobas, romlebic CarTulni arian koordinirebis procesSi. sagzao moZraobis magali
Ti iZleva orive aspeqtis axsnas. rodesac mZRolebi marSruts gegmaven, fiqroben ra imaze, Tu
rogor Secvalon rigi an siCqare, es ekonomiur qmedebebTan aris dakavSirebuli. magram maTi
qmedebebi koordinirebulia procesiT, romelic aRemateba TiToeuli mZRolis qcevaTa martiv
jams. verc mZRoli da verc moZraobis damgegmavi ver akontroleben am process, mTeli Tavisi
9

urTierTqmedebebiT, magram, miuxedavad amisa, individualuri gadawyvetilebebis procesi marT

vadia.
Tanamedrove industriul sazogadoebaSi adamianebis qmedebis ekonomia xorcieldeba spe
cializaciis konteqstSi. specializacia, anu rogorc mas adam smiti uwodebda, Sromis danawile
ba, aucilebelia produqtiulobis gasazrdelad, rasac warsul saukuneebSi `xalxebis simdidre~
mohqonda. magram specializacia koordinaciis gareSe es aris gza qaosisken da ara simdidrisken.
rogor SeiZleba milionobiT adamianma ganaxorcielos dasaxuli gegmebi mxolod sakuTar
resursebsa da SesaZleblobebze dayrdnobiT, imaTi interesebis, resursebisa da SesaZleblo
bebis sruli ignorirebiT, visTan TanamSromlobazec damokidebulia maTi sakuTari proeqtebis
warmateba?
ekonomikuri Teoria cdilobs pasuxi gasces am kiTxvas, raTa axsnas is, rasac adam smiti uwo
debda komerciul sazogadoebas, romlis wiaRSic `Sromis danawevreba erTxel da samudamod
mkacradaa dakanonebuli~.
adam smitis ganmarteba komerciuli
sazogadoebis Sesaxeb
`adamians sakuTari SromiT warmoebuli produqciis mxolod mcire nawili sWirdeba, igi
sazogadoebas sakuTari Sromis bevrad met nayofs miawodebs, vidre Tavad moixmars. amgvarad,
yoveli adamiani cxovrobs gacvliT anu garkveuli zomiT vaWrobs da sazogadoeba yalibdeba ro
gorc komerciuli sazogadoeba~.
moqmedebis warmatebuli koordinacia iseT sazogadoebaSi, romelSic yvela specializaciisa
da gacvlis xarjze cxovrobs, metad rTul amocanas warmoadgens. erTi wuTiT dafiqrdiT im
qmedebebze, romlebic zustad unda iqnas koordinirebuli, raTa dilis sauzmiT datkbeT. fer
merebi, satvirTo manqanebis mZRolebi, mSeneblebi, bankirebi da supermarketis gamyidvelebi im
adamianTa mxolod mcire nawils warmoadgenen, romelTa Zalisxmeva gamoyenebuli unda iqnas war
moebis, transportirebis da miwodebis saqmeSi, raTa sauzmeze torti an simindis burbuSela mi
irTvaT. ram aRZra am xalxSi drosa da sivrceSi zustad SeTanxmebuli qmedebebi? ekonomikuri
Teoria gvexmareba pasuxi gavceT am kiTxvas da ekonomistebi kvlavac cdiloben axsnan komerciu
li sazogadoebis funqcionireba im kuTxiT, rac adamianTa umravlesobas `ekonomiaze~ saubrisas
aqvs mxedvelobaSi.

urTierTqmedeba erToblivi SeTanxmebis saSualebiT

ekonomikuri Teoria amtkicebs, rom sakuTari interesebis mixedviT moqmedi adamianebi sxveb
sac uqmnian arCevanis SesaZleblobas da rom sazogadoebrivi koordinacia aris wminda sargeblis
cvlilebaTa mimarT uwyveti Seguebis procesi, romelic urTierTqmedebis Sedegad warmoiSveba.
es, ra Tqma unda, friad abstraqtuli mosazrebaa da Cven mas satransporto nakadis adre moyvanil
magaliTze davakonkretebT.
warmoidgineT oTxmwkriviani magistrali, romelzec Sesvla da gamosvla mxolod marjvena
mxaresaa daSvebuli. ratom ar rCeba yvela mZRoli ganapira marjvena mxares? ratom cdilobs bev
ri mZRoli imoZraos marcxena mwkrivSi, Tumca mSvenivrad icis, rom mouwevs marjvena mwkrivSi
gadasvla? visac avtomagistralze umgzavria, man icis, rom ganapira marjvena mwkrivSi moZrao
bis siCqare klebulobs trasaze Semomavali da gamavali manqanebis moZraobis gamo. amitom mas,
visac eCqareba, urCevnia swrafad gaecalos marjvena mwkrivs.
darCenili mwkrivebidan romels amoirCeven isini? TiToeuli moqmedebis winaswar gansazRvra
SeuZlebelia, magram zustad viciT, rom darCenil sam gzaze isini daaxloebiT Tanabrad gada
nawildebian. ratom xdeba es? rogor? dasmul kiTxvebze pasuxi imavdroulad imis axsnasac war
moadgens, rasac zemoT wminda sargeblis cvlilebaTa mimarT ganuwyveteli Seguebis procesi
vuwodeT. mZRolebi akvirdebian wminda sargebels, romelsac maT TiToeuli mwkrivi uqadiT da
cdiloben gadavidnen im mwkrividan, sadac moZraobis siCqare naklebia, im mwkrivSi, sadac is me
tia. amis Sedegad siswrafe `nel~ mwkrivebSi izrdeba, xolo `swraf~ mwkrivebSi mcirdeba, iqamde,
10

sanam siCqare yvela mwkrivSi ar gaTanabrdeba. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, sanam vercerTi mZRoli
erTi mwkrividan meoreSi gadasvliT veRar naxavs wminda mogebas. mTeli es procesi mimdinareobs
swrafad da uwyvetad da gacilebiT ufro efeqtianad, vidre amas adgili eqneboda im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu avtomagistralze Sesvlisas romelime konkretul rigSi moZraobis bileTebi darigdeboda.
ekonomikuri azrovnebis TvalsazrisiT, swored ase funqcionirebs sazogadoebrivi meqaniz
mi. individebi moqmedeben mosalodneli wminda mogebidan gamomdinare. es qmedebebi mcire droiT
mainc cvlis fardobiT danaxarjebsa da mogebas, romlebic dakavSirebulia im SesaZleblobeb
Tan, adamianebis winaSe rom gadaiSleba. rodesac proporcia romelime qmedebis mosalodnel mo
gebasa da mosalodnel danaxarjebs Soris izrdeba, adamianebi mas ufro xSirad mimarTaven, xolo
rodesac mcirdeba ufro iSviaTad. is faqti, rom TiTqmis yvelas meti fuli urCevnia naklebs,
sagrZnoblad amartivebs process. fuli sapox masalas waagavs, rac metad mniSvnelovania sazoga
doebrivi urTierTTanamSromlobis meqanizmisTvis. fuladi xarjebisa da mogebis zomierma
cvlilebebma, zogierT kerZo SemTxvevaSi, adamians SeiZleba ise Seacvlevinos qceva, rom is ukeT
Seegueba sxvaTa qmedebas. swored amaSi mdgomareobs sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris TanamSromlo
bis mTavari meqanizmi, rac maT saSualebas aZlevs, daikmayofilon sakuTari moTxovnebis, maT
Tvisve xelmisawvdomi saSualebebis gamoyenebiT.
komerciuli sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli isaa, rom adamianebi saqciels fulad stimu
lebze cvlian. es xdeba ara imitom, rom komerciul sazogadoebaSi fuli gadaWarbebulad uyvarT,
aramed imitom, rom fulis meti an naklebi raodenoba warmoadgens stimulebis daregulirebis
metnaklebad efeqtian gzas, rac koordinaciasa da TanamSromlobas uwyobs xels.
ucnobi adamianebis (Cveni socialuri qmedebebi ki ZiriTadad ucnob adamianebTanaa dakavSire
buli) darwmunebis yvelaze saimedo saSualebas garkveuli Tanxis SeTavazeba warmoadgens. maT,
vinc sayvedurs gamoTqvams komerciul sazogadoebaSi fuladi motivebis wamyvani rolis gamo,
aviwydebaT is faqti, rom fuli sakmaod zustad gansazRvravs masStabs, vinaidan swored igi mar
Tavs resursebs. gansazRvruli masStabis gareSe ver SevZlebdiT SedarebiT iafi gacvlebis Cata
rebas, rac imas niSnavs, rom verasdros ganvaviTarebdiT Sromis danawilebas, rac Cveni gamdid
rebis saSualebas warmoadgens. Cveni civilizacia damokidebulia im faqtze, rom fuladi
SeTavazebis erTi uncia, ramdenadac igi yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomia, damokidebuli qmedebebis
erT tonas warmoSobs.

ekonomikuri Teoriis mikerZoebuloba

SesaZloa ekonomistebis globaluri ambiciebis aRiarebam ise ar SegvaSfoTos, rogorc Sexe
dulebam imis Sesaxeb, rom azrovnebis ekonomikuri wesi mikerZoebulia. ekonomikuri Teoria ar
gvTavazobs sazogadoebaze miukerZoebel Sexedulebas, romlis drosac yvela arsebuli faqtebi
Tanabarzomierad aris gaTvaliswinebuli. gaixseneT ekonomikuri Teoriis Sesaxeb Cveni adrin
deli daSveba, rom yvela socialuri movlena warmoiqmneba im adamianTa qmedebebidan da urT
ierTqmedebebidan gamomdinare, romlebic akeTeben arCevans sakuTari mogebisa da danakargebis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
gana es mikerZoebuli Tvalsazrisi araa? ganvixiloT gavlena arCevanze. arCevans imdenad didi
adgili ukavia ekonomikur TeoriaSi, rom zogierTi kritikosi brals debs Teorias imaSi, rom
siRaribesa da umuSevrobasac ki is adamianTa Tavisufali arCevaniT xsnis. rodesac Cven am
Temamde mivalT, Tqven TviTon SeZlebT gadawyvitoT, aqvs amas realuri safuZveli, Tu is ubralo
gaugebrobis Sedegia. magram aSkaraa, rom ekonomikuri Teoria cdilobs socialuri movlenebi
axsnas im daSvebidan gamomdinare, rom movlenebi adamianuri arCevanis sxvadasxva aqtebiTaa gan
pirobebuli.
adamianebis arCevani
arCevanis problemasTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli agreTve aqcenti, romelic Teorias in
dividze gadaaqvs. realurad arCevans yovelTvis individi akeTebs, amitom ekonomistebi cdilo
ben daanawevron koleqtiuri gadawyvetilebebi, romlebsac iReben, magaliTad, mTavroba, uni
versiteti da korporaciebi, am koleqtivebSi Semavali calkeuli adamianebis gadawyvetilebebad.
11

rodesac ekonomikuri Teoria aseT aqcents individze AakeTebs, mxedvelobidan xom ar gamorCeba
mas jgufuri moqmedebis da sazogadoebrivi kavSirebis mniSvneloba? miuxedavad am argumentisa,
azrovnebis ekonomikuri wesi individs sawyis azrobriv erTeulad aRiarebs.
mxolod individis arCevani
zogjer ekonomikur Teorias akritikeben misTvis damaxasiaTebeli racionalisturi aqcentis
gamoc. ekonomistebs miaCniaT, rom adamiani sakuTari kaprizebis mixedviT ki ar moqmedebs, ara
med winaswar afasebs misTvis xelmisawvdomi variantebis pliusebsa da minusebs, sakuTar Sec
domebze swavlobs da, aqedan gamomdinare, ar imeorebs maT. nuTu adamianebi aseTi racionalure
bi arian? xom ar moqmedebs Cvens saqcielze gaucnobierebeli survilebi da arakontrolirebadi
emociebi ufro metad, vidre amas varaudobs Teoria? Ggana nebismieri qmedeba namdvilad winas
wardasaxuli SedegiT mTavrdeba? ra Tqma unda, ekonomistebi ar fiqroben, rom adamianebma
yvelaferi ician da arasdros uSveben Secdomebs, magram ekonomikuri midgoma gulisxmobs, rom
adamianebis qmedebebi efuZneba xarjebisa da mogebis gamoTvlebs. igi aqcents ufro metad adami
anebis qcevis qmediT maxasiaTeblebze akeTebs, uaryofs ra, rom mravali mniSvnelovani qmedeba
ar aris dakavSirebuli garkveul SedegTan.
individebi arCevans mxolod mas Semdeg akeTeben,
rac Seafaseben mogebas da danaxarjebs
kidev erTi pretenzia, romelsac azrovnebis ekonomikur wess uyeneben, es aris mkveTrad
sabazro orientacia. aqac yuradReba eqceva ekonomikuri Teoriis Rrma da mniSvnelovan Tavise
burebas, Tumca ara iseT sayovelTaos, rogorc is Tavidan gveCveneboda. sinamdvileSi, ekonomi
kuri Teoria ar gulisxmobs, rom bazari ukeT muSaobs, vidre alternatiuli da, gansakuTrebiT,
saxelmwifo institutebi. aq ufro sxva ram igulisxmeba: nebismieri insititutis funqcionireba,
ramdenadac warmatebuli an warumatebeli ar unda iyos igi, umjobesia gavigoT rogorc sabazro
tipis procesebis Sedegi. Tu utrirebas movaxdenT, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom ekonomikuri Teoria
ar Tvlis rom sabazro gadawyvetilebebi samTavrobo gadawvetilebebze ramiT uaresi an ukeTEsia,
radgan misTvis samTavrobo gadawvetilebebi igive sabazro gadawyvetilebebia. mTavrobis moq
medeba sabazro procesebis Sedegia: individebi moqmedeben sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare
da ergebian sxvaTa moqmedebebs, magram amave dros icaven gansakuTrebul, am SemTxvevaSi miRebul
`TamaSis wesebs~.

TamaSis wesebi
termini _ `TamaSis wesebi~ wignSi mravaljer gvxvdeba. miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra warmoadgens
`TamaSs~ biznesi, mTavroba, mecniereba, ojaxi, skola, sagzao moZraoba, kalaTburTi Tu Wadra
ki. normaluri TamaSi SeuZlebelia imis gareSe, rom moTamaSeebma ar icodnen wesebi da maT Soris
ar arsebobdes SeTanxmeba wesebisadmi upirobo morCilebis Sesaxeb. sazogadoebaSi urTierT
qmedebebis umravlesoba imarTeba da koordinirdeba zogadi wesebiT, romlebic cnobilia monawi
leTaTvis da romelTac isini emorCilebian.
yvela urTierTqmedeba gulisxmobs garkveul `TamaSis wesebs~
rodesac wesebi sadavo, winaaRmdegobrivi an gaurkvevelia, TamaSi SeiZleba saerTod ar Sed
ges. centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebi, romlebic 1990-ian wlebSi cdilobdnen dagegm
vis centralizebuli da biurokratiuli sistemidan decentralizebul, sabazro sistemaze ga
dasvlas, naTeli da gansazRvruli wesebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi ufro didi winaaRmdegobebis
winaSe aRmoCndebodnen. Tuki odesme gimogzauriaT ucxo qveyanaSi, romlis kultura radikalu
rad gansxvavdeba Tqveni qveynis kulturisagan da romlis enac ar iciT, gagiadvildebaT imis war
modgena, Tu ra xdeba, rodesac TamaSis wesebi sazogadoebaSi uecrad da dramatulad icvleba.
12

adamianebma ar ician ras moelian sxvebi maTgan da arc is, Tu Tavad ras unda moelodnen sxvebis
gan. sazogadoebis kooperacia aseT SemTxvevaSi icvleba meryevi mcdelobebiT, gairkves, Tu ra
wesebi moqmedebs amJamad, xolo uares SemTxvevaSi iwyeba destruqciuli brZola axali wesebis
dasadgenad, romlebic erTi mxaris sasargeblod moqmedeben.
sakuTrebis ufleba ayalibebs wesebis did da mniSvnelovan nawils, marTavs socialur urTi
erTqmedebebs, romlebiTac adamianebi regularulad ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs. igi amaragebs
sazogadoebis wevrebs saimedo informaciiTa da stimulebiT, magram SeuZlebelia sakuTrebis
uflebebis sakmarisad naTeli sistemis erT RameSi Seqmna. amas sWirdeba metnaklebad xangrZlivi
ganviTareba, romlis drosac samarTali, teqnologia, morali, moxmareba da yoveldRiuri moq
medeba urTierTqmedeben saimedo sistemis Camosayalibeblad. socializmze uaris Tqmas mosdevs
sakuTrebis Zveli wesebis uaryofa, magram ara aucileblad axali wesebis Seqmna. amas SesaZloa
mohyves qaosi da ara sabazro koordinacia. ekonomikis biurokratiuli kontrolis gzidan sabaz
ro kontrolze gadasvla yofili sabWoTa blokis xalxebis mier SesaZloa aRiqmebodes Ralatad,
aTasgvari CavardnebiT, kataklizmebiTa da gauTvaliswinebeli siaxleebiT.
Tu gsurT sakuTari gamocdilebis xarjze warmoidginoT is sxvaoba, rasac sakuTrebis ufle
ba warmoSobs, kidev erTxel ganixileT sagzao moZraoba. magram amave dros dafiqrdiT sagzao
gadatvirTvebze. saqalaqo moZraoba arcTu iSviaTad warmoadgens cudi koordinaciis process,
romelic kargad aris cnobili yvela amerikeli mZRolisaTvis, visTvisac sagzao gadatvirTu
loba socialur problemas warmoadgens. ratom xdeba es? ratom gamoTqvamen adamianebi sayve
durs drois danakargebis gamo sul ufro xSirad? ratom ar zrunavs aravin am situaciis gamosas
woreblad?
pasuxi, romelsac mavanni dauyovnebliv iZlevian, isaa, rom mosaxleoba izrdeba, arada rode
sac mosaxleoba izrdeba, sasursaTo maRaziebSi rigebi ar izrdeba. amis sanacvlod, vxedavT, rom
izrdeba axali saxlebisa da maRaziebis ricxvi. ratom ar xdeba aseve sagzao moZraobis SemTxve
vaSi? ratom aris didi sxvaoba manqanebis raodenobasa da im derefnebis gamtarunarianobas So
ris, sadac isini moZraoben? mTavari gansxvaveba, erTis mxriv maRaziebsa da saxlebs, meore mxriv
ki gzebsa da quCebs Soris, sakuTrebis uflebaSi da TamaSis im wesebSi mdgomareobs, rac quCebsa
da gzatkecilebze vrceldeba. Tu gansxvavebas axla ver xedavT, SegiZliaT damSviddeT mas
Semdgom TavebSi dainaxavT.

daskvnebi Tu mikerZoeba?
davubrundeT azrovnebis ekonomikuri wesis oTx urTierTdakavSirebul Taviseburebas, rom
lebic SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc mikerZoeba an crurwmena. marTlac warmoadgenen Tu ara
isini naklovanebebs? ratom ar vuwodoT maT sarwmuno hipoTeza (an daskvna) da ar vTqvaT, rom
individualuri gadawyvetilebebis (arCevanis) racionalurobis postulatidan gamomdinare,
ekonomistebi axerxeben sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis ufro martivad axsnas? gana mikerZoe
baSi vadanaSaulebT astronomebs, romlebic fiqroben, rom maT mier dakvirvebuli obieqtebidan
sinaTle 186000 mili/wm-Si siCqariT moZraobs, an biologebs, romlebic varaudoben, rom orga
nizmebis ganviTarebas dnm-is molekulebi akontroleben?
aRniSnuli sakiTxebi mniSvnelovani da sainteresoa2, magram Cven ar SevudgebiT maT ganxilvas,
vinaidan vSiSobT, rom es Tavi Zalian vrceli gamova. avtors miaCnia, rom (gnebavT crurwmena
uwodeT da gnebavT _ daskvna) nebismieri saxis codnis mopoveba yovelTvis iwyeba garkveuli
movaleobebidan, romelsac mkvlevari Tavis Tavze iRebs. raki guSin ar davbadebulvarT, Cven ar
gagvaCnia sruliad Tavisufali azrovneba samyaros Sesacnobad. amasTanave, savsebiT damoukide
beli azrovneba aucileblad usagno da unayofo aRmoCndeboda. yvelaferi, ris gamoc mimdina
reobs msjeloba, rac kvlevis sagania da rasac akvirdebian, garkveul safuZvelze aRmocendeba.
ar SeiZleba daviwyoT erTdroulad yvelgan da yvelafriT, aramed unda daviwyoT saidanme da
raimeTi. Cven vmoZraobT im sazRvrebSi, sadac vimyofebiT da gamomdinare iqidan, rac marTebu
lad, mniSvnelovnad, sasargeblod da udavod migvaCnia. ra Tqma unda, Cveni Sexedulebebi SesaZ
2

mas, visac surs Rrmad Caufiqrdes am Temas, vurCevT waikiTxos Thomas S. Kuhl. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago,
University of Chicago Press. (1962) am brwyinvale kvlevam gasul wlebSi didi gavlena iqonia sazogadoebaTmcodneebis
Sexedulebebze.

13

loa mcdaric iyos. garkveuli azriT isini yovelTvis mcdaria, vinaidan yoveli `WeSmariti~ mtki
cebulebis paralelurad arsebobs uamravi aseve WeSmariti mtkicebuleba. swored ase ibadeba
Secdoma.
zogierTebi miiCneven, rom aseTi riskis Tavidan acileba SesaZlebelia Teoriis gareSe. is,
vinc dascinis `brZnul Teoriebs~ da urCevnia yoveldRiur gamocdilebasa da saR mosazrebebs
daeyrdnos, sinamdvileSi xSirad aRmoCndeba saeWvo da usafuZvlo hipoTezebis tyveobaSi. maga
liTad, gazeTSi daibeWda werili pensilvanieli axalgazrda qalbatonisa, romelic aRmoCnda
narkotikebis mwevel mozardTa jgufSi, Semdeg daorsulda da avadmyofi bavSvi gauCnda. saWiro
gaxda operaciis gakeTeba. gazeTis mimomxilvelma, romelic axalgazrdebis siyvarulis prob
lemebs aSuqebda, es magaliTi imis dasturad gamoiyena, Tu ra mZime Sedegebi mohyveba marixuanas
mowevas.
SesaZloa es marTlac ase iyos. magram warmovidginoT, rom werilis avtors sxvanairad dae
wera, magaliTad: `pistburg stislersma~ moigo superTasi, xolo `filadelfia flaiersma~ ki
stenlis Tasi~. nebismiers SeuZlia SekamaTeba, rom amgvar movlenebs araferi saerTo ara aqvT
mozardTa jgufis mier narkotikebis gamoyenebasTan. saidan viciT es? Tuki mxolod is faqti,
rom ubedureba, romelic gogonas narkotikis moxmarebis Sedegad daemarTa, warmoadgens mize
zobrivi kavSiris Sedegs, ratom ar SeiZleba warmovidginoT raime mizezobrivi kavSiri stisler
sisa da flaiersis SemTxvevaSi?

araviTari Teoria niSnavs cud Teorias

es sakiTxi martivia, magram mniSvnelovania. SeuZlebelia mizezobrivi kavSiris arsebobis aR
moCena, damtkiceba an varaudi, Tu mxedvelobaSi raime Teoria ar gavqvs. faqtobrivad Cveni war
modgena samyaroze mTlianad TeoriiTaa ganpirobebuli da mxolod misi daxmarebiT SegviZlia
gamovitanoT azri bgerebisa da ferebis Tavsdatexili kakafoniidan. sinamdvileSi dakvirvebebi
dan viRebT codnis mxolod mcire nawils da isic wyvetilad raRacas aq davakvirdebiT, raRacas
sxvagan mivxvdebiT. danarCens avsebs CvenTvis cnobili Teoriebi didi Tu patara, bundovani Tu
mkafio, kargad Semowmebuli Tu daumtkicebeli, zogadi Tu specialuri, saguldagulod dasab
uTebuli Tu Zlivs aRiarebuli.
cnobili britaneli ekonomisti i.m.d. liTli garkveuli drois manZilze britaneTis xazinis
mrCevlad muSaobda. mogvianebiT man gamoaqveyna naSromi, romelSic, gviziarebda ra Tavis gamoc
dilebas, exeboda ekonomikuri Teoriebis gamoyenebis sakiTxs politikuri gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis sferoSi. ai, saintereso nawyveti am naSromidan:
`ekonomikuri Teoriebi gviCveneben, Tu rogor arian dakavSirebulebi erTmaneTTan ekonomi
kuri sidideebi da ramdenad rTuli da gadaxlarTulia es urTierTkavSirebi. araekonomistebi
Cveulebriv zedmetad akademiurebi arian. isini Zalian abstragirdebian realuri samyarosagan.
ekonomikuri problemebis ganxilvisas, maT ar SeuZliaT damoukidebeli sistemis Camoyalibeba.
Mmeore mxriv, gamoucdel Teoretikoss midrekileba aqvs Camoayalibos metismetad kerZo Teoria,
romelic saSualebas ar aZlevs, dainaxos yvela SesaZlebloba, an is mimarTavs Zvel, metad ga
martivebul Teorias, romelic sadRac an viRacisgan aqvs gagonili. amasTan me vfiqrob, rom is am
koncefcias metad gulubryvilod uyurebs. `Post hoc ergo propter hoc3~ ekonomikaSi iSviaTia dama
jerebeli axsna. me xSirad gaocebuli viyavi imiT, Tu rogori gulubryvilo TavdajerebiT izi
arebdnen uaiT-holSi ekonomikuri analizis sakmaod sadavo daskvnebs. ra Tqma unda, ekonomiste
bi SeiZleba zedmetad akademiurebi iyvnen sxva mimarTebaSi isini albaT jerovnad ver afaseben
administraciul siZneleebs an akliaT politikuri SesaZleblobebis SegrZneba, magram am
SemTxvevaSi arc imis saSiSroeba arsebobs, rom es faqtorebi daviwyebas miecema4~.
`araekonomistebi xSirad metad akademiurebi arian. isini zedmetad abstragirdebian realuri
samyarosgan~. dagveTanxmebiT, rom aseTi mosazrebis mosmena metad uCveuloa. magram liTli, ro
gorc Cans, marTalia. `me araferi mesmis am brZnul ekonomikaSi~... iwyebs Tavis TavSi darwmunebu
3

sityvasityviT niSnavs `amis Semdeg niSnavs amis gamo~. logikuri Secdoma, romelic gamomdinareobs im daSvebidan,
rom Tu a drois mixedviT win uswrebs b-s, maSin a unda iyos b-s mizezi. magaliTad gamodgeba pensilvanieli qalis
argumentebi

I.M.D. Little, `The Economist in Whitehall~, Lloyds Bank Review (April 1957)

14

li diletanti, `magram me zustad vici, rom~... da is, rac amis Semdeg warmoiTqmeba, naTlad adas
turebs, Tu ra marTalia igi, rodesac aRiarebs sakuTar Teoriul uvicobas da ramdenad cdeba,
rodesac fiqrobs, rom es garemoeba mas Secdomebisgan daicavs. is, vinc Teoriis gareSe cdilobs
imsjelos rTuli ekonomikuri urTierTobebis Sesaxeb, rogorc wesi, msjelobs masze cudi
Teoriebis gamoyenebiT.
aRniSnuli sruliadac ar warmoadgens im ekonomistebis gamarTlebas, romlebsac zogjer
auditoriis winaSe Tavis gamoCena rTuli Teoremebis damtkicebiTa da wminda logikaSi varjiSiT
uyvarT, imis nacvlad rom yuradReba gaamaxvilon msmenelisaTvis aqtualur sakiTxebze. eko
nomikuri mecnierebis swavlebis drosac ki Cven ise viqceviT, TiTqos Sesaval kursebze Cawerili
yvela studenti sadoqtoro xarisxis mosapoveblad emzadeba, xolo Cvens mizans am gamocdisaT
vis maTi momzadeba warmoadgens. albaT amiTac aixsneba is, rom Sesavali kursebi Seicavs imaze
met informacias, vidre studentebs SeuZliaT aRiqvan.
winamdebare wigni nasazrdoebia Cemi mzardi eWvebiT, rom Teoriuli ekonomika studentebs
saidumlo da mosawyen disciplinad metwilad imitom miaCniaT, rom Cven, ekonomistebi, vcdi
lobT maT Zalian bevri vaswavloT. am wignSi Segnebuladaa daculi Semdegi principi daviwyoT
mcirediT da mivaRwioT bevrs. masala ZiriTadad dajgufebulia im ramdenime koncefciis garSe
mo, romlebic warmoadgens ekonomistebis inteleqtualur iaraRs. am iaraRs kavSiri aqvs zemoT
aRniSnul fundamentalur daSvebebTan. isini saocrad cotaa, magram gamoyenebisas metad moq
nili. maTi daxmarebiT SeiZleba pasuxi gaeces iseT rTul kiTxvebs, Tu ra aris savaluto kursi,
ratomaa Tanaxma mogebis maZiebeli firma izaralos, rogoria fulis buneba, ratomaa SesaZlebe
li gansxvavebuli fasi identur saqonelze. ai, is idumali problemebi, romlebsac tradiciulad
Seiswavlis ekonomika. magram igive iaraRi saSualebas iZleva gaSuqdes sxva mravali sakiTxi, ro
melic ar iTvleba ekonomikur sakiTxebad, magaliTad: transportis nakadebis gadatvirTva,
garemos dabinZureba, mTavrobis fuqncionireba, skolis administratorebis qceva, razedac
SemdgomSi iqneba msjeloba.
mniSvnelovania imis Segneba, rom mxolod ekonomikur Teorias ar SeuZlia pasuxi gasces nebis
mier saintereso an mniSvnelovan socialur kiTxvas. azrovnebis ekonomikuri wesi dakavSirebu
lia sxva sferoebSi (istoriis, kulturis, politikis, fsiqologiis da socialur dargebSi) dag
rovil codnasTan, romelic ayalibebs adamianebis qcevas da faseulobebs. ekonomikuri analizis
teqnikis Seswavla bevrad ufro advilia, vidre aqtualuri socialuri problemebis usasrulo
mTlianobaSi misi praqtikuli da damajerebeli gamoyeneba.
axla imis dro rodia, rom vidardoT, TiTqos ekonomikuri Teoriis inteleqtualuri progra
mebi yovelTvis rTuli da ganusazRvrelia. wignis mTavari azri imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Tqven
daiwyoT azrovneba ise, rogorc ekonomistebi azrovneben. raki amas erTxel moaxerxebT, veRar
gaCerdebiT. ekonomikuri azrovneba waagavs narkotikul nivTierebas. raki erTxel miagnebT eko
nomikuri msjelobis zogierT saSualebas, Tqven yovelTvis ipoviT maTi gamoyenebis SesaZle
blobas. Tavad SeamCnevT, rom yvelaferi, rac ekonomikur da socialur problemebze iwereba da
gamoiTqmeba, warmoadgens gonierebis da uazrobis narevs da ekonomikuri analizis sabaziso kon
cefciebis daxmarebiT SeZlebT erTis meorisgan garCevas. egeb Tqven cinikosis saxelic ki moix
veWoT, vinaidan isini, vinc sisuleles laparakoben, xSirad cinizmSi adanaSauleben maT, vinc maT
amgvar Cvevaze miuTiTebs xolme.

15

mokled gavimeoroT
azrovnebis ekonomikuri wesi Seiqmna socialur mecnierebaTa Teoretikosebis mier, raTa
aexsnaT, Tu rogor xdeba individebis kerZo interesebidan gamomdinare arakoordinirebuli qme
debebis kooperireba.
ekonomikuri azrovnebis ZiriTadi daSveba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom yoveli socialuri movle
na im individebis qmedebebisa da urTierTqmedebebis Sedegia, romlebic arCevans sakuTari
sargeblisa da xarjebis gaTvaliswinebiT akeTeben. deficitis dros individebi sxvebisTvisac
qmnian alternatiul SesaZleblobebs da maTi urTierTqmedeba wminda sargeblis cvlilebasTan
SeTavsebis xangrZlivi procesia.
adamianebis qmedebebisa da urTierTqmedebebis ekonomikuri Teoria did mniSvnelobas aniWebs
im individebis arCevans, romlebic mosalodnel danaxarjebsa da mogebas mudmivad adareben erT
maneTs.
azrovnebis ekonomikuri wesi aseve xazs usvams socialuri kooperirebis TamaSis wesebTan sa
kuTrebis uflebis SeTanxmebis mniSvnelobas, rac gansazRvravs, Tu romel pirobebSi vis ra eku
Tvnis da marTavs qmedebebs ZiriTadi wesebis saSualebiT nebismier `komerciul~ sazogadoebaSi,
romelic maRali specializaciiTa da gacvliT xasiaTdeba.

sakiTxebi gansjisaTvis
1. ramdenad bevri unda icodnen adamianebma erTmaneTis Sesaxeb, raTa SeZlon efeqtiani urTierT
qmedeba? SeadareT, erTis mxriv, ojaxis im ori wevris mdgomareoba, romlebic dasvenebas gegma
ven, situacias im or avtomobilists Soris, romlebsac erTdroulad surT quCis gadakveTa. ro
gor unda iqnas acilebuli Setakeba TiToeul SemTxvevaSi? ra iciT im adamianebis interesebis,
xasiaTis an Tvisebebis Sesaxeb, romelTa urTierTqmedebis Sedegad dilis sauzmes miirTmevT?
2. rogor fiqrobT, ra moxdeba, Tuki losanjelesSi miiReben gadawyvetilebas imis Sesaxeb, rom
yovel avtomagistralze gamoyon erTi mwkrivi `swrafi avtomobilebisaTvis~, anu maTTvis,
visac eSinia, rom mniSvnelovan Sexvedraze trasis gadatvirTulobis gamo daigvianebs? ro
gor fiqrobT, Seecdeboda Tu ara am SemTxvevaSi yvela mZRoli, Tavi aeridebina amgvari
mwkrivisTvis? Tu igi saboloo jamSi iseve gadatvirTuli aRmoCndeboda, rogorc sxvebi? eq
neboda Tu ara am wamowyebas warmatebis meti Sansi im SemTxvevaSi, mZRolebi ufro delikatu
rebi da nakleb egoistebi rom iyvnen?
3. rodesac 1979 wlis oqtomberSi deda terezam nobelis premiis jildo, 190.000 dolaris ode
nobiT, leprozoriumebis mSeneblebs gadasca, gamodioda Tu ara igi sakuTari interesebi
dan? SeiZleba Tu ara, mis saqciels egoisturi vuwodoT?
4.

`ekonomikurad ganviTarebul sazogadoebaSi siRaribis arseboba an ararseboba sinamdvileSi

adamianis arCevanis sakiTxia~. eTanxmebiT Tu ara am mosazrebas? SegviZlia Tu ara siRaribis
uaryofa aSS-Si, mxolod imitom, rom amerikelebi sakmarisad mdidrebi arian? gansxvavdeba
Tu ara sazogadoebrivi arCevani individis arCevanisagan?

5.

ramdenad mniSvnelovania fuladi motivebi? 1995 wlis 1 maiss `Wall Street Journal~-Si gamoqveyne
bul statiaSi moyvanili iyo iuridiul skolaSi gamocdebis Cabarebis Sesaxeb studentebs
Soris kaplanis centris mier Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sedegebi. studentebs unda gaecaT pa
suxi SekiTxvaze, Tu ris gamo irCevdnen isini iuridiul karieras. maSin mxolod 8 procentma
upasuxa, rom amas finansuri mosazrebiT akeTebda. 62 procentis azriT ki, iuridiul karie
ras anazRaurebis gamo sxvebi irCevdnen. riTi axsniT am uTanasworobas?

6. ratom surs adamianTa umravlesobas didi fuladi Semosavali? didi britaneTis yofilma
premierministrma margaret tetCerma erTxel aRniSna, rom adamianebs uyvarT fuli ara imi
tom, rom Zunwebi arian, aramed imitom, rom cxovrebaze kontrolis gawevis meti SesaZleblo
ba eZlevaT. rogor fiqrobT, riT xelmZRvaneloben adamianebi, rodesac isini msxverplis ga
ReEbazec ki Tanaxma arian imisaTvis, rom gazardon TavianTi Semosavlebi?
16

7. ra moxdeba, Tu, TamaSis wesebis (dawerili Tu dauwereli) mixedviT, mniSvnelovani Sexvedra

ar SeiZleba daiwyos manamde, sanam yvela dainteresebuli mxare ar gamocxaddeba, Tumca
dagvianebulebi ar isjebian? aqvs ki azri am SemTxvevaSi punqtualurobas? gauZlebs Tu ara
TamaSis es wesebi drois gamocdas?
8. SeecadeT daasaxeloT erToblivi qmedebebis koordinaciis wesebi iseT `TamaSSi~, rogori
caa ekonomikis am kursis Seswavla. vin ganusazRvra mocemul jgufs mecadineobebis adgili,
maswavleblebi, vin Seadgina msmenelTa sia, amoarCia saxelmZRvanelo, daniSna gamocdebis va
debi? ucnaurad xom ar migaCniaT is faqti, rom ori studenti iSviaTad cdilobs daikavos
erTi da igive adgili?
9. 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, rodesac poloneTSi uxdebodaT grZel rigebSi dgoma, mTavrobam
SemoiRo wesi, romlis mixedviTac rigSi yoveli mesame adgili orsuli qalebisa da invalide
bisaTvis iyo gamoyofili. ivaraudeboda, rom maT es cxovrebas gauadvilebda. rogor fiq
robT, SeumcirdaT orsul qalebs rigSi dgomisTvis saWiro dro? SegiZliaT imis daSveba,
rom grZel rigSi adgilis mosapoveblad yvela qali orsuldeboda?
10. ra gvaqvs mxedvelobaSi, rodesac vambobT: `es ubralo damTxvevaa da is arafers ar amtki
cebs~? rogor axerxebs Teoria erTmaneTisagan ganarCios saqmisaTvis saWiro faqtebi ubra
lo damTxvevebisgan?
11. rodesac is eqimebi, visac ar sjera akupunqturisa, uaryofen mas ise, rom praqtikaSi arc ki
gamoucdiaT, SeiZleba maTi mikerZoebaSi dadanaSauleba? vinmes rom TqvenTvis eTqva, TiTqos
mocemul kursSi niSnis misaRebad swavla ki araa aucilebeli, aramed sakmarisia `uxilavi xe
lis~ Selocvis warmoTqma, daujerebdiT mas? an iqneb (miuxedavad imisa, rom Tqven maRali
niSnis miRebis didi survili gaqvT) uaryofdiT am winadadebas? iqneboda Tu ara es imis niSa
ni, rom Tqveni mxridan adgili aqvs mikerZoebas an winaswarganzraxvas?
12. Cara qoulma paraskevs saRamos 6 saaTze maRaziaSi SeiZina oTxi bifSteqsi. mogvianebiT mas
Tan sami amxanagi mivida. SegiZliaT Tu ara imis daSveba, rom amxanagebis misvlis mizezi Caras
mier bifSteqsebis yidva iyo? rogor unda gadawyvitoT, romeli iyo mizezi da romeli Sede
gi? Tu Tqven waikiTxavT informacias imis Sesaxeb, rom qalaqSi kriminaluri SemTxvevebis ri
cxvi gaizarda mas Semdeg, rac gaizarda revolverebis Sesyidva, SeiZleba Tu ara am ori faq
toris erTmaneTTan dakavSireba? romeli iqneba mizezi da romeli Sedegi? rogor upasuxebT
am kiTxvas, Teoriidan gamomdinare?
13. viRacam gamoTvala, rom amerikel qals, romelsac kolejis oTxwliani ganaTleba aqvs, saSua
lod orjer meti Svili hyavs, vidre imas, romelmac kolejSi xuTi weli gaatara. ra daskvnas
gaakeTebdiT? SegiZliaT Tu ara daaskvnaT, rom kolejSi swavlis mexuTe weliwadi Qqalebis
Casaxvisunarianobas amcirebs? SegiZliaT Tu ara, gaafrTxiloT qali, romelmac kolejSi
oTxi weli gaatara da swavlis gagrZelebas mexuTe weliwadsac apirebs, rom amaze uari Tqvas,
Tuki meti Svilis yola surs? romel Teorias gamoiyenebT?
14. oruel raiTi aRniSnavda, rom Citisgan frenis saidumlos Seswavla kargi ramaa, iseve, ro
gorc magiis saidumlos Seswavla magisgan. mas Semdeg rac iciT, Tu ra eZeboT, Tqven amCnevT
imas, rac ar SegimCneviaT, rodesac ar icodiT sinamdvileSi ra unda geZebnaT. rogor
viswavloT, Tu ra unda veZeboT?

17

efeqtianoba, gacvla
da SedarebiTi
upiratesoba

aWroba dasavlur samyaroSi ZvelTaganve saeWvo reputaciiT sargeblobs. SesaZloa, esaa Se

degi xalxSi fesvgadgmuli Sexedulebisa, rom, sinamdvileSi, ubralo gacvliT veravin vera
fers moigebs. soflis meurneoba da mrewveloba mwarmoeblur sferoebad iTvleba maTSi TiT
qos iqmneba raRac marTlac axali, vaWroba ki mxolod gadacvlis erT nivTs meoreze. aqedan
gamohyavT, rom vaWari TiTqosda damatebiTi gadasaxadiT begravs sazogadoebas. fermeris an xe
losnis xelfasi Tu sxva Semosavali ukavSirdeba `maTi Zalisxmevis realur Sedegs~, amitom maT
am Semosavlis miRebis ufleba aqvT, eseni imas imkian, rac daTeses. amave dros, ise Cans, TiTqos
vaWrebi imkian, magram araferi dauTesavT, maTi moRvaweobiT araferi iqmneba, isini ki jildos
Rebuloben. swored amitom, zogs vaWroba sazogadoebis fuW danaxarjad, aramwarmoeblurobis
sinonimad eCveneba.
rogori Zveli da Rrmad fesvgadgmulic unda iyos Sexeduleba vaWrobis aramwarmoeblurobis
Sesaxeb, igi absoluturad mcdaria. ar arsebobs sityva `mwarmoeblurobis~ romelime ganmarte
ba, romelic SeiZleba miesadagebodes soflis meurneobas an mrewvelobas, vaWrobas ki ara. gacv
la mwarmoebluria! igi aseTia, radgan adamianTa did raodenobas gzas uxsnis saWiro produqci
isken.
kerZo sakuTrebis uflebaTa gacvla sabazro procesebis safuZvelia. am TavSi ganxilulia
mTavari mizezebi imisa, Tu ratom vaWroben nebayoflobiT adamianebi saqonliTa da momsaxure
biT. Cven giCvenebT, rogor zrdis vaWroba masSi CarTuli mxareebis keTildReobas da mwarmoe
blurobas. aqve gagacnobT sawarmoo SesaZleblobaTa mruds. grafikebi sasargeblo instrumen
tia mogebisa da xarjebis Sesadareblad, agreTve, keTildReobis imgvari zrdis asaxsnelad, rac
specializaciiT da gacvliT miiRweva.

miTi materialuri simdidris Sesaxeb

Tuki gvsurs, vaCvenoT, rogor qmnis simdidres vaWroba da, maSasadame, mTlianad sabazro
gacvlebi, Tavidanve unda ganvsazRvroT, rogor gvesmis termini `simdidre~.
risgan Sedgeba simdidre? ra aris Cveni sakuTari simdidre? Cveulebriv, mavanni Tvlian, rom
ekonomikuri sistema awarmoebs iseT `materialur dovlaTs~, rogoricaa, magaliTad, traqtore
bi, satvirTo avtomobilebi, gitarebi, viski da romanebi hari poteris Sesaxeb. magram TiToeuli
am nivTTagani simdidred mxolod maSin iqceva, roca am nivTebis damfasebel momxmareblamde mi
aRwevs. ekonomikuri azrovnebis TvalsazrisiT, simdidre isaa, rasac afaseben, Sefaseba ki unda
ganisazRvros imisi SexedulebiT, vinc irCevs.
Cven gvaxsovs, rom budas Tavdapirvelad araferi surda da amitom verc veraferi miiRo. sama
gierod, rogorc ki mixvda, Tu ra surda, misi simdidre gaizarda igi ganaTlda. sxvadasxva
adamianebs sxvadasxvagvari simdidris floba surT da floben kidec mas (Tuki amis SesaZleblo

19

bac gaaCniaT). sarwyavi wyali dovlaTia mravali fermerisTvis, magram ara maTTvis, vinc misisi
pis wyaldidobiT dazaralda. Tovlis naxevarmetriani safari simdidrea samTo-saTxilamuro
kurortis mflobelisTvis, meezovisTvis ki damatebiTi Tavsatkivaria.
simdidre isaa, rasac adamianebi afaseben
ekonomikuri zrda gamoixateba ara warmoebuli nivTebis raodenobis, aramed simdidris
zrdiT. materialur sagnebs, ra Tqma unda, Tavisi wvlili SeaqvT gamdidrebis procesSi da,
garkveuli azriT, warmoebisTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovannic arian. iseTi aramaterialuri subs
tanciebic ki, rogoricaa janmrTeloba, siyvaruli, sulieri wonasworoba, sabolood raRac ma
terialurSi gansxeuldeba. miuxedavad amisa, kategoriulad unda uarvyoT nivTebTan simdidris
gaigivebis yvela mcdeloba. aseTi gaigiveba abrkolebs ekonomikuri cxovrebis mravali iseTi
mxaris aRqmas, rogoricaa, magaliTad, specializacia da gacvla komerciuli sazogadoebis ori
ZiriTadi safuZveli.

vaWroba qmnis simdidres

adamianebi, romlebic vaWrobas undoblad ucqerdnen, jer kidev aristoteles droidan
Tvlidnen, rom nebayoflobiTi gacvla mxolod Tanabar faseulobaTa gacvlaa. arada, samarT
liania swored sapirispiro debuleba. ase rom ar iyos, araviTari gacvla ar Sedgeboda. movaWre
ni urTierTqmedeben sakuTari simdidris gazrdis mizniT. informirebuli da nebayoflobiTi
gacvlis dros TiToeuli monawile cdilobs, miiRos ufro faseuli da gasces nakleb faseuli
produqti. Tuki jeki Tavis sakalaTburTo burTs jimis beisbolis xelTaTmanze cvlis, maSin igi
xelTaTmans ufro afasebs, vidre burTs, jimi ki piriqiT. Cven vxedavT, rom TiToeuli msxverp
lad gaiRebs faseul saqonels, raTa miiRos is, rasac kidev ufro metad afasebs. gacvla orive
mxarisTvis araeqvivalenturia, radgan araTanabar
faseuli produqtis mflobelebi arian.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, isini ar Secvlidnen sakuTrebis uflebas burTze da xelTaTmanze. gacv
la efeqtiani aRmoCnda imitom, rom man orive monawilis simdidre gazarda.
`sulac ara!~ ityvis dadarajebuli kritikosi, `simdidre ar gazrdila~. jims da jeks marT
lac hgoniaT, rom gamdidrdnen da Tavsac ukeT grZnoben, magram miuxedavad imisa, Tu vin flobs
am nivTebs, kvlavac erTi burTi da erTi xelTaTmani arsebobs.
diax, gacvlis procesSi arasdros araferi uwarmoebiaT, magram ra aris warmoeba? Tvalwin
warmogvidgeba fabrikebi, nedleuli, muSaTa Sroma da oflisRvra, mza produqciis fuTebi... ara
da, yovelgvari warmoebis safuZvelia ekonomikuri elementi, anu produqtis faseulobis zrda.
es rom gavigoT, Cveuli stereotipebisgan unda gavTavisufldeT. vaWrobis procesSi iSviaTi da
faseuli saqoneli kidev ufro faseul saqonelze icvleba. TiToeul monawiles aqvs danaxarje
bi. SeZenili produqciis Rirebuleba ganpirobebulia im faseulobiT, rac gaviReT, raTa axali
SegveZina. meti gamomsaxvelobisaTvis amas alternatiul danaxarjebs vuwodebT.
jekisTvis: xelTaTmanis Rirebuleba,
gayofili burTis Rirebulebaze, erTze metia.
jimisTvis: burTis Rirebuleba, gayofili xelTaTmanis
Rirebulebaze, aseve erTze metia.
yoveli arCevani garkveul msxverpls da alternatiul
danaxarjebs gulisxmobs.
gacvlis TiToeuli monawile Tvlis, rom misma Semosavalma gadaaWarba danaxarjebs. Ti
Toeulma moigo, TiToeulis simdidre gaizarda. mwarmoeblur procesSi (gacvlaSi) Sedegad mivi
ReT meti Rirebuleba; xolo imisaTvis, rom aqtivoba produqtiuli aRmoCndes, sxva arc arafe
ria saWiro. gacvlam gazarda realuri simdidre esaa sasurveli dovlaTis meti raodenobis
miRebis efeqtiani meTodi.

20

efeqtianoba da faseulobebi
leqsikonSi `efeqtianoba~ ganmartebulia, rogorc meqanizmis mier Sesrulebuli namuSevrisa
da daxarjuli energiis fardoba. oRond unda gvaxsovdes, rom cneba `Sesrulebuli namuSevari~
damokidebulia imaze, Tu risi miReba gvsurs. aris Tu ara orTqlmavali nakleb efeqtiani, vidre
dizeli? mravali wlis winaT sarkinigzo kompaniebis umravlesobam gadawyvita, rom es asea da qva
naxSirze momuSave orTqlmavlebi navTobze momuSave dizeluri lokomotivebiT Secvala.
efeqtianoba yovelTvis SefasebiTi kategoriaa. igi dakavSirebulia Sedegisa da danaxarjebis
faseulobaTa TanafardobasTan. efeqtianobaSi aucileblad monawileobs obieqturi komponen
ti: Cveni simpaTia-antipaTia sulac ar gansazRvravs saTbobis erTeulis TboSemcvelobas, an man
Zils, romelzec energiis mocemul raodenobas garkveuli wona gadaaqvs, magram, TavisTavad, fi
zikuri parametrebi verasdros gansazRvraven efeqtianobas.
danaxarjebis Sedegebad gardaqmnis efeqtianoba SeiZleba gaizomos mxolod mas Semdeg, rac
dadgenili iqneba amgvari gardaqmnis obieqtTa subieqturi Rirebuleba. avtomobilis Zravis
efeqtianoba ganisazRvreba dadgenili subieqturi mizandasaxulobiT, magaliTad, avtomobilis
moZraobis siCqariT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia CavTvaloT, rom nebismieri Zravis efe
qtianoba 100 procentia, raki mTliani Semavali energia srulad daixarjeba avtomobilis gada
adgilebis, detalebis xaxunis da mravali sxva formiT.
Sedegis Rirebulebis Sefardeba danaxarjebis RirebulebasTan
efeqtianobis gazomvis erTaderTi meTodia
aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom nebismieri procesis efeqtianoba Sefasebebis cvlilebasTan er
Tad icvleba. navTobis mniSvnelovanma gaZvirebam SeiZleba ise Secvalos fardobiTi efeqtiano
ba, rom qvanaxSirze momuSave orTqlmavali dizelis lokomotivze efeqtiani aRmoCndes. Tu, ma
galiTad, eleqtroenergiis fasi katastro
fulad gaizrdeba, sabeWdi manqana efeqtianobiT
IBM-is uaxles nouTbuqs gauswrebs.

rogor gacvales gasma da harim mZime samuSao

modiT, simdidrisa da efeqtianobis Cveni gageba warmoebisa da gacvlis gamartivebuli magaliTis
ganxilvisTvis gamoviyenoT. warmovidginoT, rom gasi da hari Cikagoeli mezoblebi arian da TiToeu
li maTganis ezo didi molisa da yvavilnarisgan Sedgeba. SabaTobiT mezoblebi sakuTar ezoebSi mu
Saoben gazons kreWen da yvavilnars uvlian. gasi yovelTvis ufro adre amTavrebs samuSaos, Tumca
ezoebi zusti aslebiviT hgavs erTmaneTs. igi gazons 40 wuTSi kreWs, yvavilnaris movlas ki 80 wuTs
andomebs, maSin, roca haris TiToeul am operaciaze 120 wuTi exarjeba.
gasi

hari

gazoni

40 wuTi

120 wuTi

yvavilnari

80 wuTi

120 wuTi

ra Tqma unda, haris surs drois dazogva da neil deimondis musikis mSvidad mosmena, gasic
siamovnebiT uyurebda beisbolis matCs nacvlad imisa, rom ezoSi emuSava. karga xnis fiqris Sem
deg, hari mezobels mimarTavs winadadebiT, romlis mixedviTac TviTon mzadaa mouaros gasis
yvavilnaris sam meoTxeds, Tu mezobeli, Tavis mxriv, mis gazons mTlianad gakreWs. ramdenime
wuTis fiqris Semdeg gasi Tanxmobas acxadebs, radgan, aseTi gadanawilebis dros, igi sakuTar
ezoSi erT saaTs (gazoni _ 40 wT da yvavilnari _ 20wT.), xolo haris ezoSi 40 wuTs (gazoni) imu
Savebs, riTac 20 wuTs dazogavs. moigebs haric, romelic sakuTar ezoSi 120 wuTs (yvavilnari) da
gasis ezoSi (yvavilnaris sami meoTxedi) saaTnaxevars imuSavebs, riTac, sabolood, naxevar saaTs
(240wT. 210wT.=30wT.) dazogavs. garigebiT orivem moigo. movlili ezoebis garda, orives gauCn
da damatebiTi upiratesoba Tavisufali drois saxiT.
- ki magram, rogor? ismis xma bolo merxidan rogor moigo gasmac, Tu hari gacilebiT uaresad
muSaobs? saidan gaCnda damatebiTi Tavisufali dro da, ese igi, damatebiTi simdidre? gadaikiTxeT
es istoria kidev erTxel da yuradRebiT gaaanalizeT cifrebi, Tumca, iqneb sjobdes Semdeg maga
liTze gadavideT da, paralelurad, sawarmoo SesaZleblobaTa mrudebs gavecnoT.
21

Ggacvlis arsi, warmoebis alternatiuli danaxarjebis Sedareba

b-ni jonsi

baci ludi

baci ludi

jonsi elmstritze ori saxeobis luds xarSavs Rias da muqs. yovel kvartalSi mas SeuZlia 10
galoni Ria ludis, an 5 galoni muqi ludis moxarSva. dasaSvebia am SesaZleblobaTa garkveuli
proporciiT SeTavsebac. yovelive es asaxulia 2-1 naxazze, sadac warmodgenilia jonsis sawar
moo SesaZleblobebi, anu Ria da muqi ludis is maqsimaluri raodenobrivi kombinaciebi, romel
Ta warmoeba SesaZlebelia jonsis xelT arsebuli resursiT.
amave dros, qalbatoni braunic oukstritze ori saxeobis luds xarSavs. yovel kvartalSi mas
SeuZlia 3 galoni Ria, an 4 galoni muqi ludis moxarSva. dasaSvebi maqsimaluri kombinaciebi am
SemTxvevaSic 2-1 naxazzea warmodgenili sawarmoo SesaZleblobaTa Sesabamis mrudze.
erTis mxriv, jonsi orive saxeobis luds ufro efeqtianad amzadebs. oRond, metis damzadebis
unari TavisTavad ar niSnavs efeqtianobas. Cven unda SevadaroT, ra unda gaviRoT Sedegis misaR
wevad, raki ufasod araferi gveZleva. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, unda SevadaroT jonsis da braunis
alternatiuli danaxarjebi.
q-ni brauni

10

muqi ludi

muqi ludi

nax. 2.1

rogoria jonsis danaxarjebi? Tu jonsi moindomebs mxolod Ria ludis gamoSvebas, igi moxar
Savs 10 galons, magram xelidan gauSvebs 5 galoni muqi ludis warmoebis SesaZleblobas. Ria lu
dis TiToeuli galonis gamosaSvebad jonsi msxverplad wiravs 0,5 galon muq luds. swored ase
ve, muqi ludis yovel galonze igi msxverplad wiravs 2 galon Ria luds.
Tu brauni xarSavs mxolod muq luds, igi miiRebs 4 galons, magram dakargavs 3 galoni Ria ludis
warmoebis SesaZleblobas. amrigad, muqi ludis TiTo galoni mas Ria ludis sami meoTxedi galoni
ujdeba da, piriqiT, 1 galoni Ria ludi misTvis 1,3 galoni muqi ludis danaxarjis tolfasia.
axla ki SegviZlia, mTavari kiTxvac davsvaT vin awarmoebs bac luds ufro iafad? gaangariSe
bebi gviCvenebs, rom esaa jonsi, romelsac am produqtis erTi galoni mxolod naxevari galoni
muqi ludi ujdeba maSin, roca braunis danaxarji 1,3 galonia. amrigad, jonsis alternatiuli
danaxarji naklebia, anu mas aqvs Ria ludis warmoebis `SedarebiTi upiratesoba~. samagierod,
muqi ludis warmoebisas, es upiratesoba braunis mxares gadadis, radgan misi alternatiuli da
naxarji ufro naklebia, vidre jonsis danaxarji.
aq ufro naTlad gamoikveTa is, rac gasis da haris magaliTSi nawilobriv uTqmeli darCa. ra
moxdeba, Tu TiToeuli mewarme specializdeba ufro efeqtian saqmianobaze da amis Semdeg ivaW
rebs? vTqvaT, maT moilaparakes da saqme ase aawyes: jonsi awarmoebs mxolod bac luds, brauni
muqs, mere ki produqcias cvlian jonsi cvlis Tavisi ludis 3 galons braunis ludis 3 galonze.
kvartlis bolos aRmoCndeba, rom orive mewarmes aRmoaCndeba sxvadasxva saxeobis ludis iseTi
kombinacia, romelic sWarbobs sawarmoo SesaZleblobaTa zRvars. jonsma miiRo mosalodnelze
meti, radgan mas mieca 7 galoni Ria da 3 galoni muqi ludis gayidvis saSualeba. braunis simdid
rec gaizarda, radgan man miiRo 3 galoni Ria da erTi galoni muqi ludi. vercerTi mewarme aseT
maCvenebels damoukideblad ver miaRwevda.
22

ratom specializacia?
specializacia sxvagvarad SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, rogorc `SedarebiTi upiratesobis ga
moyeneba~. adamianebi imitom specializdebian, rom ase sakuTar simdidres amravleben. mewarmeebs
imisi saSualeba eZlevaT, rom ganavrcon sakuTari SesaZleblobebi warmoebuli saqonlis gacv
liT iseT saqonelze, romlis warmoeba maT ufro Zviri daujdebodaT. SesaZleblobaTa aseTi
gafarToebis meTodika imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom ekonomistebi saubroben `SedarebiTi upira
tesobis kanonze.
specializacia da gacvla afarToeben sawarmoo SesaZleblobebs
es kanoni adgens specializaciis stimuls da aRwers ekonomikuri zrdis process, romelic am
faqtoriTaa gamowveuli. kanoni xsnis, Tu ratom uaryofen adamianebi universalur ostatobas
da ratom irCeven ZiZis, buRaltris, stomatologis, maswavleblis da sxva profesiebs. adamianebi
cdiloben sakuTari simdidris gamravlebas im sferoSi specializaciiT, sadac maTi azriT, Se
darebiTi upiratesoba gaaCniaT. Tuki erTxel mainc gifiqriaT imaze, Tu vin gsurT gamoxvideT,
maSin Tqven gicdiaT sakuTari SedarebiTi upiratesobis gansazRvra.
specializacia sakuTari SedarebiTi upiratesobis
gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs

individualuri vaWrobidan saerTaSoriso vaWrobamde da piriqiT

vfiqrob, davrwmundiT, rom gacvliT batonma jonsmac da qalbatonma braunmac ixeires. maT,
albaT, arasodes smeniaT `SedarebiTi upiratesobis kanonis~ Sesaxeb, Tumca mis Zalas eqvemdeba
rebian. SegveZlo gveTqva, rom jonsi axorcielebda Ria ludis `eqsports~ da muqi ludis `im
ports~, xolo brauni piriqiT iqceoda. mcirediT win Tu waviwevT, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom orive
mxare importis safasurs eqsportiT ixdis. ganvaviTaroT es azri ra moxdeboda, jonsi rom kan
zasSi cxovrobdes, brauni ki pensilvaniaSi? SegveZlo Tu ara, gveTqva, rom kanzasSi axorcie
lebs muqi ludis imports pensilvaniidan? xom cxadia, rom jonsi vaWrobs braunTan da meti
araferi xdeba! mxolod adamianebi vaWroben, uwevT ra, am dros, qalaqis, olqis da Statis saz
Rvrebis gadakveTa.
mxolod adamianebi akeTeben arCevans
mainc ras vgulisxmobT, roca vambobT, rom aSS vaWrobs fineTTan, germaniasTan, kanadasTan an
aziasTan? es mxolod imas niSnavs, rom aSS-is moqalaqeni am qveynebis moqalaqeebTan vaWroben. ra
Tqma unda, mosaxerxebelia aSS-fineTis vaWrobaze saubari, magram ar unda daviviwyoT, rom esaa
adamianTa (maT Soris garkveul organizaciaTa warmomadgenlebis) didi raodenobis mier ganxor
cielebuli gacvliTi operaciebis jami.

transaqciuli danaxarjebi
axla Cven gadavdivarT sakmaod rTul Teoriul sakiTxebze, SemdgomSi ki saerTaSoriso
gacvlebis ganxilvis SesaZlebloba mogvecema. am SemTxvevaSi, sawyisi debuleba ucvlelia ne
bayoflobiTi gacvla urTierTxelsayrelia; kerZo sakuTrebis sistemaSi adamianebs uCndebaT
specializaciis stimuli, radgan SedarebiTi upiratesoba ganapirobebs simdidris dagrovebas.
Cven ukve vimsjeleT warmoebis alternatiul danaxarjebze, Tumca ar unda dagvaviwydes is
xarjebic, romelic savaWro partnioris ZiebasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
magaliTebSi Segnebulad CavTvaleT, rom es xarjebi mcirea, gasi da hari mezoblebi arian,
jonsi da brauni erT mrevls ekuTvnian. am ukanasknelT sxvadasxva qalaqebSi rom ecxovraT, ga
cvlis SesaZleblobas ase advilad ver aRmoaCendnen. manZili da informaciis uqonloba vaWrobas
aZnelebs. swored amas vuwodebT transaqciul danaxarjebs. esaa dainteresebul mxareTa konta

23

qtebze da SeTanxmebaze gaweuli danaxarji. roca mxareebi erTmaneTisgan moSorebiT cxovroben,

maTTvis Znelia internetis gareSe vaWrobis SesaZleblobis gamoZebna, amdenad, interneti efeq
tianad amcirebs transaqciul danaxarjebs. Suamavlebi es yvelasgan aTvalwunebuli adamianebi
erTmaneTs axvedreben gamyidvelebs da myidvelebs, riTac spoben barierebs SeTanxmebisken mi
maval gzaze. Suamavals aqvs sakuTari SedarebiTi upiratesoba igi informacias dabali dana
xarjebiT awarmoebs.
transaqciuli danaxarjebi xSirad xels gviSlis
urTierTxelsayrel gacvlaSi

sabazro aRmoCenebi
ekonomistebi Tvlian, rom TiTqmis yovelTvis (an absoluturad yovelTvis), SedarebiTi upira
tesoba mxolod gacvlis sabazro procesSi gamovlindeba. adamianebi cdiloben sakuTari Sedarebi
Ti upiratesobis realizacias imiT, rom irCeven maqsimalurad mimzidvel variantebs. amerikelebi
yiduloben aziur sportul tansacmels, iaponelebi ki amerikul xorbals mxolod imitom, rom
aseT qmedebas sasurveli Sedegis miRebis saukeTeso gzad miiCneven. sakuTrebaTa gacvlis sabazro
procesSi Cven aRmovaCenT SedarebiT upiratesobebs da maTgan warmoqmnil efeqtianobas.
sabaziso informacias, umravles SemTxvevaSi, fasebi gvawvdian. magaliTad, studentebs surT
gaigon, rogori SesaZleblobebi iSleba maT winaSe karieris TvalsazrisiT, an ra SemzRudavi faq
torebi iCens Tavs, Tuki isini politologiis, medicinis an filosofiis magistris diplomebs
miiReben. sulac ar gvinda vTqvaT, TiTqosda adamianebi mxolod fasebs aqcevdnen yuradRebas,
magram, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, fardobiTi fasebi marTlac warmarTaven maTs qcevas. roca, maga
liTad, iaponeli fermerebi xels iReben xorblis warmoebaze, raki sakuTar produqcias ameriki
dan eqsportirebulze iafad ver gayidian, isini ise iqcevian, TiTqos miznis miRwevis yvelaze
iafi xerxi yvelaze efeqtianic iyos. amasTan, mudmivad xdeba TanamSromlobis da urTierTSegue
bis procesebis waxaliseba, razec Sendeba kidec yovelgvari ekonomika.

dava faseulobaTa Sesaxeb

ra ufro efeqtiania meddis diplomi Tu filosofiis doqtoris xarisxi? mobiluri tele
foni Tu telefonavtomati? tyis mTliani gaCexva Tu SerCeviTi gamoxSirva? aseTi formulire
biT, am kiTxvebs azri ar gaaCnia. efeqtianobis da araefeqtianobis Cveneuli xedva ganisazRvreba
imiT, Tu Tavad ras vafasebT. sakiTxavi is ki araa, Tu ra aris sinamdvileSi efeqtiani, aramed is,
Tu vis aqvs ufleba, daadginos efeqtianobis kriteriumebi. saZile tomridan gamoZvroma da
mwvervalze asvla mravalTaTvis saSinlad araefeqtiani saqcielia, Tumca aseT midgomas aqtiu
rad gaaprotesteben alpinizmis moyvarulebi. am winaaRmdegobas imitom ar mivyavarT sazoga
doebriv konfliqtamde, rom yvelani adamianis pirad arCevans pativs vcemT kargad gamoiZinos
Tu mwvervalze aZvres. usagno dava mxolod maSin iwyeba, roca uflebebis sakiTxSi SeTanxmebas
ver vaRwevT. roca sakuTrebis uflebebi zusti, stabiluri da ucvlelia, SezRudul resursebs
edeba fuladi fasi, romelic maTs fardobiT iSviaTobas asaxavs. is, vinc gadawyvetilebas iRebs,
am fass iyenebs, rogorc informaciis wyaros. imis Tqma, rom fasebi `arasworia~ da ver asaxavs
garkveuli produqtis realur Rirebulebas, am fasebis warmomqmneli sabazro principebis uar
yofis tolfasia. esaa ara efeqtianobis, aramed sakuTrebis uflebis da am uflebis momcveli zo
gadi TamaSis wesebis kritika.

mokled gavimeoroT
efeqtianoba Sefasebebzea damokidebuli. Tumca fizikuri da teqnologiuri parametrebi
gaTvaliswinebulia efeqtianobis gansazRvrisas, magram es faqtorebi TavisTavad ver ganapiro
24

beben alternatiuli procesebis efeqtianobas. efeqtianoba ganisazRvreba, rogorc Sedegis Se

fasebisa da danaxarjTa Sefasebis fardoba.
simdidre, am sityvis ufarToesi gagebiT, niSnavs imas, rasac adamianebi afaseben. adamianebi
mxolod imitom cvlian sakuTrebis uflebebs, rom amgvar gacvlas piradi simdidris gamravlebis
efeqtian saSualebad miiCneven. nebayoflobiTi gacvla yovelTvis gulisxmobs naklebad fase
ulze uaris Tqmas ufro faseulis sanacvlod. gacvla iseTive mwarmoebluri procesia, rogorc
mrewveloba an soflis meurneoba.
SedarebiTi upiratesoba alternatiuli RirebulebiT ganisazRvreba. adamianebi specializ
debian, raTa ivaWron da gamdidrdnen. isini irCeven im specialobebs, romlebic maTi SedarebiTi
upiratesobebis gamoyenebis asparezad gamodgeba. simdidris mateba aRiwereba sawarmoo SesaZ
leblobaTa mrudebiT.
sakuTrebis uflebebze da gacvlis minimalur SezRudvebze dafuZnebuli sazogadoebrivi siste
ma xels uwyobs adamianebs imis gagebaSi, Tu ra mimarTulebiT unda eZebon sakuTari SedarebiTi upi
ratesobebis gamoyenebis perspeqtiva. ase imitom xdeba, rom, xsenebuli tipis sistemebSi, sabazro
procesebi da Tavisufali faswarmoqmna informaciis mopovebis efeqtian meqanizmad yalibdeba.
dava imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad efeqtiania esa Tu is procesi, Tavisi arsiT, aris dava TamaSis
wesebisa da garkveul resursebze sakuTrebis uflebis Sesaxeb.

sakiTxebi gansjisaTvis
1. xuliganma jeks TavSi Caartya da axali xelTaTmani waarTva. vin moigo? vin waago?
2. bevrs moswons orTqlmavlis Sesaxedaoba.
a) unda CavrToT Tu ara aseTi esTetikuri siamovneba orTqlmavlis sasargeblo Tvise
baTa nusxaSi, gadasazidi tvirTis moculobasTan erTad?
b) Tuki rkinigzis mflobelebi gamonaxaven gadasaxadis akerfis xerxs maTTvis, visac
orTqlmavlis Sesaxedaoba moswons, CarTavdnen Tu ara esTetikur siamovnebas
orTqlmavlis sasargeblo TvisebaTa nusxaSi?
g) gaizrdeboda Tu ara orTqlmavlis efeqtianoba am SemTxvevaSi?
3. ra ufro efeqtiania 1956 wlis gamoSvebis `Fender~-is cnobili gitara, Tu 2003 wlis gamoSve
bis `EL Cheapo~-s iafi eleqtrogitara? Seicvleba Tu ara Tqveni pasuxi, Tu SeityobT, rom
`Fender~ Tavis gitaras 12,000 dolarad yidis, `EL Cheapo~-s gitara ki 175 dolari Rirs?
4.

efeqtiania Tu ara ojaxis naxevarfabrikatebiT gamokveba? ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gadaiqces

es Zviri produqtebi ojaxuri sadilis momzadebis umcires danaxarjebad? iqneb cdeba is,
vinc naxevarfabrikatebis myidvelebs uyairaTobaSi adanaSaulebs da Tvlis, rom es ukanas
knelni `normalurze~ orjer Zvirs xarjaven?

5. mravali amerikeli, sazogadoebrivi transportis gamoyenebis an kolegebTan kooperirebis

da ramdenime adamianisTvis erTi avtomanqanis gamoyenebis nacvlad, samsaxurSi sakuTari
avtomobiliT dadis.
a) SeiZleba Tu ara erTdroulad efeqtiani iyos im mZRolis moqmedeba, romelic pikis
saaTis dros sakuTari avtomobiliT marto gadaadgildeba da im adamianis moqmede
bac, romelic sazogadoebriv transports iyenebs?
b) sinamdvileSi ras gulisxmoben, roca Tvlian, rom amdeni adamiani, romelic samsaxur
Si sakuTari avtomobiliT midis, araefeqtianad iqceva?
6. advokati fudi qveyanaSi yvelaze cnobili iuristia. amas garda, igi fenomenalurad flobs
sabeWd manqanas wuTSi 120 sityvas beWdavs. uRirs Tu ara fuds naSromebis sakuTari xeliT
beWdva, Tu saukeTeso mdivani, romlis daqiravebac SeuZlia, wuTSi mxolod 60 sityvas beWda
vs? daamtkiceT, rom fudi naklebefeqtiani mbeWdavia, vidre misi mdivani.
7. cdilobda ra daemtkicebina, rom mosaxleobis zrda sasoflo-sameurneo resursebs amowur
viT emuqreba, Worldwatch Institute aRniSnavda, rom 1998 wels, pirvelad istoriaSi, aSS-Si moixma
res ufro meti sakvebi produqti, vidre awarmoes.
25

a) rogor fiqrobT, zomis romeli erTeulebi gamoiyenes ukanaskneli debulebis dasa

mtkiceblad, wona, kaloriuloba, Tu fasi?
b) Tu oficiluri savaWro balansi aCvenebs, rom aSS-Si saqonlis wliuri importi (do
larebSi gamosaxuli) sWarbobs eqsports, ratom ar iZlevian es cifrebi imis mtkice
bis safuZvels, rom qveyanas SimSili emuqreba?
8. xSirad amtkiceben, rom kapitalistur sistemaSi kompaniebi ganagrZoben gacveTili mowyobi
lobis gamoyenebas, radgan maTi SeZena Tavis droze Zviri daujdaT. adasturebs Tu ara es
faqti kompaniebis araefeqtianobas? ra rols asruleben, am SeTxvevaSi, adre daxarjuli
Tanxebi? rodis moindomebs aviakompania, romelsac `boing-727~-Si `fuli aqvs Cadebuli~, mis
Canacvlebas `boing-767~-iT?
9. samocdaaTian wlebSi, `benzinis krizisis~ dros, bevri kiTxulobda, ratom ar krZalaven
sawvavis iseT `uazro~ xarjs, rogoricaa avtorbola. eTanxmebiT Tu ara maT mosazrebas?
moifiqreT `uazro xarjebis~ iseTi ganmarteba, romelic vrceldeba avtorbolaze, magram ar
gavrceldeba krizisul periodSi benzinis gamoyenebis sxva variantebze.
10. Tesvamde fermerebs SeuZliaT moxnan da guldasmiT gaafxvieron miwa, an es ar gaakeTon. mo
xvna spobs sarevelas Tesls da mavne mwerebis Wuprebs, mouxvneloba ki aucilebels xdis her
bicidebis da pesticidebis gamoyenebas. ganmarteT, rogor zemoqmedebs qvemoT CamoTvlili
faqtorebi moxvnis da armoxvnis teqnologiebis SedarebiT efeqtianobaze.
a) dizelis saTbobis gaZvireba;
b) herbicidebis da pesticidebis xarisxis gaumjobeseba;
g) ufro mkacri samTavrobo ekologiuri kontroli mdinareebisa da tbebis dabinZure
baze qimikatebiT (daxmareba: daumuSavebeli miwa ufro kargad inarCunebs qimikatebs,
vidre damuSAavebuli);
d) fermerebs meagarakeebis msgavsi damokidebuleba uCndebaT GTavianTi miwis farTOobe
bis mimarT: fermerebs moswonT, roca maTi miwebi kargadaa damuSavebuli;
e) miwis gaZvireba.
11. mdinare sevierze, romelic iutas Statis centralur miwebs rwyavs, gadawyvites 3,000 megava
tiani eleqtrosadguris aSeneba. misi wliuri danaxarji 40,000 m3 wyalia.
a) ra ufro efeqtiania wylis gamoyeneba sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis sawarmoe
blad, Tu eleqtroenergiis gamomuSavebis mizniT?
b) SegiZliaT Tu ara upasuxoT wina kiTxvas RirebulebaTa SedarebiT (daxmareba: Rire
buleba zRvruli sidideebiT ganisazRvreba)?
g) uzrunvelyofs Tu ara fermerTa mier wyliT sargeblobis uflebis gayidva wylis
ufro Rirebul gamoyenebas?
d) daasaxeleT ramdenime jgufi, romelTac fermerebis aseTi gadawyvetileba daazara
lebs.
12. 1984 wels amerikis kongresis teqnologiur SefasebaTa ganyofilebis mier Catarebuli kvle
va Seicavda daskvnas, romlis mixedviTac, saqalaqTaSoriso mgzavrobis Cqarosnuli qseli
ver SesZlebda mogebis misaRebad aucilebeli mgzavrTa raodenobis mozidvas. niSnavs Tu ara
es amgvari qselis mSeneblobis araefeqtianobas?
13. gomess SeuZlia 200 tona marcvleulis, an 200 yuTi xendros moyvana naxevari wlis ganmavlo
baSi, guberi ki imave vadebSi mxolod 100 tona marcvleuls, an 50 yuT xendros moiyvans.
a) daxazeT sawarmoo SesaZleblobaTa Sesabamisi mrudebi;
b) rogoria maTi alternatiuli xarjebi?
g) vis aqvs SedarebiTi upiratesoba marcvleulis moyvanaSi?
d) vis aqvs SedarebiTi upiratesoba xendros moyvanaSi?
e) aRwereT urTierTxelsayreli gacvlis pirobebi.
14. `specializacia da Tavisufali vaWroba qveynis SigniT sikeTea, magram saerTaSoriso Tavisu
fali vaWroba didi borotebis saTavea. iafi importuli saqoneli ar zrdis Cvens sawarmoo

26

SesaZleblobebs da Cvens ekonomikas. metic, es saqoneli xels uwyobs samuSao adgilebis Sem
cirebas~ SeafaseT es debuleba.
15. SegimCneviaT Tu ara, rom qalaqebis centalur nawilebSi naklebia benzingasamarTi sadgure
bis raodenoba. aseTi gacxovelebuli moZraobis adgilebSi benzingasamarTi sadgurebis
mflobelebi karg Semosavals miiRebdnen.
a) maSin ratomaa ase cota benzingasamarTi sadgurebi qalaqis centralur nawilebSi?
b) ufro efeqtiani iqneba, Tu ara Tu qalaqis administracia, romelsac aqvs kerZo sakuT
rebis CaAmorTmevis ufleba, Seisyidis qalaqis centrSi miwis mcire zomis nakveTeEbs,
benzingasamarTi sadgurebis gasaSeneblad, sadac moTxovna benzinze didia?

27

Semcvlelebi Cvens
garSemo:
moTxovnis cneba

qven albaT bevrjer gsmeniaT an wagikiTxavT Semdegi saxis debulebani:

1. saxanZro usafrTxoebisaTvis aucilebelia, rom yvela sacxovrebels hqondes ori gasasvle

li.
2. Cven gvesaWiroeba axali avtomobili.
3. mimdinare aTwleulSi Cvens Stats damatebiT dasWirdeba didi raodenobiT wyali.
4. satransporto nakadebis Seswavlam gamoavlina axali avtomagistralis mSeneblobis aucile
bloba.
5. yvela moqalaqes, miuxedavad misi gadaxdisunarianobisa, unda SeeZlos aucilebeli samedi
cino momsaxurebis miReba.
6. Cven mxolod gamarjveba gvWirdeba.

saxanZro usafrTxoeba, wyali, transportis swrafi da Tanabari gadaadgileba, samedicino

momsaxureba da axali avtomobilic ki `keTildReobas~ warmoadgens. Cven vambobT _ `avtomobil
ic ki~, vinaidan ukanasknel xans, satransporto xazebis gadatvirTulobis gamo, eWvqveS dgeba
misi gamosadegobis sakiTxi, magram Tu amis Sesaxeb SeekiTxebiT avtomobilis mflobels an axal
gazrdebs, romlebsac jer ar hyavT avtomobili, isini dagarwmuneben, rom axali avtomobili Za
lianac sasargeblo ramaa. maS ra aris mcdari am mtkicebaSi?
aucileblobis cneba aris is saerTo elementi, romelsac eqvsive kiTxvaSi vxvdebiT. swored
mas SevyavarT SecdomaSi.
ganvixiloT pirveli mtkiceba. xanZris dros, erTi gasasvlelis mqone saxlSi gana yvela
mcxovrebi daiRupeba an daiwveba? ra Tqma unda, ara. ubralod, oris nacvlad erTi gasasvlelis
arsebobisas riski meti iqneba. maSin, ratom ar unda arsebobdes sami gasasvleli? an oTxi? ratom
ar mivideT ukiduresobamde da kedlebis nacvlad karebebi ar gavakeToT? pasuxi isaa, rom keTil
dReoba gulisxmobs ara mxolod saxanZro usafrTxoebas, aramed aseve binis gaTbobisa da
gagrilebis dabal fass, rom araferi vTqvaT binis dacvaze qurdebisagan, romlebmac kargad
ician, rom binidan mravali gasasvleli masSi bevr Sesasvlelsac niSnavs. garda amisa, SesaZloa
arsebobdes saxanZro usafrTxoebis ukeTesi saSualebebi. cecxlsaqrobebi, xanZris Caqrobis av
tomaturi sistemebi da didi saferfleebi aseve amcirebs damwvrobis miRebis an cecxlSi daRup
vis risks. Tuki moviTxovT binidan ramdenime gasasvlelis arsebobas, maSin ratom ar dagvekida
TiToeul kedelze TiTo cecxlsaqrobi?
binidan gasasvlelebis Sesaxeb Sexeduleba ar iTvaliswinebs sam urTierTdakavSirebul faqts
pirveli: dovlaTis umetesoba ufaso ar aris da maTi SeZena moiTxovs sxva dovlaTze uaris
Tqmas. meore: nebismier dovlaTs gaaCnia Semcvlelebi anu substitutebi. aqedan gamomdinareobs,
rom gonivruli arCevani arCevani, romelic ramdenime SesaZlebelidan sasurvelis amorCevis
29

saSualebas iZleva, anu ekonomikuri arCevani alternativebis gamoyenebisas, moiTxovs damate

biTi xarjebisa da damatebiTi sargeblobis urTierTSedarebas. gonivrul arCevans ki gacvlebi
mosdevs.

xarjebi da Semcvlelebi
davbrundeT ukan da ganvixiloT danarCeni xuTi debuleba. vis sWirdeba axali avtomobili?
cxadia, yvelas ki ara, aramed mas, vinc axal avtomobils imaze metad afasebs, razec, avtomobilis
SeZenis SemTxvevaSi, uaris Tqma uxdeba.
SesaZloa saWiro iyos uaris Tqma mogzaurobaze, axal tansacmelze, kinoSi mravaljer wasvla
ze da stereosistemaze. gamarTlebulia Tu ara es msxverpli? bolosdabolos, axali avtomobi
lis SeZenis nacvlad, SeiZleba arsebulis SekeTeba, naxmari avtomobilis an velosipedis SeZena,
saavtomobilo pulSi Sesvla (car pule _ moqalaqeTa nebayoflobiTi gaerTianeba, avtomobilis
rigrigobiT an erTdroulad gamoyenebis mizniT), sazogadoebrivi transportiT sargebloba, sa
muSaosTan axlos sacxovreblad gadasvla, dabolos, saxlSi ufro xSirad yofna. gonieri momxma
reblebi arCevans akeTeben mxolod mas Semdeg, rac ganixilaven sxvadasxva danaxarjebsa da sarge
bels.
ganvixiloT mesame mosazreba. `Cvens Stats momaval aTwleulSi dasWirdeba wylis didi dama
tebiTi raodenoba~. nuTu romelime Stats marTlac esaWiroeba damatebiT didi raodenobis wya
li? wyalsacavebi da kaSxalebi, milgayvaniloba da sarwyavi danadgarebi aseve warmoadgens wylis
resursebis gazrdis saSualebas. magram isini moiTxoven danaxarjebs. amarTlebs Tu ara sargebe
li danaxarjebs? Tu Tqven fiqrobT, rom wyali Seucvleli ramaa, Tqven metad akademiurad
azrovnebT, axdenT ra abstragirebas realuri samyrodan. Tqven albaT fiqrobT, rom wyali Ziri
Tadad sasmelad gamoiyeneba, maSin rodesac aSS-Si wylis udidesi nawili sxva miznebiT ixarjeba.
Tqven ukeT gaerkveviT wylis problemaSi an avtomagistralis sakiTxSi (romelzedac qvemoT
gveqneba saubari), Tu ar dagaviwydebaT, rom iseTi warmonaqmnebi, rogoricaa Statebi an qalaqebi
sinamdvileSi arafers ar saWiroeben. bolosdabolos survilebi da miznebi mxolod pirovnebebs
gaaCniaT. ras gulisxmobs adamiani, rodesac ambobs: `xalxs surs~? imas, rom es yvela adamianis
survilia, Tu adamianTa umravlesobisa? an iqneb es mxolod rCeulTa survilia? amgvari mtkice
bulebebis analizisas Cveulebriv kargia aseTi kiTxvis dasma: kerZod vis sWirdeba meti wyali, an
axali avtomagistrali an xanZrisgan meti usafrTxoeba?
`sagnebi iSviaTad arian iseTebi, rogoradac gamoiyurebian
rZe amJavda da surs Tavi araJnad mogvaCvenos~
meoTxe mcdar mtkicebas `moZraobis gadatvirTuloba iwvevs axali Cqarosnuli gzebis mSene
blobis moTxovnas~ mivyavarT saqalaqo dagegmarebis erT-erT yvelaze mwvave sakiTxTan. albaT
es kiTxva ar gamoiwvevda aseT sirTuleebs, Tavidanve rom gveRiarebina is faqti, rom avtomagi
stralebi ara marto dadebiT efeqts iZleva, aramed moiTxovs danaxarjebsac, rom maT gaaCniaT
mSvenieri Semcvlelebi da, rom qalaqis gonivruli dagegmareba gulisxmobs damatebiTi dana
xarjebisa da damatebiTi sargeblis Sedarebas. is vinc varaudobs axali magistralidan mogebis
didi wilis miRebas SedarebiT mcire danaxarjiT, ar moisurvebs, rom sxvebma dainaxon am magi
stralze gaweuli xarjebis erToblioba, an gaigon, Tu sinamdvileSi ramdeni Semcvleli gaaCnia.
amitom isini moqmedeben ise, TiTqos satransporto nakadebis Seswavlas SeuZlia gamoavlinos
`aucilebloba~. magram satransporto nakadebis Seswavla mxolod imas gviCvenebs, Tu ramdeni
avtomobili moZraobs moqmed marSrutebze, mZRolebze gaweuli xarjebis pirobebSi iseTi ara
fuladi xarjebis CaTvliT, rogoricaa gzaSi Segvianeba, saSiSroebebi da kuWis wyluli. davu
SvaT, rom qalaqSi avtomobilebis sadgomebze manqanis gaCerebis fasi 500%-iT gaizarda. rogor
fiqrobT, ra daemarTeba moZraobas pikis saaTebSi? is, vinc regularulad moZraobs qalaqSi, Se
qmnis saavtomobilo pulebs da daiwyebs sazogadoebrivi transportiT sargeblobas. Tu manqanis
gaCerebis fasis gazrdis, sagzao SemTxvevisTvis dajarimebis an raime msgavsi garemoebis gamo,
qalaqsa da mis gareubnebs Soris mimosvlaze gaweuli xarjebi mZRolebisTvis sakmaod maRali
30

iqneba, maSin axali avtomagistralis saWiroeba SeiZleba myisve gadaiqces swrafi satranzito mi
mosvlis sistemis ganviTarebis `aucileblobad~. esaa aucileblobis metad ucnauri saxe, rome
lic SesaZloa gaqres fasis swrafi cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi.
mexuTe mtkiceba `yvela moqalaqes, miuxedavad maTi gadaxdisunarianobisa, unda gaaCndes
aucilebeli samedicino daxmarebis miRebis SesaZlebloba~ diaxac humanurad da liberalurad
gamoiyureba. magram ra raodenobis samedicino daxmarebas saWiroebs TiToeuli adamiani? yvela
dagveTanxmeba, rom adamians, romelsac apendicitis mwvave Seteva aqvs da ara aqvs operaciisTvis
saWiro Tanxa, aucileblad unda gaukeTdes operacia gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTa xarjze. magram
rogor unda moveqceT adamians, romelsac xiWvi Seeso? samedicino momsaxureba Tavisufal pro
duqts ar warmoadgens da im SemTxvevaSic ki ar iqneba araiSviaTi, pacientisgan arc erTma eqimma
safasuri rom ar aiRos. magram, Tuki nebismieri adamiani ubralod SeuZlod yofnisas eqims mi
marTavs, maSin eqimebis raodenoba momsaxurebisTvis arasakmarisi aRmoCndeba. rac ufro dabali
iqneba eqimTan vizitis fasi, miT ufro xSirad mivlen masTan miRebaze, imis nacvlad, rom ar gaa
maxvilon yuradReba SeuZlod yofnaze, dawvnen dasaZineblad, elodon da imedi iqonion. SeiZle
ba darwmunebiT vivaraudoT, rom fuladi anazRaurebis Semcireba sxva xarjebis zrdamde
migviyvans da, vTqvaT, gamoiwvevs rigSi saaTobiT lodins, vinaidan eqimebis momsaxureba araTavi
sufal saqonelia.
rac Seexeba meeqvse debulebas _ `Cven gvWirdeba mxolod gamarjveba~, is ubralod mowodebaa.
SesaZloa aseTi mowodeba kargia brZolis win, magram, politikuri analizis TvalsazrisiT, is
gaugebaria. Cveulebriv, gamarjvebisTvis saWiroa msxverplis gaReba. Tu msxverpli garkveul
masStabs aWarbebs, xalxi kompromisze midis da mzad aris Tavi damarcxebulad cnos da amave dros
gamoacxados, rom `arCevani ar arsebobda~. kidev erTxel vrwmundebiT, rom gonivruli poli
tikuri formulebi, maT Soris sagareo politikis dargSi, damyarebulia damatebiTi mosalodne
li xarjebisa da damatebiTi mosalodneli sargeblis zust gansazRvraze.
aucilebelia, xazi gavusvaT gamoTqmas `mosalodneli~. Cven vcxovrobT ganuzRvrelobis samya
roSi da iZulebulebi varT gavakeToT arCevani, romelic gavlenas iqoniebs Cvens momavalze, imis
bolomde dauzusteblad, Tu rogori iqneba es gavlena. msjeloben ra ekonomikur problemebze, xSi
rad SecdomiT varaudoben, rom ar arsebobs ganuzRvreloba, an rom adamianebi, romlebic iReben
ekonomikur gadawyvetilebas, yovlismcodneni arian, magram yovlismcodneoba jer-jerobiT
miuwvdomelia Cveulebrivi mokvdavisTvis. Tuki Cven ganwirulebi varT imisaTvis, rom ganuzRvre
lobis pirobebSi vicxovroT, maSin SegviZlia, ar gavirTuloT problemebi Tavis motyuebiT, TiTqos
es ase araa. frTxilad iyaviT, Tu am wignSi, an sadme sxvagan, SegxvdebaT mtkicebuleba, romelic gu
lisxmobs sruli da utyuari informaciis arsebobas. miaqcieT yuradReba imas, rom informacia aseve
warmoadgens faseulobas, romelsac SesaZloa, gaaCndes Semcvlelebi.

moTxovnis koncefcia
`aucileblobis~ koncefcia ukompromiso midgomas gulisxmobs. amitom ekonomistebi amjo
bineben moTxovnis cnebis gamoyenebas. moTxovna aris cneba, romelic erTmaneTTan akavSirebs
(dovlaTis) Sesyidul raodenobas da im msxverpls, romlis gaRebac aucilebelia am raodeno
bebis SesyidvisTvis.
dausviT sakuTar Tavs Semdegi kiTxvebi: ra raodenobis kompaqtdiskebi gsurT rom gqondeT?
weliwadSi ramdenjer gsurT restoranSi sadiloba? ra niSnis miReba gsurT romelime saganSi?
Tu Tqven SegiZliaT pasuxi gasceT am kiTxvebs, mxolod imitom, rom TiToeul SemTxvevaSi va
raudobT garkveuli danaxarjis gaRebas. davuSvaT Tqven gegmavT xuTianis miRebas mocemul
saganSi. ra moxdeba Tu xuTianis fasi gaizrdeba? maswavlebeli qrTams ar iRebs. xuTianis fasi
TqvenTvis (swored esaa mTavari) aris is msxverpli, romelic Tqven unda gaiRoT niSnis misaRebad.
moindomebT xuTianis miRebas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu amisaTvis kviraSi 20 saaTis muSaoba iqneba saWi
ro, maSin rodesac oTxianis misaRebad kviraSi erTi saaTis mecadineobac sakmarisia? SeiZleba
Tqven gsurT xuTiani, magram ara ase Zvirad, raki arcTu ise cudi Semcvleli `oTxiani~ gaci
lebiT iafi dagijdebaT. swored esaa saqme. Tu moTxovnis dakmayofileba SesaZlebelia mxolod
garkveuli safasuris gadaxdiT, anu sxva moTxovnebis dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqmis xarjze, Cven
Ta
vs vikavebT moTxovnis dakmayofilebisgan da imaze naklebs vjerdebiT, vidre Tavidan
gvsurda.
31

movlena, romelzedac Cven vsaubrobT, imdenad fundamenturia, rom zogierTi ekonomisti

mzad aris igi kanonis rangSi aiyvanos. moTxovnis kanoni adgens, rom arsebobs uaryofiTi kavSiri
adamianebis mier SeZenili dovlaTis raodenobasa da im fass (msxverpls) Soris, romelic maT am
dovlaTis SesaZenad unda gaiRon. ufro maRali fasebis dros naklebs SeiZenen, ufro dabali
fasebis dros ki _ mets.
Tanaxma xarT Tu ara, rom am debulebas kanoni vuwodoT? Tu Tqven gamonaklisebze fiqrobT?
Tuki marTlac arsebobs namdvili gamonaklisebi, es didi iSviaTobaa. ratom ar unda miaqcion
adamianebma yuradReba msxverpls, romlis gaRebac maT mouwevT? gana maT urCevniaT naklebi
msxverplis gaRebis nacvlad metis gaReba? swored ase moiqceoda is adamiani, romelic met dov
laTs SeiZenda masze xarjebis zrdisas.
moTxovnis kanonidan e.w. gamonaklisebi, Cveulebriv dafuZnebulia faqtebis araswor inter
pretaciaze. magaliTad, mazoxisti ver iqneboda gamonaklisi, vinaidan tkivili misTvis sasiamov
no ramaa da ara msxverplis gaReba. ganvixiloT yvelasaTvis cnobili SemTxveva, rodesac raime
dovlaTis fasi izrdeba da adamianebi yiduloben mets, moelian ra fasebis Semdgom zrdas. Tu
Tqven am movlenas CaufiqrdebiT, aRmoaCenT, rom es araa gamonaklisi moTxovnis kanonidan.
fasebis sawyisi zrda ganapirobebs momavalSi ufro maRali fasebis molodins, romelic zrdis
mimdinare moTxovnas mocemul dovlaTze. adamianebs surT metis SeZena axla, raTa SemdgomSi na
klebis daxarjva mouwioT. imis mizezs, rom adamianebi awmyoSi mets yiduloben, warmoadgens ara
ufro maRali fasi, aramed Secvlili molodini. fasebis sawyis cvlilebas rom ar Seecvala molo
dini, Cven sul sxva rames SevniSnavdiT.
garda amisa, isini, visac fasebis zrdis molodini ubiZgebs swrafi Sesyidvebisken, gasaReb
msxverpls mainc gaiTvaliswineben Sesyidvebis raodenobis gansazRvrisas.
zogjer amtkiceben, rom e.w. prestiJuli saqoneli warmoadgens gamonakliss moTxovnis kanon
idan. magaliTad, iTvleba, rom adamianebi yiduloben wavis qurqebs imitom, rom maTi fasi maRa
lia da ara dabali. udavoa, rom zogjer adamianebi yiduloben metad Zvirfas nivTebs ZiriTadad
imitom, rom STabeWdileba moaxdinon im TanxebiT, romelTa daxarjvis uflebasac sakuTar Tavs
aZleven. zogjer, informaciis naklebobis SemTxvevaSi, adamianebi nivTis xarisxis Sesaxeb
msjeloben misi fasis mixedviT, ase rom, zogierT SezRudul diapazonSi mainc, maTi msyidvelo
biTi mzadyofna SesaZloa dakavSirebuli iyos fasTan dadebiTi da ara uaryofiTi damokide
bulebiT. magram es moCvenebiTi gamonaklisebi SeiZleba martivad iqnas axsnili moTxovnis kano
nis farglebSi. adamianebi yiduloben prestiJs, da ara ubralod wavs, an isini msjeloben xarisxze
fasis mixedviT, vinaidan ar gaaCniaT ukeTesi informacia.
`movimaragoT, sanam fasebi gaizrdeba~
magram es magaliTebi sxva araferia, Tu ara kuriozi. miuxedavad imisa, mzad xarT Tu ara cnoT
kanonad, Semdegi faqti metad mniSvnelovani da udavoa: dovlaTis fasis zrdas Tan axlavs Ses
yidvebis saerTo moculobis Semcireba, xolo fasebis Semcirebas ki, piriqiT, maTi zrda. am kav
Siris ugulvebelyofa seriozuli Secdomaa.
niSani

miRebis fasi

20 saaTi kviraSi

1 saaTi kviraSi

3/4 saaTi kviraSi

zRvruli mniSvnelobebi
ra ufro mniSvnelovania, wyali Tu briliantebi? adamianebis umravlesoba, visac am kiTxvas
dausvamT, daufiqreblad gipasuxebT, rom wyali, magram sxvanairad vikiTxoT: ra ufro mniSvne
lovania, erTi Wiqa wyali Tu erTi Wiqa briliantebi? Tu maT kvlav gipasuxes, rom wyali, maSin
SeiZleba vkiTxoT, romels irCevdnen Tavad, Wiqa wyals Tu Wiqa briliantebs da gamarjveba yo
velTvis briliantebs darCeba. rogor SeiZleba adamianebma daufiqreblad amjobinon brilian

32

tebs wyali da airCion briliantebi, Tuki maT arCevans SesTavazeben? isini ityvian, rom wyali
ufro mniSvnelovani iqneba, Tuki udabnoSi wyurvilisgan daxrCoba emuqrebaT.
magram isini xom udabnoSi ar arian da arc wyurviliT kvdebian. Zveli gazeTi ufro saWiroa,
vidre Seqspiris tomeulebi, Tu Tqven unda moigerioT mwerebis Semoteva, raTa yviTeli ciebcxeleba ar dagemarToT. Tu kbilebs Soris saWmeli gageCxiraT da amas Wkuidan gadayavxarT,
kbilebis gamosawmendad Zafi ufro saWiroa, vidre kompiuteri. da saerTod, nebismieri sagani
SesaZ
loa sxvaze ufro mniSvnelovani gamodges, vinaidan sagnis mniSvneloba damokidebulia
situaciaze.
ekonomistebs igive azris gamosaTqmelad sakuTari saSualebebi gaaCniaT. aqtiuri mniSvnelo
bebi zRvruli mniSvnelobebia. ekonomikuri analizi Tavisi SinaarsiT zRvrul analizs warmoad
gens. mravali ekonomisti gamoiyenebs sityvas `marginalizmi~ imis gansamartad, rasac Cven ekono
mikur azrovnebas vuwodebT. zRvruli niSnavs imas, rac sazRvarze an sazRvarTan imyofeba.
ekonomikuri Teoria dafuZnebulia zRvrul analizze, vinaidan gulisxmobs, rom gadawyvetile
bebis miReba yovelTvis damatebiTi xarjebisa da damatebiTi sargeblis SedarebiT xdeba. ga
dawyvetilebebis miRebaze sxva faqtorebi ar moqmedeben mxolod zRvruli danaxarjebi da
zRvruli mogebebi.
zRvruli xarjebi an mogeba aris damatebiTi xarjebi an mogeba yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi.

zRvrul mniSvnelobebze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebebi

davuSvaT, rom saRamos cxra saaTze, rodesac Tqven emzadebiT xvalindeli gamocdisaTvis, gi
rekavT Seyvarebuli, romelsac surs ramdenime saaTiT gestumroT. Tqven eubnebiT, rom mecadi
neobT. is daJinebiT gTxovT da Tqven kvlav uarze xarT. is nawyeni toniT gekiTxebaT: `SenTvis
fizika ufro mniSvnelovania Tu me?~ da Tuki am droisaTvis Tqven kargad aiTviseT ekonomikuri
azrovneba, maSin pasuxobT: `mxolod zRvruli mniSvnelobiT~.
Tu Seyvarebuli ganagrZobs wuwuns, urCieT momaval wels ekonomikis kursebi gaiaros da dau
brundiT mecadineobas. am situaciaSi ar daismis fizikisa da Seyvarebulis faseulobis sakiTxi.
sakiTxavi isaa, warmoadgens Tu ara SeyvarebulTan gatarebuli ori saaTi met faseulobas, vidre
igive ori saaTi, gatarebuli fizikis wignTan.
Tqvenma Seyvarebulma dauSva Cveulebrivi Secdoma. is azrovnebs `yvelaferi~ an `araferi~-s
terminebiT. magram maSin, rodesac is saRamoTi girekavT, aseT arCevanTan rodi gvaqvs saqme. ga
dawyvetilebis miRebisas, aseT arCevans sinamdvileSi iSviaTad vxvdebiT. Cveulebriv, raRac er
Tis did raodenobas vadarebT, meoris mcire raodenobasTan. ekonomikuri azrovneba uaryofs
`yvelaferi~ an `araferi~-s terminebiT midgomas da yuradRebas amaxvilebs zRvrul mogebasa da
xarjebze.

gamovsaxoT grafikze
ekonomistebis mier gamoyenebuli cnebebis umetesobis gamosaxva da Seswavla mosaxerxebelia
grafikebis saxiT. moTxovnasa da moTxovnis sidides Soris arsebuli mniSvnelovani da Znelad
gasagebi sxvaoba SedarebiT advilad SeiZleba warmovidginoT grafikebze dakvirvebisas. Tu
Tqven adamianebis im mcire kategorias miekuTvnebiT, romlebsac grafikebis danaxvaze Jruante
li uvliT, girCevT Tavi moTokoT. advilad darwmundebiT, rom grafikebi saSiSi araa, roca gaer
kveviT imaSi, rac gamosaxulia 3-1 naxazze.
3-1 naxazze gamosaxuli grafiki gviCvenebs wyalze moTxovnas tipuri amerikuli saxlisTvis.
vertikalur RerZze gadazomilia erTi galoni wylis fasi centebSi. horizontalur RerZze ga
dazomilia wyalze moTxovna anu wylis is raodenoba, romelic moixmareba. aAqedan Cans, rom Tu
wylis fasi galonSi 0,03 cents udris, saxlis saWiroebaze yoveldRiurad daaxloebiT 320 galo
ni wyali daixarjeba. ojaxi wyals ise moixmars, TiTqos mas Rirebuleba ar gaaCndes. mobinadreebi
gazonebis gakreWis Semdeg samanqano da fexiT mosiaruleTa gzebs ki ar daxveten, aramed rezinis
miliT miuSveben wyals. tualetebs gaxexaven yoveli xmarebis Semdeg: didxans miiReben Sxaps da
sarecxs meoTxedamde gavsebul manqanebSi garecxaven.
wylis fasis gaormagebisas mobinadreebi gansxvavebulad moiqcevian. isini wylis moxmarebas,
grafikidan gamomdinare, orjer Seamcireben. Tu fasi kidev gaormagda, ekonomia gaizrdeba. eko
33

nomikuri Teoria uSvebs, rom isini mudmivad adareben wylis fass sxvadasxva miznebisTvis mis
`praqtikulobasTan~ da amcireben moxmarebas iq, sadac mosalodnelia, rom zRvruli praqtiku
loba ufro naklebi iqneba, vidre is fasi, romelic unda gadaixadon. fasi da saWiroeba erTmaneT
Tan mWidro kavSirSi arian, Tumca realuri kavSiri ufro zRvrul saWiroebasTanaa.

nax. 3-1 tipuri ojaxis moTxovna wyalze

wylis saerTo saWiroeba mobinadreebisTvis gansxvavebulia da iseTi ramaa, rac wylis fasTa
naa dakavSirebuli. 3-1 naxazze wylis saerTo saWiroeba SeiZleba gaizomos moTxovnis mrudis
qveS farTiT. moTxovnis mrudi, samwuxarod, ver gadakveTs fasebis RerZs maRali fasebis SemTxve
vaSic ki. Tu wyali araCveulebrivad deficituri iqneba, erTi Wiqa wylis fasi bevrad meti iqneba,
vidre erTi Wiqa briliantebisa.
naxazi 3-1 warmogviCens Semdeg moTxovnaTa nusxas (SeadareT is grafiks, raTa darwmundeT, Tu
rogor kavSirSi arian isini):
erTi galonis fasi

galoni dReSi

$0.03

320

0.04

160

0.07

40

moTxovna da moTxovnis sidide

moTxovnis cnebis gamoyenebisas unda gaiTvaliswinoT, rom fasebis cvlilebis garda Sesa
Zloa sxva cvlilebebic. am SemTxvevaSi saukeTeso saSualebas warmoadgens is, rom naTlad gves
modes sxvaoba moTxovnasa da moTxovnis sidides Soris. ekonomikuri mimomxilvelebi xSirad
gamoiyeneben sityva moTxovnas, rogorc moTxovnis sididis Semoklebul gamoTqmas. aman, rogorc
vnaxeT, SesaZloa xSirad migviyvanos da mivyavarT kidevac SecdomasTan.
ekonomikur TeoriaSi moTxovna ewodeba kavSirs or konkretul cvlads fassa da im raodeno
bas Soris, risi Sesyidvac surT adamianebs. ar SeiZleba moTxovna nebismier produqtze ganisazRv
ros, rogorc raodenoba. moTxovna yovelTvis aris fasebisa da im raodenobis (an sididis) rigi,
romlis SeZenac surT am fasad. imisTvis, rom es garemoeba gamovxatoT, vambobT, rom moTxovna
aris nusxa. nusxis erTi striqonidan meore striqonisken, an mrudis erTi wertilidan meore
wertilisken moZraobas yovelTvis moTxovnis sidide unda vuwodoT da ara moTxovnis cvlileba.

34

kvlav daakvirdiT 3-1 naxazs. Tu wylis fasad dawesebuli iqneba erT galonSi 0,04 centi
moTxovnis raodenoba dReSi 160 galonamde Semcirdeba. ufro maRali, 0,07 centis toli fasis
pirobebSi moTxovnis raodenoba dReSi 40 galonis toli iqneba, magram moTxovna am dros ar
Seicvleba, vinaidan moTxovna es aris mTeli mrudi, an nusxa. SesaZloa, am gansxvavebis gasac
nobierebeli saukeTeso saSualeba isaa, rom sityvebi `mrudi~ an `nusxa~ yovelTvis mivayoloT
sityvas `moTxovna~.
Tu Tqven ityviT `moTxovna~, magram konteqstidan gamomdinare ar SegiZliaT TqvaT
`moTxovnis mrudi~ Tqven Secdomas dauSvebT, raki gulisxmobdiT ara moTxovnas, aramed
moTxovnis raodenobas.
imisaTvis, rom gaizardos moTxovna, unda moxdes raRac iseTi, ris Sedegadac adamianebs
gauCndebaT survili, Seisyidon adrindelze meti wyali, miuxedavad fasisa. magaliTad, gvalvam
SesaZloa aiZulos adamianebi ufro xSirad morwyan gazonebi. mocemul raionSi mosaxleobis
zrdam SesaZloa aseve gamoiwvios moTxovnis zrda anu mTeli mrudis zemoT da marjvniv wanacv
leba. wylis ekonomiisTvis warmatebulma kampaniam SesaZloa Seamciros moTxovna, rac mruds
marcxniv da qvemoT gadaaadgilebs, es ki imis amsaxveli iqneba, rom ucvleli fasis dros adamia
nebi moisurveben adrindelze naklebi raodenobis wylis SeZenas.
moTxovna aris nusxa
Tu gsurT grafikze warmoadginoT wyalze moTxovnis zrda, aRniSneT 3-1 naxazze axali sveti
dan aRebuli raodenobebi. daakvirdiT miRebul grafiks da SeecadeT CamoayaliboT ganzogadoe
buli daskvna!
erTi galonis fasi

galoni dReSi

galoni dReSi

0.03

320

500

0.04

160

250

0.07

40

155

aris gansxvaveba?
ramdenime wlis win gazeT `Wall Street Journal~-is mowinave statia cxadad gviCvenebda, Tu ra sa
SiSroeba moelis mas, visac sityvebs Soris aseTi gansxvaveba umniSvnelod miaCnia. mowinave stati
is avtors surda gamoeaSkaravebina soflis meurneobis saministros ekonomistis uvicoba, rode
sac am ukanasknelma ganacxada, rom: `aSS-Si momxmarebelTa moZraobis Zalisxmevam kvlav gamoi
wvia yavaze fasis dakleba mas Semdeg, rac fasma erT funtSi 4,42 dolars miaRwia~. `es ar aris
swori~ ganacxada statiis avtorma, `yavis bazari ise iqceva, rogorc unda iqceodes bazari da
rogorc es elementarul saxelmZRvaneloebSia asaxuli: fasebi izrdeba, moTxovna klebulobs
da fasi klebulobs~.
elementarul saxelmZRvaneloebSi araferi msgavsi ar weria. piriqiT, maTSi axsnilia, rom
mowinave statiis avtorma erTmaneTSi auria moTxovna da moTxovnis sidide. rodesac yavis fasi
gaizarda, moTxovnis sidide daeca. morCa da gaTavda. Tu momxmarebelTa moZraobam SeZlo yavis
moxmarebisadmi adamianebis midgomis Secvla, (zogierTi imdenad ukmayofilo iyo fasebis zrdiT,
rom erTi periodi uars acxadebda nebismieri fasis yavis dalevaze), es imas niSnavs, rom marTlac
moxerxda moTxovnis cvlileba. xolo Tu moTxovna ecema, maSin fasi klebulobs. `Wall Street
Journal~-Si gamoqveynebuli statiis avtoris mcdari SexedulebiT rom vimsjeloT, gamodis, rom
fasi dausruleblad ixtunavebs zemoT-qvemoT, vinaidan, rodesac fasi kvlav daiklebs, moTxov
na gaizrdeba, rac fasis zrdas gamoiwvevs, ris Sedegad moTxovna daecema da amis gamo fasi kvlav
daiwyebs vardnas.

35

D1
D2

moTxovnis dacema

magram yovelive es sxva araferia, Tu ara gaurkvevloba, rac terminebis aRrevam gamoiwvia.
sabavSvo saqanelas or sawinaaRmdego mxares warmoidgineT fasi da moTxovnis sidide, xolo
moTxovna rogorc didi sahaero burTi (haerze msubuqi), romelzedac es saqanelaa mimagrebu
li. rodesac fasi erT mxares moZraobs, moTxovnis sidide sawinaaRmdego mxares moZraobs.
moTxovnis cvlileba (sahaero buStis zemoT an qvemoT moZraoba) erTi da imave mimarTulebiT
moaxdens gavlenas rogorc fasze, ise moTxovnis sidideze. nebismier produqtze moTxovnas ise
Ti biologiuri realiebis, sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis, fsiqologiuri faqtorebis da eko
nomikuri cvladebis farTo krebulis kombinacia gansazRvravs, rogoricaa Semosavali da fasi,
xarisxi da Semcvlelebis arseboba. yvela es Zalai erToblivad qmnis moTxovnas nebismier konkre
tul produqtze, anu qmnis kavSirs fulad fassa da Sesyidvebis moculobas Soris. Tuki moTxovna
ar icvleba (sahaero buSti arc zemoT adis da arc qvemoT eSveba), maSin fasi da moTxovnis sidide
yovelTvis sawinaaRmdego mxares imoZraveben.
P
D

fasi izrdeba, moTxovnis

raodenoba mcirdeba

P2

P1

Q2

Q1

es SeiZleba martivad CamovayaliboT: erTaderTi cvlileba, rac velosipedze moTxovnis

cvlilebas ar gamoiwvevs, es velosipedis fasis cvlilebaa. Tu Semosavlebis zrda, garemos
dabinZurebis gamo SeSfoTeba da sufTa haerze varjiSis interesebis urTierTSerwyma mraval
adamians velosipedis SeZenis survils aRuZravs, maTze moTxovna gaizrdeba.

36

velosipedebis moTxovna:
fasis Semcirebis efeqti

savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom amis gamo moimatebs fasi da moTxovnis sidide. amis msgavsi faqte
bi sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba. Tu TqvenTvis naTelia, ratom ar ewinaaRmdegeba aseTi Sexeduleba
moTxovnis sididis gansazRvrebas, es imas niSnavs, rom kargad garkveulxarT moTxovnasa da
moTxovnis sidides Soris gansxvavebaSi. moTxovnis zrdam SesaZloa gazardos fasi da mainc, axal
pirobebSi moTxovnis sidide maRali fasis dros ufro mcire iqneba, vidre dabali fasis dros.
swored amas amtkicebs moTxovnis kanoni. ekonomikuri Teoria fulad fass gansakuTrebuli
yuradRebis obieqtad aRiarebs, vinaidan fuladi fasebi gansakuTrebul rols asruleben adami
anebis koordinaciisa da SemgueblobisaTvis.
P
velosipedebis moTxovna:
garemoze damokidebulebis
efeqti
(anu, rodesac adamianebi met yur
adRebas aqceven ...)

fuladi da sxva xarjebi

yovelive es ar niSnavs, rom fuladi fasi warmoadgens saboloo sazoms, romelic myidvelis xar
jebis yvela tips iTvaliswinebs. sinamdvileSi, zogjer is warmoadgens metad aradamakmayofile
bel maxasiaTebels (magaliTad im SemTxvevis ganxilvisas, rodesac students surda `xuTianis~
miReba). ekonomistebma es iseve kargad ician, rogorc sxvebma. moTxovnis cneba sruliadac ar gu
lisxmobs, rom fuli aris erTaderTi ram, rasac mniSvneloba aqvs adamianebisTvis. amasTan dakav
Sirebuli Sexedulebebi imden gaugebrobas qmnian, rom CvenTvis sasargeblo iqneba, cota xniT Se
vyovndeT am sakiTxis ganxilvaze da saqmis arsi rac SeiZleba naTlad warmovidginoT.
ganvixiloT eipril Saueris da misi kolega mei flauersis SemTxveva. eiprili bunebis damcvelia da
yvelgan an fexiT midis, an avtobusiT. mei ver itans sazogadoebriv transports da 50 iardze meti
nebismieri manZilis gasavlelad manqaniT mgzavrobs. miuxedavad amisa, eiprili iZulebulia manqaniT
imgzavros gareubanSi, vinaidan avtobusiT mgzavroba misi ojaxis eqvsi wevrisTvis ufro Zviri jdeba.
mei ki iZulebulia imgzavros avtobusiT, rodesac mas saqme aqvs qalaqis centrSi, vinaidan manqanis
sadgomiT sargebloba bevrad Zviria, vidre avtobusiT mgzavrobis safasuri. eiprili da mei erTnair

37

fass ixdian manqaniT da avtobusiT mgzavrobisaTvis, magram gansxvavebul gadawyvetilebebs iReben,

gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebis, garemoebebisa da upiratesobebis gamo.
im mtkicebidan, rom adamianebi xarjebis gazrdisas raime produqts naklebi raodenobiT Sei
Zenen, sruliadac ar gamomdinareobs, rom isini yuradRebas mxolod fuls aqceven, an rom isini
egoistebi arian, an rom sazogadoebis keTildReobaze fiqri ar cvlis ekonomikur qcevas. aqedan
mxolod is gamomdinareobs, rom adamianebi reagireben xarjebis cvlilebebze da SeiZleba vivarau
doT, rom fasis sakmarisad didi cvlileba TiTqmis yovelTvis gamoiwvevs sasworis isris gadaxras.
fuli warmoadgens iseT misaReb maCvenebels, rasac yvela aqcevs yuradRebas, vinaidan yvelas Seu
Zlia misi gamoyeneba im gegmebis gansaxorcieleblad, risi interesic gaaCniaT. fulad fasebSi
cvlilebebi warmoadgens mosaxerxebel iaraRs adamianebis saqcielis koordinaciisTvis. swored
amitom aqceven ekonomistebi aseT did yuradrebas am cvlilebebs.

inflaciasTan dakavSirebuli araswori warmodgenebi

erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi imisa, rom mraval adamians dResdReobiT miaCnia, TiTqos moTxov
nis kanoni ar muSaobs, isaa, rom isini ar iTvaliswineben inflaciis gavlenas. swrafi inflaciis
periodSi fasebis zrda xSirad realuri araa. inflaciis bunebas, mizezebsa da Sedegebs dawvri
lebiT qvemoT ganvixilavT (me-15 Tavi), magram inflacia imdenad amaxinjebs fardobiTi xarjebi
sa da fasebis cvlilebis Cvenebur gagebas, rom axlave saWiroa Tavidan aviciloT amasTan dakav
Sirebuli mravali gaugebroba.
inflacia niSnavs yvela produqtis saSualo fuladi fasis zrdas. magram Cven miCveulebi varT
nebismieri produqtis fasad fulis is raodenoba CavTvaloT, romlis gadaxdac aucilebelia.
advilad mivdivarT im daskvnamde, rom fulis raodenobis gaormageba niSnavs orjer met xarjs,
anu msxverplis gaRebas.
magram, rodesac dolarebis gaormagebul raodenobas sanaxevro msyidvelobiTi unari aqvs, es
ase ar xdeba. Tu absoluturad yvela produqtis fulad fass gavaormagebT, adamianis Sromisa da
sxva yvelafris CaTvliT, rasac adamianebi yidian an aqiraveben fulis misaRebad, arcerT realur
produqtze realuri fasi ar Seicvleba, ra Tqma unda, fulis garda, romlis fasi orjer Semcir
deba. amitom benzinze fasis gaormageba aucileblad ar ubiZgebs adamianebs benzinis moxmarebis
Semcirebisken, Tu imavdroulad maTi Semosavlebi da yvela im produqtis fasi, romlebsac isini
moixmaren, gaormagda.
ra eRireba momavalSi is, rac 1960 wels 1 dolari Rirda, Tu
fasebi inflaciis donis Sesabamisad aiwevs
sinamdvileSi inflaciis Sedegad fuladi fasebi erTnairi proporciiT ar izrdeba da es aris
erT-erTi faqtori, rac inflacias problemad aqcevs. magram fasebi marTlac erTad moZraobis ten
dencias amJRavneben. amitom Tu gvsurs fasis garkveuli zrdis Sedegebs davakvirdeT, upirveles
yovlisa, isini fasebis saerTo zrdis Sedegebisgan unda gamovyoT. davuSvaT, rom kolejma, romelic
1975 wels studentebisgan 5,000 dolars iTxovda, 2000 wels es Tanxa 12,000 dolaramde gazarda. ram
deniT gaizarda ganaTlebis fasi am periodSi? saqme isaa, rom ise ar gazrdila, rom swavlis fass in
flaciis tempi SeenarCunebina, radgan maSin is 5,000 dolaridan 12,000 dolarze metad gaizrdeboda.

Tavisufleba da mwarmoebluroba
unda miaqcion ki ekonomistebma aseTi didi yuradReba fulad fass? oskar ualdis cinikuri
gamoTqmis mixedviT: `adamianma icis yvelafris fasi da arafris Rirebuleba~. xels uwyobs Tu
ara ekonomika cinizmis gavrcelebas?
Tu produqti deficituria Tu adamianebs ar SeuZliaT miiRon igi sasurveli raodenobiT, uimisod,
rom maTTvis aseve mniSvnelovan rames Seelion, maSin saWiroa aseTi produqtis racionireba, anu, sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gamoyenebuli unda iqnas garkveuli kriteriumi imis gansasazRvrad, Tu es pro
duqti vis ramdeni ekuTvnis. mzadyofna fulis gadasaxdelad erT-erT aseT kriteriums warmoadgens.
magram arsebobs agreTve mravali sxva sistema, romlebsac Cveulebriv gamoviyenebT.
38

saWiroebebTan dakavSirebuli racionirebis ideas, bunebrivia, mravali adamiani uWers mxars, ma

gram igi naklebad mimzidveli iqneba nebismierisTvis, visac wakiTxuli aqvs am wignis pirveli Tavi, an
vinc xedavs, Tu ramdenad ganuzRvreli, subieqturi, SemTxveviTi, fardobiTi da damamZimebeli iqne
ba es kriteriumebi nebismieri sazogadoebisTvis, romelic Seecdeba misi didi masStabiT gamoyene
bas. meore sistemis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: `vinc pirvelia, is gamarjvebulia~. rodesac xedavT
raimes SesaZenad rigSi mdgom adamianebs, Tqven akvirdebiT normirebis sistemas, romelic swored am
kriteriumiT moqmedebs. deficituri saqonlis normirebis sxva sistemas lataria warmoadgens. mra
val Cvengans is SezRuduli raodenobis produqciis normirebis samarTlian gzad miaCnia im SemTxve
vaSi, rodesac msurvelTa Soris upiratesoba arc erTs ar gaaCnia. zogjer normirebisTvis viyenebT
tol nawilebad dayofis kriteriums. magaliTad vWriT picas an namcxvars tol nawilebad ise, rom
yvelas mxolod erTi naWeri Sexvdes. cxovelebi sakvebis mopovebisas sargebloben kriteriumiT:
`Zala Zlieris mxaresaa~, iseve rogorc amas zog SemTxvevaSi adamianebi sCadian. adamianebi gamoiyene
ben aseve damsaxurebis kriteriums. garkveul konteqstSi deficituri produqcia xvdeba imas, vinc
garkveuli mizezis gamo imsaxurebs mas.
normirebis TiToeul am sistemas gaaCnia upiratesobebi. magram TiToeul maTgans aqvs ramde
nime seriozuli nakli, Tuki mas ganvixilavT, rogorc deficituri produqtis ganawilebis Ziri
Tad sistemas im sazogadoebisaTvis, romelsac adam smiti `komerciul sazogadoebas~ uwodebda.
adamianebma didi dro unda daxarjon rigSi dgomisas, Tu deficituri saqoneli ganawilebuli
iqna kriteriumiT: `vinc pirveli miva~, maSin, rodesac lataria TavisTavad aZlevs Sanss, survi
lis an mdgomareobis miuxedavad. tol nawilebad ganawilebis principi naklebad gamosadegia,
rodesac SeuZlebelia produqtis tolad danawileba an, rodesac, mravali msurvelis arsebobi
sas, nawilebi metad mcire zomisa gamodis. `Zala Zlieris mxaresaa~ principi, Cveulebriv, rTu
lia ara marto sustisTvis, aramed ZlierisTvisac, romelic iZulebulia moiZios Zvirfasi
saxsrebi da daicvas sakuTari wili. damsaxurebis mixedviT ganawileba metad mgrZnobiare siste
maa im xalxisTvis, vinc unda gadawyvitos, Tu romel personas ra damsaxureba miuZRvis sinamdvi
leSi. aseTi mdgomareoba mxolod iseT mcire socialur jgufs akmayofilebs, rogoricaa, maga
liTad, myarad Sekruli ojaxi.
ufro metic, nebismieri naxsenebi kriteriumiT normireba ignorirebas ukeTebs miwodebis
problemas, vinaidan produqtis mxolod mcire raodenoba vardeba cidan, ciuri mananis msgavsad.
is, Tu ra raodenoba iqneba xelmisawvdomi, sinamdvileSi damokidebulia normirebis arCeul sis
temaze. produqciis umetesobas awarmoeben adamianebi, romlebsac surT, rom maTi Zalisxmeva
anazRaurebuli iqnas. iSviaTia produqtis normirebis iseTi sistema, romelic ar iZleva anazRau
rebis saSualebas, maTTvis, visi gadawyvetilebiTac iqmneba es produqti. modiT, miwodebis gan
xilva momavlisTvis gadavdoT da am TavSi moTxovnis koncefcia ganvixiloT. moTxovnis Tval
sazrisiT, normirebis is sistema, romelic iSviaT produqts anawilebs maT Soris, vinc mzadaa
meti gadaixados, am ukanasknelT mniSvnelovan upiratesobas aniWebs. ZiriTadad es ubiZgebs ada
mianebs Tavisuflebisa da Zalauflebis gazrdisken. ganvixiloT benzinis magaliTi.
arsebobs benzinis ekonomiis mravali gza: fexiT siaruli, avtobusiT mgzavroba, velosipedis
gamoyeneba, saavtomobilo pulSi gaerTianeba, samsaxurTan axlos sacxovreblad gadasvla, tra
saze siCqaris Semcireba, Zravis regulireba, alternatiuli SesaZleblobebis gamoyeneba (maga
liTad, wylis Txilamurebi an manqanis gataceba) mogzaurobis ufro racionaluri dagegmva da
dasasveneblad saxlTan axlos gamgzavreba, mogzaurobis SezRudva, ufro mcire simZlavrisa da
gabaritebis manqanis SeZena. ekonomiis TiToeuli am saxeobis fasi an danaxarji SesaZloa, Zalian
gaizardos. is, visTvisac xelmisawvdomia avtobusiT mgzavroba, savaraodod, naklebs kargavs,
vidre isini, visac aqvs toqsikozi avtobusiT mgzavrobisas. is, vinc gegmavs didis nacvlad pata
ra manqanis yidvas, SesaZloa waawydes uxerxulobas, Tuki didi ojaxis patronia an Tu suraTebis
gadatana uxdeba. arsebobs iseTi formula, romelic yvelasaTvis iqneba gamosadegi da romelic
yvelas miscems ekonomiis saSualebas. Tuki migvaCnia, rom mniSvnelovania adamianebma dazogon
benzini da ekonomia ufro Zviri ar daujdeT, saWiroa ganvixiloT benzinis fasis zrda.
rodesac produqtis fasi izrdeba, mis momxmareblebs ar sWirdebaT imis Sexseneba, rom ekono
mia gaswion. es maT pirad interesebSia. aseve ar sWirdebaT imis Sexseneba, rom pirvel rigSi Seam
ciron araekonomiuri produqciis gamoyeneba. isini unda daakvirdnen im saSualebebs, rac namd
39

vili ekonomiis SesaZleblobas miscems. umetes SemTxvevaSi isini ar dazaraldebian da, vinaidan
maT ukeT ician sakuTari garemoebebi, ukeTes poziciaSi aRmoCndebian da airCeven ekonomiis sau
keTeso alternatiul gzas.

dro Cvenze muSaobs

Tu Tqven eWviani adamiani xarT, SesaZloa daeWvdeT, arian ki adamianebi namdvilad ase moqnil
ni da momzadebulni SeguebisTvis, rogorc amas es magaliTebi warmogvidgens? es safuZvliani
eWvia. fasebis cvlilebisas, moTxovnis raodenobis cvlileba miT ufro meti iqneba, rac met xans
grZeldeba Segueba.
scadeT da azrobrivi eqsperimentis safuZvelze Tavad darwmundiT amaSi. davuSvaT, erTi ga
loni wylis fasi 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi naxevari centi iyo da erT RameSi misma fasma erT centamde
aiwia. wylis romeli Semcvlelebi SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli umalve? romel Semcvlelebs
SeiZleba moelodeT erTi an ori Tvis Semdeg? romel Semcvlelebze SeiZleba laparaki momavali
10 wlis ganmavlobaSi imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom SenarCunebuli iqneba fasebis maRali done?
ramdenad gaizarda 1970-ian wlebSi navTobmompovebeli qveynebis krizisis dros benzinis fasi,
vidre amerikelebma ar Seamcires misi moxmareba? ar iCqaroT pasuxis gacema, sanam ar gaiTvalis
winebT, rom fasi ise ar gazrdila, rogorc amas gazeTebi iuwyebodnen. mniSvneloba aqvs fardo
biT fass da benzinis fasis zrdis mniSvnelovani nawili ubralod inflaciiT gamowveuli fula
di fasis zrdaa. benzinze fasebi inflaciis tempTan erTad rom izrdebodes, 1972 wels 38 centi
erT galonSi dauyovnebliv 1,25 dolarad gadaiqceoda. miuxedavad amisa, es kargi kiTxvaa: ram
denad unda gaizardos fardobiTi fasebi, raTa benzinis moxmareba 10 an 25 procentiT an 50 pro
centiT Semcirdes? cxadia, rom pasuxi damokidebulia Seguebis vadebze. Tuki benzinis fasi sak
maod gaizarda, adamianebi SeiZenen im manqanebs, romlebic nakleb sawvavs moixmaren, sacxovreblad
samsaxurTan axlos gadavlen, Seqmnian saavtomobilo pulebs. magram yovelive amas uecrad ver
SeZleben. sakmao dro dasWirdeba imas, rom inJinrebma Seqmnan iseTi manqanebi, romlebic nakleb
sawvavs moixmaren da imasac, rom aviaxazebma da avtobusebma gazardon momsaxureba, raTa SesTa
vazon avtomobilistebs benzinis ukeTesi Semcvlelebi.
mosaxleobis gadawyvetilebebTan dakavSire
buli magaliTebis moyvanisas, SesaZloa, ram
denadme davCrdiloT is mniSvnelovani faqti, rom momxmareblebi, saojaxo meurneobebTan er
Tad, mwarmoeblebsac moicaven. saqmiani firmebi aseve gamoiyeneben wyals da benzins, Tan zogjer
iseTi didi raodenobiTac, rom metad mgrZnobiareni xdebian fasebis cvlilebis mimarT. ugule
belyofT ra mwarmoeblebis rols, Tqven mxedvelobidan gamogrCebaT zogierTi metad mniSvne
lovani mizezi, romlebic am produqtze moTxovnis mruds qvemoT daswevs, magaliTad, wylis Sem
TxvevaSi. gadawyvetileba sawarmos ganlagebis Taobaze xSirad wylis fasidan gamomdinareobs,
Semdeg ki es gadawyvetileba moqmedebs wylis im raodenobaze, romelsac sxvadasxva geografiul
raionebSi SeiZenen.
momxmarebels sWirdeba garkveuli dro, raTa ipovos Semcvlelebi da daiwyos maTi gamoyeneba.
mwarmoeblebsac sWirdebaT garkveuli dro, raTa moigonon Semcvlelebi, awarmoon isini da yu
radReba miiqcion. amis Sedegad Sesyidvebis zrdis an Semcirebis masStabebi uSualod aris damo
kidebuli fasebis cvlilebisadmi Seguebis xangrZlivobaze. zogjer fasebis metad mniSvnelovan
zrdas (an Semcirebas) Tavidanve ar mivyavarT moxmarebis mniSvnelovan Semcirebamde (an zrdam
de). zogjer amis gamo akeTeben daskvnas, rom fasi ar moqmedebs moxmarebaze. es metad mcdari
Sexedulebaa. am qveyanaze araferi xdeba myisierad, adamianebi TavianTi Cvevebis monebi arian: maT
sWirdebaT dro, raTa daamtkicon, rom nebismier produqts gaaCnia Semcvleli.

moTxovnis safaso elastiuroba

uxerxulia vilaparakoT `im raodenobis Sesaxeb, romliTac adamianebi gazrdian an Seamcire
ben TavianT Sesyidvebs, fasebis cvlilebisas~. miuxedavad amisa, es metad mniSvnelovani damokide
bulebaa, mravali sasargeblo ganStoebiT, amitom ekonomistebma misTvis specialuri mokle
termini moigones. am cnebas moTxovnis safaso elastiurobas uwodeben. es dasaxeleba sakmaod
kargadaa morgebuli am cnebaze. elastiuroba niSnavs reaqciis intensiurobas. Tu fasis umniS
vnelo cvlileba Zlier cvlis Sesyidvebis moculobas, maSin amboben, rom moTxovna elastiuria.
40

Tu fasebis Zalian didi cvlileba mxolod umniSvnelod cvlis Sesyidvebis moculobas, maSin am
boben, rom moTxovna araelastiuria.
moTxovnis safaso elastiuroba ganisazRvreba, rogorc moTxovnis raodenoba procentuli
cvlilebis fardoba fasebis procentul cvlilebasTan. magaliTad, Tu kvercxze fasebis 10 pro
centian zrdas mohyveba gayiduli kvercxebis raodenobis 5 procentiani Semcireba, maSin moTxov
nis elastiuroba udris 5 procenti gayofili 10 procentze, anu 0,5. Tu ufro zusti viqnebiT, is
minus 0,5 udris, vinaidan fasi da gayidvebis moculoba sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT icvleba.
magram simartivisTvis yuradRebas ar vaqcevT niSans da elastiurobis yvela koeficients ise
moveqceviT, TiTqos isini dadebiTi sidideebia.
moTxovnis safaso elastiuroba = raodenobis % cvlileba/fasis %
cvlilebaze
rodesac elastiurobis koeficienti 1,0-ze metia (niSans yuradRebas nu mivaqcevT) anu, rode
sac Sesyidvebis moculobis procentuli cvlileba metia, vidre fasis procentuli cvlileba,
amboben, rom moTxovna elastiuria. rodesac elastiurobis koeficienti 1,0-ze naklebia, anu
Sesyidvebis moculobis procentuli cvlileba naklebia fasebis procentul cvlilebaze, ambo
ben, rom moTxovna araelastiuria. gansakuTrebiT dainteresebul mkiTxvelebs, maT, visac
gauCndebaT kiTxva, Tu ras amboben im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Sesyidvebis moculobis procentuli
cvlileba zustad udris fasis procentul cvlilebas, anu moTxovnis elastiurobis koefici
enti udris 1-s: am SemTxvevaSi saubaria erTeulovan elastiurobaze.
imisaTvis, rom mieCvioT SemoRebuli cnebis gamoyenebas, dafiqrdiT Semdeg SemTxvevebSi
moTxovnis elastiurobisa Tu araelastiurobis Sesaxeb. yvela es SemTxveva qvemoT iqneba ganxi
luli.
`rac unda davukloT fass, Cvengan bevrad mets ar iyidian~.
`es konkurentuli biznesia. fasebis mxolod 2 procentiT momatebis SemTxvevaSic ki
Cveni myidvelebis naxevars davkargavT~.
`moTxovna marilze~.
`moTxovna mortonis marilze~.
`moTxovna mortonis marilze kregeris maRaziaSi mexuTe da mTavari quCebis gada
kveTaze~.
swavlis qiris 20 procentiT Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi universitetSi erToblivi fu
ladi Senatanebi sinamdvileSi gaizrdeba.
ucnauria, magram asea: xorblis momyvani fermerebi mets miiRebdnen, Tuki Tavs erTad
moiyridnen da wliuri mosavlis meoTxeds dawvavdnen~.

fiqrebi elastiurobaze
`rac ar unda davakloT fasi, Cvengan bevrad mets ar iyidian~. Tu biznesmeni ar aris darwmune
buli imaSi, rom fasis metad mniSvnelovani Semcirebac ki xels Seuwyobs gayidvebs, es niSnavs,
rom mis produqciaze moTxovna ukiduresad araelastiuria. cxadia, rom aseT situaciaSi is ar
moisurvebs fasis Semcirebas, vinaidan ufro mets dakargavs daklebuli fasis gamo, vidre moi
gebs gayidvebis raodenobis gazrdidan. magram Tu adamianebi maincdamainc ar reagireben fasebis
klebaze, SeamCneven ki isini fasebis matebas? Tu ara, maSin biznesmeni, romelic eswrafvis Semo
savlebis zrdas, moisurvebs sakuTar produqciaze fasis gazrdas. Cveulebriv, biznesmenebi
sayvedurs gamoTqvamen metad dabali fasebis gamo, magram ratom ar umateben maSin fass? pasuxi
isaa, rom am SemTxvevaSi isini bevr myidvels dakargaven. swored moTxovnis elastiuroba gan
sazRvravs, SeuZlia Tu ara biznesmens gazardos Tavisi Semosavali, produqciaze fasis zrdis
meSveobiT. `es konkurentuli biznesia, amitom fasis mxolod 2 procentiT gazrdis SemTxvevaSic
ki davkargavT myidvelebis naxevars~. fasebis adminstratori, romelic am gancxadebas akeTebs,
sinamdvileSi amtkicebs, rom saqme aqvs maRalelastiur moTxovnasTan: fasis 2 procentian zrdas
mohyveba moTxovnis raodenobis 50 procentiani Semcireba.

41

P
D

araelastiuri moTxovna

elastiurobis koeficienti 25-s udris. moTxovna marTlac metad elastiuria. es SeiZleba sxvanaira
dac gamovxatoT, vityviT ra, rom myidvelebi metad mgrZnobiareni arian fasis nebismieri cvlilebis mi
marT. amitom, rogorc ar unda surdes mas produqciaze fasis momateba, mas es Zalian gauWirdeba.
P

elastiuri moTxovna

`moTxovna marilze~. ra aqcevs moTxovnis mrudebs elastiurad an araelastiurad? erT-erT

mniSvnelovan faqtors, cxadia warmoadgens kargi Semcvlelebis arseboba. meore faqtori aris
is, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia myidvelis biujetSi produqts. Tu raime saqonelze
xarjebi maRalia myidvelis SemosavalTan an simdidresTan SedarebiT, maSin is ufro mgrZnobiare
iqneba fasebis nebismieri cvlilebis mimarT.
gamoviyenoT es principi sufris marilTan mimarTebaSi. erTi girvanqa marili momxmarebels
didxans yofnis da erTi uncia ramdenime centi Rirs. vis aRelvebs es? maRaziis momxmareblebi
sakmaod gulgrilad Sexvdebian fasis nebismier cvlilebas. ufro metic, marils cota Semcvle
li gaaCnia. saeWvoa, rom moxarSul kvercxs Saqari moayaroT, im SemTxvevaSic ki, marilze fasi
sagrZnobad rom gaizardos. zustad aseve, Tqven ar SeamcirebT wiwakis moxmarebas da orjer ar
gazrdiT marilis moxmarebas, am ukanasknelze fasis orjer Semcirebis SemTxvevaSic ki.
`xalxTa simdidreSi~ adam smiti aRniSnavda, rom `marili warmoadgens metad Zvel da Zalian
gavrcelebul dasabegr obieqts. nebismieri individis mier marilis wliuri moxmareba imdenad
mcirea da misi Sesyidva imdenad mudmivia, rom veravin igrZnobs masze Zalian didi begaris dade
bas~. ufro metic, adam smitis terminologiiT, marili warmoadgens pirveladi saWiroebis sa
momxmareblo saqonels. Cven SesaZloa, ar daveTanxmoT smits terminologiur sakiTxSi da misi
Sexeduleba ufro zustad gamovxatoT: marils cota Semcvleli gaaCnia. amis Sedegad moTxovna
metad araelastiuria da zogierT mTavrobas uCndeba survili, rac SeiZleba didi gadasaxadi
daados marils.
42

D
araelastiuri moTxovna
marilze

magram ar SeiZleba marilze moTxovnis araelastiuroba gavazviadoT. civi regionebis mkvidrni

sufris marils ayrian moyinul gzebs da kibeebs, imisaTvis, rom yinuli daadnon. marili aTjer Zvi
ri rom iyos, maSin isini amas ar gaakeTebdnen da yinulis asaRebad niCabs gamoiyenebdnen.
`moTxovna mortonis marilze~. ratom ar iqneba moTxovna mortonis marilze iseve araelastiu
ri, rogorc Cveulebrivze? imitom, rom arsebobs misi Semcvleli sxva produqtebi. kompania `mor
tonis marili~ ar imyofeba iseTive privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi, rogorc Zveli mTavrobebi,
romlebsac SeeZloT aewiaT fasi mTel marilze. Tu mortonis kompaniis marketingis ganyofilebis
romelime TanamSromeli SemTxveviT waikiTxavs adam smits da, misi rCevebiT aRfrTovanebuli, gaa
ormagebs marilis fass, maSin maRaziebi, romlebic mortonis marils yidulobdnen, mas sxva mwarmo
eblebisgan SeiZenen.
P

elastiuri moTxovna
marilze erT maRaziaSi

`moTxovna mortonis marilze kregeris maRaziaSi, mexuTe da mTavari quCebis gadakveTaze~.

Tu mortonis marils meti kargi Semcvleli gaaCnia, vidre marils saerTod, ufro meti Semcvleli
gamouCndeba mortonis marils axlomdebare kregeris maRaziaSi. Cven gadavediT erTsa da imave raode
nobisTvis nakleb araelastiuri moTxovnidan maRalelastiur moTxovnaze. swored amitom ar aRmoCn
debiT Tqven TaRliTobis msxverpli marilis yidvisas. Tqven SeiZleba gadagexadaT 5 dolari erT gir
vanqaSi, Tu ufro dabal fasad marilis yidva SeuZlebeli iqneboda, magram, sabednierod, Tqven
gagaCniaT arCevanis mravali SesaZlebloba. is gamyidvelebi, romlebic Seecdebodnen marilze saerTo
moTxovniT esargeblaT, dakargavdnen myidvelebs. maT mier gayidul marilze moTxovna metad ela
stiuria.
adamianebs xSirad mcdarad miaCniaT, rom maT, vinc `sasicocxlod aucilebel saqonels~ yi
dis, SeuZliaT nebismieri fasis dadeba. Cven ukve miveCvieT undoblobiT SevxedoT termins `sasi
43

cocxlod aucilebeli saqoneli~ da axla kvlav vxedavT, rom am undoblobas garkveuli safuZve
li gaaCnia. sakvebi, ise rogorc arcerTi sxva produqti, imsaxurebs imas, rom mas ewodos
`sasicocxlod aucilebeli saqoneli~, magram saqme isaa, rom aravin yidulobs ubralod sakvebs.
momxmareblebi yiduloben ara erT girvanqa sakvebs, aramed erT girvanqa hamburgers, SaSxs an
RviZls. mravali gamyidveli yidis sakvebis uamrav saxesxvaobas. aqedan gamomdinare, sxvadasxva
sakveb produqts gaaCnia SesaniSnavi Semcvlelebi da amitom misi moTxovnis mrudi metad elas
tiuria. Aamgvarad, gamyidvelebi ZiriTadad Zalian SezRudulebi arian fasebis dadgenis dros.

elastiuroba da erToblivi Semosavlebi

`swavlis qiris 20 procentiT Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi, universitetSi erToblivi fuladi Sena
tanebi sinamdvileSi gaizrdeba~. universitetis erToblivi fuladi Senatanebi warmoadgens
swavlebis gadasaxadis da Cawerili studentebis raodenobis namravls. Tu swavlis qiris 20%iani Semcireba gazrdis fulad Senatanebs, es imas niSnavs, rom Cawerili studentebis raodenoba
20%-ze metad gaizarda. moTxovnis sididis procentuli cvlileba metia fasis procentul
cvlilebaze, ase rom, moTxovna elastiuria.
amgvarad warmoiqmneba elastiurobis Sefasebis advili xerxi. ar dagaviwydeT, rom Sesyidvebis
moculoba da fasi yovelTvis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebebiT imoZraveben. Tu fasis cvlilebas er
Toblivi Semosavlis sawinaaRmdego cvlileba mosdevs, moTxovna namdvilad elastiuria. Sesyidve
bis moculoba, procentuli TvalsazrisiT, meti unda iyos, vidre fasis cvlileba, vinaidan erTo
blivi Semosavali aris fasis namravli raodenobaze. swored es aris moTxovnis elastiurobis
gansazRvra. Tu fasis cvlileba iwvevs erToblivi Semosavlis imave mimarTulebiT cvlilebas, maSin
moTxovna araelastiuria. Sesyidvebis raodenobis cvlileba sakmarisad didi ar aRmoCnda imisaTvis
rom, gadaewona fasis cvlileba. swored aqedan sCans, rom moTxovna araelastiuria.
nu aCqardebiT im daskvnis gasakeTeblad, rom elastiuri moTxovnisas, universitetis finan
suri mdgomareoba swavlis qiris Semcirebis Semdeg aucileblad gaumjobesdeba. marTlac, ro
desac moTxovna elastiuria, gadasaxadis dakleba gazrdis Senatanebs, magram studentebis ufro
meti raodenoba moiTxovs met danaxarjebs. aseT situaciaSi universitetma unda gadawyvitos,
aRmoCndeba Tu ara Senatanebis nazrdi meti, vidre erToblivi xarjebis nazrdi (safaso strate
giis problemebi me-9 Tavamde unda gadavdoT).
P
B

C
E

moTxovna elastiuria
C-sa da E-s Soris,
radgan SOBCG<SOAEF

`ucnauria, magram xorblis momyvani fermerebi mets miiRebdnen, Tuki Tavs erTad moiyridnen da
wliuri mosavlis meoTxeds dawvavdnen~. aq isev gamogvadgeba wina magaliTis logika. naklebi xorblis
gayidvisas fermerebi met fuls miiReben im SemTxvevaSi, Tu fasis procentuli cvlileba meti iqneba
gayidvebis moculobis procentul cvlilebaze. moTxovna araelastiuri unda iyos. erTaderTi gan
44

sxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Cven SevcvaleT mizezobrivi kavSiris mimarTuleba. Cven vvaraudob
diT, rom gamyidvelebi adgenen fass, xolo myidvelebi reagireben masze, magram fassa da gayidvebs So
ris damokidebulebaze msgavsi Sexeduleba yovelTvis misaRebi araa. zogierT dargSi, kerZod ki
soflis meurneobis mraval seqtorSi, ufro moxerxebulia sawinaaRmdego varaudi saqonlis mocu
loba bazarze gansazRvravs fass. momavalSi araerTxel visaubrebT amis Sesaxeb. amJamad mniSvnelova
nia yuradReba mivaqcioT mxolod imas, rom erToblivi gayidvebis cvlilebasa da fasis cvlilebas
Soris urTierTkavSirs moTxovnis elastiuroba gansazRvravs.
P

D
B
A

Q
A-sa da B-s Soris
moTxovna aris araelastiuri

SesaZloa, fermerebs arasdros smeniaT elastiuri da araelastiuri moTxovnis Sesaxeb. mag

ram, rodesac isini mTavrobisagan moiTxoven warmoebis moculobaze kontrols, Zalian kargad
aqvT warmodgenili saqonlis fassa da raodenobas Soris kavSiri. molieris cnobili personaJis
b-n Jurdenis msgavsad, romelic 40 wlis manZilze proziT laparakobda ise, rom Tavadac ar ico
da amis Sesaxeb, SesaZlebelia mSvenivrad sargeblobde moTxovnis elastiurobiT da arc ki ico
de am terminis arsebobis Sesaxeb.
P

fasi, roca

moTxovna
fqvilze

1/4 mosavali damwvaria

sabazro fasi, roca

mTeli mosavali iyideba

miTi vertikaluri moTxovnis Sesaxeb

davubrundeT dasawyiss. ra igulisxmeboda moTxovnis elastiurobis Sesaxeb im eqvs mosazre
baSi, romliTac es Tavi iwyeboda? ramdenadac gaxsovT, Cven yoveli magaliTisTvis gagvaCnda
uaryofa, rac imaSi mdgomareobda, rom nebismier produqts gaaCnia Semcvleli da rom fasebis
cvlilebisas, sinamdvileSi adgili eqneba Canacvlebas, anu sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, moTxovnis
mrudebi ar aris absoluturad araelastiuri. absoluturad araelastiuri moTxovnis mrudi

45

vertikaluri xaziT iqneboda gamosaxuli. magram Tqven gonivrulad moiqceviT, Tu realur cxov
rebaSi ar daiwyebT aseTi moTxovnis mrudebis Zebnas.
P

miTiuri produqti

axla moTxovnis kanoni SeiZleba gamoisaxos elastiurobis gagebidan gamomdinare: ar arse

bobs sruliad araelastiuri moTxovna, SesaZlo fasebis mTel diapazonSi. xarjebis mcire cvli
lebisas, myidvelTa umravlesoba odnav mainc moaxdens reagirebas, xolo didi cvlilebisas, re
agirebas yvela myidveli moaxdens. Tu Tqven es imdenad naTeli geCvenebaT, rom amaze laparakic
ki ar Rirs, sakmarisia Tvali gadavavloT yoveldRiur gazeTebs, raTa sawinaaRmdegoSi darwmun
deT. es sruliadac ar aris yvelasaTvis cxadi. rogorc keTilganwyobili, aseve arakeTilganwyo
bili adamianebi mudmivad laparakoben ZiriTadi saWiroebebis, minimaluri moTxovnisa da abso
luturi aucileblobis Sesaxeb.
Tumca moTxovnis mrudebi iSviaTad aris iseTi, rogoric zogierT orators hgonia, aqedan su
lac ar gamomdinareobs is, rom moTxovna yovelTvis elastiuria. es ufro rTuli sakiTxia da
masze pasuxis gasacemad yvela SemTxveva saTiTaod unda iqnas ganxiluli, magram, rogorc Semd
gomSi vnaxavT, yvelasTvis, visac surs gaerkves, ramdenad kargad funqcionirebs Cveni ekonomi
kuri sistema, es sakiTxi metad mniSvnelovania.

46

mokled gavimeoroT
produqtebis umravlesoba iSviaTobas warmoadgens, rac imas niSnavs, rom maT SesaZenad saWi
roa sxva produqtebze uaris Tqma.
nebismier produqts gaaCnia Semcvlelebi. ekonomia aris iSviaTi produqtebis gacvlis pro
cesi, damatebiTi xarjebisa da damatebiTi sargebelis fardobiTi Sedarebis saSualebiT.
`saWiroebis~ koncefcia ugulebelyofs imas, rasac xazs usvams moTxovnis koncefcia miznis
miRwevis did mravalferovnebasa da aqedan gamomdinare, gacvlis mniSvnelobas.
`moTxovnis kanoni~ gviCvenebs, rom adamianebi ewevian ekonomias dabali fasebis SemTxvevaSi
isini mets SeiZenen, xolo maRali fasisas ki naklebs.
produqtze moTxovna gamosaxavs kavSirs im fass, rac produqtSi unda iqnas gadaxdili da
produqciis im raodenobas Soris, romlis SeZenac surT adamianebs. moTxovna aris grafiki an
mrudi da igi ar unda agverios produqtis im raodenobaSi, razec moTxovna yalibdeba nebismieri
gansazRvruli fasis dros.
saWiroa iSviaTi produqtebis normireba, vidre yvelas ar eqneba SesaZlebloba iqonios imde
ni, ramdenic surs.
iSviaTi produqtis normirebisTvis SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnas mravali kriteriumi. fu
ladi fasis mixedviT normireba aZlierebs individis Tavisuflebas da Zalisxmevas imiT, rom sa
Sualebas aZlevs mas, awarmoos ekonomia individualuri situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT.
zRvari, sadamdec adamianebs surT, gazardon an Seamciron produqtebis Sesyidva, fasebSi
cvlilebebidan gamomdinare, aisaxeba moTxovnis fasobrivi elastiurobis koncefciaSi, rome
lic warmoadgens produqtze moTxovnis sididis procentuli cvlilebis fardobas misi fasis
procentul cvlilebasTan.
rodesac moTxovnis sididis procentuli cvlileba ufro didia, vidre fasis procentuli
cvlileba, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom moTxovna elastiuria da fasebSi cvlileba iwvevs produqciaze
dolarebSi gamosaxuli xarjebis cvlilebas, romelic fasebis cvlilebis sawinaaRmdego mimar
TulebiT moZraobs. rodesac moTxovnis raodenobis procentuli cvlileba naklebia fasis pro
centul cvlilebaze, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom moTxovna araelastiuria da fasis cvlileba iwvevs
produqtze dolarebSi asaxuli xarjebis cvlilebas, romelic imave mimarTulebiT moZraobs,
saiTkenac fasebis cvlileba.
moTxovnis fasobrivi elastiuroba uSualod aris dakavSirebuli Semcvlelebis arsebobaze.
rac ufro ukeTesi Semcvlelebi gaaCnia produqts, miT ufro didi iqneba masze moTxovnis ela
stiuroba.

sakiTxebi gansjisaTvis
1. ra aqvT adamianebs mxedvelobaSi, rodesac saubroben `saWiroebebis~ Sesaxeb?
a) helafis institutis gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, saSualo amerikul ojaxs normaluri
arsebobisaTvis kviraSi sWirdeba 387 dolari, gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Sedmeg. ko
lejdamTavrebulebs kviraSi saSualod 462 dolari sWirdebaT, xolo skoladamTa
vrebulebs 384 dolari. maSin rodesac demokratebi amtkicebdnen, rom sWirdebo
daT 386 dolari, respublikelebi ambobdnen, rom 458 dolari maTTvis sakmarisi iyo.
rogor fiqrobT, kolejdamTavrebulebsa da respublikelebs marTlac meti moTxov
nileba gaaCniaT, vidre skoladamTavrebulebsa da demokratebs?
b) sagzao moZraobis usafrTxoebis Seswavlisas, romelic `Nothheastern University~-s mier
iqna Catarebuli, dadginda, rom gamokiTxul momxmarebelTa 16% gamoTqvams survils
SeiZinos usafrTxoebis sahaero baliSebi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini 500 dolari eRire
ba. Tu fasi 1,000 dolari iqneba, aseTi survili mxolod 5%-s gaaCnia. usafrTxoebis
aseT pasiur saSualebebis saWiroebaze, ra daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba am gamokvle
vebis safuZvelze?
g) eTanxmebiT Tu ara gamokiTxvis Sedegebs, rom saSualo Semosavlis mqone amerikelebis
60 procents gaaCnia `iuridiuli saWiroebebi~, ras warmoadgens zogierTi `iuridiu
47

li saWiroeba~, romelic adamianebs SeiZleba gaaCndeT mxolod maSin, Tu SeuZliaT

iafad daiqiravon iuristi?
d) qvemoT motanilia nawyveti `Workers World~-is mowinave statiidan, romelic exeboda
autanel sicxes amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis SuadasavleTSi.

ratom ar unda iyos dakanonebuli haeris kondicireba? ratom unda iyos isini xelmisawvdomi
mxolod maTTvis, visac maTi SeZenis saSualeba aqvs? mxolod im sistemam, romelic adamiane
bis Rirebulebas imis mixedviT gansazRvravs, Tu vis ramdeni fuli aqvs, SeiZleba gaaprotes
tos is ueWveli gadawyvetileba, rom, aseTi krizisuli kvirebis ganmavlobaSi, kondencione
rebi unda gaaCndes yvelas, visac is sWirdeba.

vis sWirdeba `haeris kondicireba~? vis ufro metad sWirdeba kondicionerebi, iseTi mdida
ri qveynis warmomadgenlebs, rogoric aSS-ia, Tu ufro metad cxeli da naklebad mdidari
qveynebis mosaxleobas, rogoricaa bangladeSi da nigeria? `sWirdeboda~ vinmes haeris kon
dincionerebi manam, sanam maT gamoigonebdnen?

2. Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, rom zogierTi produqti warmoadgens aucilebel adamianur `saWi
roebas~, gulisxmobs, rom am produqtebis xelmisawvdomoba unda iyos ufleba da ara privi
legia, magram uflebis aRiareba moiTxovs movaleobebis aRiarebas. magaliTad Tqvens mier
xmis micemis ufleba movaleobas akisrebs arCevnebis organizatorebs mogcen saarCevno bara
Ti da Semdeg daTvalon Tqveni xmebi. Tqveni ufleba, isargebloT sakuTari qolgiT, movale
obas akisrebs danarCenT, ar aiRon is Tqveni nebarTvis gareSe.
a) amerikis eqimTa asociaciam oficialurad gamoacxada, rom `janmrTelobis dacva sa
yovelTao uflebaa~. rogor fiqrobT, janmrTelobis dacvis ra xarisxs da raodeno
bas gulisxmobda amerikis eqimTa asociacia? aqvs Tu ara RviZliT daavadebul yvela
adamians RviZlis gadanergvis ufleba?
b) Tu janmrTelobis dacva sayovelTao uflebaa, vis akisria movaleoba, miawodos is ne
bismier msurvels? vin iRebs amJamad aseT pasuxismgeblobas Tavis Tavze? rogor unda
davarwmunoT Sesabamisi adamianebi, rom pasuxismgebloba sakuTar Tavze aiRon?
g) qvemoT motanilia samedicino momsaxurebis xarjebTan dakavSirebuli sami SemTxveva:
1) pirveladi samedicino daxmarebis gamoyeneba 11%-iT daeca, rodesac dawesda 5 do
lariani gadasaxadi; 2) universitetSi Catarebulma gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom invali
dobis damadasturebeli gancxadebebis raodenoba matulobs an klebulobs umuSe
vrobis donis Sesabamisad; 3) rodesac SvedeTis samedicino dazRvevis sistemam gada
saxadebi avadmyofobis pirveli sami dRisTvis dReSi 100%-dan 75%-mde da yoveli
momavali dRisTvis 90%-mde Seamcira, avadmyofobis gamo gacdenili samuSao dReebis
raodenoba 20%-iT Semcirda.

dacvis `saWiroebis~ rogor maCvenebelze miuTiTebs yovelive es?

3. minesotas universitetis mkvlevarebma universitetSi daamontaJes gamyidveli avtomati da

50%-iT Seamcires im sakvebis fasi, romelic 3 gramze nakleb cxims Seicavda. sam kviraSi da
balcximiani sakvebis gayidva 25%-dan 46%-mde gaizarda. SemdgomSi maT ori skolis kafeSi
gamoacxades 5%-iani fasdakleba salaTebze, stafilosa da xilze. sami kviris Semdeg salaTe
bis Sesyidva ar gazrdila, magram stafilos gayidvebi qalaqgareTa skolebSi gaormagda, xi
lisa ki qalaqis skolebSi gaoTxmagda. vinaidan sakvebis saerTo raodenoba ZiriTadad ar
Secvlila, skolis moswavleebs SesaZlebloba hqondaT nakleb jansaRi sakvebis nacvlad
ufro jansaRi sakvebi moexmaraT. rogor fiqrobT, iqneba Tu ara saganmanaTleblo kampania
efeqtiani gza imisaTvis, rom daarwmunos studentebi, raTa nakleb jansaRi sakvebis moxmare
bidan ufro jansaRi sakvebis moxmarebaze gadavidnen?
5. zogierTebi amtkiceben, rom `arasworia, rodesac amboben, rom arsebobs nebismieri produq
tis Semcvleli. Tu Tqven erbokvercxi gindaT, gWirdebaT kvercxi. ar arsebobs kvercxis
Semcvleli erbokvercxisTvis~ ra azris xarT amis Sesaxeb?
6. `eleqtroba TavisTavad ar moitans energias, Tu ara mTavrobis Zalisxmeva, fasebi da ideo
logia. es aris Tqvens mier arCeuli energiis forma~. eTanxmebiT Tu ara am gamonaTqvams? aris

48

Tu ara eleqtroba fasisgan damoukideblad arCeuli energiis forma? zogierT qalaqSi di

zelis sawvavze moqmed avtobusebs iyeneben maSin, rodesac sxvagan eleqtroavtobusebi ga
moiyeneba. ratom aTbobs zogierTi sakuTar saxls gaziT an sawvaviT maSin, rodesac sxvebi
amisTvis eleqtrobas iyeneben?
7. gazeTis redaqtorisadmi miweril werilSi erT-erTi moqalaqe sTavazobs SemoiRon kanoniT
dadgenili akrZalva benzinis araaucilebeli mizniT gamoyenebisTvis, magaliTad, fostis mi
wodeba soflebSi kviraSi eqvsi dRis ganmavlobaSi. movaxerxebT ki benzinis araaucilebeli
miznebisTvis gamoyenebis Semcirebas, Tu soflis fostalionebi SabaTobiT ar imuSaveben?
Tu samSabaTsa da xuTSabaTsac dasvenebis dReebi eqnebaT?
8. dagegmvis amerikuli asociaciis monacemebis mixedviT, oTxi sulisagan Semdgari ojaxi yo
veldRiurad saSualod 345 galon wyals moixmars. es raodenoba dayofilia Semdegnairad:
235 galoni Sida moxmarebisTvis, xolo 110 gare moxmarebisTvis. Sida moxmarebis saerTo
moculobidan 95 galoni yoveldRiurad gamoiyeneba tualetSi. sasmelad da saWmlis gakeTe
baze dReSi 9 an 10 galoni ixarjeba. wylis gadasaxadi yvelgan sxvadasxvagvaria, magram iSvia
Tad aris 0,1 centze meti erT galonSi. rogor fiqrobT, mniSvnelovnad dazaraldebian Tu
ara Raribebi wylis fasis orjer an oTxjer momatebis SemTxvevaSi?
9. xorcze, avtomobilebsa da televizorebze gazrdili fasebi am produqtebze moTxovnis Sem
cirebamde migviyvans. moifiqreT raime konkretuli cvlilebebi (magaliTad, produqciis ge
mosa, Semcvlelebis fasebsa an Semcvlelebis xarisxSi), rac SesaZloa aRniSnul produqteb
ze moTxovnis gazrdis mizezi gaxdes ise, rom sinamdvileSi ufro maRali fasis SemTxvevaSi
maTze moTxovna gaizardos. ratom ar ewinaaRmdegeba es moTxovnis kanons?
10. `yavaze moTxovnis Semcirebisas, misi fasi klebulobs~. marTebulad gamoiyeneba Tu ara
sityva `moTxovna~ gazeTis am saTaurSi? rogor fiqrobT, fasis daklebisas, yavis moxmareba
mcirdeba Tu izrdeba?
11. SeafaseT Semdegi argumenti, romelic ewinaaRmdegeboda 1993 wels kongresis mier miRebul
gadawyvetilebas, aekrZala adgilobrivi warmoebis benzinze gadasaxadis zrda.

erT galonSi 4,3 centi gadasaxadis gauqmeba damatebiT stimuls miscems navTobkompaniebs,
raTa gazardon fasebi. Tuki saraketo sawvavze fasebi moTxovnisa da miwodebis faqtorebis
Sedegia, rogorc amas navTobis kompaniebi amtkiceben, maSin 4,3 centiT Semcireba gamoiwvevs
moTxovnis zrdas produqtze mxolod moklevadiani miwodebisTvis. gazrdili moTxovna
xels Seuwyobs benzinis fasis zrdas.

ra Secdomas uSvebs am argumentis avtori?

12. yvelTvis samarTliania Tu ara mtkiceba, rom zogierTi produqtis fasis cvlileba iwvevs
masze moTxovnis raodenobis cvlilebas, magram ar iwvevs moTxovnis mrudis gadaadgilebas?
a) rogor imoqmeda 1970-ian wlebSi benzinis fasis mkveTrma zrdam im avtomobilebis mo
Txovnis mrudze, romlebic benzins ekonomiurad xarjavdnen?
b) rogor imoqmeda aman ramdenime wlis Semdeg benzinze moTxovnis sawyis mrudze?
g) rogor imoqmeda 1970-ian wlebSi sawvavze fasis zrdam sacxovrebeli saxlebis Tbo
izolaciis moTxovnaze? rogor Secvala aman sabolood sawvavze moTxovna?
d) SegiZliaT Tu ara, moifiqroT analogiuri magaliTebi, rodesac erT produqtze fa
sis cvlileba TandaTan iwvevs sxva produqtze moTxovnis cvlilebas?
e) Tu garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg produqtis fasi sawyis dones ubrundeba, xolo
moTxovnis sidide ara, niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom drois am SualedSi moTxovna Sei
cvala?
13. 3-2 naxazze gamosaxuli grafikebi gviCvenebs warmosaxviT qalaqSi avtobusebiT momsaxureba
ze (marcxniv) da sadgomebze (marjvniv) moTxovnas. Tu qalaqi avtobusiT mgzavrobis gadasa
xads 1-dan 2-mde zrdis, moTxovnis mrudi ar icvleba, magram moTxovnis raodenoba ecema. ra
mouva sadgomebze moTxovnas, Tu avtobusebis mZRolTa raodenoba Semcirdeba? ra gavlenas
moaxdens es sadgomebis tarifebze? sadgomebze ufro maRali tarifebis SemTxvevaSi, moi

49

mgzavrobis qira

moTxovna avtobusis
momsaxurebaze

P2

P1

biznesis centrSi
avtosadgomTa maCvenebeli

survebs Tu ara meti adamiani avtobusebiT mgzavrobas? ra gavlenas moaxdens avtobusebze

gazrdili fasi avtobusiT momsaxurebis moTxovnaze?

Q2 Q
1
avtobusis
mgzavrTa
raodenoba
avtobusis mgzavrTa

moTxovna
avtosadgomze
biznesis
centrSi

qalaqis biznesis centrSi

avtosadgomebis farTis
raodenoba

raodenoba
nax. 3.2

14. Tu momxmareblebs maRal fasad yovelTvis naklebis Sesyidva surT, ratom unda akeTebdnen
zogierTi gamyidvelebi imis reklamirebas, rom maTi produqcia Zviria?
a) `Makers Mark~-is viskis sareklamo lozungi gvamcnobs: `mas Zvirfasi gemo aqvs da is
marTlac Zviria~. gana sisulele araa, rom gamyidvelma reklama gauwios maRal fass?
gana adamianebi mets SeiZenen maRal fasad? xom ar ewinaaRmdegeba es moTxovnis ka
nons?
b) vaSingtonis popularuli restornis `Jean Louis~-is oficianti acxadebs, rom `kargia,
rodesac Zviriani restornis saxeli gaqvs. adamianebma ician, rom SeuZliaT STabeWdi
leba moaxdinon stumrebze~ ras yiduloben adamianebi rodesac savaxSmod restoran
`Jean Louis~-Si midian?
g) robert cialdinis Tavis wignSi `gavlena~ mohyavs Semdegi magaliTi: arizonaSi
saiuveliro maRaziis mepatronem turistuli sezonis pikis dros ver SeZlo dabal
fasad gaeyida maRali xarisxis firuzebisgan damzadebuli samkaulebi, amitom vidre
is saqmiani vizitiT sxva qalaqSi wavidoda, asistents daavala, fasi orjer Seemcire
bina, magram asistenti ver miuxvda da fasebi orjer gazarda. rodesac mepatrone da
brunda, mas yvela samkauli gayiduli daxvda. SegiZliaT axsnaT es ise, rom daskvna ar
ewinaaRmdegebodes moTxovnis kanons?
15. molodinis cvlileba SesaZloa gaxdes moTxovnis cvlilebis mizezi. axseniT, rogor SeuZlia
aman marTos situacia, romlis drosac fasebis zrdas mohyveba im adamianTa raodenobis zrda,
visac Sesyidva surs.
17. ris gamoa moTxovnis mrudebi araelastiuri an elastiuri?
a) rogor fiqrobT, ra gavlenas iqoniebs kopirebis sxva manqanebis Seqmna, qseroqsis man
qanebze moTxovnis elastiurobaze?
b) aspirinze moTxovna arsebuli fasis pirobebSi metad araelastiurad gamoiyureba. ra
mouva moTxovnis elastiurobas, Tu aspirinis fasi yvelafer danarCenTan mimarTeba
Si xuTjer gaizarda? Tu ormocdaaTjer gaizarda? ratom?
g) elastiuria Tu araelastiuri receptiT damzadebul wamlebze moTxovna? ratom?
eTanxmebiT Tu ara zogjer gamoTqmul mosazrebas, rom receptiT damzadebul wam
lebze fasis dadgena mwarmoeblis uflebas warmoadgens, vinaidan adamianebma unda
iyidon is, rasac eqimi gamouwers?
d) rogor moqmedebs uvicoba moTxovnis elastiurobaze?
50

e) ra gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia mecnierebis da teqnologiis ganviTarebas moTxovnis

elastiurobaze?
v) SeiZleba Tu ara, rom sazogadoebrivi transportis sistemam raime gziT gavlena
moaxdinos moTxovnis elastiurobaze? rogor?
17. erT-erTi SefasebiT, sigaretze moTxovnis fasis elastiuroba 0,4 tolia. sigaretis fasis
10%-iani zrda iwvevs moTxovnili raodenobis 4%-ian Semcirebas
a) niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom sigaretze gadasaxadis zrda efeqtianad imoqmedebs Tamba
qos wevis Semcirebaze?
b) niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom Tambaqoze gadasaxadis zrda efeqtiani saSualeba iqneba
mTavrobisTvis, raTa gazardos sakuTari Semosavali?
g) Tu mTavrobis warmomadgenlebs endomebaT mowevis Semcireba da amave dros sigaret
ze dawesebuli gadasaxadebis aweviT Semosavlebis zrda, sigaretze ramdenad ela
stiuri an araelastiuri moTxovna unda surdeT maT?
18. zogierTebs miaCniaT, rom saWiroeba da fufuneba Semdegi gziT SegviZlia ganvasxvavoT: fu
funeba aris saqoneli, romlisTvisac moTxovna metad elastiuria, xolo saWiroeba aris sa
qoneli, romlisTvisac moTxovna metad araelastiuria. eTanxmebiT Tu ara im mosazrebas,
rom moTxovnis fardobiTi elastiuroba warmoadgens efeqtian kriteriums imisTvis, rom
ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisagan fufuneba da saWiroeba? dafiqrdiT im specifikur saqonelze
romelic umetesobisTvis fufuneba, zogierTisTvis ki saWiroebaa da Semdeg SeekiTxeT saku
Tar Tavs: iqneba Tu ara moTxovnis mrudebi elastiuri an araelastiuri TiToeul SemTxveva
Si?
19. yinvebma braziliuri yavis mosavlis 75 procenti gaanadgura maSin, rodesac brazilia awvdi
da yavis msoflio eqsportis erT mesameds. mwvane (mouxalavi) yavis fasi Sesabamisad 400 pro
centiT gaizarda. daaxloebiT rogori iyo yavaze moTxovnis elastiuroba? ratom iyo is ase
Ti dabali?
20. rodesac kaliforniaSi mosavlis aRebisas mosulma wvimebma gaanadgura salaTis mosavali,
erTi yuTis fasma (romelSic 24 Tavi salaTa eteoda) sarekordo maCvenebels, 18 dolars
miaRwia. ori Tvis Semdeg, rodesac axali mosavali movida, fasi 2,75 dolaramde daeca. aqedan
gamomdinare, ra SeiZleba iTqvas salaTis moTxovnis Sesaxeb? adamianTa Cvevebisa da restor
nebis praqtikidan gamomdinare, fasTan mimarTebaSi ra xdis salaTze moTxovnas metad ara
elastiurs?
21. Jurnal `ekonomistis~ 1998 wlis 18 aprilis statiaSi mcdari statistikuri monacemebis ga
moqveynebis Semdeg, mexikos mTavrobam gadawyvita saavtomobilo magistralis `Viaducto~-s
gamtarunarianobis gazrda da nacvlad oTxrigiani moZraobisa, dawesebuli iqna eqvsrigiani
moZraoba, ramac 50%-iT gazarda gamtarunarianoba. magram mas Semdeg, rac fataluri SemTxve
vebis ricxvi gaizarda, mTavrobam isev oTxrigiani moZraoba daawesa, ramac gamtarunariano
ba 33%-iT Seamcira. gamoiwvia Tu ara damatebiTi cvlilebebis Setanam gamtarunarianobis
17%-iT zrda, rogorc amas mTavroba aRniSnavda (Tu gainteresebT ras moutanda es ekonomi
kas, daubrundiT 24-e SekiTxvas)
22. fasebis mixedviT moTxovnis elastiuroba, SeiZleba gamovTvaloT, Tu moTxovnis sididis
procentul cvlilebas gavyofT fasis procentul cvlilebaze.
a) ras udris moTxovnis elastiurobis koeficienti qvemoT moyvanil TiToeul Sem
TxvevaSi?
SeZenili
bileTebis
raodenoba

Wiqa yavis
fasi

SeZenili Wiqa
yavis raodenoba

2 dolari

200

35 centi

600

1 dolari

400

70 centi

300

bileTis fasi

b) Tu bileTebis SemTxvevaSi Tqven 100% gayaviT 50%-ze, xolo yavis SemTxvevaSi 50%
gayaviT 100%-ze, maSin metad gansxvavebuli koeficientebi geqnebaT Sesabamisad:
51

2 da 0,5 fardobiTi cvlilebebisTvis, romlebic sinamdvileSi identurad SegviZlia

vaqcioT. gansxvavebuli Sedegebi miiReba imis gamo, rom pirvel SemTxvevaSi procen
tebis gamosaTvlel bazad gamoiyeneba momatebuli raodenoba da naklebi fasi, xolo
meore SemTxvevaSi naklebi fasi da momatebuli raodenoba. magram or wertils So
ris elastiurobis koeficienti erTnairi unda iyos imis miuxedavad, Tu romeli mi
marTulebiT vzomavT cvlilebas. rogor gadavwyvitoT es problema?
g) rogori iqneba elastiurobis koeficienti TiToeul am SemTxvevaSi, Tu Tqven pro
centuli cvlilebebis gamosaTvlel bazad fasisa da raodenobis saSualo mniSvne
lobebs iRebT?
d) orive SemTxvevaSi fasis cvlilebisas myidvelTa erToblivi xarjebi (fasi gamravle
buli raodenobaze) ar icvleba. moTxovnis elastiurobis mimarT risi maCvenebeli
SeiZleba iyos es? Seesabameba Tu ara es Sedegi Tqvens mier g) kiTxvaze gacemul pa
suxs? (unda Seesabamebodes).
e) SeasworeT 23-e kiTxvaSi mexiko sitis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb mTavrobis moxseneba.
23. mTavrobis mier satelefono momsaxurebis regulirebis Sewyvetis zogierTi mowinaaRmdege
SiSobda, rom es gamoiwvevda fasebis zrdas Sida momsaxurebaze da aiZulebda zogierT momxma
rebels moexsnaT telefonebi.
a) Tu satelefono momsaxurebis xarjebi TveSi 20 dolaridan 28 dolaramde gaizarda,
telefonebis mflobelTa ra procentma unda Tqvas uari telefonebze, imisaTvis,
rom moTxovna elastiurad CaiTvalos?
b) Tqveni gamoTvlebiT, ra procenti moiqceva marTlac ase? elastiurobis rogori ko
eficienti Seesabameba Tqvens gamoTvlebs?
24. 3-3 naxazi gviCvenebs marwyvze moTxovnis hipoTetur mruds.
a) erTi yuTi marwyvis rogori fasi iZleva erToblivi amonagebis maqsimums maTTvis, vi
sac mohyavs marwyvi? (ajobebs CaxedoT am kiTxvis `d~ nawils, vidre daxarjoT didi
dro sxvadasxva fasis mosinjvisaTvis. Tu moTxovnis mrudi warmoadgens wrfes, maSin
gavavlebT ra mas RerZebTan gadakveTamde, fass, romelic iZleva maqsimalur erTo
bliv amonagebs, zustad SuaSi aRmovaCenT. Tu gesmiT ratom xdeba ase, Zalian kargi.
Tu ara sulerTia, radgan aseT codnas mxolod akademiuri Rirebuleba gaaCnia).
b) Tu marwyvis fasi mosavliTa da moTxovniT ganisazRvreba, rogori mosavlis SemTxve
vaSi iqneba fasi iseTi, rogorc `d~ nawilSi?
g) rogori iqneba erToblivi amonagebi maTTvis, visac 30,000 yuTi marwyvi mohyavs?
d) SegiZliaT Tu ara daamtkicoT, rom marwyvze moTxovna elastiuria erT yuTSi 24 do
larze meti fasis SemTxvevaSi da araelastikuri ufro dabali fasis dros?
e) Tuki maT, visac marwyvi moyavs, SeuZliaT meti fulis miReba 30000-ze naklebi yuTis
gayidvisas, maSin ratom gamoaqvT maT bazarze produqti aseTi didi raodenobiT? ra
tom ar spoben isini mosavals, imis nacvlad, rom `Ziri gamouTxaron bazars~.

erTi yuTi marwvis fasi

Q
marwyvis yuTebis raodenoba
(aTasebSi)

nax.3.3. marwyvze moTxovnis mrudi

52

25. dafiqrdiT, SegiZliaT Tu ara axsnaT Semdegi mosazreba: `Tu xanZari mospobs Cveni tyeebis
naxevars, maSin darCenili xe-tyis Rirebuleba meti iqneba, vidre xanZramde arsebuli mTeli
xe-tyis Rirebuleba. es uazroba, TiTqosda mTeli naklebi Rirs, vidre naxevari, gviCvenebs,
rom sabazro ekonomika Rirebulebebs amaxinjebs.
26. es aris SekiTxva maTTvis, visac gaukvirda, rom 3-1 naxazze fasi gamosaxulia vertikaluri
RerZis gaswvriv, rogorc ekonomikur mecnierebaSia miRebuli, da ara horizontaluri Rer
Zis gaswvriv, romelzedac Cveulebriv damoukidebeli cvladi gadaizomeba. aris ki fasi
marTlac damoukidebeli cvladi da raodenoba damokidebuli? Tu raodenoba damokidebu
lia fasze, maSin razea damokidebuli fasi? vin an ra gansazRvravs fasebs?

53

alternatiuli danaxarjebi
(alternatiuli Rirebuleba) da
saqonlis miwodeba

qven ukve gaecaniT am Tavis centralur cnebas. da Tu es SeumCneveli darCa, mxolod imitom,
rom jerjerobiT mas namdvili saxeli ar vuwodeT. wina TavSi, vimsjeleT ra moTxovnis fassa da
sidides Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb, ramdenjerme aRvniSneT, rom im saqonlis raodenoba, romlis SeZenac
surs adamians, misTvis ganisazRvreba am saqonelze gaweuli xarjebiT, an im sazRauriT, risi Sewir
vac mis SesaZenad aris saWiro. swored es warmoadgens alternatiuli Rirebulebis, anu im cnebis
gansazRvras, romelic aerTianebs moTxovnis kanonsa da miwodebis warmmarTvel principebs. am TavSi
Cven SevecdebiT dagisabuToT, rom mosaxerxebelia, vifiqroT danaxarjebze, rogorc alternatiu
li SesaZleblobebis Rirebulebaze, romelic unda msxverplad gaviRoT.

danaxarjebi Sefasebebia
yvela dagveTanxmeba, rom moTxovna adamianTa orientirebas asaxavs, magram bevrs miaCnia, rom
miwodeba ekonomikis materialur mxares miekuTvneba da misi marTva xdeba iseTi obieqturi re
alobiT, rogoricaa warmoebis xarjebi da ara adamianuri subieqturi faseulobebi an prio
ritetebi. aseTi Sexeduleba mcdaria. miwodeba da xarjebi Sefasebebzea dafuZnebuli. imisaTvis,
rom amaSi darwmundeT, orSabaT saRamos SevixedoT studentTa saerTo sacxovrebelSi da yuri
davugdoT Semdeg dialogs:

_ `gamarjoba, jek, wamoxval axali filmis sanaxavad, romelSic uim endersi TamaSobs? dRes bolo
dRea~.
_ `Zalianac minda, magram ar SemiZlia. xval sakontrolo maqvs rusulSi da Tu sityvebi ar davi
zepire, orians miviReb~.
_ `ara uSavs. xval Sesvenebaze amoweril sityvebs mogcem da erT saaTSi ise iswavli, rom oTxiani
garantirebuli geqneba~.
_ `kargi, magram maSin ajobebs, `redskinsis~ da `maiamis~ TamaSs vuyuro da es dro amgvarad gamovi
yeno~
_ `eqvssaaTian seansze wavideT da matCis dawyebasac miuswreb~.
_ `kargi, magram moica, jer davTvalo ramdeni fuli damrCa stipendiamde. rva dolariRaa xuT
SabaTamde, saWmlis talonebi ki ukve gamiTavda~.
_ `ara uSavs, karaqiani buterbrodebi Wame. mM egona, marTla gindoda am filmis naxva~.
_ `marTlac rom Zalian minda. kargi, Cemi kuWi xuTSabaTamde rogorme moiTmens. eqvss rom TxuT
meti daakldeba, gavdivarT~.
namdvili danaxarjebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia nebismier qmedebasTan (kinoSi wasvlasTan,
jinsebis SeZenasTan, gazonis sakreWi manqanis SeqmnasTan, galifaqsSi gamgzavrebasTan, saqonlis
55

moSenebasTan, rkinakaveulobis maRaziis mSeneblobasTan, sadazRvevo polisis miRebasTan) im al

ternatiuli SesaZleblobebis fasia, romelzedac uari unda vTqvaT, raTa es qmedeba ganvaxor
cieloT. kinoSi wasvlis xarjebi jekma Tavidan inglisur enaSi sakontrolos kargad daweris Se
saZleblobis xelidan gaSvebad Seafasa. rodesac megobarma daanaxa, Tu rogor unda Seemcirebina
es xarjebi, jekma momdevno SesaZlebloba fexburTis yureba gaixsena, romelzedac uari unda
eTqva. rodesac misma megobarma am xarjebisgan Tavis acilebis SesaZleblobac daanaxa, maSin jek
ma ukve fulad danaxarjebs mimarTa. magram fuladi danaxarjebi ar warmoadgens namdvil dana
xarjebs. namdvili danaxarjebi araa mxolod dolarebi da centebi, aramed es aris is alterna
tiuli SesaZleblobebi, romlebzedac uari unda vTqvaT. kinoSi daxarjuli sami Tu oTxi dolari
dakavSirebulia im sayvrel kerZebTan, romlebzedac jekma uari unda Tqvas filmis gamo.

nebismieri moqmedebis fasi aris im gamouyenebeli SesaZleblobebis Rirebuleba,

romlebzedac am qmedebebis ganxorcielebisas uaris Tqma mogvixda.

mewarmis danaxarjebi, rogorc alternativis Rirebuleba

ekonomikur mecnierebaSi ar arsebobs principuli gansxvaveba miwodebisa da moTxovnis Teo
riebs Soris. erTica da meorec varaudobs, rom gadawyvetilebis mimReb pirovnebebs aqvT arCe
vanis SesaZlebloba, arCevani ki gulisxmobs alternativebis arsebobas da dafuZnebulia al
ternativebTan dakavSirebuli mosalodneli sargebelis Sedarebaze. ekonomikuri procesebis
logika erTnairia mewarmisa da momxmareblisTvis.
rodesac mewarmis xarjebze vmsjelobT, vsvamT kiTxvas, Tu ratom jdeba aTsiCqariani velo
sipedis damzadeba ufro Zviri, vidre wiTeli xis sapikniko magidisa da viwyebT iqidan, rom vix
senebT, Tu ra masalaa gamoyenebuli maT dasamzadeblad. Cven vfiqrobT masalasa da nedleul
ze, samuSao Zalis danaxarjebze, aucilebel manqana-danadgarebze, mere am resursebis
Rirebulebas Cven fulSi gamovxatavT da vvaraudobT, rom velosipedis an magidis damzadebis
xarjebi am fuladi Sefasebebis jamis tolia. aq Secdomas adgili ara aqvs, magram warmoiSveba
ori upasuxo kiTxva. ratom amjobineben velosipedebisa da magidebis mwarmoeblebi, gamoiyenon
zustad es resursebi mxolod aseTi kombinaciiT? da ratom aqvT mocemul resursebs swored
aseTi fuladi Sefaseba?
yvelafers SeiZleba gaaCndes Semcvleli, rogorc moxmarebis, ise warmoebis TvalsazrisiT.
teqnologia qmnis SesaZleblobebs da awesebs imis sazRvrebs, Tu risi gakeTeba SegviZlia, mag
ram is ar awesebs erTaderT, calsaxa process nebismieri produqtis warmoebisTvis. niu deliSi
gzebis gasaTxrelad mamakacebi iyeneben Toxs, xolo qalebs tvirTi Tavze dadgmuli kalaTebiT
gadaaqvT. adamianebi irCeven am `teqnologias~, vinaidan miaCniaT, rom es aris gzis gaTxris da
tvirTis gadatanis yvelaze iafi saSualeba. indoeTSi adamianis Sromas naklebi Rirebuleba
aqvs, vidre meqanikurs, vinaidan adamianis daqiraveba SesaZlebelia Zalian dabal fasad.
ratom aris indoeTSi arakvalificiuri muSaxeli ase iafi? imitom, rom am qveyanaSi poten
ciur muSaxels ara aqvs SesaZlebloba Tavisi Sroma gamoiyenos imgvari saxiT, rasac SeuZlia
sxvebisTvis mniSvnelovani Rirebulebis motana. alternatiuli Rirebulebis koncefcia am
tkicebs, rom fulis raodenoba, romelic mewarmem nebismier, adamianur Tu fizikur, resursSi
unda gadaixados, damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu ras moelis am resursis mflobeli sxvisgan da,
ras moutans es resursi nebismier sxvas.
velosipedebis damamzadeblisTvis, xarjebi utoldeba Sesabamisi resursebis SesaZenad ga
weul danaxarjebs. magram, vinaidan arsebobs maTi gamoyenebis sxva SesaZleblobebi, man resur
sebSi `saukeTeso alternativis~ fasi unda gadaixados. amgvarad ararealizebuli alterna
tiuli SesaZleblobebis fasi gadaiqceva velosipedis warmoebis xarjebad.
ganvixiloT sapikniko magidis magaliTi. misi warmoebis xarjebis nawils nedleulis Rirebu
leba warmoadgens. davuSvaT, izrdeba moTxovna axal sacxovrebel saxlebze da firmebi iwyeben
gacilebiT meti raodenobis xis masalis SeZenas. amis Sedegad xis masalis fasi gaizrdeba da,
Sesabamisad piknikis magidis damzadebis xarjebic. araferi momxdara iseTi, rasac SeeZlo ma
gidebis warmoebisTvis saWiro fizikuri resursebis gazrda gamoewvia, magram xarjebi gaizar
56

da. vinaidan sacxovrebeli saxlebi, romelTa mSeneblobisTvis xis masala gamoiyeneba, axla
ufro Zvirad fasobs, magidebis damamzadebelma unda gadaixados xis masalis ufro maRali al
ternatiuli Rirebuleba. rodesac 1992 wels samxreT floridaSi qariSxalma `endrium~ daan
gria saxlebi, Sewebebuli xis masalis fasi mTeli aSS-is teritoriaze swrafad gaizarda. xis
masalas metad didi mniSvneloba hqonda maTTvis, vinc qariSxalma usaxlkarod datova, magram
isinic, visac is sxva miznebisTvis sWirdeboda, iZulebulebi gaxdnen, axali da ufro maRali
alternatiuli fasi gadaexadaT. ra Tqma unda, aman gamoiwvia is, rom yvela Seecada ekonomiu
rad gamoeyenebina xsenebuli masala.
kvalificiuri muSa met anazRaurebas miiRebs, vidre arakvalificiuri mxolod im mizezis
gamo, rom sxva adgilas mis kvalifikacias meti fasi eqneba. muSebs, romlebsac SeuZliaT yiraze
dadgnen, ustvinon da ise dauyenon velosipeds saburavebSi Cxirebi, saocari `kvalifikacia~
aqvT, magram fabrikis mepatrone ar gadauxdis maT met xelfass am kvalifikaciaSi, Tu isini Ta
vianTi uCveulo talantis gamo romelime sxva adgilas ufro saWironi ar aRmoCndebian. es sav
sebiT SesaZlebelia. magaliTad maTi niWi SesaZloa gamoadgeT cirkSi. Tu cirkSi maT ufro met
anazRaurebas SesTavazeben, vidre isini velosipedis awyobisas iRebdnen, maSin fabrikis mepat
ronisTvis maTi alternatiuli Rirebuleba gaizrdeba da albaT fabrikis mepatrone maT warma
tebas usurvebs da daiqiravebs axal muSebs, romelTa alternatiuli Rirebuleba naklebi iqne
ba.
ra daemarTa Svidi futi simaRlisa da SesaniSnavi koordinaciis mqone adamianebis alterna
tiul Rirebulebas, rodesac kalaTburTis erovnuli asociacia da kalaTburTis amerikuli
asociacia erT ligaSi gaerTianda? rodesac arsebobda ori liga, TiToeuli moTamaSis SeZenas
ori gundi cdilobda. Tanxa, romlis gadaxdac erT-erT maTgans uwevda, damokidebuli iyo ima
ze, Tu ra Tanxis gadaxdas varaudobda am moTamaSisTvis meore liga. orive maTgani Tanaxma iyo,
sakmaod soliduri Tanxa gaeRo mocemuli moTamaSisTvis, Tuki miaCndaT, rom am moTamaSis mo
nawileoba did gavlenas moaxdenda gayiduli bileTebis raodenobaze, magram rodesac es ori
liga gaerTianda, konkretuli moTamaSis ayvanis ufleba erTi ligis prerogativad iqca da Svi
di futi simaRlisa da SesaniSnavi koordinaciis mqone adamianis alternatiuli Rirebuleba
daeca. rodesac moTamaSeTa kavSirma daicva moTamaSeebis uflebebi da neba darTo garkveul
viTarebaSi sxva gundebSi gadasuliyvnen, maRali kalaTburTelebis alternatiulma fasma isev
aiwia. amitom ar aris gasakviri, rom profesionaluri sakalaTburTo gundebis mflobelTa
TvalsazrisiT, erTi liga sjobs ors da rom gundis gamocvlis ufleba, romelic moTamaSeebs
miecaT, arRvevs balanss da, aqedan gamomdinare, auaresebs TamaSis xarisxs.
modiT, ganvixiloT ufro zogadi SemTxveva. Tu msxvili firma, romelSic mravali adamiani
muSaobs, xsnis Tavis filials patara qalaqSi, maSin am qalaqSi maRaziis gamyidvelis, bankis mo
laris, mdivnebisa da benzingasamarTi sadgurebis muSakebis daqiraveba ufro Zviri dajdeba.
ratom? imitom, rom maRaziebma, bankebma, dawesebulebebma da benzingasamarTma sadgurebma maT
mier daqiravebul adamianebs unda gadauxadon alternatiuli SesaZleblobebis safasuri, vi
naidan maT SeiZleba ufro momgebiani SesaZleblobebi aRmoaCndeT axal firmaSi. davuSvaT,
axal firmas surs mxolod qalebis daqiraveba: maSin dasawyisSi gaizrdeba qalebis Sromis al
ternatiuli Rirebuleba. qalebi miatoveben zogierT samuSao adgils, Seuqmnian ra amiT dama
tebiT alternatiul SesaZleblobebs mamakacebs da gazrdian maT alternatiul Rirebulebas.
alternatiuli Rirebulebis cnebis naTlad ilustrireba SesaZlebelia iseTi resursis ma
galiTze, rogoricaa miwa. davuSvaT, rom Tqven gsurT saxlis asaSeneblad erTi akri (0,405 ha)
farTi miwis SeZena. ra Tanxis gadaxda mogiwevT? es damokidebuli iqneba miwis Rirebulebaze,
misi alternatiuli gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi. miaCniaT Tu ara sxva adamianebs es miwa mSvenier
nakveTad saxlis asaSeneblad? aris Tu ara imis SesaZlebloba, rom perspeqtivaSi es miwa gamo
yenebuli iqnas warmoebaSi an vaWrobaSi? miwis SesaZenad gaweuli xarjebi ganisazRvreba misi
gamoyenebis alternatiuli SesaZleblobebiT, romelsac sxva adamianebi adgenen.

57

miwis
miwodeba

moTxovna
miwaze

D2
D1
miwis raodenoba, Q
rogor moqmedebs moTxovna
miwis Sesyidvis fasze

alternatiuli Rirebulebis magaliTebi

imisaTvis, rom gavigoT, Tu rogor xsnis alternatiuli Rirebulebis koncefcia nacnob, magram
xSirad arasworad gagebul movlenebs, ganvixiloT cvalebadi xarjebis ramdenime magaliTi.
ratom gaizarda ukanaskneli ormocdaaTi wlis manZilze Tmis SeWris Rirebuleba bevrad ufro
metad, vidre saSualod sxva momsaxurebis Rirebuleba? es imitom moxda, rom dalaqTan Tmis SeWris
msurvelebi mzad arian da surT gadauxadon mas fulis sakmarisi raodenoba, raTa xeloba ar miato
vos. ukanaskneli 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi sadalaqoebis mwarmoebluroba rom ar CamorCebodes damamu
Savebel warmoebaSi Sromis nayofierebas, dalaqebi SeZlebdnen SeenarCunebinaT TavianTi Semosavle
bi. magram ucvleli mwarmoeblurobis SemTxvevaSi mxolod TiToeuli adamianidan aRebuli meti
Tanxa akavebs dalaqebs Tavis adgilze. Cven TviTon avuwieT fasi dalaqebis momsaxurebas, vinaidan
Tmis gakreWa profesionalebTan gvsurs da amgvarad dalaqebisTvis, romlebic im sferoSi moRvawe
oben, sadac Sromis mwarmoebluroba arasdros ar maRldeba, dawesda is fasi, romelic Seesabameba
alternatiuli SesaZleblobebis Rirebulebas.

Tu dalaqs SeuZlia saaTSi ori adamianis davarcxna, ra fasi unda dadgindes, raTa saaTSi 15
dolari miiRos? rogor unda moiqces is, Tuki mis momxmareblebs ar surT ase Zviris gadaxda?
ratomaa xSirad mdidar sacxovrebel raionebSi axalgazrda ZiZis povna ufro Zneli, vidre Rarib
ubnebSi? sasowarkveTilma mSoblebma, romlebic ver pouloben ZiZas, SesaZloa daiCivlon, rom maT
ubanSi zarmacebi cxovroben, magram es metad mkveTri gamonaTqvami iqneboda. nebismier ojaxs SeuZ
lia, alternatiuli Rirebulebis gadaxdis SemTxvevaSi, daiqiravos ZiZa. es ki niSnavs, rom maT ufro
maRali anazRaureba SesTavazon, rac uars aTqmevinebs ZiZebs alternatiul SesaZleblobebze. Tu
ubanSi ZiZebze moTxovna gazrdilia (vinaidan mdidrebi ufro xSirad atareben dros saxlis gareT)
da Tu adgilobriv mozardebs imdeni fuli aqvT, rom paemanze wasvlas an dasvenebas metad afaseben,
vidre bavSvis movliT aRebul Tanxas, maSin arc unda gvikvirdes daqiravebuli ZiZebis maRali al
ternatiuli Rirebuleba.
ratom izrdeboda meore msoflio omis Semdgom wlebSi ase swrafad kolejSi swavlebis fasi?
mniSvnelovan wilad es SeiZleba aixsnas swavlebaze xarjebis mkveTri gazrdiT: erTi mxriv, pedago
gebis maRali anazRaurebiT da meores mxriv, pedagogiuri datvirTvebis SemcirebiT. ratom moxda
ase? dausviT es SekiTxva nacnob profesors da is mogiyvebaT, Tu ramdeni weli sWirdeba samecniero
xarisxis mopovebas da rom SeuZlebelia samecniero moRvaweoba maSin, rodesac yoveldRiurad Tor
meti saaTi leqciebis wakiTxva giwevs. profesorTa gildiis nebismieri warmomadgeneli am mosazre
bas daeTanxmeba. magram ekonomikis arcerTi patiosani profesorisTvis damajereblad ar gamoiyu
reba is, Tu ratom iRebdnen profesorebi met Semosavlebs, roca naklebs muSaobdnen.
es profesoris Sromaze gazrdili moTxovniT aixsneba. federaluri mTavrobis mier omis vetera
58

nebze gamoyofilma grantebma mkveTrad gazarda kolejebSi mimarTvebis raodenoba. Statebis ka

nonmdeblebma didi Tanxebi gamoyves axali kolejebis mSeneblobasa da Zvelis gafarToebaze. sabWo
eTis mecnierebis upiratesobis SiSiT, aSS-is federalurma mTavrobam uzarmazari Tanxebi gamoyo
ganaTlebasa da mecnierul kvlevebze, riTac axali SesaZleblobebi Seuqmna mecnierebs. omis Semdgo
mi periodis Sobadobis bumma, 60-ian wlebSi studenturi bumic gamoiwvia. mosaxleobaSi gavrcelda
azri, rom kolejis diplomis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda warmatebis miRweva. amave dros, gaizarda
moTxovna maRalkvalificiur muSakebze samTavrobo da kerZo sawarmoebis mxridan, rac zrdida ga
naTlebis maRali donis mqone adamianebis SesaZleblobebs. yovelive aman sabolood migviyvana pro
fesorebze gazrdil moTxovnasTan. kolejis profesorebi xom Tavisi alternatiuli RirebulebiT
iSviaTi resursia. imisTvis, rom gadaebirebinaT profesorebi, saWiro iyo maTi mozidva samuSaos al
ternatiuli adgilebidan maRali xelfasisa da Semcirebuli datvirTvis SeTavazebiT (kolejis ne
bismierma profesorma kargad icis, rom Semosavlis gazrda ufro advilia axali samuSao adgilis
monaxviT, vidre imiT, rom Zvel dekans sakuTar Rirsebebze esaubro. dekanebi ufro didi interesiT
usmenen im profesorebs, romlebsac alternatiuli SesaZleblobebi gaaCniaT).
Tu Tqven am msjelobas mihyeviT, advilad SeZlebT 80-ian da 90-ian wlebSi kolejis profesorebis
Semosavlebis Semcirebis winaswarmetyvelebas. inflacias SeuZlia damalos es Semcireba. magram, do
laris msyidvelobiTi unaris cvlilebis gaTvaliswinebiTac, Cven TvalnaTliv davinaxavT, rom igive
faqtorebi, romlebic 50-ian da 60-ian wlebSi iwvevdnen profesorebis Semosavlebis zrdas, 80-ian da
90-ian wlebSi maTi Semcirebis mizezebad iqcnen.
ratomaa, rom ekonomikuri vardnis periodSi mcirdeba im adamianebis ricxvi, vinc Tavs anebebs
universitetSi an kolejSi swavlas? mozardebisTvis Sromis bazarze koniunqturasTan erTad icv
leba swavlis gagrZelebis alternatiuli Rirebulebac. samuSaos povnis SesaZleblobis kleba amci
rebs zogierTi axalgazrdisTvis universitetSi darCenis alternatiul Rirebulebas, amitom maTi
mxolod mcire nawili anebebs Tavs swavlas.
ratom mogzauroben Raribebi ufro xSirad avtobusiT, xolo mdidrebi TviTmfrinaviT? martivi pa
suxi is iqneboda, rom avtobusi ufro iafia. magram is iafi ar aris. es metad Zviri satrasnporto saSua
lebaa im adamianebisTvis, visTvisac dros maRali alternatiuli Rirebuleba aqvs: rogorc wesi, drois
alternatiuli Rirebuleba Raribebs bevrad dabali aqvT, vidre maT, visac didi Semosavlebi aqvs.
mixvdiT Tu ara, ra aris mTavari idea? maSin scadeT, warmoidginoT kolejis ganaTlebasTan dakav
Sirebuli xarjebi. Tu Tqven gamoTvlebSi CarTavT Rirebulebas, romelsac miiRebdiT kolejSi rom
ar geswavlaT, Tqven agiTvisebiaT alternatiuli Rirebulebis principi.
daskvniTi magaliTi: davuSvaT, rom qali TviTon marTavs patara xilbostneulis maRazias. mas mia
Cnia, rom saqmeebi kargad misdis, vinaidan ar aqvs xarjebi samuSao Zalaze. marTalia Tu ara igi? misi
sakuTari Sromis xarjebi ar aris dakavSirebuli fulad xarjebTan, magram, ra Tqma unda, isini dana
xarjebs warmoadgenen da am xarjebis sidide SeiZleba gaizomos im alternatiuli SesaZleblobebis
RirebulebiT, razedac is uars ambobs, rodesac Tavad asrulebs samuSaos.

danaxarjebi da qmedeba
ekonomikuri azrovneba ar scnobs obieqtur Rirebulebebs. es ewinaaRmdegeba saR azrs, rome
lic gvkarnaxobs, rom sagnebs mainc gaaCniaT realuri Rirebuleba, romelic ufro fizikis kano
nebiTaa gansazRvruli, vidre adamianis fsiqikis ucnaurobebiT. Znelia ebrZolo saR azrs, mag
ram mainc unda vcadoT.
imisTvis, rom saRma azrma ufro swrafad cnos Tavisi damarcxeba, axlave mivaqcioT yuradRe
ba imas, rom `sagnebs~ saerTod ar gaaCniaT araviTari Rirebuleba. ra Tqma unda, Cven vlapara
kobT xarjebis Rirebulebaze, romlebic miwodebasTanaa dakavSirebuli anu im xarjebze, rom
lebsac gavlena aqvT adamianTa gadawyvetilebaze, momsaxurebis miwodebis uzrunvelyofaze. am
gagebiT `sagnebi~ ar SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos xarjebTan. xarjebTan SeiZleba dakavSirebu
li iyos mxolod qmedebebi. Tu Tqven migaCniaT, rom sagnebi uSualodaa dakavSirebuli xarjeb
Tan da mzad xarT es magaliTiT dagvidasturoT, maSin aucileblad gulisxmobT raRac qmedebas,
romelic am danaxarjebs moiTxovs.
magaliTad, ra Rirs beisbolis burTi? Tqven pasuxobT: aTi dolari. magram mxedvelobaSi iqo
nieT, rom aTi dolari Seadgens axlomdebare sportul maRaziaSi burTis Sesyidvis xarjs. vinai
59

dan yidva warmoadgens qmedebas, masSi SeiZleba igulisxmebodes alternatiul SesaZleblobebze

uaris Tqma, rac ganapirobebs danaxarjebs. magram yuradReba miaqcieT qmedebas, romelsac Tqven
malulad CaatarebT. Tu SecvliT qmedebas, maSin burTTan dakavSirebuli xarjebic Seicvleba.
beisbolis burTis warmoebis xarjebi sul sxvaa. aseve sxva iqneba xarjebi mis gayidvaze. rogoraa
im xarjebis saqme, romlebic dakavSirebulia burTis daWerasTan, rodesac cdilobT daiWiroT
burTi da risks swevT sicocxlis bolomde damtvreuli cxviriT iaroT?
davubrundeT kolejis ganaTlebis magaliTs. ra Rirs igi? zusti pasuxi isaa, rom mas ar SeiZleba
gaaCndes Rirebuleba, Cven aq unda gavarCioT ganaTlebis miRebis xarjebi da misi miwodebis xarjebi.
rogorc ki es gansxvaveba dafiqsirdeba, aucilebelia yuradReba mieqces kidev erT garemoebas, ro
melic yovelTvis igulisxmeboda, rodesac am da wina TavebSi laparaki iyo Rirebulebaze. kerZod ki
is, rom danaxarjebs yovelTvis viRac gaiRebs. ganaTlebis miRebis xarjebis qveS igulisxmeba stu
dentis mier gaRebuli xarjebi. magram xarjebis qveS SeiZleba igulisxmebodes studentis mSoblebis
mier gaRebuli xarjebi, rac erTi da igive araa. aA n, Tu erTi studentis Caricxva gulisxmobs sxva
studentisTvis uaris Tqmas, maSin es SeiZleba iyos jonis (romelic ar Cairicxa) xarjebi, rac ga
mowveuli iyo marias CaricxviT. es xarjebi sxvadasxvaa.

ar arsebobs `obieqturi~ xarjebi. yvela danaxarji gamoxatavs viRacis

mier dakarguli SesaZleblobis Rirebulebas.
sagnebis `namdvili Rirebulebis~ Sesaxeb unayofo dava gamowveulia imiT, rom ver xdeba imis
gacnobiereba, rom xarjebi axasiaTebs mxolod qmedebebs da erTsa da imave qmedebebs sxvadasxva
adamianisTvis sxvadasxva xarjebi moaqvs. amis SesaniSnav magaliTs samxedro gawvevis aRdgenis
Sesaxeb mimdinare diskusia warmoadgens. davuTmoT mas yuradReba.

danaxarjebi daqiravebul jarze

wliuri xelfasi (aTasobiT dolarSi)

samxedro gawveva didi xania diskusiis sagans warmoadgens. TiTqmis yvelas miaCnia, rom Tavis
Tavad is arasasurvelia, magram mravali amerikeli masSi xedavs erTaderT saSualebas, misaRebi
xarjebisas uzrunvelyos samxedroebis sakmarisi raodenoba.
SeiZleba marTlac arsebobs samxedro gawvevis sasargeblo argumentebi, magram maT ricxvs ar
SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT xSirad gamoTqmuli mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom TiTqos moxaliseTa5 jari
metad Zviri jdeba.

24
20
16

M=18
12
8
4

S=308

3
4
5
jariskacebis raodenoba
(milionebSi)

nax. 4-1 jariskacebis miwodebis mrudi

5

60

zogierT konteqstSi, `moxalise~ niSnavs pirovnebas, romelic muSaobs anazRaurebis gareSe (mexanZreebi, hospital
Si momsaxureebi). SeiaraRebuli Zalebis moxaliseebis SemTxvevaSi, sadac mimzidveli anazRaureba warmatebis gasa
Rebs warmoadgens, es ase ar aris

Tavdacvis saministro da yvela, vinc fiqrobs aRniSnul xarjebze, ar pasuxoben im kiTxvas, Tu

vis xarjebzea saubari samxedro momsaxureebis, gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebis, kongresisa Tu
pentagonis? es xarjebi metad gansxvavebulia.
ra ujdeba axalgazrdas jariskacad gaxdoma? pasuxis povnis saukeTeso gzaa, SesTavazo mas
fuladi anazRaureba da gazardo im donemde, sanam ar daTanxmdeba. Tu joni daTanxmdeba weli
wadSi 5,000 dolarad, keroli 8,000 dolarad, xolo filipi aranakleb 60,000-isa, maSin es Rire
bulebebi asaxaven alternatiul Rirebulebebs, Sesabamisad, jonis, kerolisa da filipisTvis.
maTi gawvevis xarjebi samivesTvis 73,000 dolars Seadgens, Tumca saxelmwifos SeuZlia damalos
es faqti da daakisros maT samxedro samsaxuri gacilebiT dabali xelfasiT.
alternatiuli Rirebuleba samuSaoze mowyobis ararealizebul alternatiul SesaZleblo
bebze da RirebulebaTa didi raodenobis orientirebze (cxovrebis wesis arCeva, omisadmi damo
kidebuleba, adamianuri simxdale, simamace da a.S.) aris damokidebuli. rodesac, samxedro mosam
saxures saxelmwifo fulad kompensacias sTavazobs, zrdis ra ganakveTs im donemde, vidre
saWiro raodenobis moxaliseebs ar daiqiravebs, is garkveulwilad marTlac cdilobs Tavisi
programis xarjebis minimizacias, vinaidan qiraobs maT, visac yvelaze dabali alternatiuli Ri
rebuleba aqvs, anu maT, vinc jonsa da kerols hgavs. samxedro gawvevis SemTxvevaSi am movlenas
SeiZleba adgili hqonoda mxolod garemoebaTa araCveulebrivi damTxvevis pirobebSi. Cveni
msjelobis arsi ufro advilad SeiZleba gavigoT 4-1 naxazis ganxilvisas.
aq warmodgenilia moxalise jariskacebis miwodebis mrudi. is ajamebs raodenobas an sidides,
romelic SesaZloa miwodebul iqnas sxvadasxva fasad. is mosazreba, rom adamianebi ar gaswiraven
sicocxles nebayoflobiT, im faqtiTaa uaryofili, rom isini amas akeTeben, amasTanave ara mxo
lod samxedro moxaliseebi, aramed policielebi, mTamsvlelebi da sxvebi. rogoric ar unda iyos
mrudis zusti mdgomareoba da daxriloba, is aucileblad wava zemoT. zogierTi adamiani (vinc
mis xelT arsebul alternativebs mcired afasebs) wava samxedro samsaxurSi Zalian dabali xel
fasis pirobebSi. magram miRebuli winapirobis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba vipovoT sam milionamde mo
xalise, romelic Tanaxma iqneba imsaxuros aranakleb wliuri 16,000 dolariani anazRaurebis Sem
TxvevaSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom jamSi yovelwliurad 48 mlrd. dolari unda iqnas gadaxdili.
vinaidan gadasaxadis gadamxdelebs ar uyvarT, rodesac mTavroba zrdis maT gadasaxadebs, kon
gresi ar moindomebs aseTi uzarmazari asignebis gamoyofas. xolo Tavdacvis saministro ki me
tad mgrZnobiared reagirebs imaze, Tu ra moswons da ra ara kongress. maT SeuZliaT arsebuli
xarjebi orjer Seamciron, SesTavazon mxolod 8,000 dolari da samxedro samsaxuri savaldebu
lo gaxadon. xarjebi am SemTxvevaSi mxolod 24 mlrd. iqneba. maS, gaumarjos dazogvas!
P
(wliuri anzR.
$1000-obiT)

S (moxalise jariskacTa
miwodeba)

keTilDdReobis
gadanawileba
M=18

S=30

alternatiuli
danaxarjebi

Q (mln adamiani)

nax. 4-1

ra vuyoT imaT danaxarjebs, vinc SeiaraRebul ZalebSi msaxurobs? moxaliseTa jaris xarjebi
30 mlrd. dolars Seadgens. es xarjebi nulidan sam milion adamianamde mrudqveSa farTobis to
lia, anu udris armiaSi mosamsaxureTa ararealizebul alternatiul SesaZleblobaTa jamur
Rire
bulebas. marTlac, marTkuTxa trapeciis farTobi nax.
4-1-ze: S= 4+16 .3=30. danarCeni
2
61

18mlrd., romelsac saxelmwifo ixdis, warmoadgens simdidris gadanawilebas gadasaxadebis ga

damxdelTagan im samxedro mosamsaxureebze, romlebic jarSi wavidodnen ufro dabali xelfasis
pirobebSic ki, magram miuxedavad amisa, ufro maRal xelfass iReben, raTa moxdes sammilioniani
kvotis SenarCuneba.
rogori iqneba samxedro mosamsaxureTa danaxarjebi savaraudo samxedro samsaxuris gavlis
SemTxvevaSi? amis Sesaxeb arafris Tqma ar SegviZlia, garda imisa, rom isini gacilebiT meti iqne
ba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki savaldebulo gawvevaSi mxolod da mxolod Zveli moxaliseebi moxvde
bian, xarjebi 30 mlrd. dolaris toli iqneba. magram es naklebsavaraudoa. wvevamdelebis rac
ufro meti raodenoba iqneba amoRebuli miwodebis mrudis zeda da ara qveda nawilidan, miT ufro
meti iqneba samxedro mosamsaxureTa xarjebi. magaliTad, adamians, romelic Tanaxmaa nebayoflo
biT imsaxuros 9,000 dolarad, sTavazoben 8,000 dolars. is uars ambobs da mas ar gaiwveven samxed
ro samsaxurSi. mis nacvlad iwveven adamians, romelic Tanaxmaa imsaxuros mxolod 24,000 dola
ris safasurad da uxdian 8,000 dolars. gadasaxadis gadamxdelebma dazoges 8,000 dolari,
gadauxades ra mxolod 8,000 dolari mas, visTvisac sayovelTao gawvevis SemTxvevaSi 16,000 unda
gadaexadaT. magram is, visi alternatiuli Rirebuleba 24,000 dolari iyo, Secvala is pirovneba,
romlis alternatiuli Rirebuleba mxolod 9,000 dolars Seadgenda. es aris 15,000 dolariT
xarjebis zrda jarSi mosamsaxureTa TvalsazrisiT.
samxedro gawvevis Sedegad ar xdeba SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Senaxvaze xarjebis dazogva. es
xarjebi gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa mxrebidan wvevamdelebis mxrebze gadadis. Tqven SeiZleba
TqvaT, rom es aris gawvevis yvelaze mcire nakli da SemogvTavazoT upiratesoba, romelic am nak
lovanebas gadawonis, magram gawvevis swored am Sedegze miTiTeba SeuZliaT ekonomistebs.

`aunazRaurebeli danaxarjebis~ gamoricxva

me-2 TavSi Tqven iswavleT, rom produqciis Rirebuleba yovelTvis ganisazRvreba rogorc
zRvruli. magaliTad, wylis Rirebuleba ar aris is, ra msxverplis gaRebasac apirebs adamiani im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu alternativa saerTod uwylod darCenaa. adamianebisTvis wylis Rirebuleba
isaa, rasac gadaixdian wylis damatebiTi raodenobisTvis im realur situaciaSi, romelSic aR
moCndebian.
igive zRvruli principebi gamoiyeneba xarjebis mimarTac. adamianebis umravlesoba cdeba,
raki erTmaneTSi erevaT produqciis an sargeblis mTliani Rirebuleba da maTi zRvruli Rire
buleba. xarjebis SemTxvevaSi yvelaze xSiri Secdoma isaa, rom winaswar gaweuli xarjebi xSirad
erevaT zRvrul danaxarjebSi.
rodesac kafeteriaSi iRebT erT ulufa Tevzs da molares 1,9 dolars uxdiT, Tqven swevT
xarjs: kargavT yvela im SesaZleblobebis Rirebulebas, romlebzec uari ganacxadeT 1,9 dola
ris daxarjvisas. magram pirvelive lukmis gasinjvisas uecrad inaneT, rom es kerZi airCieT. ro
gori iqneba Tqveni xarjebi, Tu Tevzs TefSze datovebT?
is ar Seadgens 1,9 an 1,8 dolars, Tundac imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom pirveli lukma mxolod 10
centi Rirda. es danaxarjebi ukve istorias ekuTvnis. xarjebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia Tevzis
ulufis TefSze datovebasTan, ganisazRvreba yvela im dakarguli SesaZleblobebis Rirebule
bebiT, romelzedac uari unda TqvaT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ase moiqceviT. gyavT ZaRli, romelsac
uyvars makaroni TevziT, yveliT da tomatis sawebliT? Tu gyavT, maSin xarjebi, romlebic dakav
Sirebulia TefSze datovebul TevzTan es aris imis ararealizebuli SesaZlebloba, rom daina
xoT Tqveni ZaRlis anTebuli Tvalebi da kudis qicini. Tqven am SesaZleblobaze uars acxadebT,
Tuki ar moiTxoveT, rom qaRaldis parkSi Cagidon saWmlis narCenebi.
ekonomistebs ar ainteresebT is fasi, romelic Tqven ukve gadaixadeT, isini amas aunazRaure
bel danaxarjebs uwodeben. aunazRaurebeli xarjebi gavlenas ar axdens ekonomikur gadawyveti
lebebze. rac iyo iyo.
erTaderTi danaxarji, rac gavlenas axdens gadawyvetilebis miRebaze, aris zRvruli xarjebi
da isini yovelTvis momavalzea gaTvlili.
yvela danaxarji, romelic mniSvnelovania miwodebis
gadawyvetilebisTvis, momavals miekuTvneba
62

ra Tqma unda, vidre gavakeTebdeT daskvnas, rom isini marTlac ar axdenen gavlenas gadawyve
tilebis miRebaze, Cven darwmunebulebi unda viyoT imaSi, rom xarjebi marTlac aunazRaurebe
lia. Tqven rom motocikli geyidaT da maSinve genanaT es, ra dagijdebodaT motociklis Semdgo
mi Senaxva? cxadia, sulac ar xarT valdebuli ganacxadoT: `me es gavakeTe da es samudamod ase
iqneba~. Tqven SegiZliaT gayidoT motocikli. Tu amas ar gaakeTebT, maSin gaswevT xarjs (dakar
gavT sargebels), romelic misi xelaxali gayidvis Rirebulebis toli iqneba. amrigad, WeSmariti
aunazRaurebeli xarjebi gautoldeba sxvaobas gadaxdil fassa da xelaxali gayidvis fass So
ris. Tqveni xarjebis am nawils aRar aqvs mniSvneloba. ekonomikuri azrovnebis CarCoebSi, isini
saerTod ar warmoadgenen danaxarjebs, vinaidan ar arian dakavSirebuli arCevanis arcerT Se
saZleblobasTan.
da mainc, Cven viciT, rom adamianebi yovelTvis ar msjeloben amgvarad. mraval maTgans, vinc
aseTi SenaZeni gaakeTa da Semdeg inana, urCevnia, daitovos motocikli da sawyis fasTan Sedare
biT nakleb fasad ar gayidos. maT sakuTari saqcieli imiT SeuZliaT gaamarTlon, rom Tqvan: `me
ar SemiZlia mivce Tavs ufleba, ase vizaralo~. magram danakargebi saxezea. Secdoma daSvebulia
da sruli danakargebi im momentSi warmoiqmna, rodesac Secdoma dauSves. Tuki vinme, miuxedavad
amisa, gadawyvets, ar gayidos motocikli, is albaT Tavs ityuebs. mravali adamiani cdilobs da
arwmunos sakuTari Tavi, TiTqos avtofarexSi Jangmokidebul motocikls igive Rirebuleba aqvs,
rac im fuls, romelic gadaixades, raTa is iq moeTavsebinaT, arada, erTaderTi danaxarji, ro
melsac amJamad mniSvneloba aqvs, es is SesaZleblobaa, romelzedac unda iTqvas uari, Tu ar
gavyidiT motocikls.

zRvruli anu damatebiTi danaxarjebi

Tu gainteresebT kavSiri damatebiT danaxarjebsa da zRvrul danaxarjebs Soris, es marTlac
drouli kiTxvaa. yvela zRvruli danaxarji warmoadgens damatebiT danaxarjebs da yvela dama
tebiTi xarjebi zRvruli xarjebia. damatebiTi danaxarji da zRvruli danaxarji erTi da igive
ramaa, sxvadasxva kuTxiT danaxuli. damatebiTi xarjebi yuradRebas amaxvilebs gamouyenebeli
SesaZleblobebis sidideze, xolo zRvruli xarjebi ki cvlilebebze, rac qmedebas mohyveba. sru
li saxelwodeba nebismieri danaxarjisa, rac mniSvnelovania gadawyvetilebis misaRebad, aris
zRvruli damatebiTi danaxarji.

mxolod qmedebebs SeiZleba hqondes xarjebi;

yvela danaxarji vinmes xarjs warmoadgens;
yvela danaxarji momavals ekuTvnis.
yvela amgvari danaxarji warmoadgens qmedebebis an gadawyvetilebebis xarjs. yvela maTgani
dakavSirebulia individTan da yvela maTgani momavalSi moiazreba.
ganvixiloT ubralo magaliTi. amber krombim da misma qmarma fiCma gadaixades 250,000 dolari
nakveTsa da saxlSi, romelic lamazi tbis napiras mdebareobs. isini varaudoben, rom icxovreben
axal komfortul saxlSi, romlidanac mSvenieri xedi iSleba da miiReben bevrad met siamovnebas,
vidre 250,000 dolaria. magram male aRmoCnda, rom tba cud suns gamoscems, rodesac qari aRmosav
leTidan uberavs, rac SeumCneveli darCa, rodesac isini aq uZravi qonebis yidva-gayidvis agent
Tan erTad imyofebodnen. arada, rogorc aRmoCnda, aq metwilad aRmosavleTis qari uberavs. bo
losdabolos emberi da fiCi gadawyveten saxlis gayidvas, magram saxlis yidvis msurveli mxolod
erTi wyvili aRmoCndeba, romelTac qronikuli surdo aqvT da mzad arian gadaixadon 60,000 do
lari. ra moxdeba Semdeg?
amberma da fiCma unda Seadaron erTmaneTs zRvruli sargebloba (siamovneba) da zRvruli damate
biTi xarjebi. maT unda awonon cudi sunis gamo am saxlSi cxovrebisgan miRebuli sargeblis Semcire
ba, im zRvruli SesaZlebeli danaxarjis sapirwoned, rac am saxlSi cxovrebas mohyveba, es aris 60,000.
Tu isini ar afaseben zRvrul (momaval) sargeblobas, 60,000 dolarze metad, maT unda gayidon saxli.
ra daemarTa danarCen 190,000 dolars, romelic investirebuli iyo? es aris danakargebi, rac maT
izarales, Cades ra 250,000 dolari iseT rameSi, rac, rogorc SemdgomSi aRmoCnda, mxolod 60,000
63

dolari Rirda. isini ver gaeqcevian am danakargs im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu ganagrZoben cxovrebas am
saxlSi, Tuki Tavad am saxls afaseben imaze naklebad, vidre is wyvili, romelsac surdo aqvs da mza
daa gadaixados es Tanxa. maTi simdidre 190,000 dolariT Semcirda. Cveni mosazrebiT maTi danakarge
bi kidev ufro gaizrdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki isini Seecdebian Tavi aaridon amas da ar gayidian
saxls.
davuSvaT rom krombis ojaxma gadaixada mxolod 75,000 dolari, xolo 175,000 aiRo bankSi ses
xad. vis daawveba am SemTxvevaSi zarali? saxlis gayidvis Semdeg banki moiTxovs ipoTekis dafar
vas, magram saxlis gayidvisas aRebuli 60,000 dolari axlosac ar aris am TanxasTan. Tu maT ar
gaaCniaT sxva aqtivebi, romelTa saSualebiTac SeuZliaT daakmayofilon bankis moTxovna, banks
SeuZlia miiRos gadawyvetileba da aukrZalos saxlis gayidva. magram ra SeuSlis maSin krombebs,
gamoacxadon ipoTekis gadaxdis uunaroba da gadascen saxli banks? banki gayidis saxls, raTa
daibrunos Cadebuli fuli da miiRebs 60,000 dolars im wyvilisgan, romlebsac ynosva daqveiTe
buli aqvT. am SemTxvevaSi krombebis wyvili dakargavs 75,000 dolars, Tavis pirvandel investi
cias, xolo banki dakargavs 115,000 dolars es sxvaobaa gacemul Tanxasa da im Tanxas Soris,
romelsac is ukan daibrunebs, gaauqmebs ra giraos da gayidis ra saxls.
ra Tqma unda, SesaZlebelia sxva variantebic. SeiZleba krombebma gadawyviton, rom saxlis da
kreditunarianobis dakargva Zalian Zviri ujdebaT, ar aRiaron gadaxdis uunaroba da ganagrZon
bankisTvis fulis gadaxda mas Semdegac ki, rac datoveben tbis sanapiroze mdebare saxls. savse
biT SesaZlebelia, rom krombebma an bankma scadon, zarali imas gadaabralon, vinc SesaZloa cno
bili iqnas cudi sunis gavrcelebaze pasuxismgeblad, magaliTad, uZravi qonebis gayidvis agents,
visac unda gaefrTxilebina isini im `surnelebis~ Sesaxeb, romelsac es tba avrcelebda.
Tu pasuxismgebloba ar SeiZleba daekisros sxvas, maSin saxlis SesyidviT miRebuli zarali
dafiqsirda saxlis yidvisas. mTeli Tanxa, garda 60,000 dolarisa, aris Seuqcevadi danaxarji da
zarali. am SemTxvevaSi ipoTekuri gadasaxadi warmoadgens zRvrul danaxarjebs saxlis Semdgomi
mflobelobisa, an Tu krombebi gayidian saxls da ganagrZoben bankisTvis fulis gadaxdas, maTi
kreditunarianobisa da saxelis (sakredito reputaciis) SenarCunebis zRvruli danaxarjebi iq
neba zustad $115000:

zRvruli da saSualo danaxarjebi

mniSvnelovania, rom erTmaneTSi ar avurioT zRvruli da saSualo mniSvnelobis cnebebi. Se
saZloa Tqven arc ki apirebdiT, agreodaT saSualo da zRvruli mniSvnelobebis cnebebi da maSin
Semdgomma msjelobam SeiZleba gza-kvali agibnioT. imedi viqonioT, rom es ar moxdeba. gansxvave
bis danaxva ubralo magaliTze SeiZleba. qvemoT naCvenebia suvenirebis hipoTeturi warmoebis
SesaZlo moculobebi da danaxarjebi:
warmoebuli
suvenirebis
raodenoba

suvenirebis warmoebis
sruli danaxarjebi

42

4200 dolari

43

4257 dolari

44

4312 dolari

45

4365 dolari

gayofa gvaZlevs saSualebas davadginoT, rom 42-e suveniris warmoebis saSualo danaxarjebi
(erToblivi xarjebi erTeulze gaTvliT) udris 100 dolars. 43-sTvis 99 dolars, 44-sTvis 98
da 45-sTvis ki 97 dolars. Tu davfiqrdebiT, mivxvdebiT, rom 43-e suveniris damzadebis danaxar
ji Seadgens ara 99 dolars, aramed 57 dolars, 43-e suveniris damzadebis damatebiTi danaxarje
bi warmoadgens zRvrul danaxarjebs. 44-e da 45-e suveniris zRvruli danaxarjebi Sesabamisad 55
da 53 dolars Seadgens. cxadia, rom zRvruli danaxarjebi SeiZleba saSualo danaxarjebze meti
an naklebi iyos, an mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebodes maTgan. aseve cxadia, rom mwarmoeblebma gada
64

wyvetilebis miRebisas, unda ixelmZRvanelon zRvruli danaxarjebiT. unda gaizardos Tu unda

Semcirdes warmoeba? zRvruli danaxarjebi moqmedebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, amitom isini swo
red qmedebiT unda imarTon.
niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom biznesmenebs ar ainteresebT saSualo danaxarjebi? Tu isini ar mii
Reben sakmaris amonagebs, raTa dafaron danaxarjebi, maSin izaraleben. isini ar wavlen raime qme
debebze Tavisi nebiT, Tuki ar moelian sakuTari danaxarjebis srul dafarvas. amitom SesaZloa,
amocana erTeul produqciaze mosalodneli danaxarjebisa da mosalodneli gasayidi fasis Se
darebiT terminebSi wamoayenon. magram miaqcieT yuradReba imas, rom nebismieri gadawyvetilebi
sas, mosalodneli xarjebi sinamdvileSi zRvrul danaxarjebs warmoadgens. vinaidan ukanaskneli
aucileblad ar niSnavs produqciis erTeulze damatebiT danaxarjebs. isini SesaZloa aRniSnav
dnen damatebiT danaxarjebs erTeulebis seriaze an damatebas xarjebze, romlebic mosalodne
lia mTeli sawarmoo procesis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas.
magaliTad, aravin gegmavs gamagrilebeli wylis fabrikis mSeneblobas mxolod erTi yuTi
wylis gamoSvebis mizniT. mraval warmoebaSi arsebobs ekonomia masStabebze, ase rom, Tu biznes
menebi ver xedaven produqciis didi moculobiT warmoebis SesaZleblobebs, isini arc arafers
awarmoeben; isini xels ar mokideben am saqmes, saerTod ar aaSeneben am fabrikas. gadawyvetileba
imis Sesaxeb, aaSenon Tu ar aaSenon, aaSenon ama Tu im zomis qarxana, aaSenon amgvarad Tu imgvarad
es aris zRvruli gadawyvetileba im momentisaTvis, rodesac misi miReba xdeba. gaxsovdeT, rom
damatebebi SesaZloa iyos metad mcire, magram amave dros metad didic.
damoukideblad imisa, azrovneben Tu ara biznesmenebi saSualo sididis terminebiT, maTi ga
dawyvetilebebi marTulia mosalodneli zRvruli xarjebiT. momavalSi SesaZloa yuradReba mie
qces saSualo mniSvnelobebsac, raTa gaverkveT, ramdenad kargad an cudad gamogvivida yvelafe
ri da SevityoT rame momavalze, Tuki CavTvliT, rom momavali warsuls waagavs. magram es ukve
istoria (romlis codna udavod sasargebloa), maSin, rodesac ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis
miReba xdeba awmyoSi, momavalze gaTvliT.
saSualo danaxarjebi: 4200/42=100
4257/43=99
zRvruli danaxarjebi: 4257-4200=57
zRvruli danaxarji es aris moqmedebebis Sedegi

danaxarjebi, rogorc gamamarTlebeli garemoeba

moumzadebel adamians ekonomikuri analizisas gansakuTrebiT xSirad mosdis Secdoma, vinai
dan danaxarjebs Cveulebriv gaaCnia ara marto ekonomikuri, aramed eTikuri da politikuri as
peqtebi. mraval adamians miaCnia, rom gamyidvelebs ufleba aqvT, ainazRauron xarjebi, magram
ara aqvT ufleba, daaweson fasebi, romlebic bevrad aRemateba gaweul danaxarjebs da albaT ma
Sinac raRac upatiosno miznebs isaxaven, Tuki xarjebTan SedarebiT bevrad nakleb fass aweseben.
Sexedulebebis aseTma sistemam, romelSic xarjebi dasabuTebis funqcias asrulebs, Cvens kano
nebSic ki SeaRwia. magaliTad, fasebze sakanonmdeblo kontroli Cveulebriv uSvebs fasebis
zrdas xarjebis zrdisas, magram ar uSvebs fasebis aranair zrdas, Tu es ar aris dasabuTebuli
xarjebis zrdiT. sazRvargareTuli firmebi, romlebic sakuTar produqcias aSS-Si yidian, SesaZ
loa daisajon `dempingisTvis~, Tu saxelmwifo dawesebuleba daadgens, rom isini produqcias am
qveyanaSi xarjebze nakleb fasad yiddnen. aseT garemoebebSi, rodesac xarjebi gadawyvetilebe
bis organizaciul racionalizaciad ufro iqceva, vidre WeSmarit mizezad, maT mimarT yvelanai
ri mtkicebuleba gansakuTrebul Semowmebas unda daeqvemdebaros.
moaruli warmodgenis mixedviT, fasebi mWidrod unda iyos dakavSirebuli xarjebTan, vinai
dan igulisxmeba, rom xarjebi realur da gardauval obieqturobas warmoadgens. binis qiris
kontrolis yvelaze aqtiuri momxreebic ki dagveTanxmebian (yovel SemTxvevaSi, principSi), rom
binaTmflobelebs neba unda daerToT moumaton binis fasi, Tu gaTbobisTvis saWiro mazuTi
Zvirdeba. oRond, arasdros daeTanxmebian imas, rom binaTmflobelebs SeeZloT fasebis gazrda
mxolod imitom, rom binaze moTxovna ufro swrafad izrdeba, vidre miwodeba. maTi Tvalsazri
65

siT, aseTi mateba iqneboda spekulacia, motyueba da tyavis gaZroba, vinaidan es ar aris dakavSi
rebuli xarjebTan. magram qiris aseTi zrda isevea dakavSirebuli xarjebTan, rogorc saTbobis
fasis zrda. rodesac gasaqiravebel binebze moTxovna izrdeba, mobinadreebi sTavazoben ufro
maRal fass, vinaidan arsebul farTze erTmaneTs konkurencias uweven. amiT izrdeba binaTmflo
belis xarjebi, rac dakavSirebulia ama Tu im damqiraveblisTvis binis miqiravebasTan. is Tanxa,
romlis gadaxdisTvisac mzadaa sxva mobinadre, binaTmflobelisTvis warmoadgens am binaSi amJa
mad mcxovrebi adamianis iq cxovrebis xarjs. gveCveneba, rom sawvavis SemTxvevaSi es sxvagvaradaa,
magram sinamdvileSi es ase ar aris. saboloo jamSi sawvavis xarjebi aseve ganisazRvreba erTma
neTSi konkurirebadi mimwodeblebis fasobrivi ganacxadebiT. xarjebi yovelTvis miwodebisa da
moTxovnis qmedebaTa Sedegs warmoadgens. am Temas Cven momdevno or TavSi gavagrZelebT.
danaxarjebi moTxovnisagan damoukidebelni
arasdros arian

danaxarjebi da miwodeba
ise rogorc moTxovnis mrudebi gviCveneben zRvrul danaxarjebs an danaxarjebs, romelTa
gawevisTvisac mzad arian adamianebi, raTa gansakuTrebuli saqoneli miiRon, ise miwodebis
mrudebi gviCveneben zRvrul danaxarjebs, romlebic dafaruli unda iqnas, raTa potenciurma
mimwodebelma saqoneli xelmisawvdomi gaxados.
davuSvaT, rom, smiti, rikardo, marqsi da keinsi arian ekonomikis Semswavleli kursis poten
ciuri maswavleblebi. yovel maTgans surs imuSaos dReSi 8 saaTi iq, sadac mas met fuls gadaux
dian. studentebis azriT, maTi momsaxureba absoluturad urTierTSenacvlebadia: am oTxidan
TiToeulis mier Catarebuli yoveli saaTi erTnairad Rirebulia studentebisTvis.
marqsi mzadaa aswavlos dReSi 8 saaTi saaTSi 6 dolaris anazRaurebiT, vinaidan misTvis amJa
mad mis xelT arsebuli SesaZleblobebidan yvelaze saukeTesos, revoluciis momzadebas, saaTSi
7,99 dolari moaqvs. rikardos SeuZlia 4 saaTi imuSaos firmaSi meri linCi saaTSi 27,99 dolaris
anazRaurebiT: garda amisa, misTvis fexsacmelebis gayidvas damatebiT saaTSi 9,99 dolari moaqvs.
smitisTvis saukeTeso arCevania adgilobriv kolejSi zneobriobis filosofiis kursis wakiTxva
dReSi 8 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, saaTSi 15,99 dolaris anazRaurebiT. keinsi muSaobs dReSi 8 saaTs,
agrovebs ra Sewirulobebs adgilobrivi simfoniuri orkestrisaTvis saaTSi 23,99 dolarad. ro
gor gamoiyureba am viTarebaSi swavlebis miwodebis mrudi? modiT davfiqrdeT amaze.
swavleba ver iqneba uzrunvelyofili manam, sanam fasi sakmarisi araa yvelaze dabalanazRau
rebadi potenciuri maswavleblis damatebiTi xarjebis dasafaravad. es iqneba marqsi. rodesac
fasi 8 dolaramde gaizrdeba, marqsi mzad iqneba SeaCeros revoluciis momzadeba da daiwyebs mas
wavleblobas dReSi 8 saaTis ganmavlobaSi. ase rom, Cven avagebT miwodebis mruds, rogorc verti
kalur xazs nulidan 8 dolaramde. Semdeg gavagrZelebT mas horizontalurad 8 saaTis sididemde.
damatebiTi 8 saaTiani swavleba ar iqneba SeTavazebuli, vidre fasebi izrdeba 10 dolaramde
saaTSi. am fasis dros rikardo miatovebs samuSaos fexsacmlis maRaziaSi da 4 saaTis ganmavloba
Si aswavlis. Cven amasobaSi vagrZelebT miwodebis mruds da vxazavT vertikalur xazs 8 dolari
dan 10 dolaramde 8 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, xolo Semdeg vagrZelebT horizontalur xazs 12 saaTis
sididemde.
smiti zneobrivi filosofiis swavlebidan ekonomikis swavlebas daubrundeba, rodesac amisT
vis mas 16 dolars gadauxdian. miwodebis mrudis misi monakveTi aris horizontaluri xazi 16
dolarze, 12-sa da 20 saaTs Soris monakveTSi. keinsi mzad iqneba maswavleblobisTvis, rodesac
fasi saaTSi 24 dolaramde gaizrdeba. rikardo mzad iqneba aswavlos 4 saaTiT meti drois ganmav
lobaSi, damatebiT im 4 saaTamde, romelSic mas 10 dolars uxdian, Tuki fasi 24 dolaramde gaiz
arda. Cveni varaudiT, ramdenadac ar unda gaizardos fasi, 32 saaTze meti swavleba ar iqneba Se
Tavazebuli. miwodebis mrudi Sesabamisad vertikalur xazad iqceva 32 saaTze. ganixileT 3-2
naxazi, raTa darwmundeT, rom mixvdiT, Tu rogor iqna agebuli es mrudi.

66

saaTobrivi xelfasi

$30

20

10

10

15

20

25

30

35

Eekonomikis swavlebis saaTebis yoveldRiuri raodenoba

3-2 swavlebis momsaxurebis miwodeba

swavlebis Sesaxeb moyvanili magaliTi martivad gviCvenebs, Tu ra udevs safuZvlad yvela

miwodebis mruds. miwodebis mrudebi warmoadgenen zRvruli Seuqcevadi danaxarjebis mrudebs
produqciis xelmisawvdomobis Sesaqmnelad.

miwodebis safaso elastiuroba

elastiurobis koncefcia yovelmxriv mniSvnelovania rogorc miwodebis, ise moTxovnis Sem
TxvevaSi. formaluri gansazRvreba igivea. miwodebis safaso elastiuroba es aris miwodebuli
raodenobis procentuli cvlilebis fardoba fasis procentul cvlilebasTan. miwodebis Sem
TxvevaSi fasebi da raodenoba erTi da imave mimarTulebiT icvleba, asaxavs ra im faqts, rom
maRali fasi ubiZgebs mimwodeblebs miawodos meti raodenoba. miwodeba SedarebiT elastiuria,
Tu miwodebuli raodenobis procentuli cvlileba ufro metia, vidre fasis procentuli cvli
leba da SedarebiT araelastiuria, Tu miwodebuli raodenobis procentuli cvlileba naklebia,
vidre fasis procentuli cvlileba.
miwodebis safaso elastiuroba = %-uli cvlileba raod.-Si / %-uli cvl. fasSi
es wigni savsebiT araelastiuri moTxovnis mrudebs imave jgufs miakuTvnebs, rasac faskunjs
arareialuri fenomenebis jgufs. savsebiT araelastiuri miwodebis mrudebi sxva SemTxvevaa. maSin,
rodesac saqonelze fasebis zrdisas, moTxovnis Semcirebas didi dro ar sWirdeba, sakmaod mniS
vnelovani dro sWirdeba imas, rom saqonelze fasebis gazrdisas miwodebac gaizardos. saqonlis
fasis mniSvnelovani zrda Tavdapirvelad ar iwvevs miwodebuli saqonlis raodenobis Sesabamis
zrdas. eE s moxdeba maSin, rodesac garkveuli drois Semdeg, potenciuri mimwodeblebi moiZieben
SesaZlo resursebs da, Sesabamisad, mzad iqnebian gazrdili raodenoba ufro maRal fasad gayidon.
Tu im resursebis damatebiTi raodenoba, romelic saWiroa gansakuTrebuli saqonlis dasamza
deblad, dauyovnebliv moipoveba imave an ufro nakleb fasad, saqonlis miwodebis mrudi ufro ax
los iqneba sruliad elastiurTan. am SemTxvevaSi fasebis umniSvnelo zrda gamoiwvevs gayidvisT
vis miwodebuli saqonlis raodenobis did zrdas.
4-1 naxazze warmodgenili samxedro moxaliseebis miwodebis mrudi warmoadgens Sualedur Sem
Txvevas. fasebis elastiuroba icvleba mrudis gaswvriv, 7 dolarsa da 9 dolars Soris arsebuli
2-is toli niSnulidan 23 dolarsa da 25 dolars Soris arsebul 1,2 niSnulamde klebulobs. (Tu

67

Tavad gsurT SeamowmoT es cifrebi, gamoTvlebis safuZvlad or fassa da raodenobas Soris pro
centuli cvlilebis saSualo mniSvnelobebi gamoiyeneT).
erTi wuTiT CafiqrdiT, raTa darwmunebulebi iyoT, rom gaerkvieT miwodebis safaso elasti
urobis koncefciaSi. rogorc Semdeg TavebSi davinaxavT, miwodebisa da moTxovnis mrudebis far
dobiTi elastiuroba gansazRvravs, Tu ra gavlenas moaxdens viTarebis cvlileba saqonlis gacv
lis raodenobasa da fasebze.

68

mokled gavimeoroT
rogorc moTxovnis ise miwodebis mrudebi asaxaven imas, Tu rogor afaseben adamianebi alter
natiuli SesaZleblobebis Rirebulebas. gasayidad miwodebuli saqonlis raodenoba da is ra
odenoba, romelzedac moTxovna arsebobs, damokidebulia im arCevanze, romelsac akeTeben ada
mianebi mas Semdeg, rac Seafaseben maTTvis xelmisawvdom SesaZleblobebs.
miwodeba damokidebulia xarjebze, magram mimwodeblis xarjebi aris alternatiuli SesaZle
blobebis Rirebuleba, romlis realizacia ver xerxdeba miwodebis gamo. xarjebis es koncefcia
ekonomikur TeoriaSi iseTnairad formulirdeba, rom gadawyvetilebis miRebasTan dakavSirebu
li yvela xarjebi warmoadgenen alternatiul Rirebulebebs, anu im alternatiuli SesaZleblo
bebis Rirebulebas, romelzedac uaris Tqma gaxda saWiro, moqmedebis konkretuli gzis SerCevis
gamo.
alternatiuli xarjebi aucileblad zRvrul danaxarjebs warmoadgens: esaa damatebiTi xar
jebi, rac qmedebas an gadawyvetilebas axlavs Tan.
dava imis Sesaxeb Tu `ra Rirs~ esa Tu is nivTi, SeiZleba gadawydes, Tuki vaRiarebT, rom Ta
visTavad nivTs Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia. mxolod qmedebaa dakavSirebuli SesaZleblobebis uaryo
fasTan da amitom mxolod qmedebas axasiaTebs xarjebi.
xarjebi yovelTvis warmoadgens im SesaZleblobebis Rirebulebas, romelsac swiraven konkre
tuli adamianebi. imisaTvis, rom gadailaxos SexedulebaTa mravalgvaroba xarjebis gamo, xSirad
sakmarisia miRweul iqnas SeTanxmeba, Tu vis xarjebzea kerZod saubari.
gaweul xarjebze gavlenas ver axdens mimdinare gadawyvetilebebi. es aris aunazRaurebeli
xarjebi da, aqedan gamomdinare, isini umniSvneloa gadawyvetilebebis miRebisaTvis. gadawyve
tilebis miRebisas gasaTvaliswinebeli xarjebi samomavlo xarjebia.
miwodebis mrudebi gadaxrilia zemoT da marjvniv, vinaidan aucilebelia resursebis mflobe
lebs mivawodoT ufro maRali fasi, raTa davarwmunoT isini wina saqmianobaze uaris Tqmis Se
saZleblobaSi.
miwodebis fasobrivi elastiuroba aris miwodebuli raodenobis procentuli cvlilebis
fardoba fasebis procentul cvlilebasTan.

sakiTxebi gansjisaTvis
1. 1980 wels axali inglisis erT-erTma cnobilma klinikam uaryo am saavadmyofos eqimebis mier
wamoyenebuli winadadeba gulis gadanergvis operaciebis Sesaxeb. klinikis direqtors ar
miaCnda, rom aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba `danaxarjebis analizze iyo dafuZnebuli~. is, pi
riqiT, Tvlida, rom `aseTi gadawyvetileba mniSvnelovan wilad SezRudul fizikur resur
sebTan da maRalprofesionaluri personalis naklebobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli da aRni
Snavda, rom gulis gadanergvis TiToeuli operaciis Casatareblad iZulebulebi iqnebodnen
uari eTqvaT sxva pacientebisaTvis, romlebsac sWirdebodaT Cveulebrivi, naklebad resur
stevadi da im droisaTvis winaswargansazRvruli dadebiTi efeqtis momtani operacia~.
a) eTanxmebiT Tu ara, rom es gadawyvetileba ar efuZneboda danaxarjebis ganxilvas?
b) rogoria uaris Tqmis seriozuli SesaZlebloba am SemTxvevaSi?
g) ratom ar daiqirava hospitalma meti qirurgi da ar SeiZina meti materialuri resur
sebi, Tuki `danaxarjebis ganxilva~ ar warmoadgenda hospitalis miRebuli gadawyve
tilebebis mizezs?
d) rogor fiqrobT, ram ukarnaxa hospitalis direqtors, emtkicebina, rom gadawyveti
leba ar efuZneboda danaxarjebis ganxilvas?
2.

qvemoT motanilia nawyveti fresnsis uelendis ekonomikis saxelmZRvanelodan, romelic ame

rikul kolejebSi 1860 wlamde gamoiyeneboda.

`bunebis Zalebis Tvisebebi da qmedeba RmerTis mieraa boZebuli da amitom araferi ar gvij
deba. magaliTad, Tu gvsurs wylis vardnis gamoyeneba, Cven gvWirdeba mxolod Sesabamisi na
gebobis da wylis borblis dayeneba. Semdeg SegviZlia visargebloT vardnili wyliT ise, rom
69

ar gavwioT damatebiTi xarjebi. radgan Cveni xarjebi dakavSirebulia mxolod aRWurvilo

bis xarjebTan, rac saSualebas iZleva gamoviyenoT bunebis Zalebi, maSasadame, mxolod es
xarjebi moiTxovs politikuri ekonomistis yuradRebas~.
a) ra ujdeboda mecxramete saukuneSi wisqvilis mepatrones wylis vardnis gamoyeneba
wisqvilis asamuSaveblad, Tu wylis kaSxali mis teritoriaze imyofeboda?
b) risi toli iqneba mewisqvilis danaxarjebi, Tu wylis kaSxali sxvis miwaze iqneba?
g) ra garemoebebis dros iqneba wylis vardnis wisqvilis energiad gamoyenebis dana
xarjebi nulis toli?
d) ratom ar eTanxmebian Tanamedrove ekonomistebi frensis uilendis am mosazrebas da yu
radRebas amaxvileben imaze, rom bunebis Zalebis gamoyeneba xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli.
3. Taj-mahalis mavzoleumis garSemo gazonis balaxs xSirad, samzareulos patara danebis me
SveobiT axalgazrda qalebi kreWen. Zviria Tu iafi gazonis movlis es meTodi?
4. A punqtidan H punqtSi TviTmfrinaviT CAafrena erT saaTSi SeiZleba. avtobusiT imave marSru
tiT gavla xuT saaTSia SesaZlebeli. Tu aviabileTi 120 dolari Rirs, xolo avtobusis 30,
gadaadgilebis romeli meTodi iqneba ufro iafi adamianisaTvis, romelic saaTSi 6 dolars
gamoimuSavebs? imisTvis, vinc saaTSi 30 dolars gamoimuSavebs?
5. kanoniT akrZaluli rom ar iyos 18 wlamde marTvis mowmobebis gacema, rogor imoqmedebda es
axalgazrdobis saskolo ganaTlebis damTavrebasTan dakavSirebul xarjebze?
6. gazeTis saTauri gvamcnobs: `SeuracxyofisTvis sarCelebis raodenoba izrdeba maSin, rode
sac sxva sasamarTlo saqmeebi klebulobs~. gamoiyeneT zRvruli danaxarjebis koncefcia,
raTa axsnaT es movlena. Seamcirebs Tu ara kanonebi, romlebic mkacrad zRudavs Seuracxyo
fisTvis sarCelebs, anderZis SedgenisTvis advokatebis daqiravebis danaxarjebs?
7.

rogor axsniT jariskacebis damqiravebeli oficris gamonaTqvams: `ekonomikuri daRmavloba

Cveni problemebis gadawyvetis saukeTeso saSualebaa~?

8. erT-erTi mosazreba, romelic daqiravebuli jaris sawinaaRmdegod gamoiTqmis, imaSi mdgo

mareobs, rom TiTqos is uares mdgomareobaSi ayenebs Raribebs, radgan maT samxedro samsa
xurTan mimarTebaSi gaaCniaT umciresi alternativebi da amitom isini moxaliseTa jaris Zi
riTad nawils Seavseben.
a) eTanxmebiT Tu ara am analizs?
b) zogierTi kritikosi amtkicebs, rom Tuki jari mxolod moxaliseebs daeyrdnoba, is
imdeni arakvalificiuri da uunaro xalxiT Seivseba, romlebic ver SeZleben rTuli
SeiaraRebis marTvas. IBM-is firmac mxolod moxaliseebs qiraobs, magram misi Ta
namSromlebi ZiriTadad arc uunaroni arian da arc arakvalificiurni. ra gansxvave
baa jarsa da IBM-s Soris? rogor auxsnidiT amas kritikosebs?
g) moxaliseTa jaris sawinaaRmdegod gamoTqmuli kidev erTi mosazreba imaSi mdgomare
obs, rom Cven ar gvWirdeba `daqiravebuli jari~. samxedro moxaliseTa xelfasis ro
gori done gadaaqcevs maT daqiravebulebad? valdebulebi arian Tu ara oficrebi,
darCnen jarSi? ratom agrZeleben isini samsaxurs? arian Tu ara isini daqiravebule
bi? daqiravebulia Tu ara Tqveni maswavlebeli? Tqveni eqimi? Tqveni ministri?
9. ukanasknel wlebSi sul ufro meti amerikeli cdilobs Tavi aaridos nafic msajulobas, ri
Tic seriozul problemebs uqmnis zogierT sasamarTlos, romlebic iZulebulni arian gada
don mosmena, vinaidan ara hyavT saWiro raodenobis msajulebi.
a) ra uRirs moqalaqes msajulis funqciis Sesruleba?
b) visTvis iqneba es wminda danaxarjebi dabali an sulac uaryofiTi? visTvis iqneba es
wminda danaxarjebi maRali, SesaZloa usazRvrod maRalic ki?
g) SegiZliaT Tu ara SemogvTavazoT moqalaqeebisTvis msajulis funqciis Sesrulebis
saSualo danaxarjebis Semcirebis romelime martivi sistema?
d) ra Sedegebs iwinaswarmetyvelebT, Tuki gadavalT mTlianad nebayoflobiT msajul
Ta sistemaze, romlis drosac sasamarTloebi gadauxdian iseT yoveldRiur anazRau
rebas, romelic sakmarisi iqnoda kvalificiur nafic msajulTa im raodenobis mosa
zidaT, rac sasamarTloebs sWirdeba?
70

e) mravali moqalaqe, romelic keTilsindisierad pasuxobs sasamarTloSi gamoZaxebas,

sayvedurs gamoTqvams sasamarTloebis oficialuri warmomadgenlebis mxridan uxeSi
damokidebulebis gamo, romlebic TiTqos ar afasebdnen maT dros. magaliTad, moma
vali msajulebi SeiZleba mTeli dRe mjdariyvnen mosacdelSi ise, rom arc daeSvaT
sasamarTlos darbazSi. ra danaxarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli sasamarTlos oficialu
ri pirebis mier momavali nafici msajulebis mimarT aseTi udieri damokidebuleba?
10. romel SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia mravalerovan korporacias, romelsac sxvadasxva qveyanaSi erT
nairi qarxnebi aqvs, gadauxados gansxvavebuli xelfasi sxvadasxva qveynis muSebs maSinac ki,
rodesac maT kvalifikaciis erTnairi done aqvT? migaCniaT Tu ara es usamarTlobad? ratom
aris SesaZlebeli, rom im muSebma, romlebic mets iReben, protesti gamoTqvan?
U11. henrieta jorjma 48 wlis win SeiZina didi Zveli saxli 2,000 dolarad. dRes rom man am saxlis
gayidva gadawyvitos, 200,000 dolars miiRebs. rogor fiqrobT, ra ujdeba mas yovelTviurad
did, Zvel saxlSi cxovreba?
12. rodesac profesiuli beisbolis gundi bavSvTa saxls 50 ufaso bileTs sTavazobs, ra ujdeba
klubs erTi bileTi? aqvs Tu ara mniSvneloba imas, kerZod romel TamaSze sTavazoben ufaso
bileTebs? ratom daujdeboda klubs ufro Zviri am bileTebis kolejis studentebisTvis
SeTavazeba?
13. modiT, ganvixiloT telereklamis sakiTxebi. ra Sedis im danaxarjebSi, romelic 30 wamian
reklamas ukeTebs `fordis~ tipis manqanebis gamyidvel firmas `megobari fredi~? riTi
SgiZliaT axsnaT is, rom erTidaigive sareklamo rgoli oTxSabaT dilas 90 dolari eRireba,
xolo mniSvnelovani safexburTo matCis win 1,600 dolari? sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi
adgilobriv satelevizio sadgurebs xSirad mimarTaven TxovniT, rom gamouyon dro gancxa
debebisaTvis. ra ujdebaT es sadgurebs? rogor fiqrobT, SeiZleba Tu ara sadgurebis mflo
belTa religiurobiT avxsnaT is faqti, rom isini kvira diliT ufro siamovnebiT Tmoben
ufaso dros, vidre samuSao dReebSi?
14. Tu finaluri matCis bileTs 10 dolarad gaZleven, xolo Sav bazarze misi fasi 100 dolaria,
ra gijdebaT am TamaSze wasvla? rodis ufro waxvalT am matCze: rodesac viRaca mogcemT
bileTs, Tu rodesac Tqven TviTon iyidiT mas 100 dolarad? rodesac viRaca mogcemT bi
leTs, Tu rodesac Tqven TviTon moaxerxebT mis SeZenas 10 dolarad?
15. alternatiuli danaxarjebis Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, ar arsebobs sxvaoba fulis ga
daxdasa da fulis miRebis SesaZleblobaze uaris Tqmas Soris. miuxedavad amisa, es ar eTanx
meba Cvens intuicias. ganvixiloT, magaliTad, Semdegi SemTxvevebi:
a) devidi da jonaTani megobrebi arian. jonaTanma sTxova devids erTi wliT asesxos 1,000
dolari da devidmac asesxa. samarTliani iqneba Tu ara, rom devidma mosTxovos jonaTans
valis procentis gaadaxda? an iqneb devidma Tavad unda isesxos fuli procentis gada
saxdelad? ramdenadme naklebad samarTliani xom ar iqneba devidisTvis, procenti ga
daaxdevinos jonaTans, Tuki is depozituri serTifikatidan iRebs procentebs?
b) fridrixma gamofenaze terneris naxati SeiZina. magram daTanxmda, eqvsTviani gamofe
nis daxurvamde saxlSi ar waeRo. bolosdabolos gamofena daixura da rodesac fri
drixma suraTi saxlSi miitana, ori ram aRmoaCina: gamofenaze gatanam ise gazarda
terneris prestiJi, rom suraTis fasi orjer gaizarda da, rom suraTi arc erTi misi
oTaxis kedelze ar eteoda. Carlis oTaxis kedlebi ufro didia da mas surs SeiZinos
suraTi megobrisagan. rogori iqneba is samarTliani fasi, romelic fridrixma Car
lis unda gamoarTvas? ra Tanxa gadaixada man Tavad am suraTSi, an risi miReba SeuZlia
mas amjerad bazarze suraTis gayidviT?
16. dResdReobiT mravali adamiani ganicdis drois ukmarisobas imaze metad, vidre maTi winaprebi.
es miT ufro gasakviria, rom Cveni saxlebi da samuSao adgilebi savsea drois damzogavi uamravi
nivTiT, rac Cvens winaprebs ar gaaCndaT. riTi axsniT amas? Tu Tqven ar SegiZliaT amas axsna mou
ZebnoT, SeekiTxeT sxvebs, Tu ra mizezi aqvs drois ukmarisobas. ra emarTeba qmedebaSi CarTvis
fass, rodesac uecrad warmoiSveba mimzidveli alternatiuli SesaZleblobebi?

71

17. rodis aqvs azri Tavis danebebas?

a) ramden xans ganagrZobT dakarguli 20 dolarianis Zebnas, Tu TiToeuli Tqveni saaTi
5 dolarad giRirT? davuSvaT, iciT, rom is Tqvens oTaxSi dakargeT. racionaluri
iqneba Tu ara eZeboT is oTx saaTze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi? Seuqcevadi xarjebisa da
mosalodneli zRvruli danaxarjebis cnebebis gamoyenebiT axseniT, rogor SeuZlia
racionalur pirovnebas, romelic sakuTari drois erT saaTs 5 dolarad afasebs, 20
dolariani kupiura usasrulod did xans eZebos?
b) sasamarTlos 1987 wels gadaeca binis damqiravebelsa da mepatrones Soris davis Sem
Txveva, romlis drosac mobinadre 909 dolaris Rirebulebis fanjris gisosebis da
montajebas moiTxovda. Svidi wlis Semdeg es saqme jer kidev ar iyo dasrulebuli da
am droisTvis mosamarTleebis honorarma 1,000,000 dolars miaRwia. xom ar fiqrobT,
rom es uazrobaa? ra garemoebebSi SeuZliaT adamianebs gadaixadon sasamarTlo gada
saxadebi 1,000,000 dolaris odenobiT, raTa Seecadon moigon 909 dolaris Rirebule
bis dava?
18. ra dagijdebaT erT-erTi leqciis gacdena 30 leqciidan, romlebze dasaswrebadac Tqven 300
dolari gadaixadeT? ra dagijdaT leqciaze daswreba?
19. ufro mondomebulad swavloben Tu ara adamianebi im kursebze, romlebisTvisac maT meti fasi
gadaixades?
20. ufro gemrielia Tu ara Semwvari sosisi stadionze, sadac is orjer meti Rirs? SeiZleba Tu
ara rom is ufro gemrieli iyos mxolod imitom, rom ufro Zviria?
21. rogor fiqrobT, ivlian Tu ara adamianebi, romlebsac maindamainc ar moswonT filmebi ingmar
bergmanis monawileobiT, filmebis festivalze, rodesac 10 filmze dasaswrebi bileTi 5 do
lari eRireba? rogor fiqrobT, ivlian Tu ara festivalze iseTebi, visac maindamainc ar mo
swons ingmar bergmanis filmebi, Tu 10 filmze dasaswrebi bileTis fasi 50 dolari iqneba?
SeuZlia Tu ara Tqvens pasuxs am kiTxvaze Secvalos adre (moxarSuli sosisis Sesaxeb) dasmul
kiTxvaze gacemuli pasuxi.
22. gamoiyeneT zRvruli midgoma, raTa daexmaroT pol berers, miiRos gadawyvetileba, Tu ra ra
odenobis sasuqi gamoiyenos miwis nakveTze. Cven gavamartivebT problemas imis daSvebiT, rom
erTaderTi fasi, romelic icvleba damatebiTi sasuqis SeZenisas, aris sasuqis SeZenis fasi.
qvemoT mocemulia mosavlis zrda sasuqis damatebisas.

72

moxmarebuli sasuqis
tomrebis raodenoba

mosavali
tonebSi

1
2
3
4
5
6

12
22
28
32
35
37

pols SeuZlia mis mier moyvanili mTeli mosavlis TiToeuli tona 2 dolarad gayidos. erTi
tomara sasuqi 10 dolari Rirs, magram polma fasdakleba miiRo: ori tomara 18 dolarad,
sami 24 dolarad, oTxi 30 dolarad, xuTi 35 dolarad da eqvsi 42 dolarad.
a) risi tolia polisTvis zRvruli sargebeli (dolarebSi) sasuqis gamoyenebisas? an,
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ramdeni dolari emateba pols mosavlis gayidvisas yo
velTvis, rodesac is damatebiT tomara sasuqs iyenebs?
b) ras udris damatebiTi tomara sasuqis gamoyenebis zRvruli danaxarji? anu, sxva sit
yvebiT rom vTqvaT, ramdenad icvleba polis danaxarjebi yovelTvis, rodesac is sa
suqis damatebiT tomaras iyenebs?

g) ramdeni tomara sasuqi unda moixmaros polma, Tu mas surs miiRos rac SeiZleba meti
mogeba naxos?
23. fotokopirebis manqanis daqiraveba TveSi 295 dolari Rirs. daqiravebis Tanxa faravs remontis,
fxvnilis, gamJRavnebis, TveSi 200,000 aslis damzadebis xarjs. biblioTeka 20,000-ze zemoT yvela
aslSi ixdis erT cents plus erTnaxevari centi yoveli gamoyenebuli qaRaldisTvis.

hariet martins xvalindeli leqciisTvis wasakiTxi aqvs 20 gverdiani saJurnalo statia. igi
mzadaa statiis aslSi 50 centi gadaixados, magram, Tu amaze metis gadaxda gaxda saWiro, is
statias biblioTekaSi waikiTxavs.
a) ra aris erTi gverdis umaRlesi fasi, romlis gadaxdisTvisac mzadaa harieti aslebis
gadasaRebi manqanis gamoyenebisas?
b) ra aris erTi gverdis umciresi fasi, romelzedac Tanaxmaa biblioTeka? ra damatebi
Ti informacia gWirdebaT, raTa pasuxi gasceT am SekiTxvas?
g) harietma axlaxans aRmoaCina, rom mas xvalisTvis sWirdeba meore statiis wakiTxva,
romelic savsea grafikebiT. hariets Zalian unda, rom hqondes am statiis sakuTari
asli da mzadaa gadaixados masSi nebismieri Tanxa. ra iqneba axla is umaRlesi fasi,
ris gadasaxdeladac mzadaa harieti, raTa gamoiyenos biblioTekis kuTvnili gadam
Rebi manqana? (pasuxisTvis Tqven unda mogvawodoT sakuTari gamocdilebiT miRebuli
informacia).
d) ra gavlenas axdens yovelTviuri 295 dolaris odenobis qira im fasze, romelsac bib
lioTeka akisrebs aslebis gadamRebi manqanis gamomyeneblebs?

24. Tu firma, romelSic muSaobT, gixdiT 20 cents yoveli gavlili milisTvis, rodesac Tqven
sakuTari manqaniT dadixarT kompaniis saqmeebze, maSin kompaniis manqana unda gamoiyenoT Tu
sakuTari? qvemoT CamoTvlili danaxarjebidan romeli moaxdens gavlenas Tqvens
gadawyvetilebaze?
a) Tqveni manqanis Sesyidvis fasi;
b) licenziis gadasaxadisgan gaTavisufleba;
g) sadazRvevo premia;
d) gakicxva;
e) benzinis danaxarji.
25. imisaTvis, rom gadawyvitos CaerTos Tu ara kolejebs Soris safexburTo CempionatSi, Tqve
ni universiteti swavlobs am RonisZiebis CatarebasTan dakavSirebul danaxarjebs. rogor
fiqrobT, biujetis romeli muxlebi warmoadgens namdvil danaxarjebs?
a) moTamaSeebis swavlaze gamoyofili stipendiebi;
b) stadionis giravnobis gadasaxadi;
g) dRis swavlebis studentebisTvis ufaso bileTebi;
d) gundis direqtoris, administratorisa da mwvrTnelis xelfasebi.
26. Tavdacvis saministro aformebs TqvenTan kontraqts pirobiT xarjebi plus 10 procenti
imisTvis, rom Tqven sakuTar avtofarexSi raketebi daamzadoT. romelia kanonier safuZvel
ze Setanili xarjebi?
a) avtofarexis mSeneblobis xarjebi, inflaciisa da cveTis gaTvaliswinebiT;
b) avtomobilis cveTa, imis gaTvaliwinebiT, rom igi quCaSi dgas, radgan avtofarexSi
adgili aRaraa;
g) avtofarexis oTxi futiT dagrZelebis xarjebi, raTa raketebma quCaSi ar gayon Tavi
da mezoblis bavSvebs ar hqondeT maTi gaSvebis SesaZlebloba;
d) adgilobriv universitetSi leqciaTa kursis safasuri, romlis mosmenac mogiwiaT,
raTa migeRoT raketebis xelosnis diplomi am kontraqtis gasaformeblad;
e) maTematikis kursis safasuri, romelic Tqven didi xnis win gaiareT, magram romelic
aucilebeli aRmoCnda, raTa gagevloT kursi raketebis specialobaSi;
v) saSualo skolaSi swavlis xarjebi, raki verafriT daamzadebdiT raketebs, wera-kiTx
va rom ar gcodnodaT;

73

z) tetanusis acris danaxarji, romelic sami wlis asakSi gagikeTdaT da romelmac ixsna
Tqveni sicocxle, ramac sabolood saSualeba mogcaT gamxdariyaviT warmatebuli
samxedro moijare;
T) fsiqoTerapevtze gaweuli xarjebi, romelic dagexmaraT im depresiis dasaZlevad,
risi mizezic gaxda Tqveni Svilebis mier Tqvendami, rogorc samxedro sawarmoo kom
pleqsis warmomadgenlisadmi, gamoTqmuli upativcemuloba.
27. B-2 tipis bombebis damzadebis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom kongress Zviri daujdeba am bom
bebis warmoebis SeCereba, vinaidan ukve sakmarisad didi Tanxebia daxarjuli mis Seqmnaze.
SeecadeT daexmaroT kongress am argumentis gabaTilebaSi.
28. Tqveni ufrosi braziani xmiT gsayvedurobT `me ar mainteresebs ra iswavleT ekonomikaSi. Tu
Tqvens angariSSi ar CarTavT Cveni firmis yvela aunazRaurebel danaxarjebs da rekomenda
ciebs, samsaxuridan gagaTavisuflebT~. aqvs Tu ara kavSiri aunazRaurebel danaxarjebs
Tqvens mier miRebul gadawyvetilebasTan?
29. omis gagrZelebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, unda miiRos Tu ara mTavrobam mxed
velobaSi ukve gaweuli danakargebi? es advili kiTxva ar aris. sakmaod rTulic kia, Tu mxed
velobaSi miviRebT, rom mTavroba damokidebulia sazogadoebis mxardaWeraze.
30. ekonomistebis wesi, rom `aunazRaurebel danaxarjebs mniSvneloba ara aqvs~ gvaxsenebs, rom
aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT mxolod zRvruli xarjebi, magram ver migviTiTebs, Tu rome
li xarjebia zRvruli. amisaTvis saWiroa kvalificiuri msjeloba. Tqven SegiZliaT ganavi
TaroT Tqveni SesaZleblobebi aseTi daskvnebis gamosatanad, Tu SeecdebiT CamoTvaloT da
SeafasoT zRvruli xarjebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom zafxulis periodSi
daitovoT an ar daitovoT oTaxi kolejSi. SeecadeT gamoTvaloT minimaluri gaqiravebis
Tanxa, romelic gibiZgebT iqiTken, rom datovoT oTaxi zafxulis periodSi da Semodgomaze
isev SesaxldeT iq.

saaTobrivi xelfasi

31. 4-3 naxazze gamosaxuli miwodebis mrudi gviCvenebs xelfasis ganakveTebs, romelic unda ga
daixados firmam, raTa yoveldRiurad SeiZinos garkveuli raodenobis kac-saaTebi kon
vertebis dasawebeblad.
a) xelfasis ra ganakveTi unda SesTavazon firmebma, Tu surT konvertebis dasawebeb
lad daiqiravon 400 kac-saaTi.
b) rogori iqneba maTi erToblivi danaxarjebi konvertebis damwebeblebis xelfasebze?
g) risi toli iqneba konvertebis damwebeblebisTvis erToblivi alternatiuli Rire
buleba (daxmareba: TiToeuli ujra Seadgens 20 dolars: 20 saaTi gamravlebuli 1 do
larze);
d) ras udris miwodebis fasobrivi elastiuroba 4 dolarsa da 6 dolars Soris? 6 do
larsa da 8 dolars Soris?

$10

100

200

300

400

500

fostalionebis muSaobis saaTebi

nax. 4-3 konvertebis damwebeblebis Sromis miwodebis mrudi

74

600

32. gamoiyeneT 4-2 naxazis grafiki da Sesatyvisi teqsti:

a) aCveneT, rogor Seicvleba miwodebis mrudi, Tu meril linCi rikardos mTeli dRiT
daiqiravebs;
b) gviCveneT mrudis cvlileba, Tu marqss SesTavazeben gazeTis reportiorad muSaobas,
saaTSi 19,999 dolaris anazRaurebiT;
g) rogor Seicvleba miwodebis mrudi, Tu sazogadoeba uecrad ufro metad dainteres
deba moraluri filosofiis sakiTxebis SeswavliT?

75

moTxovna da miwodeba:
kooperaciis procesi

rma da detaluri specializacia swored is faqtoria, rac axasiaTebs yvela im mdidar sazo
gadoebas, romelsac msoflio odesme icnobda. naSromSi, romelSic me-18 saukuneSi didi
britaneTis ekonomikis aRmavlobis gzebs aSuqebda, adami smiti aRniSnavda:

`Sromis danawilebis Sedegad warmoqmnili produqciis mravalsaxeoba qmnis sworad marTul

sazogadoebas, romelSic sazogado simdidre yvelaze dabali rangis adamianamde vrceldeba~.
sazogadoeba mdidrdeba maSin, rodesac mis wevrebs gacnobierebuli aqvT specializaciis sa
Wiroeba.
rogor viTardeba specializacia? pirvel TavSi es kiTxva dasmuli iyo, rogorc ekonomikis
ZiriTadi kiTxva. dadga dro, mas pasuxi gaeces. marTlac, rogor axerxeben adamianebi mdidar,
maRali specializaciis mqone qveynebSi ganaxorcielon zustad is urTierTSeTanxmebuli qmede
bebi, romlebic xels Seuwyobs moTxovnili produqciis Seqmnas?
ZiriTad sirTules masobrivi informaciis nakleboba warmoadgens. mTel msoflioSi arc erT
ma individma ar icis, rogor mzaddeba iseTi martivi sagani, rogoricaa fanqari. mravalma specia
listma icis, rom is xis, grafitis, saSlelisa da metalisgan Sedgeba. magram maT ar ician, Tu ro
gor unda awarmoon es Semadgeneli nawilebi. amas isini avaleben sxva specialistebs da arc erTma
maTganma ar icis, Tu rogor unda mouyaros Tavi erTad am Semadgenel nawilebs.

sabazro sistemebi
bazris saocreba isaa, rom milionobiT adamiani, romelic arc ki icnobs erTmaneTs, axerxebs
gaaerTianos Zalebi da gamouSvas ara marto fanqrebi, aramed bevrad ufro rTuli saqonlis uT
valavi raodenoba, Tanac, yovelive es advilad gaakeTos.
sabazro sistemebi xSirad SeiZleba avtomatur, TviTregulirebad sistemebad mogveCvenos,
rac iseT warmodgenas qmnis, rom yvelaferi adamianis Carevis gareSe xdeba. es mcdari Sexedule
baa. sabazro sistemebi momxmareblebisa da mimwodeblebis mier aris Seqmnili, romlebic gana
xorcieleben maTTvis saintereso proeqtebs da moilaparakeben imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras miiReben ga
rantirebulad maTgan, visac sanacvlod saWiro saqonels miawvdian. rodesac ekonomistebi
gamoiyeneben terminebs: `moTxovna~ da `miwodeba~, isini sinamdvileSi droSi gavrcobil das
kvnebs gulisxmoben.
moTxovnisa da miwodebis procesebi aris konkretul
urTierTSeTavazebaTa mimdinare erToblioba.

77

SeTanxmebebis miRweva ar xdeba sakomiteto Sexvedrebze. ufro metad esaa mravalricxovani

winadadebebi yidva-gayidvis Sesaxeb, rasac Cven, sazogadoebaSi Tanacxovrebisas, yoveldRiurad
vaxorcielebT. yidva-gayidvis aseTi winadadebebi TamaSis gansazRvrul wesebs emyareba, kargad
gansazRvruli sakuTrebis wesebis CaTvliT. `gamikeTebT Tu ara Tqven amas, Tuki me ase gadagix
diT?~ Cveulebriv Cven ar gviwevs am SekiTxvis dasma. daupatiJeblad SevdivarT piceriaSi,
vTxovT oficiants mogvitanos saSualo zomis pica zeTisxiliT, wiwakiTa da saSualoze meti yve
liT. oficianti ar gvekiTxeba, Tu ras gavukeTebT Cven mas sapasuxod, magram Cveulebriv igulis
xmeba, rom gadavuxdiT garkveul Tanxas.
mesame TavSi Tqven gaecaniT moTxovnas, meoTxe TavSi ki miwodebis safuZvlebs. es Tavi mo
Txovnasa da miwodebas erTdroulad warmogidgenT. yovelive es bevrad metia, vidre miwodebis
da moTxovnis mrudebis grafikebze maTi gadakveTis wertilis moZebna. Cven amasac vakeTebT, vi
naidan es aris am urTierTkavSiris ganxilvis moxerxebuli gza, magram Tu gvinda gavigoT, rogor
moqmedebs da zogjer ratom ar moqmedebs kooperacia sabazro sistemebSi, Cven unda gaverkveT
imaSi, Tu ra abrkolebs zogjer adamianTa TanamSromlobas.

transaqciuli danaxarjebi
TavisTavad, is, rom adamianebs surT raRacis gakeTeba da mzad arian gadaixadon rac sxvebs undaT,
ar niSnavs, rom gasakeTebeli aucileblad gakeTdeba. araferi amtkicebs, rom moTxovna savsebiT sakma
risia mimwodeblis xarjebis dasafarad. yoveldRiurad mravali aseuli velosipedisti sargeblobs
savelosipedo gziT, raTa gadaiaros xidi. am gzaze dagdebuli gatexili SuSa xels uSlis moZraobas.
yvela siamovnebiT gadaixdis dolars am SuSis mosaSoreblad, rac niSnavs, rom gadaxdili iqneba aseu
li dolari imisTvis, rasac mravali adamiani aT dolarze naklebad gaakeTebda.
ratom xdeba ase? imitom, rom transaqciis saSualo danaxarji maRalia. sakmarisi ar aris, rom mom
xmarebelma gadaixados is, rasac mimwodebeli moiTxovs. viRacam unda Caataros aqtiuri qmedeba: moa
grovos fuli velosipedistebisgan da miaqcios yuradReba, rom SuSebi gzidan aiRon. es advili gasake
Tebeli ar aris. ase rom ar iyos, gzebze amden damtvreul SuSas ar SevxvdebodiT. pirovnebam, romelic
am saqmes xels mohkidebs, saTiTaod unda gaaCeros yvela velosipedisti, Camosvas, auxsnas situacia da
sakuTar patiosnebaSi daarwmunos, raTa maT fuli gadaixadon maSin, rodesac mravali maTgani ver
xvdeba, Tu ratom unda gadaixados fuli piradad man, rodesac amiT sxvebic isargebleben.
am saxis naklovanebebi warmoadgens transaqciuri danaxarjis Sedegs mimwodebelsa da momxmare
bels Soris mosalaparakebeli kontraqtis fass.
transaqciuri danaxarji iZleva imis axsnas, Tu ratom ar uTmoben gzas maT, visac ufro eCqareba, im
komfortuli manqanebis mflobelebi, visac sulac ar eCqareba. es iZleva imis axsnasac, Tu ratom abin
Zurebs garemos is xalxi, vinc gulwrfelad ganicdis garemos dabinZurebas. transaqciuri xarjebis
koncefcia saSualebas gvaZlevs avxsnaT, Tu ratom marcxdeba demokratiis momxreTa umravlesoba. es
koncefcia metad mniSvnelovania im sazogadoebisTvis, romelic biurokratiuli da centralizebuli
sistemidan, sabazro ekonomikur sistemaze gadadis.
1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, sabWoTa kavSiris centralizebuli ekonomikuri sistemis ngrevisas,
xSirad vismendiT ambebs carieli maRaziebis Sesaxeb. rogor moxda es? ratom ar mihqondaT sakvebi qa
laqebSi, sadac masze didi moTxovna iyo? biurokratiuli sistemis kolafss ara aqvs adekvaturi axsna.
xalxs zemodan miTiTebis gareSe unda gaetana sakvebi mindvrebidan da mieca mSieri xalxisTvis. modiT
davfiqrdeT, vis xelSi iyo mosavlis aReba? vin iyo pasuxismgebeli aRWurvilobis gamoyenebaze? vis
xelSi iyo qalaqSi gadasazidi satransporto saSualebebi? rogor unda ganawilebuliyo sakvebi, ro
desac is qalaqamde miaRwevda? mxolod is faqti, rom sakvebi mindvrebidan miaRwevda im qalaqamde, sa
dac xalxi mSieri iyo, araa sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom mSier xalxs hqonoda sakvebi. swori iqneboda xalxis
Tvis Tavdapirvelad miewodebinaT Sesabamisi informacia da miecaT stimulebi. transaqciuri xarjebi
iZleva am `gaflangvis~ axsnas. sityva `gaflangva~ Casmulia brWyalebSi, vinaidan sruliadac ar aris
naTeli, rom is, rac namdvilad xdeboda, gaflangvas warmoadgenda. flangvad ar CaiTvleba is qmedeba,
rodesac alpob sakvebs da ar miawvdi mas momxmarebels, Tu sakvebis miwodebis fasi aWarbebs sakvebis
fass. es cxadia. transaqciuri xarjebi aranakleb mniSvnelovania da realuri, vidre transportirebis
da mosavlis aRebis fasi.

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sakuTrebis ufleba da institutebi

aseTi situacia naklebad mosalodnelia aSS-Si, sadac mindvrebi, sakvebi, aRWurviloba, gzebi,
sawyobebi da sacalo vaWroba kerZo pirebis xelSia. sakuTrebis uflebis mqone sistemaSi xalxs
aqvs stimulebi, raTa ganaxorcielos kontroli, Tu rogor moaxdinos sakvebis gadanawileba im
mxridan, sadac misi siWarbea, im mxares, sadac mis naklebobas ganicdian. kerZo sakuTreba mflo
belebs saSualebas aZlevs, Tavisuflad gacvalon aucilebeli resursebi, swrafad da nakleb
fasSi miawodon mas, visac es sWirdeba.
SevadaroT samwuxaro situacia, romelic yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi Seiqmna, im viTarebas, rode
sac yinuli, ficari, samSeneblo masala da sxva yvelaferi, rac saWiroa rekonstruqciisa da kri
tikul situaciebSi usafrTxoebisTvis, daiZra Carlstonisaken 1989 wels qariSxal `hiugos~ an
1992 wels maiamiSi qariSxal `endrius~ dros. mTavari gansxvaveba kargad SerCeuli sistemaa, ro
melic naTlad gansazRvravs sakuTrebis uflebas aSS-Si, Tavisufali arCevanis saSualebasTan
erTad. yovelive es aSS-Si wlebis ganmavlobaSi iqmneboda institutebis farTo qselis meSveo
biT, rac gansazRvravs yvela im gacvliTi operaciebis dabal transaqciur xarjs, (dakvirvebuli
mkiTxveli mixvdeba, rom xalxi xSirad da regularulad axorcielebs transaqciebs mxolod imi
tom, rom transaqciebis danaxarji dabalia).
mkafiod gansazRvruli sakuTrebis uflebebi
uflebebis gacvlis SesaZlebloba
kvlav dafiqrdiT imaze, Tu ra advilia im picis SeZena, romelic Tqven gWirdebaT, rodesac
gSiaT. mravali transaqcia, rac iZleva amis saSualebas piceriis ageba, wiwakis moyvana, zeTisxi
lis gazrda, Zroxebis mowvela da yvela am rekvizitis Tavmoyra yvelaferi winaswar unda iyos
molaparakebuli da gaTvlili. es molaparakebebi warmatebuli iqneba, vinaidan transaqciuri
xarjebi sakmarisad dabali iyo im institutebis mZlavr qselSi, rac ganviTarda droTa ganmavloba
Si, rodesac bazari muSaobda transaqciuri xarjebis dagdebaze. dafiqrdiT specializebul war
mo
ebaze, specializebul calobiT gayidvebze, yvelanairi momsaxurebis specialur mimwodeb
lebze, finansuri aRricxvis, sagzao moZraobis, sabaJo samsaxuris, sxvadasxva saxis biznesis
principebze bankebze, sakredito saagentoebze, maRali organizaciis mqone safondo birJebze,
yoveldRiuri gazeTebis klasificirebul nawilebze, satelefono kompaniebis yviTel gverdebze,
brokerebisa da mimwodeblebis siebze, romlebic SegviZlia SeviZinoT gancxadebebiT, Cveulebrivi
samarTlis wesebze, am wesebis gamoyenebaze, arbitraJis kerZo sistemebsa da samoqalaqo samarT
lis sakiTxebze. qveynebi, romlebic moZraoben centraluri dagegmvis sistemebidan Tavisufali
bazris sistemebisken, winaaRmdegobas awydebian maRali transaqciuri xarjebis saxiT swored imi
tom, rom maT ar gaaCniaT mravali instituti, rac gadamwyvet rols asrulebs sabazro sistemebis
muSaobisTvis. SeuZliaT ki am erebs Caataron es gardaqmnebi grZelvadiani Camoyalibebuli sa
bazro ekonomikis gareSe? SeuZliaT Tu ara maT, swrafad Camoayalibon institutebis kompleqsi,
romelsac SeuZlia iarsebos neli, evoluciuri procesis pirobebSi? SeuZliaT Tu ara maT, daZlion
maRali transaqciuri xarjebis problema im moqalaqeTa molodinis dasakmayofileblad, romle
bic mouTmenlad elian sabazro sistemis danapirebis asrulebas? yofili sabWoTa kavSiris mrava
li qveynisTvis ekonomikuri reformis warmatebas mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs am kiTxvebze pasuxi.

fuladi fasebis maregulirebeli roli

ratom xdeba komerciul sazogadoebaSi yvelanairi gacvlebi fulis meSveobiT? ratom ar sar
gebloben adamianebi barteruli sistemiT, cvlian ra maT mier nawarmoeb produqcias imaze, risi
flobac surT? ratom iyeneben isini Suamavlad fuls?
pasuxi isaa, rom fuli amcirebs transaqciur xarjs. barterTan SedarebiT, fulis gamoyenebas upirate
soba aqvs. gacvlebis fasi bevrad meti iqneboda da Cveni simdidre rogorc Sedegi bevrad naklebi, fuli
rom procesebis maregulirebeli ar iyos. barteriT SemosazRvrul sistemebSi adamianebs sWirdebaT
uamravi dro, raTa ipovon sxvebi, visac SeuZliaT gaucvalon sakuTari produqcia. violinos xelosanma
unda ipovos xil-bostneulis gamyidveli, webos mimwodebeli, eleqtrobis mwarmoebeli da mravali sxva,
79

romlebsac surT TavianTi produqciis violinoze gacvla. es uamrav dros moiTxovs da violinos warmoeba
nel-nela daecema. Seignebs ra, rom yoveli gacvla dakavSirebulia maRal transaqciur xarjTan, xalxi Se
ecdeba TviTonve daamzados is produqcia, rac mas sWirdeba. barterze orientirebul sazogadoebaSi spe
cializaciis done daecema da yvela gaRaribdeba. fulis gamoyenebis upiratesobis naTel magaliTs warmo
adgens misi zogierTi saxeobis evolucia, mraval sazogadoebaSi, romelSic amisTvis araxelsayreli
pirobebi arsebobda. garda imisa, rom yvela cdilobs mis gamoyenebas gacvlisTvis, fuls gaaCnia kidev erTi
upiratesoba. misi raodenoba SeiZleba icvlebodes zrdisa da klebis mimarTulebiT. naxevari violino,
romelic me gavakeTe, arafrad gamoadgeba mas, visac surs daukras masze, xolo ori violino ki mas arafrad
sWirdeba. amitom sazogadoebaSi, romelSic fuli ar funqcionirebs, Tu me specializirebuli var violi
nos gakeTebaze, Cems mier damzadebul erT violinoSi unda gavcvalo sxva sagnebi da amitom iZulebuli
viqnebi SeviZino imaze meti an naklebi, vidre mWirdeba. xolo Tu violinos fulze gavyidi, SemiZlia am fu
lidan movixmaro zustad imdeni, rac mWirdeba. SemiZlia, agreTve movumato fass, Tu mivxvdebi, rom momxma
rebeli mzadaa meti gadaixados, an davaklo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu vigrZnob, rom sxvanairad ver gavyidi. komer
ciuli sazogadoebis koordinaciisTvis mniSvnelovani roli ekisreba mcire regulirebis SesaZleblobas.
ganvixiloT benzinis magaliTi. Tu Cven gvsurs, rom paraskevs 5 sT. 30 wuTze avzi savse iyos, adamianebma da
manqanebma zustad unda icodnen, sad, ramdeni, rodis da ra samuSaoebi Caataron burRvis, amoqaCvis, trans
portirebis da sxva mimarTulebiT. am CaxlarTul sistemaSi koordinatoris rols fasebi asrulebs.
xalxma SeZlo am koordinaciis miRweva ara imitom, rom ician benzinze Cveni moTxovnis Sesaxeb, aramed imi
tom, rom sakuTari interesebi gaaCniaT. maTi Zalisxmeva gaerTianda imitom, rom misi koordinireba xdebo
da fasebis cvladi signalebis saSualebiT.
kidev erTxel xazi unda gavusvaT, rom fasebis uzarmazari roli aranairad ar aris dakavSire
buli Cveni moqalaqeebis xasiaTsa Tu moralTan. ra Tqma unda, adamianebi mxedvelobaSi iReben
ara marto fass es absurdi iqneboda. magram fasebis cvlilebisas isini cvlian qcevas, raTa
isargeblon mogebiT, razedac signals axali fasebi iZleva. swored amas mohyavs bazari wonaswo
robaSi da sakuTari miznebis miRwevas saerTo TanamSromlobad gadaaqcevs.

ZiriTadi procesi
moTxovnisa da miwodebis analizi warmoadgens ekonomistis ZiriTad iaraRs. azrovnebis ekonomikuri
wesis Camoyalibebisas unda iswavloT miwodebisa da moTxovnis cnebebiT azrovneba. dasawyisisTvis, me
tad mniSvnelovania gaiazroT, rom gacvlaze moqmedi umTavresi faqtorebi, Cveulebriv, SeiZleba or
kategoriad daiyos moTxovnaze moqmedi faqtorebi da miwodebaze moqmedi faqtorebi. meore safexurs
warmoadgens is, rom Tqven moxerxebulad igrZnoT Tavi miwodebisa da moTxovnis mrudebis garemoSi.
P

D1

D2
Q

modiT, daviwyoT martivi magaliTidan. ra daemarTeba xorblis fass da mosavlis raodenobas aSSSi, Tuki ruseTsa da ukrainaSi xorblis mosavlianoba mniSvnelovnad daecema? pirveli kiTxva iqneba,
imoqmedebs Tu ara xorblis mousavlianoba moTxovnasa da miwodebaze aSS-Si? vinaidan aSS-Si xor
blis mosavali SesaniSnav Semcvlels warmoadgens rusuli Tu ukrainuli xorblisaTvis, amitom ro
melime adgilas xorblis mousavlianoba gamoiwvevs aSS-is xorbalze moTxovnis gazrdas. moTxovnis
mrudi gadaadgildeba Crdilo-aRmosavleTisken. es gamoiwvevs fasebis zrdas, vinaidan moTxovnis
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raodenoba ufro maRali iqneba, vidre miwodebisa. momxmareblebi iZulebulebi iqnebian, gadaixadon
meti da mimwodeblebi aRmoaCenen, rom maT SeuZliaT gayidon ufro maRal fasSi, maRali fasi ki kvlav
gaxdeba xorblis ufro meti raodenobiT miwodebis mizezi.
romeli ufro metad izrdeba miwodebis fasi Tu raodenoba? es damokidebulia miwodebis
elastiurobaze. Tu fasis mcire zrda iwvevs miwodebis raodenobis did procentul zrdas, miwo
deba elastiuria. am SemTxvevaSi moTxovnis didi zrda xorblis fass mxolod mcired gazrdis,
maSin, rodesac gasayidi xorblis raodenoba mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba. meore mxriv, Tu fasebis
metad didi procentuli zrda iwvevs gayidvis raodenobis mxolod mcire matebas, miwodeba ara
elastiuria da moTxovnis didad gazrdis Sedegad dadgindeba bevrad maRali fasi, magram imav
droulad xorblis Sesasyidi raodenoba mxolod odnav gaizrdeba.
P

S
miwodeba
moklevadian
periodSi

faqtiurad ra xdeba? elastiuria Tu araelastiuri miwodebis mrudi aSS-Si? davubrundeT

Cveni msjelobebis sawyis wertils. xorblis fasis moulodneli da uecari zrda Tavdapirvelad
ar gamoiwvevs gayidvisTvis saWiro raodenobis metad did zrdas, vinaidan damatebiTi mosavlis
mosayvanad ramdenime Tve iqneba saWiro. adgili eqneba gasayidi xorblis erTjerad uecar zrdas,
vinaidan arsebobs maragebis mniSvnelovani raodenoba. rodesac moTxovnis zrda aswevs mimdina
re fass, is, visac aqvs maragi momavlisTvis, amjobinebs garkveuli raodenoba maSinve gayidos.
moklevadian periodSi miwodebis mrudi sakmaod araelastiuri iqneba.
P

miwodeba
grZelvadian
periodSi

ufro grZelvadian periodSi, xorblis miwodebis mrudi metad elastiuria. maRal mosalod
nel fasebze fermerebi mosavlis mniSvnelovani gazrdiT reagireben. mivdivarT daskvnamde, rom
ruseTsa da ukrainaSi xorblis mousavlianoba Tavdapirvelad gamoiwvevs aSS-Si xorblis fasebis
zrdas, magram, droTa ganmavlobaSi, rodesac miwodebis raodenoba gaizrdeba, fasebi Tavis Cveu
lebriv dones daubrundeba.

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buSeli weliwadSi (miliardobiT)

nax. 5.1 miwodeba da moTxovna xorbalze

davuSvaT, xorblis fasi 3 dolaria da rogorc moTxovnis, ise miwodebis raodenoba 2 mlrd. bu
Sels Seadgens. D1 warmoadgens xorblis moTxovnis Cveulebriv mruds. mousavlianoba gadaanacvlebs
mruds D2-Si. es ar gamoiwvevs miwodebis raodenobis cvlilebas. Tu fasi 3 dolari darCeba, moTxovnis
raodenoba naxevari mlrd. buSeliT meti iqneba, vidre miwodebis raodenoba da, amdenad, xorblis
fasi gaizrdeba. Tuki ase moxda, miwodebis raodenobac gaizrdeba. moklevadian periodSi is mniSvne
lovnad ar gaizrdeba, vinaidan gayidvisTvis miwodebuli raodenoba ukve moyvanili da dabinavebuli
mosavlidan unda ganisazRvros. moklevadiani periodis miwodebis mrudi SSR sakmaod araelastiuri
moCans. fasi izrdeba 4 dolaramde da wonasworobaSi moyavs miwodebisa da moTxovnis raodenoba. am
dros xorblis mwarmoeblebi sxva kulturebisTvis gankuTvnil miwebs xorbals dauTmoben da moiyva
nen met xorbals, ufro maRali fasis gamo. grZelvadian periodSi miwodebis mrudi elastiuria. ro
desac grZelvadiani miwodebis SLR mrudi amoqmeddeba, fasi, romelic moTxovnis da miwodebis raode
nobas aregulirebs, 4 dolaridan 3,25 dolaramde daiwevs.
5.1 naxazi moTxovnis da miwodebis mrudebs exeba. Tuki yuradRebiT daukvirdebiT naxazs da mis
axsnas, karg praqtikas gaivliT moTxovnisa da miwodebis gasaanalizeblad.

damatebiTi praqtika
rogor moqmedebs yovelive es soios fasze? rodesac xorblis fasi gaizrdeba, Secvlian momxmareb
lebi mas soioTi? Tuki ase moxdeba, maSin es gazrdis soioze moTxovnas da gamoiwvevs masze fasebis
zrdas. magram gansaxilvelia sxva tipis cvlileba _ warmoebis Secvla. rodesac fermerebi gadawyve
ten, damatebiTi miwebi xorblisTvis gamoiyenon, isini amas sxva kulturebis xarjze gaakeTeben.
P
D

S2
S1

soios raodenoba Q

82

Tuki soios mosayvani miwa gamosadegia xorblis mosayvanad, xorblis fasis mosalodneli
zrda gazrdis soios moyvanis alternatiul Rirebulebas da soios miwodebis mrudi amis Sede
gad zemoT da marcxniv gadainacvlebs.
P

tbis sanapiro
miwebis miwodeba

D2
D1
Q

ra daemarTeba tbis napiris miwebs, Tu mravali ojaxi gadawyvets iq kotejebis SeZenas? ras moe
liT Tqven, fasebis zrdas Tu Semcirebas? moTxovna gaizrdeba da misi mrudi Crdilo-aRmosavle
TiT wainacvlebs. me viwinaswarmetyvelebdi aseTi adgilebis fasebis mniSvnelovan zrdas, vinaidan
miwodebis mrudi metad araelastiuria. Cveulebriv, Zalian Znelia tbis napirze damatebiTi adgi
lebis Seqmna, ase rom, gasayidi miwebis raodenoba fasebis zrdis Sesabamisad ar gaizrdeba.
rogor fiqrobT, ra gavlena eqneba fanqrebis fasze im testebis raodenobis gazrdas, romelTa
Sesavsebad fanqaria saWiro? Tqveni azriT, ramdenad gaizrdeba fasi? am testebis zrda gamoiwvevs
fanqrebis moTxovnis zrdas. me viwinaswarmetyveleb fanqrebis warmoebis did zrdas maTi fasis
mniSvnelovani zrdis gareSe, vinaidan, rodesac moTxovna izrdeba, fanqrebis damatebiTi raode
noba advilad SeiZleba miewodos zRvruli fasis mniSvnelovani gazrdis gareSe. miwodebis mrudi
metad elastiuria, rac niSnavs, rom moTxovnis zrda fasze umniSvnelo gavlenas moaxdens.
P

#fanqrebis mowodeba
fanqrebis miwodeba
D1

D2
Q

ra gavlenas moaxdens benzinis fasze is, rom Tqveni Statis mTavroba mniSvnelovnad gazrdis ga
dasaxads mis gayidvaze? es SemTxveva bevrad ufro rTulia. gayidvaze gadasaxadis zrda benzinis fa
sis zrdas gamoiwvevs, magram nuTu benzinze fasi gadasaxadis proporciulad gaizrdeba? an, iqneb,
mimwodeblebi iZulebulni iqnebian nawilobriv TviTonve dafaron gadasaxadebis zrda? imis gasa
gebad, Tu ra moxdeba, davsvaT kiTxva, Tu ra garemoebebis dros iqnebian mzad mimwodeblebi Tavad
gadaixadon gadasaxadebis nawili da momxmareblebs ar daakisron. ra mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian is
mimwodeblebi, romelTa benzingasamarTi sadgurebi axlos imyofeba im StatebTan, sadac gadasaxade
bi ar gazrdila? magaliTad, kanzasis Statis qalaq kanzas-sitisTvis mosaxerxebeli iqneba, benzini
SeiZinos misuris Statis nawilSi. ra Tqma unda, yvela ar moisurvebs ramdenime centis gulisTvis
sxva qalaqSi wasvlas, magram gamoCndebian iseTebic, vinc amas regularulad an xSirad gaakeTebs. am
SemTxvevaSi moTxovnis mrudi elastiuri iqneba. mM omxmareblebi rom ar dakargon, benzinis mimwode
beli biznesmenebi wavlen imaze, rom benzinis fasi ar gazardon gadasaxadebis zrdis Sesabamisad.
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fasebis dafiqsirebis mcdeloba

momxmarebeli xSirad miiCnevs, rom saqonlis fasi masze gaweuli danaxarjebis proporciuli
unda iyos. Sesabamisad, momxmareblebi fasebis zrdas xSirad usamarTlod miiCneven. mimwodebli
sTvis fasi gansazRvravs mis Semosavals da fasebis dacemaSi is saSiSroebas xedavs. swored ami
tom, mravali adamiani ver SeigrZnobs fasebis cvlilebis makoordinirebel rols da aiZulebs
mTavrobas, ar dauSvas aseTi cvlilebebi. arada, Sedegebi Sorsaa sasurvelisgan, vinaidan fase
bis fiqsacia socialuri koordinaciis meqanizmis gamoTiSvis tolfasia. davuSvaT, rom Sua aR
mosavleTSi omma mTlianad mospo aSS-Si navTobis miwodeba da sxva mimwodeblebi ar Cqaroben Se
avson danaklisi. benzinis moTxovnis mrudi aSS-Si sakmaod araelastiuria, vinaidan benzinis
Semcvlelebi arcTu ise mimzidvelia momxmareblisTvis, magram arCevani mainc arsebobs: saavto
mobilo klubSi Sesvla, naklebi zomis avtomobilis SeZena, samuSaosTan axlos sacxovreblad ga
dasvla, avtobusiT mgzavroba, Zravis ufro xSiri SekeTeEba, saxlSi ufro xSirad yofna benzinis
fasis matebisas mis SesaZenad gaRebuli msxverpli. amis Sedegad, maSinac ki, Tu adamianebis mcire
raodenoba gadawyvets ar Seamciros benzinis moxmareba, umravlesoba mainc ipovis gzas, raTa
gaswios mcire ekonomia, xolo zogierTebi wavlen Tavisi xarjebis mkveTr Semcirebaze.
P

araelastiuriS2
moTxovna sawvavze
S1

benzinze moTxovna SedarebiT araelastiuria, ase rom, benzinis fasi swrafad da mniSvnelovnad
gaizrdeba. omi gamoiwvevs miwodebis mrudis Crdilo-dasavleTisken gadaadgilebas da ar iqo
niebs araviTar gavlenas moTxovnis mrudze. vinaidan moTxovnis raodenoba gadaaWarbebs miwo
debis raodenobas, gamyidvelebi moumateben fass. fasi gaizrdeba im donemde, romelic gaaTanab
rebs moTxovnisa da miwodebis raodenobas. ekonomistebi am fasebs xSirad wonasworul fass
uwodeben. es aris fasi, romlis pirobebSic momxmarebelTa mier moTxovnili raodenoba tolia
mimwodebelTa mier miwodebuli raodenobisa.
ras gamoiwvevs fasebis momateba? erTi rom, fuli mZRolebis jibeebidan gadaedineba benzinis
mwarmoeblebisa da gamyidvelebis jibeebSi. radgan mZRolebi bevrad metni arian, vidre benzinis mim
wodeblebi, es iwvevs ukmayofilo miTqma-moTqmas. kanonmdeblebs SeuZliaT mimarTon fasebis kon
trols SezRudon navTobis industria, raTa, rogorc isini ityvian, vinmem ar isargeblos krizisiT.
mTavrobis aseT gadawyvetilebas ekonomistebi mxars ar uWeren, vinaidan fasebis gayinviT mTavroba
socialuri sistemis koordinaciis ZiriTad jaWvs asustebs. imisTvis, rom gavigoT, ras niSnavs es,
ganvixiloT urTierTkavSiri iSviaTobas, normirebasa da konkurencias Soris.

iSviaTobidan konkurenciisken
aravin brazobs Termometrze, rodesac is dabal temperaturas aCvenebs da ar cdilobs saxlis
gaTbobas civ amindSi imiT, rom anTebuli sanTeli miitanos TermometrTan. ai, iSviaT produqteb
ze maRal fasebs ki xSirad cudad axseneben da ise iqcevian, TiTqos iSviaTobis daZleva fasebze
kontrolis dawesebiT miiRweva. es midgoma arasworia.
iSviaToba aris kavSiri sasurvelsa da arsebuls Soris, an moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris. Tu
romelime sazogadoebaSi yvelas eSinia gvelebis, amiT isini arc ufro xSirad Segvxvdeba da arc
ufro iSviaTad. Tu meore sazogadoebaSi gvelebs sakvebad iyeneben, maSin isini sakmaod xSirad
84

Segvxvdeba, magram amave dros SesaZloa ufro iSviaT saqonelsac warmoadgendnen. produqti
iSviaTobas warmoadgens, Tu xalxs ara aqvs misi sasurveli raodenobiT moxmarebis saSualeba
imis gareSe, rom amis gamo sxva faseulobaze uari ar Tqvan.
P

iSviaTi saqoneli

araiSviaTi saqoneli

S
D

rogorc meore TavSi gamoCnda, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu produqti iSviaTobas warmoadgens, gvixdeba

misi ganawileba, anu normireba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, saWiroa garkveuli kriteriumebis
SemuSaveba pretendentebis SesarCevad da imis gansazRvra, Tu vis ramdeni Sexvdeba. kriteriumad
SeiZleba gamodges asaki, darwmunebis niWi, sazogadoebrivi pativiscema, gadaxdisTvis mzadyof
na, moxerxebuloba da uamravi sxva. Cveni sazogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia iSviaTi produqte
bis ganawileba fulis gadaxdis SesaZleblobis mixedviT. zogjer SerCevisTvis sxva kriteriume
bic gamoiyeneba.
magaliTad, harvardis universitetSi yovelwliurad didi konkursia. ase rom, harvardma unda
gaanawilos es iSviaTi adgilebi. SerCeva warmoebs skolis niSnebis, sakontrolo naSromebis,
rekomendaciebis da sxva kriteriumebis mixedviT.
aSS-is prezidentoba nebismier dros SeuZlia mxolod erT adamians. vinaidan am Tanamdebobis
dakavebis msurveli bevrad metia, amitom SemuSavebulia SerCevis rTuli sistema yrilobebisa da
arCevnebis saxiT. Tumca mTlad naTeli araa, raSi mdgomareobs kriteriumebi, magram sistema,
miuxedavad amisa, muSaobs. oTx weliwadSi erTxel mxolod erTi kandidati aRwevs sasurvel Se
degs.
jo koleji yvelaze popularuli biWia studentur qalaqSi da yvela axalgazrda qali cdi
lobs, miipyros misi yuradReba. amitom mas uxdeba yuradRebis gadanawileba Tayvanismcemlebs
Soris. isargeblebs is silamazis, Wkuis, ganaTlebis, sikeTisa Tu romelime sxva kriteriumiT, mas
ase Tu ise mouwevs arCevanis gakeTeba. magram arCevani warmoSobs konkurencias. rogorc ki har
vardis universiteti gamoacxadebs miRebas, potenciuri pirvelkurselebi daiwyeben Sejibrs,
raTa daakmayofilon kriteriumebi. optimistebi arCevnebis dawyebamde didi xniT adre daiwyeben
prezidentad arCevis kriteriumebis Seswavlas da brZolas. Tuki jo kolejis Tayvanismcemlebi
gadawyveten, rom misi arCevanis mTavar kriteriums silamaze warmoadgens, isini Seecdebian
Seejibron erTmaneTs silamazeSi.
iSviaToba iwvevs normirebis aucileblobas
normireba (rogorc diskriminaciuli kriteriumi)
konkurencias sasicocxlod aucilebels xdis
cxadia, konkurencia ar aris damaxasiaTebeli mxolod kapitalisturi sazogadoebisaTvis, an
mxolod im sazogadoebisTvis, romelSic gamoiyeneba fuli. es aris fundamenturi mniSvnelobis
daskvna: konkurencia aris iSviaTobis Sedegi da misgan gaTavisufleba mxolod iSviaTobis
aRmofxvriTaa SesaZlebeli. iq, sadac adgili aqvs iSviaTobas, unda moxdes ganawileba. ganawileba
aris SerCevis ganxorcieleba garkveuli kriteriumis Sesabamisad.
85

ra Tqma unda, bevria damokidebuli imaze, Tu kerZod romeli kriteriumi gamoiyeneba. Tuki
sazogadoebaSi ganawileba xorcieldeba fulis gadaxdis mixedviT, maSin adamianebi Seecdebian
iSovon meti fuli, Tu kriteriumad fizikuri Zala gamoiyeneba, maSin sazogadoebis wevrebi xels
mokideben kulturizms, xolo Tuki kolejebi da institutebi SerCevas niSnebis mixedviT gaakeTe
ben, moswavleebi ibrZoleben kargi niSnebisTvis.

konkurencia fiqsirebuli fasebis dros

ra moxdeba, rodesac romelime produqti, magaliTad iseTi, rogoric benzinia, ufro Znelad
xelmisawvdomi gaxdeba, xolo mis fass ar eqneba gazrdis SesaZlebloba? Cven aucileblad davi
naxavT, rom mis SesaZenad fuladi danaxarjebi gaizrdeba, vinaidan benzini ufro iSviaTi gaxdeba
da amitom aucileblad moxdeba misi normireba. Tu kanoni xels uSlis ganawilebis iseTi meqaniz
mis funqcionirebas, rogoricaa fasi, maSin aucileblobis mixedviT gamoyenebuli iqneba sxva
kriteriumebi da meqanizmebi. benzinis potenciuri myidvelebi Seecdebian gamoavlinon myid
velebis SerCevis axali kriteriumebi da amis safuZvelze daiwyeben erTmaneTTan konkurirebas.
konkurencia gazrdis saerTo danaxarjebs, fuladsac da arafuladsac, gazrdis manamde, sanam
moTxovnis sidide ar gautoldeba miwodebis sidides.
P
moTxovna
miwodeba
arafuladi
Rirebuleba

fuladi
Rirebuleba

legaluriad dasaSvebi
maqsimaluri
fasi
deficiti

saukeTeso magaliTad albaT benzinze rigebi gamodgeba. rodesac adamianebs eSiniaT, rom isi
ni ver SeZleben sasurveli raodenobis benzinis yidvas 1 dolarad erT galonSi, isini Seecdebian
ufro adre mividnen sadgurSi, magram es idea sxvebsac gauCndebaT. ase rom, rigebi ufro adre
warmoiSoba da maTi sigrZec imatebs. lodini udavo danaxarjia. moqmedebas daiwyebs moTxovnis
kanoni momxmareblebi naklebs ivlian manqaniT, rodesac maT rigSi dgomis xarjebi daemateba.
zogierTi mZRoli Seecdeba aRmoaCinos benzini sadme maxlobel olqSi da rigSi ar dadges.
maTi damatebiTi xarjebia benzinis da drois danakargebi, rac moZebnisTvisaa saWiro. sxvebi ga
rigebaze wavlen da miscemen benzinis Camsxmels ufro mets: daTanxmdebian am sadgurze Caataron
teqnikuri Semowmeba; uSovian Teatris bileTebs sadguris mflobels da sxva. konkurenciis yve
la es forma zrdis benzinis SeZenis danaxarjs. xarjebi manamde gaizrdeba, sanam, sabolood,
moTxovnis sidide ar gautoldeba miwodebis sidides. konkurencia im adamianebs Soris, romelTa
jamuri moTxovna srulad ver kmayofildeba fasebis arsebuli donis dros, migviyvans SeZenis
xarjebis zrdamde. Cveulebriv, aseT situaciaSi izrdeba fuladi fasi. rodesac produqtis SeZe
nasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebis sxva komponentebi izrdeba, ueWvelia, rom fuladi fasis Sekaveba
romelime sazogadoebrivi Zalis (magaliTad, sakanonmdeblo SezRudviT) mier xdeba. xolo rode
sac produqtis ganawilebis mTavar Sedegad iqceva gazrdili rigebi, moZebnaze daxarjuli drois
zrda da sxva specifiuri kombinaciebi, Cven saqme gvaqvs mocemuli produqtis deficitTan.
deficitis ekonomikuri gageba fokusirebulia fulad fasze. deficitebi arsebobs mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac fulad fass ar SeuZlia konkurirebad myidvelebs Soris iSviaTi
produqtis ganawilebis funqciis Sesruleba. realurad deficits vawydebiT maSin, rodesac aR
movaCenT, rom saqonlis SesaZenad gaweuli arafuladi xarjebi izrdeba, raTa moxdes iSviaTi
produqciis normirebuli ganawileba.

86

deficiti gardauvalia fasis `WeriT bazris SezRudvisas.

misgan Tavdacva fasebis aweviT SeiZleba!

mimwodeblis roli ganawilebaSi

Cveulebriv ar gvikvirs produqtis fasis momateba, rodesac es produqti ufro iSviaTi xde
ba, imitom, rom mimwodeblebi praqtikulad yovelTvis dainteresebulebi arian fuladi fasis
momatebiT da ara produqtis SesaZenad xarjebis romelime sxva komponentis zrdiT. bolosdabo
los, gana ra mogebas miiRebs benzinis gasamarTi sadguris mflobeli imiT, rom xalxi 30 wuTi
rigSi dgas? arafers da kidev ufro naklebs, rodesac naxevarsaaTiani lodinis Semdeg isini nak
leb sasiamovno subieqtebad gadaiqcevian. arada, erTi galoni benzinis fasis 20 centiT momate
ba, benzingasamarTi sadguris mepatrones TiToeul galonze 20 centis mogebas aZlevs. arafu
ladi danaxarjebis zrdas mohyveba is, rasac ekonomistebi fuW danaxarjebs uwodeben. es aris
momxmareblis danaxarjebi, romelsac ar moaqvs mogeba mimwodeblisTvis. amis SesaniSnav maga
liTs warmoadgens rigSi lodini.
fuWi danaxarjebi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli transaqciur xarjebTan. rom ar arsebobdes
transaqciuri danaxarji, momxmareblebi arasdros dadgebodnen rigSi. amis nacvlad, isini
daTanxmdebodnen imgvar sistemaze, romelic yidvis prioritets ise gadaanawilebda, rom aravis
dasWirdeboda rigSi dgoma. sinamdvileSi aseTi SeTanxmebebis miRwevis da cxovrebaSi gatarebis
fasi bevrad maRalia, vidre mocdis fasi, rasac benzinis myidvelebi rigSi dgomisas ixdian. mag
ram, isini amas akeTeben mxolod iq, sadac fasebis kontroli gamoricxavs fuWi xarjebisgan gaTa
visuflebis swraf da advil gzas fuladi fasis zrdas.
Tuki mimwodeblebs SeuZliaT mogebis naxva fuWi xarjebidan, isini moisurveben amis gakeTebas
yovelTvis, rodesac SeuZliaT produqtis fasis zrda. maT xelTaa aseTi gardaqmnis martivi sa
Sualeba. miaqcieT yuradReba, ramdenad martivi da moxerxebuli saSualebaa es. yoveli adamiani
afasebs fuls, vinaidan es aZlevs produqtebis uzarmazari erTobliobis marTvis saSualebas.
yvela miCveulia, produqtSi fuli gadaixados. Cveulebriv, gamyidveli warmoadgens mesakuTres
an misi ndobiT aRWurvil pirs, romelsac aqvs ufleba, Secvalos fuladi fasi. fasis niSnulis
zemoT an qvemoT moZraoba, im mizniT, rom napovni iqnas misi iseTi done, romlis drosac momxma
reblis mier produqciis SeZenaze gaweuli danaxarji maqsimalurad aisaxeba momwodeblebis mo
gebaSi, sakmaod advilia.
yovelive es iZleva imis axsnas, Tu ratom warmoadgens fuladi fasis cvlileba Cveulebriv
reaqcias produqtis iSviaTobis cvlilebaze da ratom Tvlian ekonomistebi fuladi fasis cvli
lebas sazogadoebaSi koordinaciis uzrunvelyofis pirvelxarisxovan saSualebad. eWvgareSea,
rom arsebobs iseTi produqtebi, romelTa ganawileba SeuZlebelia cvladi fuladi fasis saSu
alebiT da iseTebic, romelTa ganawileba, aseTi gziT6 ar xerxdeba, magram unda aRiniSnos, rom iq,
sadac sazogadoebrivi koordinaciis aseTi meqanizmi ar gamoiyeneba, bevrad ufro rTulia
farTomasStabiani TanamSromlobis miRweva.

swori da araswori gzebi

rogori iqneba mimwodeblebis reaqcia, Tu kanoni maT aukrZalavs fasebis momatebas aSkara defi
citis dros? albaT, isini Seecdebian ipovon sxva gza am situaciidan sargeblis misaRebad. benzinis
gamyidvelebs SeuZliaT TavianTi xarjebis Semcireba klientebis momsaxurebaze, Seamcireben ra
yoveldRiur samuSao saaTebs da saerTod ar imuSaveben uqme dReebSi. Tuki SeiZleba maTTvis gamo
yofili benzinis 20 saaTSi gayidva, ratom imuSaveben isini 120 saaTs kviraSi? deficitze aseTi
reaqcia gazrdis momxmareblis mier benzinis SeZenis danaxarjebs maT mouwevT mogzaurobaze
uaris Tqma uqme dReebSi. isini Tavs ususurebad igrZnoben, vinaidan ver iSovian sawvavs. maT aseve
mouwevT damatebiTi xarjebis gaReba, rac dakavSirebuli iqneba ZiebasTan, SewuxebasTan da SesaZ
loa, sicocxlis riskTanac ki (benzinis araswori Senaxvisa da Casxmis dros).
6

Zneli iqneboda kvartlis yvela macxovreblisaTvis gamogveyo quCis ganaTebis is zusti raodenoba, romlis safa
sursac cal-calke gadaixdidnen. xSirad xom sxvadasxva uSveri sityvebiT movixseniebT maT, vinc Tavis keTilganwyo
bas mxolod fuladi fasis mixedviT anawilebs!

87

sazogadoebasa da ekonomikaSi efeqtiani urTierTTanamSromlobis misaRwevad Cven, mniS

vnelovnad varT damokidebuli fuladi fasis cvlilebaze. rodesac fasebi ar metyveleben iSvia
Tobis cvlilebaze, momxmareblebi da mimwodeblebi iReben araswor signalebs. isini ver pouloben
saSualebas, ukeTesad Seeguon erTmaneTs, vinaidan ara aqvT saamiso stimuli. metad mniSvnelova
nia, rom adamianebi iRebdnen aseT stimulis, rakiRa arsebobs urTierTSeTanxmebis mravali sxva
dasxva mimarTuleba, romelic SeuZlebelia iwinaswarmetyvelos romelime centralurma organom
da romelTa erToblivi Sedegi gansazRvravs sxvaobas koordinaciasa da qaoss Soris. moTxovnisa
da miwodebis cvlilebisas, swored cvladi fasebi uzrunvelyofs aseT stimulis.

arsebobs Tu ara ukeTesi sistema

roca vambobT, rom fuladi fasi asrulebs aRniSnul funqcias, Cven ar vamtkicebT, rom igi amas
idealurad akeTEebs. ra Tqma unda, momdevno TavebSi Cven ganvixilavT fasebis sistemis saSualebiT
socialuri koordinaciis ara marto miRwevebs, aramed SezRudvebsac. Cven davsvamT kiTxvas imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra pirobebSi ver asaxaven fasebi adamianebis prioritetebs da aRmovaCenT, rom fasebis
sistemis idealur funqcionirebas xels uSlis codnis ukmarisoba, sabazro Zalaufleba, faruli
SeTanxmebebi sakuTrebis uflebebis Sesaxeb, SeuTanxmebloba da araTanasworuflebianoba. magram
Cven ar uarvyofT meqanikis pirvel kanons (romelic amtkicebs, rom moZraobaSi myofi sxeulebi
inerciiT cdiloben ganagrZon Tanabari moZraoba) mxolod imitom, rom realur samyaroSi adgili
aqvs xaxuns. msgavsi Secdoma iqneboda isic, rom Tvali dagvexuWa fasebis sistemis upiratesobaze
mxolod imitom, rom igi ver uzrunvelyofs idealur koordinacias.
fuladi fasis meSveobiT iSviaTi produqtebis ganawilebis sistema, ra Tqma unda, am produqts
mimarTavs maTken, vinc mzadaa gadaixados. aqedan gamomdinare, rodesac ganawilebas fasebi mar
Tavs, Raribebi, rogorc wesi, imaze naklebs miiReben, vidre mdidrebi. swored amaSi mdgomareobs
`mdidris~ da `Raribis~ ekonomikuri azri. magram arc mTlad asea. fasebiT ganawilebisas mxedve
lobaSi miiReba adamianebs Soris arsebuli sxva mravali gansxvaveba, romelTa gaTvaliswinebac ga
nawilebis nebismieri sxva formis dros metad Znelia.
davuSvaT, gadavwyviteT benzinis ganawileba specialuri talonebis saSualebiT. rogor gas
cems saxelmwifo am talonebs? usamarTloba iqneba, erTnairi raodenobiT gascen martoxelaze da
Svidi sulisgan Semdgar ojaxze, magram aseve usamarTloba iqneba, rom erT ojaxs Svidjer meti
taloni Sexvdes. usamarTloba iqneba erTnairi raodenobis talonebis gacema maTze, visac aqvs av
tomobili da vinc mxolod sargeblobs amiT. mWidrod dasaxlebuli qalaqebisa da gareubnebis mo
saxleoba ufro xSirad sargeblobs sazogadoebrivi transportiT, xolo sakuTari manqaniT mokle
manZilebs gadis. samarTlianoba moiTxovs, rom isini naklebi raodenobis talonebs iRebdnen,
xolo naklebad dasaxlebuli raionebis mkvidrni mets. magarm niu-iorkis zogierTi macxovrebe
li regularulad ufro Sor manZilebze mogzaurobs, vidre is, vinc cxovrobs kolorados Statis
qalaq silvertonSi. samarTliani iqneba Tu ara sistema, romelic ignorirebas ukeTebs individua
lur garemoebebs? rogor SeiZleba samarTlianad ganawildes talonebi dasavleT texasSi mogzaur
gamsaRebel agentsa da patara qalaqSi macxovrebel moxuc qals Soris, romelic manqaniT mxolod
eklesiaSi Tu dadis? gana erTnairi raodenobis talonebs unda iRebdes is, visac ar uyvars saWes
Tan jdoma da isic, visac es Zalian moswons?
ra vuyoT im firmebs, romlebic benzins gamoiyeneben? ganawilebis adekvaturma sistemam mxedve
lobaSi unda miiRos, rom dizelis sawvavi da benzini erTmaneTs konkurencias uweven erTsa da imave
navTobsa da erTsa da imave navTobgadamamuSavebel simZlavreebze. Tu gadavwyvetT, rom taqsomo
torul kompaniebs, komerciul TevzmWer flotiliebs, avtogadazidvebiT dakavebul fir
mebs
(Cven CamovTvaleT saqmiani sawarmoebis ramdenime saxeoba, romelic dizelis sawvavs gamoiyenebs)
mieceT yvelaferi, rac maTTvis aucilebelia, aRmoCndeba, rom maT sWirdebaT bevrad meti, vidre
amas vinme warmoidgenda. Tu am mimarTulebaSi Cven SevqmniT saxelmwifo dawesebulebas da davava
lebT mas gamouyos sawvavis garkveuli raodenoba yovel firmas, ra kriteriumebiT isargeblebs
igi? warsuli moxmarebiT? albaT. magram SeiZleba ki, rom warsuli moxmareba resursebis dRevan
deli ganawilebis swor orientirad gamodges iseT ekonomikaSi, sadac uwyvetad warmoiqmneba axa
li firmebi da kvdeba Zveli, sadac warmoebebis nawili izrdeba, sxvebi ki wyveten muSaobas, sadac
ganuwyvetliv icvleba teqnologia da moTxovna?
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vinaidan firmebi saqonels awvdian ara marto saboloo momxmareblebs, aramed sxva firmebsac,
amitom SeumCneveli da gamousworebeli Secdomebi dominos efeqts gamoiwvevs. resursebis aras
wor ganTavsebas albaT mTeli dargis daxurvac SeiZleba mohyves, Tu xels SevuSliT erTi Sexed
viT umniSvnelo, da meore mxriv ki Seucvleli resursis warmoebas an transportirebas. firmebs
Soris dizelis sawvavis TviTneburi ganawilebisas SeuZlebeli iqneboda Tanamedrove ganviTare
bul ekonomikaSi rTuli urTierTkavSirebis SenarCuneba.

inflacia da binis qiris kontroli

fasebis saSualebiT ganawilebisadmi sazogadoebis cudi damokidebuleba Zlierdeba infla
ciis periodSi, vinaidan adamianebi SecdomiT aigiveben erTmaneTTan fasebis zrdasa da cxovrebis
donis dacemas. mraval Cvengans uWirs imis gageba, rom Cveni fuladi Semosavlebi izrdeba im
produqtebis fasis zrdasTan erTad, romelsac vyidulobT. rodesac garkveul produqtze da
naxarjebi Cveni Tviuri Semosavlis sagrZnob nawils Seadgens, maSin gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare
ni vxdebiT masze fasebis zrdis mimarT. amasTan erTad, fasi xSirad ar icvleba, magram Tu Seicv
ala, da Tanac didad, maSin ufro metad vbrazobT am cvlilebebis gamo, xolo sazogadoebrivi
ukmayofileba nayofier niadags qmnis fasebis moZraobaSi sakanonmdeblo CarevisTvis.
saukeTeso magaliTs warmoadgens binis qiraze kontrolis daweseba. inflaciis dros fasebi
sakvebsa da tansacmelze nel-nela iwevs zemoT da amitom maT yuradRebas naklebad aqceven. binis
qira ki didi xnis manZilze ucvleli rCeba da erTbaSad mkveTrad matulobs. roca binis qira 450
dolaridan 525 dolaramde izrdeba, es sagrZnob sicarieles qmnis Cvens biujetSi da gaumarTleb
lad didi gveCveneba maSinac ki, rodesac imave periodSi Cvens mier SeZenili sxva produqtebis
fasi 50%-iT gaizarda. amgvar SemTxvevebSi adamianebi gantevebis vacs eZeben da binaTmflobele
bi (TviT es sityva iwvevs aRSfoTebas) am rolisTvis saukeTeso kandidatebad iTvlebian.
binis qiris magaliTSi Taviseburi boroti ironia imaleba da es ironia bevrad amZimebs prob
lemas. vinaidan binis qiris ganakveTebi `xistia~ da rogorc wesi CamorCeba sxva fasebis zrdas,
amitom swrafi inflaciis dros binis qiris saSualo realuri done ecema.
rodesac produqtis inflaciuri fasi realurad sxva produqtis fasamde ecema, am produqt
ze moTxovnis raodenoba izrdeba da adgili aqvs deficits. sacxovreblebis bazarze deficiti
gamoixateba vakansiebis ricxvis SemcirebaSi: Tavisufali binebis mxolod mcire raodenoba qi
ravdeba im xalxze, visac bina ara aqvs. vakanturi binebis raodenobis es Semcireba gadaiqceva bi
nis qiris kontrolis sasargeblod metyvel kidev erTi argumentad.
`Cven ar SegviZlia davuSvaT binis qiris zrda, rodesac vakanturi binebis wili 1 procentze
naklebia~, an kidev `ukeTesi~: `Cven unda davawesoT kontroli binis qiraze manam, sanam vakanturi
binebis wili ar miaRwevs misaReb 3 procentian dones~. vinaidan vakanturi binebis dabali wili
warmoadgens binis realurad dabali qiris Sedegs, es argumenti Segnebulad Tu Seugneblad binis
qiris mudmivi kontrolis sasargeblod metyvelebs. miaqcieT yuradReba imas, rom fasebis mo
matebis am specialurma akrZalvam swored is mimwodeblebi gamohyo, romelTa fasebi ukve isedac
veRar eweva inflaciis temps.
rodesac kanoni an Cveva binis qiris fass ufro dabal doneze aCerebs, vidre is donea, romelic
moTxovnasa da miwodebas awonasworebs, maSin gamoCndeba racionirebis sxva meTodebi. binis me
patroneebs SeuZliaT arCevani gaakeTon asakis, seqsualuri midrekilebis, piradi Cvevebis, ojax
is sididis, sarekomendacio werilebis, Sinauri cxovelebis, raionSi cxovrebis xangrZlivobis
da Sida ganawesis dacvis mixedviT. isini, vinc binaSi cxovrobdnen binis qiraze kontrolis dawe
sebamde, Seecdebian, rac SeiZleba didi xniT daikavon maqsimalurad didi farTobi, xolo wasv
lisas megobars gadascen an Tavad iqcnen qvegamqiraveblebad. binis mflobelebi Seamcireben
momsaxurebis xarisxs, vinaidan ician, rom Tuki romelime damqiravebeli ukmayofilebas gamoTq
vams, arsebobs binaSi Sesvlis msurvelTa grZeli rigi.
yovelive es iwvevs imis aucileblobas, rom Seiqmnas ZviradRirebuli damkvirvebeli adminis
traciuli komisiebi da damatebiTi kanonebi, romlebic binis mepatroneebs ukrZalavs garkveul
qmedebebs. amis grZelvadiani Sedegi arsebuli binis mepatroneTa saboloo mospoba iqneba, radgan
Sewydeba gasaqiraveblad axali saxlebis mSenebloba. am SemTxvevaSi binaTmflobelobis yvelaze

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aSkara mowinaaRmdegemac ki unda aRiaros, rom Znelia binis daqiraveba, rodesac mas aravin aqi
ravebs.
fasebis kontroli qmnis deficits.
gasaqiravebeli saxlebis deficiti warmoCindeba rogorc vakansiebis dabali procenti.
vakansiebis dabali procenti ver `gamoswordeba~ binis qiris kontroliT.

iSviaToba da siWarbe
xSirad, roca fiqroben, rom gansazRvruli produqti ar warmoadgens iSviaTobas, masTan mi
marTebaSi iyeneben sityvas `siWarbe~.
amerikis samedicino asociacia didi xania, gamoTqvams wuxils eqimebis moWarbebis gamo. Tu ar
SevaCereT maTi momzadeba, male aRmovCndebiT am specialistebis Warbi raodenobis winaSe. magram
ar arsebobs eqimebis zusti raodenoba, romelic mosaxleobisTvisaa saWiro. rodesac ama Tu im
profesiis pirebi laparakoben aucilebel raodenobaze, isini TiTqmis yovelTvis gulisxmoben
moTxovnas mocemuli fasis pirobebSi. ra Tqma unda, isini amjobineben ar ifiqron momsaxurebis
fasis Semcirebaze.
bolo wlebSi maswavleblebis siWarbe aseve problemad gadaiqca TviTon maswavleblebisTvis
mainc. skolis sabWoebisa da adgilobrivi gadamxdelebis TvalsazrisiT, aq ufro sasikeTo Se
saZleblobebi iSleba. ufro dabali ganakveTebis SemTxvevaSi saskolo olqebi mzad arian daiqi
ravon maswavlebelTa meti raodenoba. garda amisa, isini, vinc aswavlian, ufro dabali xelfasis
pirobebSi gadawyveten, kariera sxva sferoSi gaikeTon. Tu xelfasebis Semcireba ar moxerxda
profkavSirebTan molaparakebebis an imis gamo, rom marTebuli ar iqneba naklebi gadavuxadoT
maT, visac Cveni Svilebis sulsa da guls vandobT, maSin moiZebneba sxva saSualebebi miwodebisa
da moTxovnis dasabalanseblad. xelfasis momateba, romelic CamorCeba inflaciis temps, amci
rebs realur xelfass. saskolo sabWoebs SeuZliaT aseve gaafarToon maswavleblebis movaleo
bebis sfero, Seamcireben ra erTeuli gamoSvebuli produqciis Rirebulebas ucvleli xelfasis
pirobebSi meti produqciis miRebis gziT.
P

S
siWarbe

Tuki es zomebi ar aRmoCndeba sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom dabalansdes miwodebisa da moTxovnis

sidideebi, maSin maswavleblebis deficituri vakansiebis ganawilebisas sxva kriteriumebis gamo
yeneba mogvixdeba (maswavleblebis siWarbe imavdroulad maswavlebelTa vakansiebis deficits
niSnavs). ganawilebis TvalnaTel da farTod gamoyenebul kriteriums warmoadgens asaki. es kri
teriumi moswonT didi staJis mqone maswavleblebs, magram ar eCvenebaT momxibvlelad axalgazr
da da momaval maswavleblebs. aseTi midgoma, ra Tqma unda, xels ar uwyobs imas, rom klasis kari
SeaRon maT, visac yvelaze metad surs maswavlebloba.

momwodeblebi, romlebic gulgrilni arian fasis mimarT

rodesac romelime produqti ufro iSviaTi xdeba, myidvelebs Soris konkurencia, rogorc
wesi, iwvevs misi fasis zrdas. Cveulebriv mimwodeblebs uxariaT myidvelebTan TanamSromloba am
90

miznis misaRwevad, vinaidan maT awyobT maRali fasebi. magram rogor aris saqme, rodesac rome
lime produqti ufro iSviaTi xdeba, xolo mimwodebeli arafers igebs fasis momatebiT?
amis karg magaliTad gamodgeba dasajdomi adgilebis ricxvi qveynis yvelaze metad datvir
Tul aeroportebSi. aviaciis federaluri sammarTvelos prognoziT uaxloes periodSi aSS-is 50
aeroporti didi problemebis winaSe aRmoCndeba. ratom?
moTxovnis swrafi da didi zrdac ki aucileblad rodia deficitis mizezi. amis kargi magali
Tia personaluri kompiuterebis deficitis ararseboba. rodesac adamianebis met ricxvs surs
gafrena, aviakompaniebi sTavazoben met reisebs. Tu saWiroa, isini qiraoben met xalxs da yidu
loben met TviTmfrinavebs. ra Tqma unda, maT uwevT meti danaxarjis gaweva, magram aviakompaniebi
siamovnebiT midian am xarjebze, vinaidan miaCniaT, rom damatebiTi Semosavali gadafaravs dama
tebiT danaxarjebs.
aeroportebSi sirTuleebi warmoiSoba imitom, rom TviTon aeroportebi da maTi garemomcve
li sivrce kerZo sakuTrebaSi araa da misi gamoyenebis fasi ar iZleva mogebas. damatebiTi mgzav
rebi, romlebic menejerebis guls sixaruliT avseben, mxolod Tavis tkivils iwveven aeropor
tis xelmZRvanelobaSi, vinaidan aeroportis da misi garemomcveli sivrcis `mepatroneebi~ ver
zrdian fass, rodesac maT mier miwodebuli produqti ufro iSviaTi xdeba.

Tqveni sakuTari aeroporti

davuSvaT, rom Tqven xarT vaSingtonis aeroportis _ qveynis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro gada
tvirTuli aeroportis mepatrone da SegiZliaT misi marTva ise, rogorc Tavad migaCniaT
saWirod. `gadatvirTuloba~ wamsve gaqreboda, gardaiqmneboda ra simZlavreebis srulad amoq
medebaSi (swuxan ki Teatrebis mflobelebi gadatvirTulobaze, rodesac yvela bileTi gayidu
lia?). sxvadasxva aviaxazebi mainc ecdebian, reisebis umravlesoba swored am aeroportisken
mimarTon, vinaidan is dedaqalaqidan ramdenime wuTis savalze imyofeba, rac awyobs vaSingtonSi
Casul (an mimaval) mgzavrebs, magram Tqven fulis moyvaruli aramzada xarT da aviakompaniebs
aiZulebT, gaiRon soliduri Tanxebi, vinaidan gsurT dasajdomi tarifebidan maqsimaluri mo
gebis miReba. konkurenciis Sedegad fasi gaizrdeba im donemde, romelic asaxavs alternatiul
Rirebulebas pirveli daukmayofilebeli momxmareblisTvis. Tqven uamrav fuls gaakeTebdiT,
magram amavdroulad (Tqveni wyalobiT) arsebuli dasajdomi adgilebi imaT daeTmoboda, vinc
maT sxvebze metad afasebs.
xom ar dazaraldebian Tqveni merkantiluri qmedebebis gamo mgzavrebi? didi albaTobiT,
erovnul aeroportSi axali wesebis SemoRebisas, aviakompaniebi ramdenadme gazrdian bileTis
fass, magram es iSviaTi adgili im mgzavrebs ergebaT, romelTaTvisac qalaqis centrSi dajdoma
bevrad mimzidvelia, vidre sxva aeroportidan mgzavroba.
aviakompaniebi ufro met reisebs gauSvebdnen Tavisufali asafreni zolebis mqone dalasis
aeroportSi. amitom mravali mgzavri, romelic ar apirebda vaSingtonSi Casvlas, an visac auci
leblad sWirdeba iq gadajdoma sxva reisebze, isargeblebdnen dalasis ufro mosaxerxebeli da
usafrTxo aeroportiT.
ufro metic, Tuki arsebobs Tqveni aeroportis gamtarunarianobis gazrdis saSualeba, Tqven
amas Zalian safuZvlianad ganixilavT da Tuki gafarToebis xarjebi im Rirebulebaze naklebi aR
moCndeba, rac aviakompaniebis (sabolood ki mgzavrebis) mzadyofniT izomeba, Tqven dauyovne
bliv ganaxorcielebT aseT gafarToebas. Tqven ar moiqceviT ise, rogorc iqceva aviaciis federa
luri sammarTvelo, romelic yviris krizisze, magram acxadebs aviasadispetCero mowyobilobis
modernizaciis programas, romelic aTwleulzea gaTvaliswinebuli.
reisebis dagvianeba, avariuli situaciebi da sahaero sivrcis deficitis sxva niSnebi SeiZleba
uSualod davukavSiroT sahaero sivrceze sakuTrebis Cvens sistemas. arsebuli kanonebi praqti
kulad ar iZleva imis saSualebas, rom bileTebi SeiZinon maT, vinc yvelaze metad fass ixdis da
Seayovnon isini, vinc mzad araa aseTive maRali fasis gadasaxdelad. aCereben ra farTofiuzela
Jian TviTmfrinavs 600 mgzavriT, propelerian da eqvsmgzavrian patara TviTmfrinavs nebas
rTaven dajdes vaSingtonis erovnul aeroportSi an Cikagos oharis aeroportSi, vinaidan Tama
Sis wesebi 600 mgzavrs ar aZlevs imis saSualebas, rom 6 mgzavrs vaWrobis gziT Seedavos maTTvis
saWiro dasajdomi bilikis gamo. Tumca moTxovna da miwodeba Tavis rols asrulebs, magram maT am
SemTxvevaSi urTierTTanamSromlobamde ar mivyavarT.
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fasebi, komitetebi da diqtatorebi

ekonomikis centraluri problema adamianebs Soris iseTi TanamSromlobis uzrunvelyofaa,
rom dasaxuli miznebis miRweva moxdes resursebis efeqtianad gamoyenebiT. didi raodenobis
erTmaneTisTvis ucnobi adamianebis efeqtiani TanamSromlobisTvis aucilebelia, rom gacvlis
pirobebi iyos naTeli, ubralo da standartizebuli.
fuladi fasebi warmoadgens gamartivebis, standartizaciis da TvalsaCinoebis mxriv saukeTe
so saSualebas. ratom aRweven aseT mcire Sedegebs komisiebi, maSin rodesac am komisiis wevrebi
uamrav drosa da energias xarjaven? es imitom xdeba, rom komisia warmoadgens cud saSualebas
imave miznebis misaRwevad. Tuki komisia mainc moaxerxebs am amocanebis gadasawyveti proce
durebis SemuSavebas, is aRar hgavs komisias, ufro kooperatiul sawarmos warmoadgens.
ra Tqma unda, arsebobs komisiebisTvis dakisrebuli samuSaoebis Sesrulebis kidev erTi meTo
di: SeiZleba neba davrToT erT adamians, miiRos yvela gadawyvetileba. diqtatorebi saqmeebs
swrafad agvareben. did sazogadoebaSi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis diqtatorul meTodebs SeuZ
liaT Seasrulon fasTa sistemis mravali funqcia.
medlis meore mxare isaa, rom fasebis sistema saSualebas iZleva mivideT sazogadoebriv
TanamSromlobasTan diqtatorebis ararsebobis dros. es aSkara upiartesobaa maTTvis, visac
isini ar uyvars.
diqtatorebs kidev ufro didi winaaRmdegoba imitom xvdebaT, rom maT ar SeuZliaT mouaron
im codnas, romelic gabneulia im xalxSi, visi mbrZaneblobac ganuzraxavT. fasTa sistema yura
dRebas aqcevs da koordinirebas ukeTebs ara marto survilebs, aramed mimwodeblebisa da momx
mareblebis codnasac. Tu moTxovnis mrudi imdenad araelastiuri iqneboda, rom adamianebi
moTxovdnen yvelafers zustad gansazRvruli raodenobiT, xolo miwodebis mrudi metad elas
tiuri, maSin, vinaidan zRvruli alternatiuli Rirebuleba fiqsirebulia teqnologiebiT da
mudmivia, mTeli codnac ki ver SeZlebda Tanamedrove ekonomikis ganviTarebas. mewarmeebi mzad
unda iyvnen, raTa awarmoon im yvelafris gansazRvruli raodenoba, rac ki adamianebs sWirdebaT,
Tanac TiToeuli nivTisa gansazRvruli fasiT.
P
sruliad
sruliaad
araelastiuri
S
sruliad
elastiuri
D
Q

magram saqmec isaa, rom miwodebis mrudebi sruliad elastiuri araa teqnologiiT dadgenili
warmoebis fasis Sesabamisad da moTxovnis mrudebi sruliad araelastiuri araa moTxovnis rao
denobis mixedviT. Cven vcxovrobT metad gansxvavebuli donis interesebis, faseulobebisa da
prioritetebis msoflioSi, sadac resursebs mravali potenciuri gamoyeneba aqvs da alterna
tiuli Rirebulebebi usasrulod icvleba, xolo mimdinare cvlilebebi da mudmivi aRmoCenebi
damaxasiaTebelia yoveldRiuri cxovrebisaTvis. yofili sabWoTa kavSiris centraluri dagegm
vis sistemis kolafsma dagvanaxa is, rasac ekonomikuri Teoria didi xniT adre varaudobda.
diqtatorebma, ragind keTili ganzraxvebi ar unda gaaCndeT, SeuZlebelia icodnen, Tu rogor
uxelmZRvanelon mTliani komerciuli sazogadoebis yoveldRiur biznes-saqmianobas.

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mokled gavimeoroT
gadawyvetilebebis koordinacia iseT sazogadoebaSi, romelic Sromis maRali danawilebiT
xasiaTdeba, metad rTuli sakiTxia, romelic moiTxovs milionobiT SeTanxmebebis da molapara
kebebis yoveldRiur gadaxedvasa da kontrols.
efeqtiani sabazro ekonomika warmoqmnis mraval instituts, romlebic cdiloben Seamciron
transaqciuri xarjebi da romlebic mowodebulia sakontraqto, an mimwodebelsa da momxmare
bels Soris transaqciuri SeTanxmebebis misaRwevad.
fasebis sistema, romelic swrafad reagirebs moTxovnisa da miwodebis pirobebis cvlileba
ze, maRali specializaciis xarisxis mqone ekonomikur sistemebSi adamianTa saqcielis koordi
naciis sasicocxlod aucilebel meqanizms warmoadgens.
moTxovna da miwodeba aris urTierTqmedebis procesi, romlis drosac xdeba fardobiTi
fasebis gansazRvra. es aris urTierTSeguebisa da koordinaciis procesi.
fardobiTi fasebis cvlileba qmnis qcevis cvlilebis stimulebs moixmaron naklebi da
awarmoon meti fasebis zrdisas, moixmaron meti da awarmoon naklebi fasebis dacemisas.
iSviaToba aris arsebulsa da sasurvels Soris, anu miwodebasa da moTxovnas Soris fardoba.
produqti aRar warmoadgens iSviaTobas, rodesac adamianebs SeuZliaT miiRon is nebismieri ra
odenobiT, yovelgvari damatebiTi xarjebis gareSe.
iSviaTi produqtebi ase Tu ise unda gadanawildes. ganawileba gulisxmobs SerCevis kriteri
umebis gamoyenebas, romlebic gansazRvraven, Tu vis ramdeni Sexvdeba. konkurencia aris mis
wrafeba, rac SeiZleba kargad dakmayofildes iSviaTi produqtebis ganawilebis midgomis krite
riumebi.
rodesac produqti ufro iSviaTi xdeba, xolo misi fasis gazrda SeuZlebelia, warmoiqmneba
deficiti. moTxovnis sidide am fiqsirebuli fasis SemTxvevaSi aWarbebs miwodebis sidides.
siWarbe warmoiqmneba maSin, roca miwodebis sidide aWarbebs moTxovnis sidides arsebuli fa
sis dros. Tuki fasi sakmaod maRal doneze dafiqsirda, warmoiqmneba produqtis Warbi miwodebis
raodenoba, imisda miuxedavad, rogori iSviaTic unda iyos es produqti.
Tu konkurencias ar SeuZlia fasebis momateba, is gazrdis SeZenis xarjebis sxva komponentebs.
es xarjebi xSir SemTxvevaSi fuWia _ fuladi gadaxdebisgan gansxvavebiT, aseT danaxarjebs mim
wodeblebisTvis mogeba ar moaqvT.

sakiTxebi gansjisaTvis
1. ai, kargi kiTxva miwodebisa da moTxovnis makoordinirebeli rolis Sesaxeb, romelzec
SeiZleba dafiqrdeT: yovelwliurad milionobiT amerikeli icvlis sacxovrebel adgils,
amasTan, mravali maTgani Sor manZilze da ucnob raionebSi gadaadgildeba. rogor pouloben
isini axal sacxovrebels?
a) vin zrunavs imaze, rom praqtikulad yvela adamianma an ojaxma, romelic sxva StatSi
gadadis sacxovreblad, ipovos is xalxi, vinc mzadaa miaqiravos bina an saxli, rome
lic maT gemovnebasa da garemoebebs Seefereba?
b) vin adevnebs Tvalyurs imas, rom im StatebSi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT swrafad
izrdeba, axali mSeneblobebi uzrunvelyofdnen sacxovrebeli fondis zrdas iseTi
siswrafiT, romelic mosaxleobis zrdas Seesabameba?
g) CamoTvaleT zogierTi instituti, romlebic amcireben transaqciur danaxarjebs im
amerikelebisTvis, vinc unda gayidos an iyidos saxli sxva qalaqSi gadasasvlelad.
d) wlebis ganmavlobaSi, rodesac saxlebi CineTis komunisturi mTavrobis xelSi iyo, mas
neba unda daerTo didi qalaqis mcxovrebTaTvis binebis gasacvlelad. ratom iyo
gacvlis transaqciuri danaxarji bevrad meti, vidre kerZo sakuTrebis sistemaSi, sa
dac gacvlis fasi vaWrobis maregulirebelia?
2. ruseTis wiTeli jvris organizaciis Tavmjdomarem 1990 wels gamoacxada, rom is sakvebi, rome
lic dasavleTis mier daxmarebis saxiT igzavneboda, moipares. `rusi qurdebi yvelaze ufro ga

93

mocdilebi arian msoflioSi~ Tqva man. ruseTisTvis daxmarebis komisiis direqtorma daxmare
ba centralizebuli sistemiT gaagzavna, raTa darwmunebuli yofiliyo ganawilebis sisworeSi.
rogor fiqrobT, damSeul mosaxleobamde romeli sakvebi miaRwevda ufro swrafad da saRad, is,
romelsac mTavroba da sazogadoebebi anawilebdnen, Tu is, romelic moipares? ratom?
3. 1990 wels SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis Sedegad somali gaTavisuflda diqtatorisgan, romelic
didi xnis manZilze marTavda qveyanas. soflis meurneoba, vaWroba da socialuri institute
bi daingra, ramac gamoiwvia masobrivi SimSilis saSiSroeba.
a) ra iqneboda dasavleTis qveynebisaTvis yvelaze mokle da efeqtiani gza SimSilis sa
SiSroebis Tavidan asacileblad?
b) zogierTi damxmare organizacia amjobinebda, dasavleTis qveynebidan miRebuli xor
bali sanapiro zolis gaswvriv TviTmfrinavebiT CaeyaraT. rogor fiqrobT, ra moxde
boda, es rekomendacia rom gaeTvaliswinebinaT?
g) rogor fiqrobT, ra moxdeboda dasavleTis qveynebs xorblis gagzavnis nacvlad, mTel
qveyanaSi vertmfrenebiT erTdolariani da xuTdolariani banknotebi rom CamoeyaraT?
gamoyenebuli iqneboda Tu ara es banknotebi evropidan xorblis Semosatanad?
d) ratom (romeli procesis daxmarebiT) vrceldeba didi raodenobiT narkotikebi samx
reT amerikis mTebidan amerikis qalaqebSi, miuxedavad mTavrobis mcdelobisa, ar
dauSvas es?
4. romeli nivTebi unda gaugzavnoT im raionis mkvidrT, romelic bunebis damangrevelma Za
lebma daazarala? aris Tu ara pasuxi damokidebuli imaze, bunebis rogor katastrofas hqon
da adgili?
5. Tuki gamdidrebis survili warmoadgens egoizmisa da merkantilurobis maCvenebels, ro
gorc es mraval adamians hgonia, maSin ratom cdiloben eklesiebi da sxva saqvelmoqmedo or
ganizaciebi didi raodenobiT fulis Sovnas?
6. 1988 wlis zafxulSi aSS-Si rekorduli gvalva iyo. momdevno wlebSi sasoflo-sameurneo
kulturebis farTi ise gaizarda, rogorc arasdros, meore msoflio omis Semdeg. ram aiZula
fermerebi aseTi zomebisTvis miemarTaT?
7. mraval adamians swams, rom Tu sawvavis krizisi kvlav warmoiqmneba Sua aRmosavleTSi an ro
melime sxva adgilas gamarTuli omis gamo, mTavrobis mier benzini ganawildeba saWiroebis
mixedviT. rogor varaudobT, ris mixedviT gansazRvraven saWiroebas?
8. SeafaseT benzinis normirebis Semdegi sistemebi maTi samarTlianobis mixedviT:
a) isini, visi sanomre niSnebic kentia, benzins yiduloben kent ricxvebSi, xolo visi
nomrebic luwia luw ricxvebSi;
b) adamianebma unda airCion kviraSi erTi dRe, rodesac isini avtomobilebs ar gamoiye
neben. manqanebze dawerili iqneba cifri 1-dan 7-mde, xolo policia daakavebs maT,
vinc am wesebs ar daemorCileba;
g) veravin ver SeiZens benzins kvira dRes.
9. meore msoflio omis dros kvebis mraval produqtze da tansacmlis zogierT saxeobaze ka
nonmdeblobiT iqna dadgenili zRvruli fasebi. Semdgom aman gamoiwvia ganawilebis wignake
bis gavrceleba qveynis yvela moqalaqeze. nebismieri nivTis SesaZenad, garda fulisa, saWiro
iyo wignakSi aRniSvnis Setana.
a) ramdenad kargad cvlida wignakebiT ganawilebis sistema fuladi ganawilebis sistemas?
b) ratom amjobinebdnen iSviaTi produqtis ganawilebis sawignako sistemas da ara misi
fuladi fasis gazrdas?
10. mraval saqalaqo avtomagistralze ar axdevineben fass pikis saaTebis dros, rogor xdeba
SezRuduli sivrcis normireba?
11. mraval sauniversiteto qalaqSi manqanebis gasaCerebeli adgili faqtobrivad nulovan fa
sad iyideba, maSin, roca gasaCerebeli adgilebis raodenoba SezRudulia.
a) rogor xdeba SezRuduli sivrcis ganawileba? niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom gaCerebis
uflebebis ganawileba SeuZlebelia?
94

b) rogor xdeba iSviaTi gaCerebis uflebebis ganawilebis normireba gaCerebis gadasaxadiT?

g) Tuki kolejebi yvela im students, visac surs manqanis gaCereba, 200 dolars arTmevs
weliwadSi manqanis gasaCereblad, aris Tu ara es SezRuduli gasaCerebeli adgilebis
ganawilebis kargi saSualeba?
d) davuSvaT, kolejma moawyo manqanis gasaCerebeli adgilebi yvela quCAaze studenturi
qalaqis gaswvriv. rogor SeiZleba maTi efeqtianad gamoyeneba gasaCerebeli adgile
bis SezRuduli raodenobis ganawilebisTvis? mxedvelobaSi iqonieT, rom zogierT
gasaCerebel adgilze ufro meti moTxovnaa, vidre sxvaze.
12. icavs Tu ara mdidrebs fasebis kontroli imisgan, rom Raribebma moixmaron meti? nuTu imis
erT-erT mizezs, rom adgilobrivi xelisufleba zogjer kontrols amyarebs binis qiraze,
warmoadgens ganzraxva, xeli SeuSalon fasebs sacxovrebeli farTis SezRuduli raodeno
bis racionalur ganawilebaSi? miaRwevs Tu ara es kontroli dasaxul mizans? rogor moxda,
rom niu-iorkSi kontrols daqvemdebarebul binebSi sakmaod mdidari adamianebi cxovroben?
13. iyidda Tu ara yvela erTnairi xarisxis manqanas, Semosavlebis ganawileba absoluturad Ta
nabari rom iyos? vis sawinaaRmdego diskriminacias axorcielebs saavtomobilo fasebi? gana,
Semosavlebis erTnairi ganawilebisas, yvela ojaxi erTnairi sididisa da xarisxis binas Sei
Zenda an iqiravebda? vis sawinaaRmdego diskriminacias axorcielebs binis qira?
14. rodesac garemos dacvis federalurma dadgenilebam ufro mkacrad SezRuda niu-iorkSi
manqanebis gasaCerebeli adgilebi, gaizarda avtofarexebSi gaCerebis fasebic. ratom? niuiorkis momxmarebelTa sazogadoebis sammarTvelos ufrosma mouwoda bolo moeRoT gamdid
rebis moyvaruli avtofarexebis mflobelebisTvis. rasTan gveqneboda saqme, kanons rom
eiZulebina avtofarexebSi gaCerebis fasis dakleba?
15. SesaZlebelia Tu ara janmrTelobis dacvis sistemis ageba normirebis gareSe? 1948 wels
didi britaneTis yvela ojaxma miiRo dadgenileba imis Sesaxeb, rom janmrTelobis dacvis
axali sistema `uzrunvelyofs yovelgvari samedicino, stomatologiuri da saeqTno
momsaxurebiT yvelas, mdidarsa da Raribs, mamakacs, qalsa Tu bavSvs. yvelas SeuZlia miiRos
is an misi nawili mainc. ar arsebobs SezRudvebi, garda specialuri SemTxvevebisa~.
a) janmrTelobis dacvis es mowinave sistema, romelmac 1998 wels 50 wlisTavi izeima,
dafuZnebulia im daSvebaze, rom janmrTelobis dacva, romlis fasi nulovania, mSve
nieria. es daSveba uaryofili iqna britaneTsa da yvela im qveyanaSi, romelmac janmr
Telobis dacvis igive sistemebi SemoiRo da amiT deficiti Seqmna. ra iwvevs aseT
SemTxvevaSi deficits?
b) Tu janmrTelobis dacva yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomia nulovan fasad da am fasad mo
Txovnis raodenoba aWarbebs miwodebis raodenobas, rogor SeiZleba janmrTelobis
dacvis normireba?
g) normirebis romel sistemas SesTavazebT Tqven?
16. amJamad aSS-Si bevrad met wyvils surs bavSvis ayvana, vidre gasaSvilebeli bavSvebis raode
nobaa. miscemdiT Tu ara Tqven bavSvs im mSoblebs, romlebic yvelaze ufro metad moiTxoven
amas? ra Sedegebs gamoiwvevda es? ra kriteriumebis mixedviT xdeba mSoblebis SerCeva?
17. federaluri samarTali mkacrad krZalavs adamianis organoebis gayidvas transplataciisT
vis. adamianebs uxdebaT didi xnis lodini, vidre maTTvis gamosadegi organoebi gamoCndeba.
cxadia, rom SesaZlebelia meti organoebis miReba, Tu finansurad daSvebuli iqneba donore
bis gamoyeneba. xarT Tu ara amis momxre? ra Sedegebs gamoiwvevs es?
18. Tu mSoblebs aqvT erTi televizori da hyavT sami bavSvi, unda miscen Tu ara programis amor
Cevis ufleba mas, vinc yvelaze met Tanxas gadaixdis? davuSvaT isini arCevanis uflebas yve
laze ukeTes gadamxdels miscemen da Tanxas danarCen ors gaunawileben. Secvlis Tu ara es
Tqvens pasuxs? Tuki mSoblebisTvis umjobesia samarTlianobisa da wesrigis Sesaxeb Tavian
Ti Sexedulebebis mixedviT am iSviaTi produqtis ganawileba, energetikis saministrosTvi
sac ukeTesi xom ar iqneba iSviaTi energetikuli resursebi konkurentunarian moqalaqeebs
Soris samarTlianobisa da wesrigis Sesaxeb Tavisi Sexedulebis mixedviT gaanawilos? raSia
gansxvaveba?
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19. davuSvaT, Tavdacvis saministrom gadawyvita sanapiro zolze samxedro bazis daxurva da
surs miwa kerZo mflobelebs gadasces. es miwa mdebareobs mWidrod dasaxlebuli raionis
axlos da masze ganlagebuli nakveTebidan mSvenieri sanaxaoba iSleba.
a) Tuki nakveTebi latariis mixedviT ganawildeba, vin aaSenebs iq saxlebs?
b) cxadia, rom zogierTi nakveTi sxvebze ukeTesi iqneba. aSendeba Tu ara ufro mdidruli
saxlebi saukeTeso monakveTebze Tu nakveTebis ganawileba latariis mixedviT moxda?
g) pasuxobdiT ra wina SekiTxvebze, varaudobdiT Tu ara, rom saxelmwifo ar awesebs
araviTar SezRudvebs saxlebis gadayidvaze? ra Seicvleba Tu latariis kanonebi kon
fiskaciis an dajarimebis muqariT akrZalavs mogebuli nakveTebis gayidvas SeZenidan
xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi?
d) nakveTebis rogori ganawilebaa ufro samarTliani _ latariiT Tu gadaxdisTvis
mzadyofnis mixedviT?
20. federaluri teleradiokomitetisTvis aucilebelia, licenziebis SezRuduli raodenoba
mciresimZlavrian satelevizio sadgurebze gaanawilos. sul Semosulia 5000 gancxadeba.
daexmareT komitets swori gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi, miuTiTebT ra Semdegi sistemebis da
debiTsa da uaryofiT mxareebze. licenziebi gaicema:
a) yvelaze maRalfasiani gancxadebebis mixedviT;
b) pretendentebis kvalifikaciis mixedviT;
g) latariis mixedviT;
d) iseTi latariis mixedviT, romelic met Sanss aZlevs imaT, vinc yvelaze naklebadaa
warmodgenili telegadacemebSi, oRond im pirobiT, rom latariis monawileebi sakma
risad kvalificiurni arian.
21. iutas Stati bizonebze sanadirod yovelwliurad yidis 27 licenzias, teritoriis 1,500 kv
milze. gadasaxadi Statis macxovrebelTaTvis 200 dolars, xolo sxvebisTvis 1,000 dolars
Seadgens. vinaidan Stati yovelwliurad 1,000-ze met SekveTas iRebs, is msurvelebs Soris
latarias atarebs.
a) rogor fiqrobT, ratom ar aZlevs iutas Stati licenzias mas, vinc yvelaze maRalfa
sian ganacxads gaakeTebs?
b) rogor migaCniaT, unda mieces Tu ara licenziis mimRebs misi gayidvis ufleba?
g) ra Sedegebamde migviyvans latariis Semdeg licenziebis Tavisufali gayidva?
22. Tu noemberSi indaurebis miwodeba uecrad arasakmarisi aRmoCnda, gamoiwvevs Tu ara es de
ficits? ratom?
23. zafxulSi dasavleTis StatebSi mogzaurobis dros gasaCerebeli adgilebis deficits Tqven
ufro xSirad waawydebiT kempingebSi, vidre motelebSi, ratom?
24. ekonomisti Carlz leivi werda: `SesaZloa, energetikul seqtorSi fasebze orientirebuli
gadawyvetilebebis erT-erTi upiratesoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom adamianebma ukve ician,
rogor gadawyviton problemebi fasebis saSualebiT. arsebobs warsulTan uwyveti kavSiri
da, SesaZloa, biurokratiuli gadawyvetilebebis ZiriTadi nakli imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
maT ar gaaCniaT aseTi uwyvetoba da amis nacvlad aiZuleben adamianebs iswavlon da gaigon
qcevis axali normebi. Cven ver vamCnevT imis sirTules, rac Cveulebrivia. benzinis ganawile
ba da gayidva sakmaod trivialuri amocana iyo manam, sanam saxelmwifo 1973 da 1979 wels Ta
vad ar Seecada am sakiTxis gadawyvetas.~
a) SeiZleba Tu ara ase avxsnaT is winaaRmdegobebi, rac wina SekiTxvebSi iyo? iZleva Tu ara
es imis axsnas, Tu ratom vaxdenT fasebis mixedviT zogierTi produqtis normirebas yo
velgvari meryeobis gareSe, magram uars vambobT fasis mixedviT sxva iSviaTi produqtis
normirebaze? arsebobs Tu ara am ori gansxvavebuli midgomis raime adekvaturi axsna?
b) rogor xdeba rTul sistemebTan adaptacia? vis Semoaqvs aseTi sistemebi? ratom cdi
lobs mavani axali da rTuli sistemis Semotanas, raTa Secvalos ukve cnobili, magram
naklebad efeqtiani sistema?
g) aravin moindomebs benzingasamarTi sadguris gaxsnas, vidre manqanis mflobelebisa
da mZRolebis sakmarisi raodenoba ar mogrovdeba, magram cota Tu iyidis avtomo
96

bils, benzingasamarTi sadgurebiT sargebloba Tu ar iqneba SesaZlebeli. advilia

ifiqro aseT dilemaze, magram Znelia ipovo sityvebi asaxsnelad. rogor xdeba kverc
xisa da qaTmis dilemis gadawyveta praqtikaSi? ratom yidulobs xalxi televizorebs
manam, sanam satelevizio sadgurebi aSendeba da ratom Sendeba satelevizio sadgure
bi manam, sanam adamianebi televizorebs SeiZenen?
25. ratom iyeneben restornebi fasTa warmoqmnis sxvadasxva meTodebs sxvadasxva produqtsa da
momsaxurebaze? magaliTad, qaRaldis xelsawmendebSi fass ar axdevineben da nebas rTaven
klientebs isargeblon maTi SeuzRudavi raodenobiT. sasmelebze Tanxas iReben, oRond dama
tebiT ulufaze Tanxa an mcirdeba, an sulac ganuldeba. rac Seexeba sxva produqtebs, yvela
erTeulze klientebi ixdian dadgenil fass. Tu Tqveni pasuxi isaa, rom xelsawmendebi Zviri
ar Rirs, maSin ratom ar arigeben maT maRaziebi ufasod? ratom iReben kafeSi karaqis ulufis
fass maSin, rodesac restornebSi karaqis damatebiTi ulufa, moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi, klien
tebs ufasod miewodebaT.
26. am saxelmZRvaneloSi amtkiceben, rom fasebis warmoqmnis sistema TanamSromlobas uzrun
velyofs arsebuli SesaZleblobebidan arCevanis gamartivebiT. sxva sistema, romelic amas
aseve efeqtianad akeTebs, aris SuqniSani. samarTliania Tu ara SuqniSniT damyarebuli wesri
gi? iTvaliswinebs Tu ara is masTan misuli mZRolebis garemoebebs? mianiWebdiT Tu ara upi
ratesobas sagzao moZraobis kontrolis iseT sistemas, romelic wiTel Suqze im mZRols gaa
tarebs, romelsac ufro saswrafo saqme gamouCnda?

97

miwodeba da moTxovna:
Teoriidan
praqtikisaken

`Z

veli istoriis wignSi wavawydi `arqaul da trivialur~ Sexedulebas: Sua saukuneebSi ada
mianebs miaCndaT, rom sagnebis fass gansazRvravs ara miwodeba da moTxovna, aramed nedleu
lisa da Sromis Rirebuleba da maT gaaCndaT kanonebi, romlebic am fasebs gansazRvravda. raoden
absurduli Sexedulebaa ekonomikaze, romelic mxolod fasebis mixedviT funqcionirebs~.
gazeTis gamomcemlisadmi miwerili es sarkastuli werili asaxavs ucnaur da ironiul,
magram, samwuxarod, gavrcelebul Sexedulebas, rom ekonomia siZunwes iwvevs. is aseve asaxavs
gavrcelebul Sexedulebas, rom warmoebis xarjebi ramdenadme damoukidebelia miwodebisa da
moTxovnis procesisgan. esaa mcdari Sexeduleba, romlis gabaTilebasac am TavSi SevecdebiT.

gansazRvravs Tu ara fass xarjebi?

rodesac gamyidvelebi atyobineben sazogadoebas fasebis momatebis Sesaxeb, maT uyvarT imis
aRniSvna, rom fasebis zrda xarjebis zrdiTaa gamowveuli. saqmian presaSi xSirad ibeWdeba aseTi
saxis gancxadebebi. TiTqmis yovelTvis, maT Tan erTvis gancxadebebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor wu
xan mimwodeblebi, rom xarjebis zrdam fasebic gazarda. Cveulebriv, arcerTi gamyidveli ar
wuxs imaze, rom fasebis zrda gamoiwvia moTxovnis zrdam, arada, fasebi yovelTvis moTxovnazea
damokidebuli.
miwis nakveTebis SemTxveva amis SesaniSnav magaliTs warmoadgens. miwis fasi da, aqedan gamomdina
re, sxva fasebi danaxarjebSi Sedis. ra Rirs miwa? kargad dafiqrdiT. sagnebs danaxarji ar gaaCniaT.
miwa ki sagania. danaxarji SeiZleba axldes mxolod qmedebas. imdenad, ramdenadac miwas TavisTavad
ar gaaCnia danaxarji, miwis gamoyeneba Seicavs danaxarjs maTTvis, visac surs misi gamoyeneba. ra aris
es danaxarji? es aris miwis gamomyeneblebis mier gaRebuli fasi, romelsac isini gaiReben im mizniT,
rom miwa sakuTari arCevanis mixedviT gamoiyenon. Tu gamomyeneblebi Tavad arian miwis mflobelebi,
maTTvis miwis gamoyenebis danaxarji iqneba miwis nebismieri sxva gziT gamoyenebis dakarguli Se
saZleblobebis zoma. davuSvaT, rom miwa saxlis samxreTiT mdebareobs. mfobeli aSenebs baRs mimde
bare nakveTze da amas akeTebs imis gamo, rom moelis met sargebels, vidre manamde hqonda. Tu is cxov
robs sofelSi an patara qalaqSi, misi gamoyeneba gacilebiT naklebi daujdeba, vidre daujdeboda
maSin, did qalaqSi an mis gareubanSi rom ecxovra. mravali adamianisTvis miwaze maRali fasi imas niS
navs, rom did qalaqebSi misi Rirebuleba imdenad maRalia, rom misi baRad gamoyeneba ar Rirs. miwaze
maRali fasi da, aqedan gamomdinare, mebaReobis maRali danaxarji warmoadgens im moTxovnis Sedegs,
romelic warmoqmnilia mosalodneli gamoyenebiT.
rodesac miwa sxvisi sakuTrebaa da vinmes surs misi gamoyeneba, man igi unda iyidos, an iqiraos.
fasi an qiris ganakveTi, Cveulebriv, imis maCvenebelia, ris gadasaxdeladac arian mzad sxva
mflobelebi an gamomyeneblebi. mokled, miwaze moTxovna gansazRvravs misi gamoyenebis xarjs.

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Tu Tqven sawinaaRmdego argumentebi gaqvT, maSin unda SeZloT upasuxoT Semdeg SekiTxvas:
aris Tu ara erTi akri miwis fasi ufro maRali konektikutSi, masaCusetSi da rodailendze, vid
re aiovaSi, ilinoissa da indianaSi? xedavT Tu ara, rom fasi niu inglendis StatSi bevrad maRa
lia, vidre Sua dasavleTSi? faqtia, rom aiovis, ilinoisisa da indianas Statebs gaaCniaT bevrad
meti nayofieri niadagi, iq modis bevrad meti sasoflosameurneo produqcia, rac miuxedavad
yvelafrisa, mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba. arasasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebisTvis miwaze moTxovna
niu inglendis sam StatSi imdenad maRalia, rom is miuRwevelia mdidari fermerebisTvisac ki.
akrebis raodenoba, romelic gamoyofilia fermerebisTvis konektikutSi, masaCusetssa da ro
dailendSi metad mcirea imasTan SedarebiT, rac aiovaSi, ilinoissa da indianaSia. da es ar aris
mxolod erTeuli da iSviaTi SemTxveva. Cikagos mimdebare miwebic metad nayofieria, an SesaZloa
aseTi yofiliyo, adamianebs rom ar gadaewyvitaT maTi sxvagvarad gamoyeneba da mTlianad uari
ar eTqvaT fermerul meurneobaSi maT gamoyenebaze.
warmovidginoT fermeri, romlis miwis nakveTi didi qalaqis maxloblad mdebareobs. qalaqis
mimdebare adgilebis zrdasTan erTad, samSeneblo firmebi sTavazoben nakveTis gayidvas im fa
sad, romelic samjer maRalia sasoflo-sameurneo miwis fasze. cxadia, rom miwis mflobeli, ga
sagebi mizezebis gamo, moisurvebs miwis miyidvas samSeneblo firmebisTvis, Tu miwis moijare ar
gadaixdis masSi samjer met fass. ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba garkveuli TanagrZnoba gvqondes im moi
jaris mimarT, romelmac qalaqis zrdis gamo mosavlis moyvanis saSualeba dakarga, magram mniS
vnelovania gvesmodes, Tu ratom iTxoven misgan gazrdil saijaro fass swored miwaze moTxovnis
gazrdis gamo.
Tu miwis Rirebulebis Sefaseba dafuZnebulia `mis saukeTeso da yvelaze momgebian gamoyene
baze~, maSin im nakveTis mflobels, romelic moisurvebs fermerad darCenas, SeuZlia sruliad
safuZvlianad daiCivlos, rom is ver miscems Tavs iseTi fufunebis uflebas, rom ar gayidos miwa.
aseT situaciaSi is valdebulia gadaixados gadasaxadebi, romelic damyarebulia ara imaze, Tu
rogor gamoiyenebs miwas Tavad fermeri, aramed imaze, Tu rogor gamoiyenebda mas is myidveli,
romelic yvelaze met fass SesTavazebda am nakveTSi.
gansazRvreba, romelic dafuZnebulia `saukeTeso da yvelaze
momgebian gamoyenebaze~, efuZneba alternatiul danaxarjebs
davuSvaT, rom fermeri flobs miwas, romelsac amuSavebs da adgilobrivi mTavroba ar aZlevs
zrdis saSualebas miwis fass, vinaidan surs igi Seinaxos sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobisTvis,
Tumca mSeneblebi bevrad met fass sTavazoben. warmatebuli iqneba Tu ara aseTi politika?
rodesac fermeri ganagrZobs miwis gamoyenebas sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobisTvis, misi
xarjebi im alternatiuli SesaZleblobebiT ganisazRvreba, romelzec is uars ambobs. uaris
TqmiT miwis gayidvaze, is kargavs Semosavals, romlis miReEbac SeeZlo, Tuki moaxdenda gayidvi
dan amoRebuli TaNANnxis investirebas. Tu fermerobas misTvis weliwadSi 40,000 dolaris sufTa
mogeba moaqvs, maSin is yovelwliurad did Tanxas dakargavs, uars ityvis ra gayidos miwa 1,2 mi
lion dolarad, vinaidan 1,2 milion dolars SeuZlia weliwadSi bevrad ufro meti mogebis mota
na, vidre 40,000 dolaria, Tuki, magaliTad, es Tanxa yovelgvari riskis gareSe Caideba saxelmwi
fo obligaciebSi.
rogor unda moiqces fermeri, rom isev fermerad darCes? xom ar dakargavs is SesaZleblobas
icxovros ubralo, samarTliani, kmayofilebis momtani cxovrebiT? albaT, ara. Tu mas marTlac
surs fermeroba, SeuZlia, iyidos miwis nakveTi sxva adgilas, sadac gareubnebis mxridan naklebi
konkurenciaa. Tu is amjobinebs, es ar gaakeTos, savaraudoa, rom igi didad ar afasebs fermerul
cxovrebas. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, rogorc ki samSeneblo firmebi umateben fasebs miwis nakveTeb
ze, misTvis swrafad izrdeba fermerobasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi, amitom igi albaT aRar imu
Savebs miwaze da amgvarad xels Seuwyobs miwis miwodebas da gareubnebis gafarTOoebas.

100

sakvebis
da fermebis
danaxarjebi
sakvebis
fasifasi
da fermebis
danaxarjebi

1 buSelis fasi

raunda,
Tqma unda,
fermeri
amcirebs
im miwebis
raodenobas,
romelzedac
mosavali
amave amave
dros,dros,
ra Tqma
fermeri
amcirebs
im miwebis
raodenobas,
romelzedac
mosavali
unda unda
moiyvanos.
es
warmoadgens
sakvebis
fasis
arcTu
ise
SesamCnevi
zrdis
mizezs.
is,
vinc
moiyvanos. es warmoadgens sakvebis fasis arcTu ise SesamCnevi zrdis mizezs. is, vinc wuxs, wuxs,
rom rom
gareubnebis
fermerul
ikavebs,
rac sakvebis
iwvevs,
kargad
gareubnebis
zrda zrda
amdenamden
fermerul
miwas miwas
ikavebs,
rac sakvebis
fasisfasis
zrdaszrdas
iwvevs,
saqmessaqmes
kargad
ar
icnobs.
Cikagos
gareubnebma
didi
gza
gaiares,
vidre
mniSvnelovan
rols
iTamaSebdnen
ar icnobs. Cikagos gareubnebma didi gza gaiares, vidre mniSvnelovan rols iTamaSebdnen ili ilinoisSi
20 milioni
akri sasoflo-sameurneo
miwebis
gamosayeneblad.
noisSi
20 milioni
akri sasoflo-sameurneo
miwebis
gamosayeneblad.
imdenad,
ramdenadac
miwaze
adgilobrivi
Tu
komerciuli
moTxovna
da simindis
imdenad, ramdenadac miwaze adgilobrivi Tu komerciuli moTxovna
iwvevsiwvevs
soiossoios
da simindis
warmoebis
danaxarjTa
zrdas,
is miwodebis
maTi miwodebis
mruds
Crdilo-dasavleTisken
gadaaadgilebs.
warmoebis
danaxarjTa
zrdas,
is maTi
mruds
Crdilo-dasavleTisken
gadaaadgilebs.
Tu
es
gaxdeba
simindsa
da
soioze
fasis
zrdis
mizezi,
maSin
SesaZloa,
saWiro
gaxdes
brZola
am
Tu es gaxdeba simindsa da soioze fasis zrdis mizezi, maSin SesaZloa, saWiro gaxdes brZola
am
kulturebis
dasabruneblad.
maRali
fasi
am kulturebze
gamoiwvevs
fermerobis
alterkulturebis
dasabruneblad.
ufroufro
maRali
fasi am
kulturebze
gamoiwvevs
fermerobis
alter
natiuli
Rirebulebis
zrdas
da,
amdenad,
adgilobrivi
da
komerciuli
miznebiT
naklebi
miwebis
natiuli Rirebulebis zrdas da, amdenad, adgilobrivi da komerciuli miznebiT naklebi miwebis
gadakeTebas.
ra moxdeba,
damokidebulia
zRvrul
danaxarjebsa
da zRvrul
sargebelze

gadakeTebas.
is, Tuis,
raTu
moxdeba,
damokidebulia
zRvrul
danaxarjebsa
da zRvrul
sargebelze

damatebiTi
simindis
da
soios
Rirebuleba
muSaobs
imave
miwis
farTobze
saxlebis
Rirebulebis
damatebiTi simindis da soios Rirebuleba muSaobs imave miwis farTobze saxlebis Rirebulebis
winaaRmdeg.
miwodebisa
da moTxovnis
procesi
warmoadgens
zRvruli
misadagebis
grZelvadian
winaaRmdeg.
miwodebisa
da moTxovnis
procesi
warmoadgens
zRvruli
misadagebis
grZelvadian
process
da
masSi
yvela
ver
iqneba
kmayofili.
is
fermeri,
romelic
miwas
qiraobs,
moTxovnisa
process da masSi yvela ver iqneba kmayofili. is fermeri, romelic miwas qiraobs, moTxovnisa da da
miwodebis
am procesis
ukmayofilo
monawiled
darCeba.
saukunis
umetesi
da me-19
saukunis
miwodebis
am procesis
ukmayofilo
monawiled
darCeba.
me-20 me-20
saukunis
umetesi
da me-19
saukunis
dasasrulis
didi
nawilis
ganmavlobaSi,
fermerebi
did
sayvedurs
gamoTqvamdnen
miwodebisa
dasasrulis didi nawilis ganmavlobaSi, fermerebi did sayvedurs gamoTqvamdnen miwodebisa da da
ganawilebis
procesis
gagikvirdebaT,
magram
xnis manZilze
soflis
meurneobis
ganawilebis
procesis
gamo. gamo.
gagikvirdebaT,
magram
didi didi
xnis manZilze
aSS-SiaSS-Si
soflis
meurneobis
ganviTareba
uswrebda
mrewvelobis
ganviTarebas.
amerikeli
fermerebis
yoveli
axali
ganviTareba uswrebda mrewvelobis ganviTarebas. amerikeli fermerebis yoveli axali Taoba Taoba
bev bevradiRebda
mets iRebda
TiToeuli
akri miwidan,
wina Taobis
fermerebi.
teqnikis,
meqanizaciis,
rad mets
TiToeuli
akri miwidan,
vidrevidre
wina Taobis
fermerebi.
teqnikis,
meqanizaciis,
saTesle
masalebis
gaumjobesebam
da,
ZiriTadad,
axali
teqnologiebis
gamoyenebam
Seamcira
saTesle masalebis gaumjobesebam da, ZiriTadad, axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebam Seamcira
sakvebis
warmoebis
zRvruli
xarjebi,
anu, miwodebisa
da moTxovnis
rom visaubroT,
fermesakvebis
warmoebis
zRvruli
xarjebi,
anu, miwodebisa
da moTxovnis
enazeenaze
rom visaubroT,
ferme
ruli
warmoebis
miwodebis
mrudi
samxreT-aRmosavleTiT
gadaadgilda.
Sedegad
miviReT
fermeruli warmoebis miwodebis mrudi samxreT-aRmosavleTiT gadaadgilda. Sedegad miviReT ferme
SedarebiTi
da, politikuri
didi politikuri
zewolis
Sedegad,
mniSvnelovani
samTavrobo
ruliruli
fasisfasis
SedarebiTi
klebakleba
da, didi
zewolis
Sedegad,
mniSvnelovani
samTavrobo
daxmareba.
axla
ukve
SegviZlia
avagoT
miwodebisa
da
moTxovnis
mrudebi,
sasoflo-sameurneo
daxmareba. axla ukve SegviZlia avagoT miwodebisa da moTxovnis mrudebi, sasoflo-sameurneo
produqciis
miwodebisa
da moTxovnis
Sesaxeb
ekonomistebis
sayvareli
magaliTis
gamoyenebiT.
produqciis
miwodebisa
da moTxovnis
Sesaxeb
ekonomistebis
sayvareli
magaliTis
gamoyenebiT.
D

roca mTavroba awesebs $3.75 `iataks~ da Warb

raodenobas (1.25 mlrd) Seisyidis
S

Snew, roca mTavroba subsidias

(=$1.25) aZlevs fermerebs
yovel gayidul buSelze

miliardi buSeli xorbali drois periodSi

nax.
6-1. fqvilis
hipoTeturi
moTxovnisa
da miwodebis
grafiki
nax. 6-1.
fqvilis
hipoTeturi
moTxovnisa
da miwodebis
grafiki

6-1 naxazi
warmogvidgens
xorblis
moTxovnis
hipoTetur
mruds,
romelic
aRniSnulia
D-Ti da
6-1 naxazi
warmogvidgens
xorblis
moTxovnis
hipoTetur
mruds,
romelic
aRniSnulia
D-Ti da
fermeris
mier warmoebuli
xorblis
kombinirebul
xarjebis
mruds,
romelic
aRniSnuaSS-SiaSS-Si
yvelayvela
fermeris
mier warmoebuli
xorblis
kombinirebul
xarjebis
mruds,
romelic
aRniSnu
lia S-iT.
xorblis
fasibuSelze
erTY buSelze
2,5 dolaris
sazRvrebSia,
vinaidan
nebismieri
maRali
lia S-iT.
xorblis
fasi erTY
2,5 dolaris
sazRvrebSia,
vinaidan
nebismieri
ufroufro
maRali
miwodebis
raodenoba
meti iqneba,
moTxovnis
raodenoba
da nebismieri
fasisfasis
drosdros
miwodebis
raodenoba
meti iqneba,
vidrevidre
moTxovnis
raodenoba
da nebismieri
ufroufro
naklebi
moTxovnis
raodenoba
meti iqneba,
miwodebis
raodenoba.
2,5 donaklebi
fasisfasis
drosdros
moTxovnis
raodenoba
ufroufro
meti iqneba,
vidrevidre
miwodebis
raodenoba.
2,5 do
larze
meti fasis
Sesabamisad,
fermerebi
ver SeZleben,
gayidon
xorblis
sasurveli
raodelarze
meti fasis
dros,dros,
Sesabamisad,
fermerebi
ver SeZleben,
gayidon
xorblis
sasurveli
raode
noba
da iZulebulebi
iqnebian
dauklon
2,5 dolarze
naklebi
SemTxvevaSi
ki xorblis
noba da
iZulebulebi
iqnebian
dauklon
fasi. fasi.
2,5 dolarze
naklebi
fasisfasis
SemTxvevaSi
ki xorblis

101

101

Semsyidvelebi
SeZleben
imdenis
Sesyidvas,
ramdenic
surT
mzad
iqnebian,
gadaixadon
meti.
Semsyidvelebi
verver
SeZleben
imdenis
Sesyidvas,
ramdenic
surT
da da
mzad
iqnebian,
gadaixadon
meti.
rom,
fasi
imoZravebs
bazris
mier
gansazRvruli
dolarisaken.
asease
rom,
fasi
imoZravebs
bazris
mier
gansazRvruli
2,52,5
dolarisaken.
ra
moxdeboda,
dabali
fasis
gamo,
fermerebs
saCivriT
rom
miemarTaT
amerikis
prezidentisa
ra moxdeboda, dabali fasis gamo, fermerebs saCivriT rom
miemarTaT
amerikis
prezidentisa
da da
kongresisTvis
fermerebisa
aSS-is
mosaxleobis
janmrTelobis
dacvis
interesebidan
kongresisTvis
da da
fermerebisa
da,da,
aSS-is
mosaxleobis
janmrTelobis
dacvis
interesebidan
gagamomdinare,
mTavrobas
mxari
daeWira
imisTvis,
rom
xorblis
fasi
3,75
dolaramde
aweuliyo?
fedemomdinare, mTavrobas mxari daeWira imisTvis, rom xorblis fasi 3,75 dolaramde aweuliyo? fede
raluri
mTavroba
msgavs
politikas
aTwleulebis
ganmavlobaSi
axorcielebs.
is akeTebs
amas
sasoraluri
mTavroba
msgavs
politikas
aTwleulebis
ganmavlobaSi
axorcielebs.
is akeTebs
amas
saso
flo-sameurneo
produqciis
Sesyidvisas.
am
SemTxvevaSi
man
SeiZleba
Tavadve
Seisyidos
3,75
flo-sameurneo produqciis Sesyidvisas. am SemTxvevaSi man SeiZleba Tavadve Seisyidos 3,75
dolarad
is xorbali,
romelic
gaiyida
aseT
zRvrul
fasSi.
mTavrobis
mier
Sesyiduli
xorbali
dolarad
is xorbali,
romelic
ar ar
gaiyida
aseT
zRvrul
fasSi.
mTavrobis
mier
Sesyiduli
xorbali
SeiZleba
gaitanon
ucxo
qveynebSi,
saCuqrad
an
gasayidad.
SeiZleba gaitanon ucxo qveynebSi, saCuqrad an gasayidad.
mivyveT
grafikis
analizs.
rodesac
mTavroba
gadauxdis
gansazRvrul
fass,
fermerebi
moimivyveT
grafikis
analizs.
rodesac
mTavroba
gadauxdis
maTmaT
gansazRvrul
fass,
fermerebi
moi
surveben
gayidon
xorbali
aranakleb
3,75
dolarad.
Sesabamisad,
man,
visac
surs
xorblis
yidva,
surveben gayidon xorbali aranakleb 3,75 dolarad. Sesabamisad, man, visac surs xorblis yidva,
unda
gadaixados
3,75
dolari
buSelSi.
am fasad
moTxovnis
raodenoba
mxolod
1,35
mlrd
buSeli
unda
gadaixados
3,75
dolari
buSelSi.
am fasad
moTxovnis
raodenoba
mxolod
1,35
mlrd
buSeli
iqneba.
magram
fermerebi,
romlebic
moelian
3,75
dolars
buSelSi,
miawvdian
2,6
mlrd.
buSel
iqneba. magram fermerebi, romlebic moelian 3,75 dolars buSelSi, miawvdian 2,6 mlrd. buSel
xorblis
mosavals.
mTavrobam
unda
gadawyvitos
damatebiTi
1,25
mlrd.
buSelis
SeZena.
xorblis
mosavals.
mTavrobam
unda
gadawyvitos
damatebiTi
1,25
mlrd.
buSelis
SeZena.
xorblis
Senaxva
Zviri
jdeba.
ufro
xSirad
es
programa
SeiZleba
gaxdes
xorblis
iseTi
produxorblis Senaxva Zviri jdeba. ufro xSirad es programa SeiZleba gaxdes xorblis iseTi
produq
fasis
zrdis
mizezi,
rogoricaa
puri.
arsebobs
ukeTesi
xorblis
mwarmoeblebis
tisqtis
fasis
zrdis
mizezi,
rogoricaa
puri.
arsebobs
Tu Tu
araara
ukeTesi
gzagza
xorblis
mwarmoeblebis
dasaSoSmineblad?
davuSvaT,
rom
mTavrobam,
fasebiT
manipulirebis
nacvlad,
daxmarebis
diredasaSoSmineblad? davuSvaT, rom mTavrobam, fasebiT manipulirebis nacvlad, daxmarebis direq
qtiva
gamosca.
kongress
SeuZlia
gamoucxados
xorblis
mwarmoebel
fermerebs,
gayidon
sasotiva
gamosca.
kongress
SeuZlia
gamoucxados
xorblis
mwarmoebel
fermerebs,
rom rom
gayidon
sasof
flo-sameurneo
produqcia
im
fasad,
rasac
maT
miscemen
Tavisufal
bazarze
da
daemorCilon
lo-sameurneo produqcia im fasad, rasac maT miscemen Tavisufal bazarze da daemorCilon gayid
gayidvebis
ris Semdegac
mTavroba
maT gadauxdis
1,25 dolars
yovel
gayidul
buSelSi
(esaa
vebis
kanons, kanons,
ris Semdegac
mTavroba
maT gadauxdis
1,25 dolars
yovel
gayidul
buSelSi
(esaa
sxvaoba
sabazro
fassa
da
`samarTlian~
fass
Soris).
ra
moxdeba
am
SemTxvevaSi?
sxvaoba sabazro fassa da `samarTlian~ fass Soris). ra moxdeba am SemTxvevaSi?
1,25
dolaris
subsidia
xorblis
yovel
buSelSi
dawevs
xorblis
moyvanis
zRvrul
danaxarjebs.
1,25
dolaris
subsidia
xorblis
yovel
buSelSi
dawevs
xorblis
moyvanis
zRvrul
danaxarjebs.
es
SeiZleba
vaCvenoT
miwodebis
mrudis
gadaadgilebiT
grafikze,
davwevT
ra
mas
vertikalurad
es SeiZleba vaCvenoT miwodebis mrudis gadaadgilebiT grafikze, davwevT ra mas vertikalurad
1,25
dolariT.
miwodebis
axali
mrudi
gadakveTs
moTxovnis
mruds
dolaris
fasTan
1,25
dolariT.
miwodebis
es es
axali
mrudi
gadakveTs
moTxovnis
mruds
1,51,5
dolaris
fasTan
da da
1,81,8
mlrd
buSelis
raodenobasTan.
Tu
yvelaferi
ise
iqneba,
rogorc
grafikzea
navaraudevi,
xorblis
mlrd buSelis raodenobasTan. Tu yvelaferi ise iqneba, rogorc grafikzea navaraudevi, xorblis
mwarmoebelma
fermerebma
unda
gayidon.
1,8 mlrd
buSeli
da erT
buSelSi
aiRon
dolari,
mwarmoebelma
fermerebma
unda
gayion.
1,8 mlrd.
buSeli
da erT
buSelSi
aiRon
2,752,75
dolari,
anuanu
wminda
sabazro
fass
damatebuli
subsidia.
isini
bevrad
ukeTes
mdgomareobaSi
iqnebian,
vidre
samwminda sabazro fass damatebuli subsidia. isini bevrad ukeTes mdgomareobaSi iqnebian, vidre sam
Tavrobo
Carevamde,
magram
imdenad
kargad,
rogorc
iqnebodnen
fasebis
SemzRudavi
sistemis
Tavrobo
Carevamde,
magram
araara
imdenad
kargad,
rogorc
iqnebodnen
fasebis
SemzRudavi
sistemis
SemTxvevaSi.
SemTxvevaSi.
P

SS11
SS2 2

subsidia

miwodebis raodenoba Tu miwodeba

magram praqtikaSi
yvelaferi
ise unaklod araa, rogorc grafikze. miwodebisa da moTxovnis
miwodebis
raodenoba
Tu miwodeba
mrudebi
asaxavs im yvelaferi
adamianTa erTobliobas,
romlebsac
surT
Sesyidva
an gayidva,
gadaixamagram praqtikaSi
ise unaklod araa,
rogorc
grafikze.
miwodebisa
daraTa
moTxovnis
don
an
miiRon
gansazRvruli
fasi.
amitom
es
did
gansxvavebas
qmnis
moTxovnisa
da
miwodebis
mrumrudebi asaxavs im adamianTa erTobliobas, romlebsac surT Sesyidva an gayidva, raTa gadaixa
debs
Soris.gansazRvruli fasi. amitom es did gansxvavebas qmnis moTxovnisa da miwodebis mru
don
an miiRon
momxmareblebi,
romlebic bazarze Sedian, moelian, rom gadaixdian fulis gansazRvrul raodebs Soris.
denobas
gansazRvruli
raodenobis
saqonelSi.
es raodenoba
SesaZloa
Seicvalos,
Tu aRmoaCines,
momxmareblebi,
romlebic
bazarze Sedian,
moelian,
rom gadaixdian
fulis
gansazRvrul
rao
rom
fasi
is
araa,
rasac
moelodnen,
ase
rom,
moTxovnis
mrudze
aRniSnuli
moTxovnis
raodenoba
denobas gansazRvruli raodenobis saqonelSi. es raodenoba SesaZloa Seicvalos, Tu aRmoaCines,
rom fasi is araa, rasac moelodnen, ase rom, moTxovnis mrudze aRniSnuli moTxovnis raodenoba
102
102

yoveli kerZo fasis SemTxvevaSi axlos iqneba realuri Sesyidvebis raodenobasTan, Tu, ra Tqma
unda, fasi misaRebia.
mimwodeblebis mxridan situacia gansxvavebulia. mimwodebels ar SeuZlia uecrad gazardos
miwodebis raodenoba, Tu aRmoaCens, rom gayidvis fasi aRemateba im fass, romelsac is varaudob
da. miwodebis procesi moiTxovs garkveul dros, ramdenime Tvidan erT wlamde mainc. mimwode
blebs ara aqvT miwodebis swrafi Semcirebis saSualebac ki, roca aRmoaCenen, rom fasi gacile
biT naklebia imasTan SedarebiT, rasac isini moelodnen. maT SeuZliaT ar gayidon Tavisi
produqciis nawili, magram ras moigeben amiT? es gazrdis maT danaxarjebs, vinaidan Sesasrule
beli aqvT finansuri valdebulebebi da produqciis Senaxvac sakmaod Zviri jdeba.
aqedan gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom fasebs gansazRvravs ara imdenad moTxovna (mrudi) da mi
wodeba (mrudi), ramdenadac moTxovnis mrudi da miwodebis raodenoba. miwodebis raodenoba, ra
Tqma unda, damokidebulia miwodebis mrudze, magram cvalebad samyaroSi sawarmoo gadawyveti
lebebi dafuZnebulia molodinze, romlebic xSir SemTxvevaSi mcdaria. fasebs miwodebis rea
lur raodenobasTan erTad moTxovnis mrudi gansazRvravs.
kidev erTxel ganvixiloT 6-1 naxazi. Tu mosavlis daTesvis droisTvis fermerebs aqvT zusti
informacia, Tu isini am situacias dawvrilebiT gaaanalizeben da Tu amindi da yvelaferi sxva,
rac maT kontrols ar eqvemdebareba, ise warimarTeba, rogorc isini moelian, maSin wminda sa
bazro fasi SesaZloa iyos, 1,5 dolari. xorblis momyvani fermerebi moelian erT buSelSi, 2,75
dolaris aRebas (1,5 dolars damatebuli daxmareba 1,25 dolari), amitom apireben 1,8 mlrd bu
Seli xorblis miwodebas. es raodenoba moTxovnili unda iyos 1,5 dolarad. ase rom, wminda sa
bazro fasi 1,5 dolari iqneba. wonasworobaa!
magram aq Zalian bevri `Tu~ gvxvdeba. ufro advili xom ar aris imis daSveba, rom mravali fer
meri, romelic moelis dapirebul daxmarebas, gazrdis sawyis fass 2,5 dolaramde? xom ar iqneba
maTTvis ukeTesi, am gziT miiRon meti mogeba, vidre 2,75 dolarad gayidvisas? xom ar SeZleben
isini, Sesabamisad, 1,8 mlrd buSelze metis gayidvas? SexedeT grafiks da miaqcieT yuradReba
imas, rom Tu xorblis momyvani fermerebi daTesen da moiyvanen xorbals 3 dolarad, fasi 0,5 do
laramde daecema. swored esaa mrudebis Sinaarsi. mrudebi ixazeba imisTvis, rom gakeTdes ori
mniSvnelovani daskvna:
1) miwodebisa da moTxovnis mrudebis gadakveTis wertili aris im adamianTa SeTanxmebis wer
tili, romlebsac gadawyvetilebebi Tavisi molodinebidan gamomdinare gamoaqvT da visi molo
dinebic xSirad mcdaria.
2) vinaidan mimwodeblebs ar SeuZliaT qcevis ise swrafad da uxarjod koreqtireba, rogorc
momxmareblebs, sasargebloa vifiqroT, rom fasebi moTxovniT da miwodebis raodenobis erTob
liobiT ufroa gansazRvruli, vidre moTxovniTa da miwodebiT.

kidev erTxel fasebisa da danaxarjebis Sesaxeb

rodesac profesiuli safexburTo gundebis menejerebi zafxulobiT bileTebis fasis moma
tebis Sesaxeb acxadeben, amas imiT xsnian, rom moimata mimdinare xarjebma, gansakuTrebiT ki mo
TamaSeTa xelfasebma. magram ratom iReben moTamaSeebi ase maRal xelfasebs? mizezi ar SeiZleba
iyos is, rom maT saSiSi da rTuli samuSao aqvT, vinaidan is aseTive saSiSi da rTuli iyo maSinac,
rodesac isini sezonis ganmavlobaSi mxolod ramdenime aseul dolars iRebdnen. fexburTelebi
aseT ZviradRirebul resursad gadaaqcia moTxovnam, anu mravali adamianis mzadyofnam, gadaixa
dos didi fuli sanaxaobaSi. evropuli fexburTis (sokeris) moTamaSe fexburTelebi aSS-Si gaci
lebiT naklebs iReben ara imitom, rom naklebs muSaoben, aramed imitom, rom am qveyanaSi evropu
li fexburTi imdenad popularuli ar aris.
yvela am magaliTSi vcdilobdiT, dagvemtkicebina, rom iseTi sawarmoo resursebis fasebi,
rogoricaa Sroma an miwa, moTxovnis mixedviT ganisazRvreba.
ganvixiloT kiborCxalebis bazris magaliTi. ufro maRali fasebi stimuls aZlevs kiborCxa
lebis damWerebs da bazarze miwodebis raodenoba izrdeba, magram ukanasknel wlebSi moTxovna
gacilebiT metad gaizarda, vidre miwodeba da Sesabamisad fasebmac mkveTrad imata.
ufro maRali fasi unda ganvixiloT, rogorc im resursebis gamoyenebis alternatiuli Rire
buleba, romlebic amoqmedda kiborCxalebze moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad. oRond, erT rome
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lime konkretul dRes, rodesac bazarze Semosulia yvela kiborCxala (anu am dRis ganmavlobaSi
miwodeba absoluturad dafiqsirebulia), fasi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc im potenciuri
myidvelis alternatiuli Rirebuleba, romelmac maRali fasis gamo xeli aiRo kiborCxalis Se
Zenaze. SeafaseT es Semdegnairad: arsebobs kiborCxalebis gamoyenebis mravali alternatiuli
xerxi, aranaklebi, vidre am produqtis potenciuri moyvarulia. ra Tqma unda, garkveuli Tval
sazrisiT, kiborCxalebi yovelTvis TiTqmis erTnairad gamoiyeneba, magram rodesac miirTmevs
erTi gurmani, meores SeiZleba kiborCxalebi aRar Sexvdes. sinamdvileSi kiborCxalebis moyva
rulebi erTmaneTs konkurencias uweven SezRuduli miwodebis gamo.
P

miwodeba

fasi

moTxovna

moTxovna kiborCxalebze gansazRvravs misi Sesyidvis xarjs (fass)

fasi, romelic awonasworebs bazars, anu awonasworebs miwodebisa da moTxovnis raodenobas, es is
fasia, romelic arwmunebs imedgacruebuli myidvelebidan yvelaze Seurigebel individsac ki, rom
saxlSi kambalas fileTi an oraguliT dabrundes. ase rom, bazris gamawonasworebeli fasi swored am
adamianisTvis gamosaxavs alternatiul Rirebulebas.
sainteresoa, yavis moyvarulTa ra nawils SeuZlia imis gaazreba, rom, TiTqos, roca braziliaSi
yinvebis gamo fasi izrdeba, es zrda xarjebzea dafuZnebuli? magram am axal gazrdil fass gan
sazRvravs ara yavis moyvanis xarjebi, aramed yavis alternatiuli Rirebuleba im moyvarulTaTvis,
vinc sasurveli kofeini unda dauTmos uarisTvis naklebad mzadmyofT da e.i. metis gadamxdelT.
miwodebis SezRudul raodenobasTan erTad fasi gansazRvrulia moTxovnis mixedviT.

danaxarjebi da sakuTreba
yvelas, visac jarSi umsaxuria, SeuZlia, ramdenime saSineli istoria mogviyves imis Sesaxeb, Tu
ramdenad araefeqtianad gamoiyeneba iq piradi Semadgenloba. maRalkvalificiuri buRalteri
iZulebulia SeRebos yazarma maSin, roca angariSi davalebuli aqvs adamians, romelsac TiTebze
Tvla uWirs. SesaZloa yovelive es odnav gadaWarbebulic iyos, magram, miuxedavad amisa, faqtia,
rom, rogorc wesi, samxedro samsaxurSi pirad Semadgenlobas bevrad ufro uyairaTod epyrobian,
vidre samoqalaqo samsaxurSi.
ratom? imitom, rom samoqalaqo samsaxurSi damsaqmebelni iZulebulni arian, TavianT mo
samsaxureebs gadauxadon alternatiuli Rirebulebis safasuri. Tu Tqven buRalters buRaltris
xelfasi unda gadauxadoT, is ar SeRebavs yazarmas. meores mxriv, raSi mdgomareobs im zemdegis
danaxarji, romelic aiZulebs maRalkvalificiur jariskacs, Seasrulos arakvalificiuri samu
Sao? Tu zemdegs raRac mizezis gamo ar moswons axalgazrda, maSin wvevamdelis sxva, misTvis Sesa
feris samuSaoze gadayvana zemdegisTvis alternatiuli SesaZleblobis (xelqveiTis damcireba)
dakargvas niSnavs. yvela momWirneobs, magram sxvadasxva mizniT.
aseTi analizidan ori daskvna gamomdinareobs pirveli: im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac momxmareb
lebs ar uxdebaT resursebis alternatiuli Rirebulebis, anu maTi saukeTeso alternatiuli ga
moyenebis Rirebulebis gadaxda, resursebi, Cveulebriv, daufiqreblad da uyairaTod gamoiyene
ba. meore: momxmareblebs uxdebaT resursebis alternatiuli Rirebulebis gadaxda maSin, roca es
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resursebi aSkarad sxvas ekuTvnis. jarSi gawveuli piri ar warmoadgens `Tavisi Sromis mepatro
nes~, vinaidan kanonma mas waarTva ufleba, gadawyvitos, Tu vis, sad da ra pirobiT unda emsaxuros.
amitom, rodesac `Zia semi~ dauZaxebs, mas ar SeuZlia moiTxovos Tavisi alternatiuli Rirebule
bis safasuri, rogorc im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac is kompania `United Soup Chips~-s sWirdeba.
ra Tqma unda, igive iTqmis yvela sxva resurszec. Tuki resursi aravis ekuTvnis, maSin veravin
daiCemebs imas, rom am resursis potenciurma momxmareblebma gadaixadon im alternatiuli Se
saZleblobis Rirebuleba, razedac uaris Tqmaa saWiro. kidev araerTxel mogviwevs darwmuneba
imaSi, rom, arasakmarisad dafasebuli resursebi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba mofiqrebulad da yairaTia
nad. dabali xarjebis SemTxvevaSi resursebis ekonomiis stimulebi sustad moqmedebs.
yovelive es srulad Seesabameba socialistur sazogadoebas, romelSic resursebis ganawileba
samTavrobo dagegmviT xdeba. yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, ekonomikis damgegmisTvis liubnadan mir
gorodamde, rkinigzis mSeneblobis danaxarji iyo imis Rirebuleba, Tu sxvagvarad ra SeiZleboda
gakeTebuliyo am resursebiT. magram Tu oficiozs Seswevs Zala konkurenciis gareSe miiRos mniS
vnelovani resursebi, rogorRa unda daadginon resursebis alternatiuli gamoyenebis Rirebu
leba? gaixseneT cnobili muSebi, romlebsac SeeZloT velosipedis Tvlis manas Secvla ise, rom
Tavdayira idgnen da ustvendnen. Tuki ar iqneboda cirkis mepatrone, romelic mzad iqneboda saTa
nadoT daefasebina am muSebis mier gaweuli momsaxureba, rogorRa darwmundebodnen centraluri
damgegmavebi, rom aseTi xalxis gamoyeneba velosipedebis sawarmoeblad Zviri siamovneba iyo?!
gansxvavebuli ekonomikuri sistemebisTvis gamorCeul maxasiaTebels warmoadgens is meTodi,
romlis meSveobiTac dgindeba alternatiuli qmedebebis Rirebuleba. iq, sadac resursebi kerZo
mflobelobaSia, warmoiSoba konkurencia da dgindeba is fasebi, romlebic uaxlovdeba resurse
bis mflobelisTvis alternatiul Rirebulebas. iq, sadac resursebs aSkarad gamokveTili mepat
rone ar hyavT, am procesis marTva SeuZlebelia. ra xdeba? vin gansazRvravs an rkinigzis xazis far
dobiT Rirebulebas, an imas, xom ar ajobebda rkinigzis liandagisTvis saWiro foladiT satvirTo
manqanebi damzadebuliyo, an transportirebis gaumjobesebis nacvlad transportiT gadasatani
saqoneli gaumjobesebuliyo, an, meti da ukeTesi samomxmareblo saqonlis gamoSvebis nacvlad, xom
ar ajobebda dasveneba? im informaciis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, romelsac moTxovnis da miwode
bis procesi warmoSobs, ekonomikis damgegmavebi TiTqmis iZulebulni arian, TviTneburad Seafa
son maT winaSe arsebuli alternativebi.
Tu gadawyvetilebebis mimRebni brmad ar moqmedeben, alternatiuli Rirebulebis, zRvruli
mogebisa da aseve zRvruli xarjebis Sefasebis meTodebi mudmivad unda gamoiyenebodes ekono
mikur sistemebSi. moTxovna da miwodeba, anu myidvelebisa da gamyidvelebis konkurenciis sabazro
procesi, Sesabamis Sefasebebs xelmisawvdom resursebze fasebis maCveneblebis ganTavsebiT qmnis.
yvelgan, sadac ki TamaSis wesebi naTlad ar gansazRvraven adamianis mier specifiuri resursebis
kontrolisa da gacvlis wesebs, moTxovnisa da miwodebis procesi ver gamoimuSavebs iSviaTobis
realistur maCveneblebs, raTa warmarTos ganawileba da koordinireba gaukeTos qmedebebs.

danaxarjebi da gadatvirTuloba
axali codna Zvel akviatebul azrebs aqarwylebs. yovel SemTxvevaSi, es asea, Tu warsuli Sexe
dulebebi ar axSobs axal codnas. Tu Tqven ar eTanxmebiT am TavSi motanil argumentebs, kidev
erTxel naTlad unda gaiazroT da meti yuradReba miaqcioT Cvens mier adre ganxilul sagzao
moZraobis magaliTs.
pirvel TavSi, sagzao moZraobis magaliTi gamoyenebuli gvqonda socialuri kooperirebis
asaxsnelad da Cven gamovitaneT daskvna, romelsac Tqven ukve icnobT. qalaqSi moZraoba yovel
Tvis ar aris mkacrad koordinirebuli procesi. moZraobis gadatvirTuloba, magaliTad, dakav
Sirebulia darRvevebis donesa da saskolo problemebTan, anu iseT socialur problemebTan,
romelTa koreqtireba mTavrobas zogjer uWirs. sasaciloa, rom zogjer igi Tavad aris am prob
lemebis mizezi.
mosaxleobis zrda ar warmoadgens sagzao sacobebis warmoqmnis ZiriTad mizezs

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sagzao moZraobis gadatvirTuloba (ZiriTadad, qalaqis centrebSi) mxolod mosaxleobis zrdiT ar

aris gamowveuli, vinaidan sagzao moZraoba zogjer im qalaqebSic gadatvirTulia, sadac mosaxleoba kle
bulobs. problema xalxis mier rodia Seqmnili. amerikelebs surT marTon avtomobilebi qalaqebsa da ga
reubnebSi, rac SeiZleba swrafad da xSirad. manqanis kerZo mflobels surs swrafad, komfortulad,
usafrTxod imoZraos ara mxolod samsaxursa da saxls Soris, aramed maRaziis, bazrobis, fexburTis mo
ednis, kinoTeatris, restornis, amxanagis saxlis da saerTod yvela sasurveli mimarTulebiT.
moZraobis gadatvirTulobis mizezs warmoadgens ufro metad simdidre, vidre mosaxleobis zrda. mag
ram ratom xdeba ase? gadatvirTuloba gardauvali ram araa. personalur kompiuterebze moTxovna ukanas
knel wlebSi bevrad metad gaizarda, vidre moTxovna im garemoze, sadac Cvenma avtomobilebma unda imoZra
on. kompiuterebis maRaziebSi ar aris didi rigebi, gzebze ki rigebi arcTu iSviaTi movlenaa. ese igi,
personaluri kompiuterebis miwodeba gaizarda iseve swrafad (an SesaZloa ufro swrafadac ki), rogorc
moTxovna. ratom ar gaizarda gzebis raodenoba iseve swrafad, rogorc moTxovna?
ratomaa rom miwodebis raodenoba zog SemTxvevaSi Tanxvdeba moTxovnis
sidides da zog SemTxvevaSi ki ara?
ori yvelaze ufro misaRebi pasuxi radikalurad gansxvavebulia erTmaneTisagan. erTni ambo
ben, rom CvenTan ar Sendeba gzebis sakmarisi raodenoba. meoreni amtkiceben, rom gzebis raode
noba sakmarisia, magram ar arsebobs sazogadoebrivi transportis adekvaturi sistema. ar SeiZle
ba, rom orive pasuxi swori iyos. sadaa WeSmariteba?
aravin icis! ra Tqma unda, umetesoba darwmunebulia, rom am saqmeSi erkveva da xmamaRlac ga
moTqvams meti transportis an gzebis moTxovnas, magram, saidan unda icodnen, gzebi gvaqvs Tu
ara? sad iReben isini informacias? saidan unda gaigon, gzebis deficitia Tu, piriqiT, zedmeti
raodenoba?
ar aris Zneli xorblis mosavlis deficitisa da siWarbis gansazRvra. 1990 wlebSi, mousavlia
nobis gamo, xorblis fasi erT buSelSi 4 dolaridan 6 dolaramde gaizarda. es momatebuli fasi
deficitis maCvenebeli iyo da, amasTanave, warmoadgenda deficitis mospobis saSualebas. maRal
ma fasma Seamcira moxmareba da seriozuli stimuli misca warmoebas. xorblis fasi swrafad dae
ca buSelSi 3 dolaramde. fasebis mkveTri dacema, erTis mxriv, siWarbes niSnavs, xolo, meores
mxriv, siWarbis mospobis saSualebas warmoadgens, amitom igi metad mtkivneuli movlenaa fer
merTa umravlesobisTvis.
ra emarTeba gzebiT sargeblobis fass? zogierTi gamonaklisis garda, gzebis sistemas aSS-Si
fasi ar gaaCnia, vinaidan igi kerZo sakuTrebaSi araa. mflobels ar SeuZlia fasis mixedviT imsje
los imis Sesaxeb, Tu adamianebis ra raodenoba moZraobs gzebze sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT da mi
wodebis gasazrdelad ris gadasaxdelad arian mzad. mflobelma icis mxolod arafuladi dana
xarjebis zrdis Sesaxeb. es gazrdili danaxarjebi warmoadgens deficitis damamtkicebel sabuTs.
magram deficiti TavisTavad ar aris imis argumenti, rom Cven axali gzebis mSenebloba daviwyoT.
ras iwinaswarmetyvelebdiT Tqven, romelime sxva produqti, magaliTad, kinos bileTebi nu
lovan fasad rom miewodebodes? davuSvaT, gadavwyviteT, rom kino kulturuli TvalsazrisiT
imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom yvelas unda hqondes misi naxvis saSualeba. ase rom, mTavrobas vai
ZulebT, neba darTos yvelas, visac surs, ufasod isargeblos kinoTeatrebiT. me viwinaswar
metyveleb, rom gadatvirTulobis seriozul problemas wavawydebiT.
kinoSi wasvla saSinel gansacdelad iqceoda. jer erTi, yovelTvis mogiwevdaT did rigSi Cad
goma, meorec, Tqven ver ipovidiT or adgils gverdigverd, Tuki seansze erTi saaTiT adre ar
mixvidodiT. rodesac kino daiwyeboda, Tqven ar geqnebodaT misi mosmenis saSualeba. xalxi ikama
Tebda, irbenda, iCxubebda. yvela kinoTeatri savse iqneboda mozardebiT, romelTa umravlesoba
dainteresebuli iqneboda ara filmis naxviT, aramed erTmaneTTan urTierTobiT. patara bavSve
bis didi jgufebi profesional ZiZebTan erTad regularulad daeswrebodnen kinoseansebs. isi
ni autanel xmaurs gamoiwvevdnen. ufrosebic met dros popkornisTvis gareT siarulSi gaata
rebdnen da ar isxdebodnen TavianT adgilebze. dabolos, rodesac isini TavianT adgilebs
daikavebdnen, mravali maTgani intensiurad iWoravebda. adamianebis umravlesoba ar iqneba fil

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miT dainteresebuli da es autanel movlenad gadaiqceva maTTvis, visac surs filmis naxva. kino
TeatrebSi adamianebs didi brZolis gadaxda mouwevT da zogierTi iq swored am sanaxaobisTvis
ivlis.
ratom ar SeuZlia mosaxleobis zrdas Teatrebis gadatvirTvis gamowveva?

rodesac produqtis fasi nulis tolia, adamianebi mas gamoiyeneben ise, TiTqos misi fasi nul
ze ufro naklebia. isini ufrTxian nivTis gamoyenebas, sanam misi zRvruli fasi nuls miuaxlov
deba, vinaidan maTTvis amis gakeTebis zRvruli fasi nulis tolia. swored asea saqme wyalTan mi
marTebaSi. Tumca Cven vambobT, rom wyali warmoadgens sicocxlisaTvis aucilebel produqts,
msoflioSi yvelaze saWiros da a.S., magram viciT, rom wylis zRvruli fasi CvenTvis metad
umniSvneloa da amitom ganvagrZobT wylis gamoyenebas ise, TiTqos mas fasi ar gaaCndes. es ar
qmnis damatebiT problemebs iq, sadac wylis damatebiTi raodenoba SeiZleba miwodebuli iqnas
umniSvnelo fasad. magram aseTive midgoma qmnis seriozul problemebs Cvens gzebze.
gamoiwvevs Tu ara kinoTeatrebSi Cvens mier aRwerili viTareba SeSfoTebas da warmoSobs Tu ara
im azrs, rom saWiroa meti kinoTeatris mSenebloba? an iqneb gvirCion, rom gaumjobesdes televiziis
muSaoba, raTa xalxi kinoTeatrebidan gamoviyvanoT. realurad, Cven ar SeiZleba vicodeT, kinoTeat
rebis didi Tu mcire raodenoba gvaqvs, vinaidan, ar gagvaCnia informaciis zusti wyaro. zustad ase
ve, ar gagvaCnia sakmarisi informacia saavtomobilo gzebis raodenobis Sesaxeb.

isurve meti, sanam ufasoa

gadatvirTuloba deficitis ganmsazRvreli meore sityvaa. nebismier produqtze iarsebebs de
ficiti, Tu fasi sakmaod dabali iqneba. isini, visac surs meti raodenobis gzebis mSenebloba, raTa
bolo moeRos gadatvirTulobas, amboben, rom unda aSendes gzebis is raodenoba, rac xalxs surs
nulovan fasad. es axlosaa absurdTan. damatebiTi gzebis zRvruli xarjebi ar aris nulis toli,
xolo qalaqis raionebSi is sakmaod maRalia. ratom unda gaviRoT didi damatebiTi xarjebi imis
Tvis, rom miviRoT mcire damatebiTi sargebeli? Tqven ambobT, rom mogeba sakmarisi iqneba? magram
rogor SeiZleba es ganvsazRvroT bazris gareSe? gadaxdisaTvis momxmareblis mzadyofna aCvenebs
kerZo mwarmoebels, Tu romeli xarjebis Semcireba gamoiwvevs met mogebas. mZRolebis mzadyofna,
atexon aurzauri da Cxubi gzebze sacobebis gamo, arafers eubneba kanonmdeblebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu
ra xarjebis gaReba iqneba saWiro qalaqebsa da gareubnebSi gzebis gayvanisTvis.
sagzao sacobebi = gzebis deficits. SesaZloa deficiti Segveqmnas nebismier
saganze, Tu maTze sakmaod dabal fasebs davawesebT.

Zviri da namdvilad gasaumjobesebeli sazogadoebrivi transportis damcvelebic ar iZle
vian ukeTes rCevebs. qvemoT moyvanilia nawyveti gazeTidan, romelSic axsnilia, Tu ratom ar
unda movelodeT kerZo kapitalisgan sazogadoebriv transportSi saxsrebis dabandebas.
imis mizezi, rom kerZo kapitali ar qmnis da ar marTavs sazogadoebriv transports isaa, rom
maTTvis amas fuli ar moaqvs. sazogadoebrivi saagentoebisTvis sazogadoebrivi transportis
Seqmnisa da marTvis stimuli isaa, rom isini iTxoven subsidiebs im momsaxurebis misawodeblad,
romelic sazogadoebas sWirdeba.
ucnauri argumentia. Tu sazogadoebas sWirdeba da surs momsaxureba, ratom ar SeiZleba amiT
fulis keTeba? Tu misi dafinanseba gadasaxadebis amoRebiT ufro moxerxebulia, vidre momxma
rebelTa SenatanebiT, saidan unda icodnen sazogadoebrivma saagentoebma, Tu ra raodenobiT
unda Seqmnan da amoqmedon transporti?
damajerebeli sabuTia siZvire axali produqtisa, romlis gansaxorcieleblad sazogadoeb
rivi transportis gaumjobesebis iniciatorebi Tavad ar apireben fulis gadaxdas. ekonomikis
enaze rom vTqvaT, zRvruli sargebeli (gazomili gamoyenebisTvis gadaxdis mzadyofniT) bevrad
naklebia sazogadoebrivi transportis Seqmnis da amoqmedebis zRvrul xarjebTan SedarebiT.
rodesac, federaluri mTavrobisgan miRebuli didi subsidiebis xarjze qalaqebSi xdeba sarki
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nigzo sistemis ageba, umravlesoba uars ambobs avtobusebiT sargeblobaze. eleqtrotranspor

tidan miRebuli mogeba, albaT, ar Seesabameba avtobusebis sistemebis danakargs. im mZRolebs,
romlebic amis momxreebi arian, miaCniaT, rom es Seamcirebs gzebis gadatvirTulobas, amitom
cdiloben sxvebic daarwmunon, ar isargeblon avtobusebiT da isargeblon matarebliT. arada
amerikelebi saxlidan samsaxuramde da nebismier sxva adgilamde misaRwevad upiratesobas kerZo
avtomobiliT mgzavrobas aniWeben.
moismineT matarebliT ubileTo mgzavrobis moyvarulTa argumenti `es privilegirebuli sis
temaa mxolod imitom, rom mTavroba Cveulebriv afinansebs mZRolebs da ar iRebs maTgan mTlian ga
dasaxads gadatvirTul adgilebSi moZraobisTvis~. mZRolebis lobis standartuli pasuxi, rom
manqanis mflobelebi ixdian gadasaxads benzinze, sakmaod mcdaria. manqanebi did gamonabolqvebs ga
mohyofen, gansakuTrebiT qalaqebSi. es is danaxarjia, rasac isini sxva adamianebze avrceleben da
rac gadasaxadiT ver Sefasdeba. am sakiTxs Cven me-13 TavSi davubrundebiT. principuli mosazrebaa,
rom didi qalaqebis SigniT da maT garSemo, bevrad meti damatebiTi gzebi Sendeba, vidre soflebis
midamoebSi. is, visac surs imoZraos didi qalaqis gadautvirTav gzebze, bevrad did moTxovnas war
moqmnis benzinze gadasaxadis SemosavalTan mimarTebaSi, vidre is, visac surs fermidan maRaziamde
gadautvirTav gzaze moZraoba. es aris zRvruli fasi, am kerZo SemTxvevaSi, _ damatebiTi danaxarji,
magram es ar aris saSualo fasi.
rogoria mocemul dros da mocemul adgilas damatebiTi
gzatkecilebis zRvruli xarjebi da zRvruli mogeba?
sakiTxavia, Tuki qalaqis mZRolebi mzad iqnebian gadaixadon fasi gadatvirTulobis Sesamci
reblad, Semcirdeba ki igi? unda vifiqroT, rom ara, Tuki Cven vfiqrobT gzebis aSenebas ise, rom
maTiT sargeblobis fasi nulis toli iyos. magram, Tu Cven CavatarebT tests gadaxdisadmi mzad
yofnis Sesaxeb, swrafad aRmovaCenT, rom quCebisa da gzebis sasurveli raodenoba, deklarire
bulze gacilebiT naklebia. rodesac fasi izrdeba, moTxovnis raodenoba mcirdeba. adamianebi
gamoiyeneben manqanebs mxolod maSin, rodesac ar arsebobs am produqtis kargi Semcvleli da
amgvarad aTavisufleben gzas. yvelas SeeZlo materialurad moego (Tumca ibuzRunebdnen maRa
li gadasaxadis gamo), radgan gzebi Tavisufali iqneboda didi SesaZleblobebis mqone gamomyeneb
lebisTvis da ar daziandeboda imaT mier, visac dabali zRvruli SesaZleblobebi aqvs.
sanam mTavroba gzebis mesakuTrea da, politikuri zewolis gamo, saSualebas iZleva isini nu
lovan fasad gamoiyenon, Cven yovelTvis gveqneba gadatvirTuloba da es problema arc maSin moi
spoba, Tu met axal metrosa da rkinigzas avaSenebT. amis naTel damamtkicebel sabuTs warmoad
gens is, rom sadac ki amis gakeTeba scades, arsad araferi gamovida. sagzao moZraoba izrdeba da
sazogadoebrivi transporti mniSvnelovnad ver cvlis am suraTs. amitomaa, rom qalaqis ga
datvirTuli adgilebis ufasod gacemas ganvagrZobT.

samedicino momsaxurebis mzardi danaxarjebi

vxelmZRvanelobT ra danaxarjebsa da Sesabamis gadawyvetilebebze aseTi SexedulebiT, Seveca
doT gaviazroT samedicino xarjebis zrdis Sesaxeb dawyebuli dava da isic, Tu rogor SevaCeroT
es zrda. dasawyisisTvis ganvixiloT eqimebis anazRaurebis sakiTxi.
xSirad amtkiceben, rom eqimebi did Tanxebs imitom iReben, rom ainazRauron swavlis xarjebi. gana es
sworia? aseTi msjelobidan gamomdinareobs, rom uvicebi, romlebic erTi wliT gvian amTavreben ins
titutebs, moiTxoven ufro met xelfass, vidre geniosebi, romlebic mTel kurss sxvebze swrafad
gaivlian. am msjelobidan isic gamomdinareobs, rom eqimebi, romlebic srul stipendias iRebdnen swav
lisas, fasebis nakleb preiskurants moiTxoven, vidre isini, vinc Tavad ixdida swavlis qiras. davuSvaT
samedicino institutis kursdamTavrebulma gaigo, rom ori wlis sicocxleRa darCa. nuTu igi gazr
dis Tavis honorars ise, rom am or weliwadSi amoiRos swavlis danaxarji? aseTi msjeloba uazrod
gveCveneba. praqtikosi eqimisTvis samedicino ganaTlebaze gaweuli xarjebi mTlianad warsuls barde
ba da, Sesabamisad, ar moqmedebs mimdinare gadawyvetilebebze.

108

P
S2
S1

samedicino ganaTlebis misaRebad saWiro didi Tanxa amcirebs eqimebis momsaxurebas

(gadaaadgilebs grafiks marcxniv)

niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom samedicino ganaTlebis xarjebi ar moqmedebs eqimebis anazRaurebaze?
pasuxi isaa, rom moqmedebs, Tumca iribad: igi gavlenas axdens eqimebis mier momsaxurebis miwodebaze.
mravalwliani gulmodgine Sromis perspeqtiva bevrs gadaafiqrebinebs, gaiaros dawyebiTi samedici
no kursebi medicinaSi. eqimis momavali samuSaos mimzidveloba mcirdeba imis gamo, rom am wlebSi
uari unda Tqvan gasamrjeloze da isesxon fuli swavlisa da cxovrebisaTvis. ase rom, samedicino
ganaTlebis miRebis momavali xarjebi zRudavs im pirTa raodenobas, vinc momavalSi xalxs samedici
no momsaxurebas SesTavazebs. saboloo jamSi es moqmedebs anazRaurebaze, romelsac iTxoven eqime
bi. magram imisTvis, rom gaverkveT, Tu rogor xdeba es, Cvens analizSi win unda waviwioT.
honorari, romelsac eqimi adgens pacientis misaRebad, dakavSirebulia xarjebTan, magram si
namdvileSi esaa pacientis miRebis xarjebi. ra aris eqim hipokrates mier pacient ana reqsis miRebis
danaxarji? ra alternatiul SesaZleblobaze unda Tqvas eqimma hipokratem uari saamisod? esaa Se
saZlebloba, daxmareba gauwios sxva pacients. riTi ganisazRvreba aseTi SesaZleblobis Rirebuleba
eqimisTvis? is ganisazRvreba im honorariT, romelic mzadaa gadaixados meore pacientma.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, adamianebi ixdian samedicino momsaxurebaze eqimebis SezRuduli
drois Rirebulebas maTi moTxovnis mixedviT. es moTxovna urTierTqmedebs eqimebis momsaxurebis
miwodebasTan, ris Sedegadac xdeba eqimTan vizitis, anu im fasis dadgena, romelsac eqimi konsulta
ciaSi iTxovs. rac ufro maRali honoraris miReba SeuZlia eqim hipokrates sxva pacientebisgan, miT
ufro maRali iqneba anas konsultaciis fasi.
miaqcieT yuradReba imas, rom sidide dadgenilia ara drois im monakveTis Rirebulebis mixedviT,
rac eqimma institutSi gaatara, aramed pacientTan mimarTebaSi misi drois Rirebulebis mixedviT. es
metad mniSvnelovani momentia. Tu izrdeba eqimebis momsaxurebaze moTxovna, magram ar izrdeba am
momsaxurebis miwodeba, maSin pacientebi, Seecdebian ra erTmaneTs gadauswron, asweven samedicino
momsaxurebis danaxarjebs. mokled rom vTqvaT, Cven TviTon ganvsazRvravT saeqimo momsaxurebis Ri
rebulebas masTan rigSi Cawerisas.
P
S2
S1

samedicino momsaxurebis Semcirebisas

mwarmoeblebi weven fasebs
109

eqimebi ar arian valdebulni, aswion fasebi, rodesac moTxovna miwodebaze swrafad izrdeba da
mravali maTgani marTlac ar akeTebs amas. samagierod isini uSveben xarjebis sxva elementebis zrdas.
`me ver migiRebT Tqven xuTSabaTamde~ an `Tu gnebavT SegiZliaT moxvideT klinikaSi da moicadoT,
magram SesaZloa eqimma ver migiRoT~. rac ufro nakleb gaizrdeba fasebi, miT ufro metad gaizrdeba
rigSi dgomis xarjebi. amis Sedegad, is vinc mzad iyo meti fuli gadaexada, dauTmobs samedicino mom
saxurebis nawils maT, vinc mzadaa saaTobiT icados rigSi da ikiTxos Zveli Jurnalebi.
ukanasknel wlebSi eqimebis momsaxurebaze moTxovnis zrdis mravali mizezi gaCnda. adamianebi
ufro didxans cocxloben, xandazmulebs meti problema aqvT, Cven eqimebis meti imedi gvaqvs da
ufro xSirad mivdivarT konsultaciebze, xolo konsultaciis msurvelebs sul ufro xSirad ar
moeTxovebaT am vizitis zRvruli danaxarjis gadaxda. ukanaskneli mizezi erTob mniSvnelovania, vi
naidan Seicavs gafrTxilebas medicinis mzardi Rirebulebis problemis gadawyvetis erT-erTi po
pularuli meTodis mimarT.

danaxarjebi da dazRveva
samedicino dazRvevis nebismieri sistema, romelic eqimebis momsaxurebas anazRaurebs, amci
rebs pacientebis danaxarjebs da amiT zrdis im momsaxurebis raodenobas, romlis SeZenac xalxs
surs. aseTi msjelobisTvis mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, dazRvevis sistema saxelmwifoa (mTlianad
gadasaxadebiT dafinansebuli), Tu kerZo, romlis drosac gadasaxadebs isini ixdian, vinc am
dazRveviT sargebloben. manam, sanam pacientis gadawyvetileba, ewvios eqims, didad ver moqmedebs
im Tanxaze, romelic man dazRvevaSi unda gadaixados, misTvis am vizitis fasi TiTqmis nulovania.
Tu dazRveulTa garkveuli raodenoba ufro xSirad daiwyebs eqimTan siaruls, maSin maT mouwevT
Senatanebis (anu gadasaxadebis) gazrda. magram sadazRvevo polisebis mflobelebs (anu gadasa
xadebis gadamxdelebs) am damatebiTi gadasaxadebis gadaxda imisgan damoukideblad mouwevT, wav
len isini eqimTan Tu darCebian saxlSi, raTa daisvenon da Cai dalion. damatebiTi xarjebi aunazRa
urebul danaxarjebs warmoadgens da amitom isini gavlenas ver moaxdenen gadawyvetilebaze.
pacientisaTvis eqimTan vizitis zRvruli fuladi danaxarji nulis tolia, rodesac dazRveva
ixdis Sesatan honorars.
amaSi mdgomareobs dazRvevis, `rogorc medicinis Rirebulebis problemis gadamwyvetis~, mTa
vari nakli. Tu ufro maRal xarjebze reagirebas imiT movaxdenT, rom gavzrdiT sadazRvevo mom
saxurebiT, amiT xels SevuwyobT moTxovnas, danaxarjebis zrdas da dazRvevis kidev ufro gaZvire
bas. moqalaqeebi daiwyeben gamokiTxvas, Tu ratom ar keTdeba araferi samedicino momsaxurebis
Rirebulebis Sesamcireblad. Cven verafers mivaRwevT, sanam Cvenive gadawyvetilebebiT xels vuw
yobT mis gaZvirebas, vzrdiT ra moTxovnas samedicino momsaxurebaze ufro metad, vidre izrdeba
misi miwodeba.
P
moTxovna
dazRvevis
gareSe

moTxovna
dazRveviT
S

saavadmyofoSi mkurnalobis xarjebi

kiTxva, Tu vin ixdis fass, aseve arsebiTia, rodesac saqme exeba samedicino momsaxurebis Rire
bulebis zrdis kidev ufro mniSvnelovan elements saavadmyofoSi mkurnalobas. Tu pacientebi
110

erTnair Tanxas ixdian ambulatoriuli mkurnalobisa da saavadmyofoSi mkurnalobisaTvis, isi

ni, ra Tqma unda, saavadmyofos airCeven. saavadmyofoSi ukeTesi movlaa da iq ufro advilia
Tval-yuri adevno pacientis gamojanmrTelebas. amasTan, dazRveva xSir SemTxvevaSi srulad ix
dis saavadmyofoSi mkurnalobis danaxarjebs maSin, rodesac ambulatoriuli mkurnalobis mxo
lod nawils faravs. es pirdapiri stimulia saavadmyofoebis SezRudul momsaxurebaze moTxov
nis gazrdisaTvis da araa rTuli imis winaswarmetyveleba, rom es palatebze fasis zrdamde
migviyvans.
davuSvaT, romelime saavadmyofo gafarTovda 200 sawoliT da SeiZina rTuli laboratoriu
li mowyobilobis didi raodenoba. mas Semdeg, rac es gadawyvetileba miRebulia, masTan dakav
Sirebuli xarjebi Seuqcevadia, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom isini administraciisTvis gamousa
degaria. Tuki saxelmwifo da kerZo sadazRvevo kompaniebi Tanaxma arian, saavadmyofos
aunazRauron pacientebis momsaxurebis xarjebi da Tu saavadmyofoebi Tavad iReben
gadawyvetilebas, Tu ra Seitanon Tavis danaxarjebi, isini aucileblad Seitanen Seuqcevadi xar
jebis yovel dolars. Seuqcevadi xarjebi yovel pacientze ganawilebuli iqneba nebismieri for
muliT, romelic saSualebas miscems saavadmyofos, rac SeiZleba swrafad aanazRauros es xar
jebi gadamxdelebTan konfliqtebis gareSe.
visTvis warmoadgens es yovelive danaxarjebs? visTvisaa es mogeba? Tu gvsurs, gavarkvioT,
ratom tardeba esa Tu is politika, umjobesia, swored ase daisvas sakiTxi danaxarjebisa da mo
gebis Sesaxeb. roca Tanamedrove samedicino aRWurvilobis moxmarebisgan sargebels ZiriTadad
samedicino personali iRebs, roca samedicino personalis ukmayofilebam SeiZleba usiamovneba
moutanos administracias, roca mowyobilobis SeZenis danaxarjebs mTlianad da winaaRmdego
bebis gareSe Tavis Tavze mTavroba, sadazRvevo kompaniebi an qvelmoqmedebi iReben, maSin saavad
myofos administracia SeiZens ZviradRirebul aparaturas im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu mas iSviaTad
gamoiyenebs da e.i. saavadmyofoSi momsaxurebis xarjebi uecrad gaizrdeba.
is momxmareblebi, vinc ixdian sadazRvevo Senatans, fasebis kontrolis mizniT, ukanasknel
wlebSi cdiloben, zewola moaxdinon damzRvevebze, xolo damzRvevebi mouwodeben eqimebs, Seam
ciron samedicino daxmarebis xarjebi. sadazRvevo kompaniebi agreTve cdiloben, gadauxadon
garkveul momsaxurebaze fiqsirebuli Tanxa imis nacvlad, rom dafaron yvela is danaxarji, ro
melic TiTqosda gaaCniaT saavadmyofoebs. amis Sedegad, administraciebs xarjebis kontro
lisTvis meti safuZveli gauCndaT da ekonomiis survilma pacientamdec miaRwia. danaxarjebis
yovelgvari zrdis gareSe garantirebuli samedicino daxmarebis problemis gadawyveta didi
xnis manZilze mzaddeboda. Aam sferoSi gasarkvevad unda vicodeT, rom moTxovna gansazRvravs
danaxarjebs. aucilebelia samedicino momsaxurebis racionalizaciis zogierTi meTodis gamo
yeneba, vinaidan nulovani fasis pirobebSi pacientebisTvis moTxovnis raodenoba bevrad didia,
vidre is raodenoba, romlis miwodebac SesaZlebelia.

elastiuroba da fasebis cvlileba

ukanasknel wlebSi amerikelebi bevrad met yuradRebas uTmobdnen dietis gavlenas janmrTe
lobaze. aman gamoiwvia moTxovnis zrda qaTmebsa da zRvis produqtebze da Seamcira moTxovna
xorcze. SegviZlia Tu ara vivaraudoT ufro maRali fasi qaTamsa da Tevzze, xolo naklebi fasi
xorcze, vinaidan moTxovna gansazRvravs fass?
P

araelastiuri
miwodeba

elastiuri
miwodeba

D1

D2
Q

111

savaraudoa, rom ara. rodesac produqtze moTxovna izrdeba an mcirdeba, fasze gavlena damoki
debulia miwodebis elastiurobaze. ramdenad elastiuria qaTmebis, zRvis produqtebisa da xorcis
miwodeba? upirveles yovlisa, pasuxi damokidebuli iqneba wina periodis analizis Sedegebze. metad
xanmokle periodis ganmavlobaSi miwodebis mrudebi ukiduresad araelastiuria, vinaidan mTlianad
miwodebis, an miwodebis raodenobis cvlileba garkveul dros moiTxovs. rac ufro didi dro aqvT
mimwodeblebs, miT ufro didi iqneba miwodebuli raodenobis cvlileba. es kargi wesia. faqtobrivad
imas niSnavs, rom miwodebis mrudebi ramdenadac araelastiuria mokle vadebSi, imdenadve elastiu
ria grZelvadian periodSi. Tundac fasebSi umniSvnelo cvlilebebis sapasuxod, mimwodeblebs SeuZ
liaT moZebnon bevri gza resursebis gadaadgilebisaTvis.
amerikelebis Wamis CvevebSi cvlilebebi iSviaTia, rac imas niSnavs, rom mimwodeblebs reguli
rebisaTvis sakmao dro aqvT. amdenad, xorcis fasi uecrad ar daecema da qaTmis fasic erTbaSad
ar gaizrdeba, resursebi ki xorcis warmoebidan qaTmis warmoebaSi gadainacvlebs.
zRvis produqtebis SemTxvevaSi saqme sxvagvaradaa. zRvis produqtebze gazrdili moTxovna
gamoiwvevs Sesabamis biznesSi meti resursebis mobilizebis aucileblobas, magram es procesi
gazrdis zRvrul danaxarjebs. ZiriTadi problema aq isaa, rom zRvis produqcia ar iwarmoeba
mxolod kerZo resursebis xarjze iseve advilad, rogorc qaTmebis SemTxvevaSi. raki TevzWeris
zona, umetes SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebrivi qonebaa, yvela Seecdeba, moipovos sxvaze meti produq
ti, gadaWarbebuli Zalisxmeva ki am zonaSi nadavls Seamcirebs. TevzmWerebs ufro didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi mouwevT nadavlis ZviradRirebuli Zieba da portSi bevrad naklebi nadavliT
dabrundebian. amis Sedegia araelastiuri miwodebis mrudi, roca Sesabamisi moTxovnis gazrda
zRvis produqciis fasis mniSvnelovani zrdis mizezia.
moTxovnis elastiuroba aseTive saxis cvlilebebs ganicdis, rodesac sawyisi cvlilebebi mi
wodebis mxriv mimdinareobs. vinaidan navTobze moTxovna metad araelastiuria, 1970-ian wlebSi
aSS-sTvis miwodebuli navTobis daaxloebiT 15 procentianma Semcirebam, rac OPEC-is (navTobis
eqsportiori qveynebis gaerTianeba) qmedebiT iyo gamowveuli, benzinis fasi TiTqmis orjer ga
zarda. garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi navTobisa da misi produqtebis momxmareblebma ipoves
Semcvlelebi da gadaumuSavebeli navTobisa da misi produqtebis fasi isev daeca. moTxovna
grZelvadian periodSi bevrad ufro elastiuria, vidre moklevadian periodSi. ra Tqma unda,
navTobis fasis dacemas gaZvirebaze mimwodeblis grZelvadiani sapasuxo reaqciac gan-
sazRvravda.

vin ixdis gadasaxadebs?

ra efeqts unda movelodeT sigaretze gadasaxadebis zrdis SemTxvevaSi? sigaretze moTxovnis
elastiuroba metad mniSvnelovani sakiTxia. dakvirvebebma gvaCvena, rom mimdinare fasebis
sazRvrebSi moTxovna sakmaod araelastiuria, ase rom, gazrdili gadasaxadebi mogebas metad
gazrdis, vidre amerikelebis janmrTelobas gaaumjobesebs. mzardi gadasaxadebi gamoiwvevs si
garetis fasis zrdas, rac saboloo jamSi mwevelTa biujetisTvisaa sagrZnobi. gadasaxadebis
sakmaod maRal doneze moTxovna mTlianad elastiuri xdeba, gadasaxadebis zrda Seamcirebs ga
dasaxadebisgan miRebul mogebas. sigaretebis gadasaxadebis stimulirebiT mowevis akrZalva da
mogebis gazrda logikuri ar Cans.
arsebobs Tu ara iseTi principebi, romlebic saSualebas mogvcems viwinaswarmetyveloT, Tu
rogor moqmedebs fasze Sesyidvis an gayidvis gadasaxadebi? aqvs Tu ara mniSvneloba imas, vis
akisrebs mTavroba gadasaxadebis gadaxdas, mimwodebelsa Tu momxmarebels? 6-2 naxazi gaZlevT
moTxovnis da miwodebis mrudebTan damatebiTi muSaobis SesaZleblobas, gadasaxadebis gan
sazRvris ZiriTadi logikis, anu imis warmodgeniT, Tu vin ixdis gadasaxads. ekonomistebs uyvarT
sasoflo-sameurneo magaliTebis moyvana aseTi analizisTvis, vinaidan arsebobs tipuri, didi
raodenobis gansxvavebuli mimwodebeli da momxmarebeli, ase rom strategiuli gamoTvlebi ar
cvlis suraTs (strategiul gamoTvlebs da yvelafers, rac masTanaa dakavSirebuli me-8 TavSi
gavecnobiT).

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nax. 6-2 miwodeba da moTxovna soios zeTze

naxazi 6-2 warmogvidgens soios zeTis miwodebisa da moTxovnis mrudebs. wminda sabazro fasi,
rogorc xedavT erT girvanqaSi 0,20 dolars udris. SemdegSi mTavroba moiTxovs gamyidvelebisa
gan, rom maT gadaixadon 5 centi TiToeuli gayiduli girvanqidan. ra daemarTeba amis Sedegad
fass?
pirvel nabijs warmoadgens imis Cveneba, Tu ra gavlenas moaxdens gadasaxadi miwodebis mrud
ze. vinaidan soios zeTis gayidvis zRvruli dasaSvebi fasi 5 centiT maRalia, Cven miwodebis
mruds mTeli misi sigrZis gaswvriv vertikalurad zemoT, 5 centiT gadavaadgilebT. es aris imis
sawinaaRmdego procedura, rasac vakeTebdiT imisTvis, rom gveCvenebina subsidiebis gavlena
xorblis momyvanebze.
sad moxdeba miwodebis am axali da moTxovnis mrudebis gadakveTa? vinaidan moTxovnili da
miwodebuli raodenobebi axla erT funtSi 24 centis fasis eqvivalenturia, es moxdeba axali
wminda sabazro fasis an TanafardobiTi fasis dros. zeTis gayidvis da yidvis raodenoba drois
gansazRvrul periodSi 4 mlrd girvanqidan 3,5 mlrd girvanqamde daecema.
vin gadaixdis gadasaxads? momxmareblebma amjerad 20 centis nacvlad 24 centi unda gadaixadon erT
girvanqaSi da mimwodeblebma TiToeul girvanqaSi 20 centis nacvlad, wmindad 19 centi unda aiRon. ase
rom, momxmarebelma unda gadaixados gadasaxadis 80 procenti da danarCen 20 procents ki mimwodebeli
ixdis, miuxedavad imisa, rom gadasaxadi mimwodeblisgan unda yofiliyo amoRebuli administraciuli
mosazrebebiT, gayidvis gadasaxadebi yovelTvis mimwodeblebs unda ekisrebodeT. gadasaxadebis amoRe
ba da Segroveba momxmareblidan bevrad ufro rTuli iqneboda, praqtikulad mTavrobas rom gadaewyvi
ta momxmareblisTvis daekisrebina gadasaxadebis gadaxda. vnaxoT, ra moxdeba, Tu mTavroba moiTxovs
soios zeTis myidvelebidan, gadaixadon 5 centi TiToeul girvanqaSi.
am SemTxvevaSi Cven davinaxavT, rom, gadasaxadebis gamo, moTxovnis mrudi vertikalurad dabla
daiwevs. dafiqrdiT, Tu ratom moxda es? moTxovnis mrudi warmogvidgens momxmarebelTa raodeno
bas, romelsac sxvadasxva fasad surs Sesyidva. Tu gadasaxadebi moiTxovs maTgan 5 centiT meti ga
daixadon erT girvanqaSi, isini nebismieri raodenobis zeTis Sesyidvas mxolod 5 centiT nakleb fa
sad moindomeben, rogorc es gadasaxadis dawesebamde unda yofiliyo. amitom moTxovnis mrudi
mTeli raodenobisTvis, 5 centiT dabla daiwevs.
axali, gadasaxadebTan misadagebuli, moTxovnis mrudi miwodebis mruds 19 centis fasis adgilze
gadakveTs. es iqneba axali, wminda sabazro fasi. mimwodeblebi TiToeul girvanqaSi miiReben wminda
113

Semosavals 19 cents, iseve rogorc maSin, rodesac gadasaxadis gadaxda Tavad maT evalebodaT,
momxmareblebi gadaixdian erT girvanqaSi 24 cents, anu isev imdens, rogorc maSin, rodesac gadasa
xads mTavrobas mimwodeblebi uxdidnen. isev da isev, momxmareblebi gadasaxadebis 80, xolo mimwodeb
lebi 20 procents gadaixdian.
P

Dgadasaxadamde

gadasaxadis
Semdeg

DD21
DD12
Q

ratom rCeba gadasaxadebi yovelTvis 80 procenti 20-is sapirwoned? miwodebisa da moTxovnis

fardobiTi elastiuroba gansazRvravs gamoSvebas. 3,5 mlrd. da 4 mlrd. erTeul raodenobas So
ris moTxovnis safaso elastiuroba 0,73 tolia, SedarebiT araelastiuria moTxovna maSin, ro
desac miwodebis safaso elastiuroba 2,6 tolia, anu miwodeba SedarebiT elastiuria. ramdena
dac ufro naklebad elastiuri da mgrZnobiare arian gamyidvelebi da myidvelebi gadasaxadebiT
gamowveuli fasebis cvlilebis mimarT, imdenad met gadasaxads ixdian isini.
yovelive amis Semdeg SesaZloa, gagiCndeT kiTxva, maS, vin ixdis saboloo jamSi im gadasaxa
debs, romelsac federaluri an Statebis mTavroba akisrebs korporaciebs Semosavlebze? Tu
Tqven SegiZliaT, rom gadasaxadebis ganxiluli magaliTis safuZvelze am kiTxvas srulad da
naTlad upasuxoT, maSin am wignis avtorze meti gcodniaT. SeuZlebelia, korporaciebma iseve ga
daixadon gadasaxadebi, rogorc amas adgili aqvs sigaretis an zeTis gadasaxadis gadaxdis dros.
gadasaxadebs saboloo jamSi xalxi ixdis. sabolood vin ixdis im gadasaxadebs, romlebsac
mTavroba korporaciebis Semosavals akisrebs? iwvevs Tu ara gadasaxadebis zrda im produqtis
fasis zrdas, romelsac es korporaciebi uSveben? iwvevs Tu ara es xalxis gaRaribebas da kor
poraciebis gamdidrebas? amcirebs Tu ara es korporaciebis mflobelTa Semosavals? transaq
ciebi, romlebic saboloo jamSi ayalibebs korporaciebis mogebas, imdenad mravali da sxvadasx
vagvaria, rom aravin fiqrobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin ixdis mTlianobaSi korporaciebis Semosavlebze
gadasaxads. es SesaZloa gadasaxadebis gauqmebis an maTi SenarCunebis karg politikur mizezad
mogveCvenos.

114

mokled gavimeoroT
mcdari iqneba imis daSveba, rom Cven gvaqvs arCevanis saSualeba xarjebze dafuZnebul fasebsa
da miwodeba-moTxovniT gansazRvrul Sefasebas Soris, vinaidan moTxovna da miwodeba gansazRv
ravs yvela xarjs.
cvlis ra fardobiT danaxarjebs mdgomareobis cvlilebis sapasuxod, moTxovnisa da miwode
bis procesi ayalibebs fasebs, romlebic asaxaven produqtis fardobiT iSviaTobas da gviCvene
ben, Tu rogor SeiZleba maTi ufro ekonomiurad gamoyeneba.
fasebi, romlebic asaxaven fardobiTi iSviaTobis cvlilebas, koordinacias ukeTeben adami
anebis qmedebebs komerciul sazogadoebaSi.
vidre resursebi mTlianad kerZo sakuTrebaSi ar aris, an ar arsebobs TamaSis naTeli wesebi,
romlebic maT gamoyenebas gansazRvravs, komerciul sazogadoebaSi koordinirebuli moqmedeba
ufro garTulebulia.
miwodebaSi cvlilebebs ufro meti gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT produqtis fasze, rodesac
masze moTxovna araelastiuria, da metad imoqmedeben gacvlis raodenobis cvlilebaze, rodesac
moTxovna elastiuria. analogiurad, moTxovnis cvlilebas meti gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia fa
sebze, rodesac miwodeba araelastiuria da metad imoqmedebs gacvlis raodenobaze, rodesac mi
wodeba elastiuria.
moTxovnis mruds, da gansakuTrebiT, miwodebis mruds, miT ufro meti elastiurobis tenden
cia gaaCniaT, rac ufro didi dro aqvs xalxs imisaTvis, rom reagireba moaxdinos fasebis cvli
lebaze.

sakiTxebi gansjisaTvis
1. ra kavSiria fasebsa da danaxarjebs Soris? gaaanalizeT Semdegi oTxi SemTxveva da gaeciT am
kiTxvas pasuxi.
a) TevzsaWeri seinerebis mSenebloba da aRWurva metad did TAanxebs moiTxovs. swored
amitom aris Zviri maTi SeZena? ra urTierTkavSiria seinerebis fassa da mTlianad aR
Wurvili TevzsaWeri seineris danaxarjebs Soris?
b) gadaixdian Tu ara met fass maRaziebSi im raionis mcxovrebni, sadac fasebi momatebu
lia arsebuli kriminaluri mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad gaweuli xarjebis dasa
faravad? ra kavSiria fasebsa da kriminalurad saSiS raionebSi usafrTxoebis dana
xarjebs Soris?
g) aZlevs Tu ara aSS-is mTavroba daxmarebas im fermerebs, visac mohyavs garkveuli sa
xis mosavali, radgan misi moyvana Zviri jdeba? Tu, piriqiT, gansazRvruli sasoflosameurneo kulturebis moyvanis xarjebi imitom aris ufro maRali, rom mTavroba
daxmarebas uwevs fermerebs?
d) xeliT damzadebuli xis flamingoebi 150 dolari Rirs. ratomaa isini ase Zviri? imi
tom, rom xeliTaa damzadebuli? Tu imitom xarjaven mis xeliT keTebaze bevr dros,
rom ician misi namdvili fasi damokidebulia Tu ara sagnis Rirebuleba imaze rom
adamianebma ician, rogor daamzadon isini? ra SemTxvevaSi iqneboda flamingo ufro
Zviri maSin, roca adamianebs ecodinebaT, rom igi papma ioane mecametem daamzada, Tu
maSin, rodesac Tqveni gakeTebuli hgoniaT?
2. garkveul regionebSi qariSxalma Caamtvria uamravi SuSa da es gaxda meSuSeebze gazrdili
moTxovnis mizezi. Tuki meSuSeebi gazrdian saaTobriv anazRaurebas, saxlis mepatronebs
fanjrebis remontis fasi gaezrdebaT. gamoiwvia Tu ara qariSxalma meSuSeebis xarjebis
gazrda fanjrebis Casasmelad? Tu, piriqiT, is meSuSeebi, vinc aswia Tavisi momsaxurebis
fasi, am situaciidan arasamarTlian mogebas iReben? SesaZloa, am sakiTxis kvlevisas Semdegi
kiTxvebi dagexmaroT:
a) ratom SeuZliaT meSuSeebs fasebis gazrda?
b) vin aiZulebs maT, gazardon fasebi?
g) ra saSualebiT SeuZliaT meSuSeebs, daadginon zRvruli gazrdili xarjebi?
115

d) maincdamainc ratom ar moindomeben meSuSeebi fasebis momatebas?

e) gazrdili fasebis SemTxvevaSi, ra gziTaa SesaZlebeli sazogadoebis momsaxureba
meti meSuSis mier?
3. mobiluri saxlebis mepatroneebis umravlesobas saxlebi kerZo sakuTrebaSi aqvT, magram is
miwa, romelzedac saxlia ganlagebuli, ijariT aqvT aRebuli. ukanasknel xans zogierTma mu
nicipalitetma kontroli daawesa im saijaro Tanxis zrdaze, romelsac patronebi iTxoven
TavianT nakveTebSi. saijaro gadasaxadis aseTi kontrolis aucileblobis erT-erT sabuTad
is mohyavT, rom regionaluri regulireba urTulebs mobiluri saxlebis mepatroneebs axal
nakveTebze gadasvlas, rodesac Zveli nakveTis saijaro gadasaxadi mkveTrad izrdeba.
a) ris mixedviT ganisazRvreba is saijaro Tanxa, romlis moTxovnac SeuZlia mobiluri
saxlebis parkis mepatrones adgilis gaqiravebisTvis?
b) ra xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli es Tanxa da, saerTod, aris Tu ara dakavSirebuli xar
jebTan?
g) rogor SeuZlia regionalur regulirebas, gavlena moaxdinos im saijaro Tanxaze,
romlis amoRebac SeuZliaT parkebis mepatroneebs?
d) daeTanxmebiT Tu ara mobiluri saxlis mepatrones, romelic saijaro Tanxis mniSvne
lovani momatebisas aRSfoTebas gamoTqvams da ambobs, rom `misi saxli Rirebulebas
sZens am WuWyian moedans~.
4. saijaro gadasaxadze kontrolis dawesebiT cdiloben saijaro fasis zrdis SeCerebas mepat
roneTa xarjebis zrdis Sesabamisad. SeecadeT am TavSi moyvanili meTodebis gamoyenebiT ga
dawyvitoT Semdegi sakiTxebi:
a) rogoria saxlis mepatronis xarjebi, romelmac Tqven bina 500 dolarad mogaqiravaT
maSin, rodesac sxvebi mzad iyvnen is 600 dolarad daeqiravebinaT?
b) rogor imoqmedebs saijaro gadasaxadze kontrolis dawesebis dadgenileba saxlis
mepatronis xarjebze im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is binas cariels datovebs, an Tavad gamoi
yenebs, an nebas darTavs naTesavs, ufasod icxovros iq?
g) rogor fiqrobT, xarjebis romel koncefcias eyrdnobian saijaro Tanxis kontrolis
momxreebi, rodesac laparakoben maqsimaluri saijaro Tanxisa da saxlis mepatrone
Ta xarjebis urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb?
d) ipoTekuri gadasaxadebi asaxaven saxlis Sesyidvis danaxarjebs da, amdenad, SesaZle
belia Seicavdnen danaxarjebs, romlebic dakavSirebulia ijaris amoRebis kontrol
Tan, rac qiris zrdas iwvevs. ra gansazRvravs potenciuri saxlis mepatronis mier sax
lis Sesyidvis danaxarjebs?
e) sawvavis danaxarji, romelic saxlebis gasaTbobadaa saWiro, yovelTvis Sedis kano
nier xarjSi, rodesac saxlis mepatroneebi zrdian saijaro Tanxas. ra gansazRvravs
sawvavis fass?
v) davuSvaT, saxlis mepatronem daiqirava manqanebis farexi saxlis axlos da Tavis
mdgmurebs sadgomiT sargeblobis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. Tu im raionSi gaizarda man
qanebis gaCerebaze moTxovna, mepatrone albaT met fass moiTxovs. ratom wava ufro
did daTmobaze saijaro kontrolis komisia manqanis gasaCerebeli adgilis fasis, da
ara binis qiris zrdis SemTxvevaSi?
5. sietlis municipalitets gaaCnia patara navsadgomi da misadgomebs aqiravebs navebis mflo
belebze. rodesac municipalitetis mesveurebma miiRes gadawyvetileba saijaro Tanxis iseT
doneze gayinvis Sesaxeb, romelic gadaiaraRebis xarjebze 5%-ian mogebas moitanda, maT gana
cxades, rom amisaTvis saWiro iqneba uaxloesi sami wlis manZilze navsadgomebiT sargeblo
bis Tanxis orjer gazrda.
a) ra kavSirSia erTmaneTTan navsadgomebis gadaiaraRebis da maTi gaqiravebis xarjebi?
b) aRWurvilobis yvelaze mniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgens okeanis wyali, romelzec
aSenebulia navsadgomi (Tu Tqven amtkicebT, rom misi gaTvaliswineba ar aris aucile
beli, radgan okeane warmoadgens bunebis ufaso saCuqars, dabrundiT ukan da Seamow
meT Tqveni pasuxebi meore Tavis meore kiTxvaze).
g) im momentisTvis, rodesac municipalitetis warmomadgenlebma gamoacxades TavianTi
116

gadawyvetileba fasebis momatebis Sesaxeb, municipalitetis TanamSromlebi klient

Ta 17-20 wlian rigs varaudobdnen. ra kavSiri aqvs amas navsadgomebis gaqiravebis xar
jebTan?
6. eqimebi, romlebmac didi sesxebi aiRes TavianTi samedicino ganaTlebis dasafinanseblad,
praqtikas xSirad didi danaklisebiT iwyeben, rac maT unda ainazRauron.
a) rogor fiqrobT, ra gansxvaveba iqneba im fasebs Soris, romelsac sami damwyebi eqimi
daawesebs Tavis momsaxurebaze, Tu erTma maTganma Tavisi swavla valis aRebiT daafi
nansa da axla 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi yovelwliurad 9600 dolari unda gadaixados,
meore mTlianad mSoblebma daafinanses, xolo mesame swavlis ganmavlobaSi sul sa
xelmwifo stipendias iRebda?
b) SeafaseT samedicino skolis menejeris mier gamoTqmuli argumenti imis Taobaze,
rom saxelmwifo SeZlebda samedicino momsaxurebis gaiafebas, Tuki mTlianad dafa
ravda swavlis xarjs, gaaTavisuflebda ra amiT eqimebs im aucileblobisgan, rom Ta
vad daefaraT ganaTlebis xarjebi (damatebuli procenti) honorarebis gazrdis
gziT.
g) wina argumentis avtori amtkicebs, rom `me da Tqven~ unda davfaroT eqimis mier aRe
buli valis xarjebi, vinaidan es xarjebi warmoadgens `saqmis warmoebis kanonier da
naxarjebs~. ra mniSvneloba aqvs imas, warmoadgens Tu ara esa Tu is xarjebi kanonier
danaxarjebs? davuSvaT rom raionSi praqtikis mqone yvela eqimisgan adgilobrivma
mafiam maTi usafrTxoebisTvis 5000 dolari moiTxova. iqneboda Tu ara es xarjebi
`saqmis warmoebis kanonieri xarjebi~? imoqmedebda Tu ara es eqimebis honorarebze?
7. SabaTobiT mTeli kvirisTvis Tqven yidulobT sayvareli sasmelis Svid boTls da ixdiT 1 do
lars boTlSi. guSin aRmoCnda, rom maRaziaSi aris fasdakleba (mxolod erTi dRiT) da Ti
Toeuli boTli 50 centad iyideba. axla kvira saRamoa. mezobeli gTxovT, rom mihyidoT mas
oTxi boTli. ra fasi iqneba samarTliani?
8. daniel kainemanma, jek kneCma da riCard Tailerma Caatares gamokvleva bazris transaqciebis
samarTlianobis Sesaxeb. erT-erTi Tavi `samarTlianoba, rogorc mogebisaken swrafvis
SezRudva da sabazro uflebebi~, warmogvidgens sazogadoebis Sexedulebebis Seswavlis
Sedegebs, raTa gvaCvenos samarTlianobis gageba, romelsac xalxi gvTavazobs bazarze firme
bis moqmedebis koreqtirebisaTvis. mocemuli gvaqvs hipoTetiuri situacia:

maRazias sawyobSi Senaxuli aqvs miwis Txilis karaqis ramdenime Tvis maragi. mesakuTrem
Seityo, rom karaqis Sesyidvis sabiTumo fasma moimata da man dauyovnebliv moumata sacalo
fass. 147 gamokiTxuli respodentis mxolod 21 procents miaCnia, rom es qmedeba misaRebia, 79
procenti ki fiqrobs, rom es usamarTlobaa.
a) miwis Txilis karaqis sabiTumo fasi sawyobSi aris Seuqcevadi danaxarji. iqneboda ki
misaRebi fasebis Sesaxeb gadawyetileba im gamyidvelisTvis, romelic iziarebs fase
bis mimarT samarTlianobis Sesaxeb umravlesobis Sexedulebas?
b) ra azris iqneba amis Taobaze is gamyidveli, romelic iziarebs umciresobis Sexedu
lebas, magram amave dros icis, Tu ras ityvian masze momxmareblebi, Tu is moumatebs
fass `Zvel~, adre Sesyidul produqcias?

ekonomikuri azrovnebis wesi Cveulebriv ar ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisgan gadaxdil da
auRebel Tanxebs, radgan orive danaxarjebs ganekuTvneba. maT sazogadoebis umrav
lesoba ganasxvavebs, vinaidan swams, rom gamyidvelebs SeuZliaT aswion fasebi, raTa
dafaron ufro maRali sabiTumo xarjebi, magram ar SeuZliaT, gaakeTon es ubralod
imitom rom, momxmareblebi Tanaxma arian gadaixadon ufro maRali fasi. iziarebT Tu
ara Tqven popularul gansazRvras? an iqneb fiqrobT, rom maT ver gaiges, raSi mdgo
mareobs problemis arsi?
9. davuSvaT, rom Tqven gaqvT maRazia da amuSavebT mas. diliT, rodesac samuSaoze wasasvlelad
emzadebodiT, radioTi moismineT gancxadeba, rom miwis Txilis karaqis fasi gaizarda, vinai
dan gaizarda miwis Txilis fasi. Tqven gaxsovT, rom guSin miiReT miwis Txilis karaqis axali
partia _ ori Tvis maragi da gadawyvetili gaqvT fass ar moumatoT. samsaxurSi misvlisas
dagirekaT Tqvenma megobarma ekonomistma, romelmac icis Tqveni mdgomareobis Sesaxeb da
117

saaTobrivi xelfasi

surs gagafrTxiloT, rom Tqveni sazogadoebrivi movaleobaa, gazardoT fasi maSinve, ro

gorc
ki gaxsniT maRazias.
ra arguments
gamoiyenebs
is? ratom
iqnebafasi
Tqveni
sazogadoebrivi
gagafrTxiloT,
rom Tqveni
sazogadoebrivi
movaleobaa,
gazardoT
maSinve,
rogorc ki
movaleoba
araqisis
karaqis
fasis
momateba?
gaxsniT maRazias. ra arguments gamoiyenebs is? ratom iqneba Tqveni sazogadoebrivi mova10. ekonomist
teri andersonis
monacemebis
leoba araqisis
karaqis fasis
momateba? mixedviT, kaliforniis Statis sairigacio raionis
fermerebma
wylis
erT
akrofutSi
mxolodmixedviT,
6,5 dolari
unda gadaixadon,
gadasaxadebis
10. ekonomist teri andersonis monacemebis
kaliforniis
StatisTumca
sairigacio
raionis
gadamxdelebs
es
300
dolari
ujdebaT.
fermerebma wylis erT akrofutSi mxolod 6,5 dolari unda gadaixadon, Tumca gadasaxadebis
a) romel cifrs
6,5-s Tu 300-s fermerebi, rodesac gadawyveten mor
gadamxdelebs
es 300daeyrdnobian
dolari ujdebaT.
gazrdas
Semcirebas? 6,5-s Tu 300-s fermerebi, rodesac gadawyveten morwya) wyvis
romel
cifrsandaeyrdnobian
b) metyvelebs
Tu
ara
es cifrebi imaze, rom sinamdvileSi azri ara aqvs sairigacio samu
vis gazrdas an Semcirebas?
Catarebas?
b) Saoebis
metyvelebs
Tu ara es cifrebi imaze, rom sinamdvileSi azri ara aqvs sairigacio samug) ratom
gadaixdis
vinme 300 dolars, raTa momxmarebels miawodos akrofuti wyali, Tu
Saoebis Catarebas?
g) igi
ratom
gadaixdis vinme
300 dolars,
raTa momxmarebels
miawodos akrofuti wyali, Tu
am momsaxurebas
mxolod
6,5 dolarad
afasebs?
igiwarmodgenili
am momsaxurebas
mxolod
6,5 dolarad
11. 6-3 naxazze
grafiki
gviCvenebs
me-4afasebs?
TavSi (naxazi 4-2) gamoyenebul mruds, ro
11.melic
6-3 naxazze
warmodgenili
grafiki gviCvenebs
me-4 TavSi
(naxazi 4-2)
gamoyenebul
mruds,
rowarmogvidgens
alternatiul
Rirebulebaze
dafuZnebul
miwodebis
mruds.
amasTan
melic
warmogvidgens
alternatiul
Rirebulebaze
dafuZnebul
miwodebissaaTebs
mruds. SeiZenen
amasTan
erTad
mocemulia
moTxovnis
mrudi, romelic
gviCvenebs,
Tu ra raodenobis
erTad mocemulia
moTxovnis
mrudi, romelic gviCvenebs, Tu ra raodenobis saaTebs SeiZenen
studentebi
sxvadasxva
fasis SemTxvevaSi.
studentebi
sxvadasxva
fasis SemTxvevaSi.
a) ra daujdebaT
studentebs
ekonomikuri mecnierebis Seswavlis erTi saaTi? ramden
a) saaTs
ra daujdebaT
studentebs
ekonomikuri mecnierebis Seswavlis erTi saaTi? ramden
iyidian isini?
saaTs iyidian
isini?
b) swavlebis
alternatiuli
Rirebuleba marqsisTvis 7,99 dolars udris am Tanxas
b) miiRebda
swavlebis
alternatiuli
Rirebuleba Tu
marqsisTvis
7,99amdolars
am sTxovT
Tanxas
igi revoluciis momzadebaSi.
Tqven iciT
faqtis udris
Sesaxebda
miiRebda
igi
revoluciis
momzadebaSi.
Tu
Tqven
iciT
am
faqtis
Sesaxeb
da
sTxovT
mas, rom gamecadinoT 10 dolarad saaTSi, is gipasuxebT, rom unda gadaixadoT saaTSi
rom gamecadinoT
10 dolarad
saaTSi,
is gipasuxebT,
romTqvens
unda gadaixadoT
saaTSi
16mas,
dolari.
marTali iqneba
Tu ara igi?
an iqneb
igi cdilobs
eqspluatacias?
16 dolari. marTali iqneba Tu ara igi? an iqneb igi cdilobs Tqvens eqspluatacias?
g) Tu meril linCi SesTavazebs rikardos imuSaos mTeli samuSao dRe saaTSi 27,99 do
g) Tu meril linCi SesTavazebs rikardos imuSaos mTeli samuSao dRe saaTSi 27,99 dolarad, maSin is aRar moisurvebs aswavlos dReSi 4 saaTi, roca saaTSi 10 dolars ixdi
larad, maSin is aRar moisurvebs aswavlos dReSi 4 saaTi, roca saaTSi 10 dolars ixdian. rogor aisaxeba es maswavleblis fasze?
an. rogor aisaxeba es maswavleblis fasze?
d) Tu maswavlebelTa momsaxurebaze moTxovna orjer gaizrdeba (anu yoveli mocemuli
d) Tu maswavlebelTa momsaxurebaze moTxovna orjer gaizrdeba (anu yoveli mocemuli
fasis dros, moTxovna orjer meti iqneba saaTebze), ra daemarTeba maswavlebelTa
fasis dros, moTxovna orjer meti iqneba saaTebze), ra daemarTeba maswavlebelTa
momsaxurebas da saaTebis raodenobas?
momsaxurebas da saaTebis raodenobas?
e) da Tu moTxovna gasammagda? rogori iqneba maswavleblobis fasi da saaTebis raodenoba?
e) da Tu moTxovna gasammagda? rogori iqneba maswavleblobis fasi da saaTebis raodenoba?
D

$30
S

20

16

10

10

15

18 20

25

30

35

ekonomikis swavlebis saaTebi dReSi

nax. 6-3 ekonomikis swavlebaze hipoTetiuri moTxovnisa da miwodebis grafikebi
nax. 6-3 ekonomikis swavlebaze hipoTetiuri moTxovnisa da miwodebis grafikebi

dagijdebodaT
TqveniZveli
Zveliocnebis
ocnebisasruleba
asrulebada
dapatara
patara saTxilamuro
saTxilamuro kurortis
12. 12.rara
dagijdebodaT
Tqveni
kurortisSeZena?
SeZena?
_
miwis
SeZena
_
20,000
dolari
_ miwis SeZena
_ 20,000 dolari
sabagiro
gzis
SeZena
_100,000
100,000dolari
dolari
__
sabagiro
gzis
SeZena
_
mTaze
saxlis
SeZena
_20,000
20,000dolari
dolari
__
mTaze
saxlis
SeZena
_
_
sabagiroze
muSaoba
_
saaTSi
50dolari
dolari
_ sabagiroze muSaoba
_ saaTSi 50
118

118

Tqven gegmavT, rom imuSavebT kviraSi 50 saaTs, weliwadSi ki _ 20 kviras. amgvarad, mimdinare
xarjebi weliwadSi Seadgens 50,000 dolars. Tqven SegiZliaT isesxoT 320,000 dolari 20 wlis
vadiT. sesxze Tqveni yovelwliuri gadasaxadebi (Tanxa, romelsac ericxeba procenti) 43,000
dolari dagijdebaT.
a) rogor minimalur mogebas unda moelodeT bileTebis gayidvidan, raTa gariskoT
320,000 dolaris dabandeba?
b) davuSvaT, rom pirvel weliwads Semosavalma 60,000 Seadgina. unda daxuroT Tu ara
saqme?
g) drodadro Tqven SegiZliaT 600 dolari aiRoT, Tu sabagiros samuSao dReebSi 8 saa
Tis ganmavlobaSi amuSavebT (am dros Cveulebriv daketilia) sagangebo (Carteruli)
jgufebisTvis. es dafaravs Tqvens mimdinare danaxarjebs 400 dolars dReSi, magram
vinaidan mimdinare xarjebi Seadgens Tqveni sruli xarjebis mxolod 54%-s, Tqven
dagWirdebaT 750 dolaris Semosavali imisaTvis, rom azri hqondes sabagiros gaxsnas.
an iqneb arc dagWirdebaT?
d) Tu Tqven meore weliwads daxarjavT 10,000 dolars reklamaze, ris Sedegadac Tqveni
sruli Semosavali 75,000 dolaramde gaizrdeba, swori iqneba Tu ara Tqveni sarekla
mo gadawyvetileba?
e) rogor unda imoqmedoT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ramdenime wlis Semdeg aRmoCndeba, rom
Tqveni finansuri Sedegebi veRar gaumjobesdeba meore weliwadis SedegebTan Sedare
biT? unda daxuroT Tu ara saqme? Tu Tqven gadawyvetT, rom ar SegiZliaT saTxilamu
ro kurortze daxarjoT 2,800 dolari weliwadSi, ris gakeTebas SeZlebT? rodesac
Tqven gasayidad gagaqvT mTeli es avladideba, maqsimaluri Tanxa, rasac gTavazoben
100,000 dolaria. giRirT ki gayidva?
v) Tu Tqven Tavi gakotrebulad gamoacxadeT, ras uzams kreditori Tqvens qonebas? ra
ajobebs kreditorisTvis, konfiskacia gaukeTos Tqvens qonebas, Tu gagigrZeloT
sesxis vada, raTa gadasaxadebi SegimciroT im sididemde, romlis gadaxdasac Tqven
advilad SeZlebT yovelwliuri Semosavlidan?
13. SekiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad da sxva momsaxurebisaTvis kolejs aqvs kompiuteruli cent
ri, aRWurvilobiTa da StatiT. es centri dafinansebas iRebs sxvadasxva departamentidan,
romelTa TanamSromlebi da studentebi sargebloben am momsaxurebiT. ekonomikis departa
mentma, biujetis mkacri Sekvecis gamo, gadawyvita Sewyvitos kompiuteruli centris dafi
nanseba. centris direqtorma amis Taobaze gaakeTa gancxadeba: `vinaidan, mkacri sabiujeto
problemebis gamo, ekonomikis fakultetma SeaCera kompiuteruli centris wevroba, Sesaba
misad, fakulteti, TanamSromlebi da studentebi ver isargebleben Cveni momsaxurebiT~.
a) Seamcirebs Tu ara kompiuteruli centri Tavis danaxarjebs imiT, rom uars ityvis
ekonomikis departamentis momsaxurebaze?
b) romeli xarjebi Semcirdeba ekonomikis fakultetisTvis momsaxurebis Sewyvetis Se
degad?
g) iqneba Tu ara kolejis interesebSi, rom kompiuterulma centrma neba darTos ekono
mikis departamentis warmomadgenlebs, gamoiyenon centris SesaZleblobebi, roca
maT sxva aravin iyenebs?
d) ra informaciaze dayrdnobiT amjobinebs kolejis administracia, rom kompiuteru
li centri departamentebma daafinanson da ara centralurma biujetma?
14. saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli iyo Sexeduleba, rom roca adamianebs ar uwevT raimes gadaxda
iseT saWiro resursze, rogoricaa saavtomobilo gzebis qseli, isini ganagrZoben mis gamoy
enebas, sanam zRvruli sargebeli (Rirebuleba) nulis toli ar gaxdeba. am daskvnamde xSirad
midis is xalxic ki, visac gaTavisebuli ara aqvs zRvruli azrovnebis meTodi. ratom irCevs
xalxi, rom qmedebebis zRvruli sargebeli nulis toli iyos? maT ukvirT, roca igeben, rom
esaa zRvruli sargebeli da igi metad gansxvavdeba sruli an saSualo sargebelisagan. davuS
vaT, Tqven giyvarT Sokoladis namcxvari. dilis aTi saaTia, Tqven sakmaod mSieri xarT da mo
vida adamiani, romelsac aqvs es namcxvari. Tqven mzad ara xarT gadaixadoT 3 dolarze meti
TiTo namcxvarSi da ar gsurT SeWamoT 4 calze meti. qvemoT mocemulia Tqveni moTxovnis
cxrili:
119

fasi

moTxovnis
raodenoba

3 dolari

1,5 dolari

0,4 dolari

0,1 dolari

0,0 dolari

ramdens SeWamT, Tu fasi nulis toli iqneba?

dolarebSi gazomil ra saerTo sargebels miiRebT amiT?
ra iqneba TqvenTvis namcxvris saSualo sargebeli dolarebSi?
ra iqneba TqvenTvis namcxvris zRvruli sargebeli dolarebSi im momentSi, rodesac
Tqven SewyvetT Wamas?
15. 6-4 naxazze gamosaxul grafikze mocemulia qalaqSi sacxovrebel farTze moTxovna da miwo
deba, amasTan, bazris gamawonasworebeli binis qira 600 dolars udris. SemdegSi adgili aqvs
or movlenas: 1) inflaciis Sedegad fulis msyidvelobiTi done erTi mesamediT ecema. 2) mu
nicipaliteti da mTavroba mkveTrad amcirebs gadasaxads uZrav qonebaze da binis mesakuT
reTa Semosavali farTis gaqiravebidanerTi mesamediT izrdeba.
binisfasi
qiraTveSi
TveSi
erTi nakeTobis

a)
b)
g)
d)

$1000

800

600

400

200

50

100

150

200

250

300

standartizebuli
xarisxis binebis
(=saxovrbo
standartizebuli
xarisxis
farTis)
raodenoba
(aTasobiT)
nakeTobaTa raodenoba (aTasobiT)
nax. 6-4 hipoTetiuri moTxovnisa da miwodebis grafiki gasaqiravebeli sacxovrebeli adgilisTvis.

a) ras fiqrobT, rogor imoqmedebs es ori movlena gasaqiravebeli binebis miwodebasa da

moTxovnaze? ra mouva binis qiras? ganasxvaveT moklevadiani da grZelvadiani efeqtebi.
b) ra moxdeba, Tu sakuTrebaze gadasaxadis Semcireba mxolod sacxovrebel farTs Se
exeba?
g) Tu binis qira am movlenebis Sedegad gaizrdeba da, amis sapasuxod, municipaliteti
SemoiRebs kontrols binis qiraze, rogori iqneba grZelvadiani Sedegebi?

120

16. 6-5
6-5naxazze
naxazzewarmodgenilia
warmodgeniliasamedicino
samedicinomomsaxurebis
momsaxurebismoTxovnisa
moTxovnisada
damiwodebis
miwodebismrudebi.
mrudebi.wmin
wmin16.
da
sabazro
fasi
aris
30
dolari.
da sabazro fasi aris 30 dolari.
a) ra
ra mdebareobisken
mdebareobisken gadaixreba
gadaixreba moTxovnis
moTxovnis mrudi,
mrudi, Tu
Tu mTavroba
mTavroba daTanxmdeba
daTanxmdeba gadaixa
gadaixaa)
dos
mTliani
fasi?
ra
mouva
amis
Sedegad
wminda
sabazro
fass?
(daxmareba:
ra rao
raodos mTliani fasi? ra mouva amis Sedegad wminda sabazro fass? (daxmareba: ra
denobasmoiTxovs
moiTxovsxalxi
xalxinulovan
nulovanfasad?)
fasad?)
denobas

nax.6-5
6-5eqimTa
eqimTamomsaxureobis
momsaxureobismotxovna
moTxovnada
damiwodeba
miwodeba
nax.

b) ra
radaemarTeba
daemarTebamoTxovnis
moTxovnismruds
mrudsda
dawminda
wmindasabazro
sabazrofass,
fass,Tu
TumTavroba
mTavrobaTavis
TavisTavze
TavzeaiRebs
airebs
b)
gadasaxadebis
naxevars?
(daxmareba:
ra
iqneba
momxmareblis
gadasaxadi,
roca
es
`naxevgadasaxadebis naxevars? (daxmareba: ra iqneba momxmareblis gadasaxadi, roca es `naxev
raddaxmareba~30
30dolaria?
dolaria?ra
raraodenobis
raodenobisSeZenas
SeZenasmoisurveben
moisurvebenisini
isiniam
amfasad?)
fasad?)
raddaxmareba~
g)
ra
mouva
wminda
sabazro
fass,
Tu
mTavroba
gadaixdis
gadasaxadis
80
procents?
g) ra mouva wminda sabazro fass, Tu mTavroba gadaixdis gadasaxadis 80 procents?
17. azrovnebis
azrovnebis ekonomikuri
ekonomikuri wesis
wesis Seswavla
Seswavla niSnavs
niSnavs moTxovnisa
moTxovnisa da
da miwodebis
miwodebis terminebiT
terminebiT sar
sar17.
geblobas. qvemoT
qvemoT savarjiSod
savarjiSod mocemulia
mocemulia damatebiTi
damatebiTi kiTxvebi.
kiTxvebi. TiToeuli
TiToeuli SemTxvevisTvis
SemTxvevisTvis
geblobas.
SegiZliaT
aagoT
moTxovnisa
da
miwodebis
mrudi.
Semdeg
dasviT
kiTxva,
rogor
imoqmedebses
es
SegiZliaT aagoT moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudi. Semdeg dasviT kiTxva, rogor imoqmedebs
miwodebisa da
da moTxovnis
moTxovnis mrudze,
mrudze, saiTken
saiTken waanacvlebs
waanacvlebs mrudebs
mrudebs da
da ra
ra gavlenas
gavlenas moaxdens
moaxdens es
es
miwodebisa
fassa
da
gacvlis
raodenobaze.
ar
dakmayofildeT
mxolod
im
pasuxiT,
rom
fasi
moimatebs
an
fassa da gacvlis raodenobaze. ar dakmayofildeT mxolod im pasuxiT, rom fasi moimatebs an
moiklebs. fasis
fasis an
an raodenobis
raodenobis rogor
rogor cvlilebas
cvlilebas unda
unda velodeT,
velodeT, didsa
didsa Tu
Tu mcires?
mcires? mxedve
mxedvemoiklebs.
lobaSi
iqonieT,
rom
pasuxi
xSirad
damokidebulia
im
drois
xangrZlivobaze,
romelic
saWilobaSi iqonieT, rom pasuxi xSirad damokidebulia im drois xangrZlivobaze, romelic saWi
roa SemTxvevis
SemTxvevis dasaregulireblad.
dasaregulireblad. rogor
rogor zemoqmedebas
zemoqmedebas varaudobT,
varaudobT, moklevadians
moklevadians Tu
Tu
roa
grZelvadians?
grZelvadians?
a) davuSvaT,
davuSvaT, rom
rom mecnierebma
mecnierebma daadgines,
daadgines, TiTqos
TiTqos soios
soios Wama
Wama iwvevs
iwvevs kibosa
kibosa da
da gulis
gulis daa
daaa)
vadebebs
vadebebs
(1)ra
ramouva
mouvasoios
soiosfass?
fass?

(1)
(2)
ra
mouva
sxva
iseTi
marcvlovanikulturis
kulturisfass,
fass,romelic
romelicSeiZleba
SeiZlebadaiTesos
daiTesossoi
so
(2) ra mouva sxva iseTi marcvlovani
iosnacvlad?
nacvlad?
os
b)
ra
gavlenas
iqoniebsSemdegi
Semdegimovlenebi
movlenebiadgilobrivi
adgilobriviwarmoebis
warmoebisbambis
bambisbazarze?
bazarze?
b) ra gavlenas iqoniebs
(1)neilonis
neilonisgamogoneba,
gamogoneba,

(1)
(2)
bambis
manqanis
gamogoneba,

(2) bambis manqanis gamogoneba,
(3)bambis
bambisucxoeli
ucxoelimwarmoeblebis
mwarmoeblebismier
mierdidi
didimosavlis
mosavlismiReba.
miReba.

(3)
g)
davuSvaT,
rom
yvela
Statma
miiRo
kanoni
saavtomobilo
avariebis Semdeg
Semdeg zaralis
zaralis
g) davuSvaT, rom yvela Statma miiRo kanoni saavtomobilo avariebis
arasavaldebulo anazRaurebis
anazRaurebis Sesaxeb
Sesaxeb da
da incidentebis
incidentebis Semdeg
Semdeg SeuZlebelia
SeuZlebelia sarCe
sarCearasavaldebulo
lis
aRZrva.
lis aRZrva.
121
121



d)
e)

v)

z)
T)

i)

k)

122

(1) ra gavlenas iqoniebs es mosamarTleTa Semosavlebze?

(2) Tu mxolod erTi Stati SemoiRebs am kanons, rogor gavlenas iqoniebs es mosamar
TleTa Semosavalze am StatSi? gaizrdeba Tu ara gavlena?
davuSvaT, rom stomatologebma yvelas mouwodes, dReSi samjer gaixexon kbilebi. ra
gavlenas iqoniebs es kbilis pastis fasze?
Tu im msxvilfexa saqonlis gamosakvebad, romelic dieturi miznebiT gamoiyeneba,
xuTjer meti xorbalia saWiro, vidre xorbliT adamianebis dasapureblad, xom ar
warmoadgenen isini, vinc xorciT ikvebeba, Raribi adamianebis SimSilis mizezs?
aq cota sxvanairi kiTxvebia dasmuli, romlebzec SeiZleba verc vupasuxoT sakuTari
gamocdilebidan gamomdinare. davuSvaT, aRmoaCineT, rom momxmareblebi 20-jer mets
yiduloben, vidre 10 wlis win. dRes ufro maRali iqneba fasebi, Tu 10 wlis winaT?
ratom fiqrobT, rom fasebi moimatebs? ra garemoebebis dros moiklebs fasebi?
rogor Seicvleba regionSi binebis fasi, Tu ramdenime axali biznesi gaCndeba?
Tu qalaqis meria saxlis mepatroneebs mosTxovs, rom gaakeTon manqanebis sadgomi Ti
Toeuli apartamentisTvis, romelsac isini aqiraveben, rogor imoqmedebs es binis
fasze da gaqiravebuli binebis raodenobaze?
Tu qalaqis meria ar moiTxovs gasaCerebel sadgomebs, magram moiTxovs quCaSi gasaCe
rebeli adgilebiT uzrunvelyofas, ra gavlenas iqoniebs es binebis fasze da gaqira
vebuli binebis raodenobaze?
rogor Seicvleba benzinis fasi, Tu avtomobilis damamzadeblebi orjer gazrdian
erTi galoni benziniT gasasvlel manZils.

informacia,
Suamavlebi da
spekulantebi

adawyvetilebaze moqmedi xarjebi da sargebeli, romlebic miwodebasTan an moTxovnasTanaa

dakavSirebuli, yovelTvis mosalodnel danaxarjebsa da sargebels warmoadgens. ATumca, mo
mavali gaurkvevelia da movlenaTa msvleloba xSirad molodins aqarwylebs. gadawyvetilebebi
SesaZloa mcdari aRmoCndes. secdomebi Zvirad gvijdeba, amitom adamianebi cdiloben, Tavi aari
don maT. saubedurod Secdomebisgan Tavis aridebac Zviri siamovnebaa.
mcdari gadawyvetilebis Tavidan acilebis ZiriTadi saSualeba isaa, rom saWiro informacia
miRebuli iqnas manamde, sanam moqmedebas daviwyebT; magram informacia warmoadgens iSviaT
produqts, romlis SeZena xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli. sabolood, SeiZleba ise aRmoCndes, rom
Secdoma ufro iafi dagvijdes, vidre informaciis SeZena mis Tavidan asacileblad. erT-erTi
Secdoma, romlis Tavidan acilebac SegviZlia, es aris mcdari sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, rom in
formacia warmoadgens ufaso produqts.

uZravi qonebis gayidvis agentebi, rogorc informaciis mwarmoeblebi

`rogor dazogoT 5000 dolari da dakargoT 15000... Tqvens sakuTar saxlze~ am saTauriT ga
moaqveyna saSuamavlo firmebis erovnulma asociaciam gancxadeba, romelic mosaxleobas mouwo
debda, saxlebis gayidvisas esargeblaT Suamavlebis momsaxurebiT. gancxadebaSi naTqvami iyo:
`nu gecinebaT. es, SesaZloa, swored ase moxdes. davuSvaT, rom saxlis gayidva damoukideblad
gadawyviteT. Tqven ggoniaT, rom is 80000 dolari Rirs da SeZeliT am fasad gayidva. Zalian kar
gi, magram saidan iciT, rom is swored amdeni Rirs? es Tqveni mosazreba iyo, magram qonebis Sefa
sebisTvis saWiroa gacilebiT meti. saWiroa Suamavali, romelmac icis saxlebis fasi. davuSvaT,
man Tqveni saxli 15000-iT metad Seafasa aseTia myidvelisa da gamyidvelisTvis samarTliani
fasi. ra Tqma unda, Tqven dazogeTY sakomisio gadasaxadi, magram es sakmaod Zviri dagijdaT.
amitom, rodesac gadawyvetT saxlis gayidvas, isargebleT Suamavlis momsaxurebiT. is ar aris
SemTxveviTi adamiani. is profesionalia, romelic icavs mkacr eTikur normebs, gansakuTrebiT
maSin, Tu gsurT, rac SeiZleba ukeT gayidoT, an rac SeiZleba ukeT SeiZinoT~.
es gancxadeba warmoadgens SesaniSnav sabuTs Suamavlebis Sesaxeb Rrmad fesvgadgmuli im Sexe
dulebisa, romelzec me-6 TavSi vsaubrobdiT. Tuki Suamavlebis asociaciam aseTi gancxadebis
gamoqveyneba momgebianad CaTvala, es amtkicebs, rom xsenebuli eWvi arsebobs. masSi moyvanili
argumentebic amis damatebiT dadasturebas warmoadgens. STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos gancxa
debis teqsti isea Sedgenili, rom Suamavlis funqciebi damalos im motiviT, rom myidveli mzad
ar aris simarTlis gasagebad.
ibadeba kiTxva _ vaiTu, Suamavalma Tqveni saxli 15,000 dolariT naklebad Seafasa, raki aseTi
aRmoCnda `myidvelisa da gamyidvelisTvis samarTliani fasi~. magram, gana saxlis mepatronis

123

mier gayidvisas fasis momateba iseve SesaZlebeli araa, rogorc dakleba? SesaZloa, ufro savara
udoc kia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT saxlis mepatroneebisTvis damaxasiaTebel optimizms. am SemTxve
vaSi Suamavlis momsaxureba mepatrones orjer Zviri daujdeba. ra aris samarTliani fasi? ufro
metic, Tuki Suamavlebi cdiloben gamyidvelebi maRali fasiT daakmayofilon, rogor unda
uzrunvelyon myidvelebi dabali fasiT, rogorc ukanasknel abzacSi amtkiceben? am msjelobaSi
raRac mTlad ise ar unda iyos.
nu akritikebT Suamavlebis asociacias ase mkacrad. maT Zalian uWirT Tavisi funqciebis gan
marteba, vinaidan adamianebis umravlesobas ar esmis, rom informacia iSviaT produqts warmoad
gens da ar esmis am faqtidan gamomdinare Sedegebi. Tu Tqven gindaT saxlis gayidva rac SeiZleba
maRal fasad, maSin unda ipovoT msoflioSi is erTaderTi myidveli, romelic mzad iqneba umaR
lesi fasis gadasaxdelad. TiTqos es naTelia, magram gasagebia araa, rogor unda ipovoT es adami
ani. Tqven yvelafris mcodne ar xarT, amitom, SesaZloa, verasdros gaigoT mravali potenciuri
myidvelis arsebobis Sesaxeb. rodesac saxls gayidiT, unda vivaraudoT, rom myidveli ar iqneba
is erTaderTi adamiani, romelic mzad iyo umaRlesi fasi gadaexada. gamomdinareobs Tu ara aqe
dan, rom Zieba usasrulod unda gagrZeldes?
danaxarjebisa da
da
danaxarjebisa
sargeblianobis
sageblianobis
Sefaseba
Sefaseba

informaciis
SeZenisagan
mosalodneli
zRvruli
sargebeli
Semosavali

Rirs

informaciis
warmoebis
mosalodneli
zRvruli
danaxarji

ar Rirs

informaciis moculoba

informacia iSviaTi produqtia, romelsac gaaCnia warmoebis xarjebi, raSic Sedis moqmedebis
gadadebis xarjebic. aramomgebiania moqmedebebis gadadeba ubralod informaciis gauTavebeli
mogrovebis gamo. amitomac, racionaluri myidveli gaagrZelebs informaciis Sesyidvas manam,
sanam aqedan miRebuli mosalodneli zRvruli sargebeli meti iqneba, vidre informaciis SeZenis
mosalodneli zRvruli danaxarji. racionaluri myidvelic zustad ase moiqceva. orives SeuZ
lia moigos Suamavlis momsaxurebiT, vinaidan Suamavali saSualebas aZlevs TiToeul maTgans,
ufro iafad iyidos damatebiTi informacia. Tu amaze davfiqrdebiT, aRmoCndeba, rom swored
amaSi mdgomareobs Suamavlebis funqcia: iafad awarmoeben ra informacias, isini xels uwyoben
efeqtianobas da amiT zrdian simdidres. myidvelebs da gamyidvelebs Suamavlebi ukeTesi varian
tebiT amarageben, roca damatebiT informacias awvdian. es fasiani momsaxurebaa. Tumca sinamdvi
leSi saxlis gayidvisas Suamavals mxolod gamyidveli qiraobs, momsaxurebas iRebs aseve myidve
lic, razec metyvelebs is faqti, rom myidvelebic mimarTaven Suamavlebs da sargebloben
kartoTekebiT.

Ziebaze gaweuli danaxarjebis Semcireba

davuSvaT, Tqven gaqvT `General Motors~-is aTi aqcia, romlis gayidvac gsurT. Tqven SegeZloT,
migemarTaT megobrebisTvis da romelime maTganisaTvis migeCeCebinaT es aqciebi, an gazeTSi ga
mogeqveynebinaT gancxadeba, magram albaT met fass im SemTxvevaSi aiRebT, Tu isargeblebT Sua
mavlis am SemTxvevaSi, brokeris momsaxurebiT. ra Tqma unda, Tu gancxadebebis gamoqveynebas
didi xnis manZilze ganagrZobT, ipoviT im myidvels, romelic iseTsave fass gadagixdiT, rogor
sac brokerisgan miiRebdiT. magram naklebad savaraudoa, rom Ziebis xarjebi ufro naklebi dagi
jdeT, vidre brokerisTvis gadasaxdeli sakomisio Tanxa.
124

`sabiTumo fasSi SeZena~ mravali iseTi adamianis gasarTobia, romlebsac miaCniaT, rom amiT
ekonomias akeTeben. SesaZloa es asec iyos. Tuki maT moswonT (da bevrs es moswons) Ziebis proce
si, isini SesaZloa mogebulni aRmoCndnen, magram adamianebis umravlesobisTvis sacalo gamyid
velebi warmoadgenen faseuli informaciis mniSvnelovan da iaf wyaros. sacalo gamyidvelebis
mier mowodebuli saqoneli gaCvenebT arsebuli SesaZleblobebis diapazons, anu im informacias,
romlis miReba sxva gziT metad rTulia. ramdenjer givliaT maRaziebSi umiznod im imediT, rom
saqonlis Sexedvisas mixvdebiT, Tu ra gsurT? igive exeba SromiTi dasaqmebis saagentoebsac. bev
ri sayvedurs gamoTqvams im uzarmazari sakomisioebis gamo, romelsac es saagentoebi samuSaos
moZiebisTvis iReben, magram maT rom ar miaCndeT, rom is informacia, romelsac saagentoebis
meSveobiT iReben, meti Rirs, vidre sakomisioebi, maSin arc isargeblebdnen am momsaxurebiT. dam
qiraveblebic mzad arian gadaixadon aseTi momsaxurebis xarjebi, zustad imave mizezebidan ga
momdinare. Suamavlebis cudi reputacia SeiZleba avxsnaT Cveni CveviT, SevadaroT realuri si
tuacia raRac ukeTess, magram sinamdvileSi ararsebuls. Cvens mier Sesrulebuli gacvliTi
operaciebi iSviaTadaa iseTive warmatebuli, rogoric maSin iqneboda, Cven rom yvelafris mcod
neni vyofiliyaviT. aqedan vakeTebT daskvnas, rom Suamavlebi Cveni ucodinrobiT sargebloben.
magram ratom unda SevxedoT movlenebs am kuTxiT? Tu aseTi logikiT vimsjelebT, SeiZleba da
vaskvnaT, rom eqimebi sargebloben Cveni avadmyofobiT da ar unda miiRon anazRaureba, radgan
arafers miiRebdnen, Cven rom janmrTelebi vyofiliyaviT. es, ra Tqma unda, marTalia, magram Cven
yovelTvis janmrTelebi da yvelafris mcodneebi ar varT. aqedan gamomdinare, eqimebi da Suamav
lebi qmnian realur simdidres. msgavs momsaxurebas ewevian iseTi pativcemuli pirebi, rogore
bic arian iuristebi, maswavleblebi, mRvdlebi da korporaciebis xelmZRvanelebi.

bazrebi qmnian informacias

am wignis erT-erTi mTavari Tezisi Semdegia: miwodeba da moTxovna, anu konkurentuli vaWro
bis sabazro procesi, Sefasebas aZlevs arsebul resursebs da axdens faseulobaTa indeqsirebas
gadawyvetilebis mimRebi adamianebisTvis. bazris unari, iafad awarmoos maralxarisxiani infor
macia, mis erT-erT mTavar, Tumc ki naklebad aRiarebul Rirsebas warmoadgens. Suamavlebi am
procesis mniSvnelovan monawileebs warmoadgenen.
iseTi bazrebi, rogoricaa safondo da sasaqonlo birJebi, `kargad organizebulia~, anu po
tenciuri myidvelisa da gamyidvelis moTxovna da miwodeba aq arsebuli aucilebeli informa
ciis gaTvaliswinebiT erT mniSvnelze daiyvaneba. arsebobs daaxloebiT erTnair saqonelze er
Tiani fasis dadgenis tendencia yvela garigebaSi, romelic am geografiul garemoSi mimdinareobs. sxva bazrebi, magaliTad iseTi, romelsac SeiZleba daakvirdes yvelaze gamoucdeli mayure
beli martoxelaTa barSi, gacilebiT naklebadaa organizebuli: yoveli garigebisas unda Catar
des specialuri molaparakebebi im produqtis zustad gansazRvrisaTvis, romlis gacvlac xde
ba. naxmari avejis bazari sakmaod cudadaa organizebuli garigebebi metad gansxvavebul fasebs
adgens, vinaidan gamyidvelebi da myidvelebi erTmaneTTan mWidro kontaqtSi ar imyofebian. sak
vebi produqtebis bazari ki, piriqiT, metad axlosaa `organizebul bazarTan~, ase rom, hamburge
rebis fasi bevrad naklebad cvalebadia, vidre naxmari avejis fasi.
zogjer amboben, rom safondo-sasaqonlo birJa gacilebiT ufro `srulyofilia~, vidre sak
vebi produqtebis da naxmari avejis bazrebi. gansxvavebebis aseT aRweras mivyavarT mcdar Sexe
dulebamde, vinaidan igulisxmeba, rom meore jgufis bazrebi unda Seicvalos (srulyofileba
sjobs arasrulyofilebas). aseT rekomendaciebs maSin eqneboda azri, Tu bazrebis gaumjobese
bis xarjebi naklebi iqneboda, vidre, gaumjobesebis Sedegad, ufro efeqtiani gacvliT miRebuli
mogeba. xSirad Cven ar viciT ama Tu im konkretuli bazris gaumjobesebis arc erTi xerxi, garda
imisa, romelic did danaxarjebs gulisxmobs da cvlilebas ar amarTlebs. ufro metic, saxelmwi
fos Carevis saSualebiT bazris gaumjobesebis mcdeloba saeWvod waagavs viRacis daxmarebis
mcdelobas. amis magaliTebs me-10 TavSi ganvixilavT.
xelmisawvdomi variantebis nakrebi izrdeba, rodesac
restorani menius Tavisi Semosasvlelis win gamokidebs.

125

yoveli fasi warmoadgens arsebuli SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb potenciurad faseul informa

cias. rac ufro meti aseTi fasi arsebobs, rac ufro naTlad da zustadaa isini dafiqsirebuli da
adamianebis rac ufro didi raodenobisTvisaa isini cnobili, miT ufro farTo iqneba im SesaZ
leblobebis krebuli, romelic xalxisaTvis xelmisawvdomia. gana es is araa, rasac Cven simdidris
zrdas vuwodebT? es aris xelmisawvdomi SesaZleblobebis wris gafarToeba Sansi, ufro meti
vakeToT is, risi gakeTebac gvsurs.
Suamavlebi, brokerebi da profesionali gamyidvelebi informaciis Seqmnis specialistebi
arian. ufro sworad, isini specializdebian am saqmeSi, vinaidan miaCniaT, rom gaaCniaT Sedarebi
Ti upiratesoba informaciis marTvisas. rogoric ar unda iyos maTi motivebi, es adamianebi
gvawvdian momsaxurebas, romelzec damokidebulebi varT, magram vidre ar mivxvdebiT, Tu rogor
iSviaT produqts warmoadgens informacia, Suamavlebis momsaxurebas saTanadod ver vafasebT.
Cven maT damamcirebel saxelebs vuwodebT da vqmniT kanonebs maT sawinaaRmdegod. erT-erTi ase
Ti saxelia `spekulanti~, anu gadamyidveli.

spekulaciis saxeebi
leqsikonSi sityva `spekulacia~ ganmartebulia, rogorc `vaWroba sabazro fasis cvlilebis
gan mogebis miRebis mizniT~. es sakmaod viwro gagebaa, magram dasawyisisTvis gamodgeba. yvelaze
ufro cnobili (anu yvelaze saZraxisi) spekulanti es aris `daTvi~ uol stritze, romelic `yi
dis vadaze adre~, anu im pirobiT, rom myidvels momavalSi miawvdis aqciebs, romelic garigebis
dros xelT ara aqvs. spekulants imedi aqvs, rom aqciebis fasi daiklebs myidvelisaTvis misi mi
wodebis momentis dadgomisas da iafad nayids winaswar molaparakebul maRal fasad gayidis.
ufro mniSvnelovan spekulantebs warmoadgenen sasaqonlo birJis spekulantebi, romlebic
vaWroben iseTi saqonliT, rogoricaa xorbali, Roris xorci, xe-tye, Saqari, kakao da Tafli. am
tipis spekulantebi yiduloben da yidian `fiuCersebs~. fiuCersi SeTanxmebaa imis Sesaxeb, rom,
garkveuli momavali droisTvis, saqonlis gansazRvruli raodenoba amJamad dadgenili fasis
mixedviT iqneba miwodebuli.
naklebad cnobil spekulants Tqven Tavad warmoadgenT. Tqven yidulobT ganaTlebas nawi
lobriv imitom, rom momavalSi Tqvens mier miwodebuli SromiTi momsaxurebis fasis gazrdis ime
di gaqvT. magram Tqveni momavali momsaxurebis fasi, SesaZloa, metad dabali aRmoCndes da ar
dafaros dRevandeli investiciebi.
sxva cnobil spekulants warmoadgens momxmarebeli, romelmac gazeTidan Seityo Saqarze fa
sis momatebis mosalodneli cvlilebis Sesaxeb da amitom Tavisi saxlis sardafi Saqris orwlia
ni maragiT gaavso. Tu Saqris fasi mkveTrad gaizarda, es Tadarigiani xalxi moigebs, Tu arada,
waagebs. maT simdidre Senaxuli aqvT Saqris saxiT, romelmac gaavso mTeli sardafi da am xalxs
mouspo saSualeba, iyidon ufro faseuli produqti, magaliTad, mogebis momtani sabanko angariSi.
rodesac mZRoli avsebs benzinis avzs, igebs ra, rom benzini am adgilas ori centiT naklebi
Rirs, isic spekulantobs, Tumca SesaZlebelia, rom ori kvartlis iqiT fasi oTxi centiT nakle
bi iyos. mZRoli, romelic carieli avziT mgzavrobs im imediT, rom fasi garkveuli manZilis Sem
deg ufro dabali iqneba, pirwavardnili spekulantia da is mZRolebic, romlebic bolomde avse
ben avzebs, rogorc ki xma gavardeba, rom benzini unda gaZvirdes, aseve spekulantebi arian.
bevri ver grZnobs, rom Tavad spekulantia da kicxavs spekulantebs, roca maT gansakuTrebu
li situaciebisa da udanaSaulo adamianebis `gamoyenebaSi~ sdeben brals. marTlac arian Tu ara
spekulantebi xalxis mtrebi, rogorc amas xSirad amtkiceben? amboben, rom spekulantebi igeben
stiqiur ubedurebebze manam, sanam es stiqiuri ubedurebebi moxdeba. es marTalia, magram esaa
simarTlis mxolod mcire nawili, romelsac mcdar daskvnebamde mivyavarT.

spekulaciis Sedegebi
davuSvaT, rom Sua dasavleTis raionebSi, sadac gazafxulze simindis mniSvnelovani nawili
mohyavT, gaCnda simindis daavadebis niSnebi. amis Sedegad SesaZloa daiRupos simindis mTeli
wliuri mosavlis mniSvnelovani nawili. vinc fiqrobs, rom es ase iqneba, moelis, rom momavalSi
simindis fasi gaizrdeba. es zogierT maTgans ubiZgebs imisken, rom wlevandeli mosavlis nawili
Seinaxos momavali moxmarebisTvis, rodesac, maTi azriT, fasi gaizrdeba. es spekulaciaa.
126

aseT spekulaciaSi bevri monawileobs fermerebi siminds sxva sakvebiT cvlian, inaxaven ra
wlevandeli simindis mosavlis maragis nawils, raTa momaval wels aRar iyidon an ufro maRal
fasSi gayidon. samrewvelo momxmareblebi zrdian marags, sanam fasi ar gazrdila, vaWrebi, rom
lebic simindsa da lobios erTmaneTisganac ver arCeven, cdiloben iafad SeiZinon axla, raTa
momavalSi Zvirad gayidon. arsebobs kargad organizebuli savaWro bazrebi, romlebic aadvile
ben aseTi tipis garigebebs. aq adamianebs SeuZliaT dRevandeli fasiT SeiZinon da gayidon
`fiuCersebi~, anu kontraqtebi saqonlis momaval miwodebaze. am saqmianobis Sedegad mcirdeba
simindis mimdinare miwodeba da izrdeba fasi. kritikosebis azris Sesabamisad, fasi imatebs manam,
sanam ubedureba moxdeba.
magram es suraTis mxolod nawilia. spekulanturi qmedeba iwvevs simindis moxmarebis droSi
gadaadgilebas misi SedarebiTi siuxvis periodidan SedarebiTi iSviaTobis periodSi. momaval
wels, rodesac simindis daavadebis Sedegebi gamoCndeba, fasi ufro naklebi iqneba, vidre uami
sod iqneboda. amgvarad, spekulantebi awonasworeben produqtis moxmarebul raodenobas da am
cireben droSi fasebis ryevas. vinaidan fasebis ryeva risks uqmnis simindis mimwodeblebsa da
momxmareblebs, spekulantebi sinamdvileSi amcireben sxva xalxis risks. ufro zustad, isini
mogebis miRebis mizniT risks imaTgan yiduloben, vinc naklebadaa riskisTvis momzadebuli da
mzadaa raRac gaiRos mosalodneli mogebis Semcirebis formiT (maT, vinc amjobinebs riskis
gayidvas, dazRveulebs uwodeben).
P
gayidulia

aRebulia

I weli

uxvmosavlian wels
uxvmosavlian wels
Senaxva
cudmosavlian
Senaxva
cudmosavlian
wels
gayidvis mizniT,
wels
gayidvis
xels
uwyobs
fasebis
mizniT, xels
stabilizacias

uwyobs fasebis
stabilizacias

moTxovna

P
aRebulia

gayidulia
II weli

moTxovna

winaswarmetyvelebi da danakargebi
yovelive es gulisxmobs, rom spekulantebi ar cdebian prognozebSi. magram ra moxdeba didi
mosavali rom movides? am SemTxvevaSi spekulantebi simindis moxmarebas misi iSviaTobis perio
didan siuxvis periodSi gadaaadgileben da amiT gaaZliereben fasebis ryevas. es udavod auare
sebs resursebis ganawilebas.

127

magram, es momgebiani arc spekulantebisTvisaa. isini dakargaven iq, sadac mogebas moelodnen.
ese igi, SeiZleba imis varaudi, rom isini ase mxolod ucodinrobis gamo moiqcevian. magram arian
ki isini uvicebi?
winaswarmetyveli aravinaa da spekulantebic uSveben Secdomebs. (sxvanairad, ratom dauZa
xebdnen maT spekulantebs?)7, magram Cven vcxovrobT gaurkvevlobis samyaroSi da iZulebulni
varT, swored aseT pirobebSi miviRoT gadawyvetilebebi. ar SegviZlia Tavi avaridoT gaurkvev
lobisa da uvicobis Sedegebs imiT, rom uars vityviT momavalze fiqrsa da moqmedebaze, xolo
Tuki miviCnevT, rom spekulantebze meti viciT, SegviZlia maT winaaRmdeg TamaSiT movigoT ki
dec. saintereso da Wkuis saswavlebelia, rom isini, vinc akritikebs spekulantebs momavlis ara
swori gansazRvrisTvis, iSviaTad iyeneben sakuTar, albaT ukeTes prognozebs, bazarze speku
lantebis winaaRmdeg vaWrobisas. prognozebi, ra Tqma unda, didi raodenobiT miewodeba ukana
ricxviT, Sesabamisad nakleb fasad.
spekulantebi arian informaciis mimwodeblebi. yidvisa da gayidvis winadadebebi asaxavs
momavalze awmyosTan mimarTebaSi maT Sexedulebas. amgvari qmedebis Sedegad warmoqmnili fase
bi, rogorc yvela fasi, warmoadgens Rirebulebebis maCvenebels informacias gadawyvetilebis
mimRebi pirebisTvis, alternativebis dRevandeli da momavali realobis gaTvaliswinebiT.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, es informacia konservatorebisTvisac imdenadve Rirebulia, rogorc
azartul moTamaSeTaTvis. ra Tqma unda, rodesac spekulantebi cdebian, maT mier miwodebuli
informacia cudia, magram amaze yuradRebis SeCereba niSnavs imas, rom arsebuli situacia Seva
daroT ukeTess, magram ararsebuls. xolo Tu migvaCnia, rom momavlis winaswarnetyveleba speku
lantebze ukeT SsegviZlia, ufleba gvaqvs gamovTqvaT Cveni rwmena fulis meSveobiT, miviRebT ra
mogebas Cveni varaudebidan da sargeblobas movutanT ra sxvebs.
jerjerobiT ki, adamianebi, romelTa yoveldRiuri saqmianoba im saqonelTanaa dakavSirebu
li, romliTac spekulantebi vaWroben, praqtikaSi mudmivad sargebloben im informaciiT,
romelsac es spekulantebi awvdian. fermerebi orientirebad iReben sasaqonlo birJebis mier
nawinaswarmetyveleb fasebs, aseve iqcevian mewarmeebi. isinic ki, vinc Cveulebriv im saqonels
gamoiyenebs, romelic spekulanturi vaWrobis sagans ar Seadgens, sargeblobs spekulantebis
mier miwodebuli informaciiT. yoveli Cvengani fass ise iyenebs, rogorc informacias, romelic
ZiriTadad momavlis (spekulantur) winaswarmetyvelebazea dafuZnebuli.
stiqiuri ubedurebebi, rogoricaa gvalva, sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis daavadebebi da
arasezonuri yinva, saocrad mcire gavlenas axdens xorblis, xilis da bostneulis fassa da
xelmisawvdomobaze. mogebas yovelive amisgan ufro spekulantebi iReben, romelTa windaxeduli
qmedebebi erTgvarad akavSirebs bunebis gaurkvevlobasa da maRaziebis damokidebulebas (am
Tavis damatebaSi ufro detalurad ganvixilavT saqonlis spekulantebis funqciebs da fiuCer
sul bazrebs).

Sida informaciiT movaWreTa sakiTxi

spekulantebis mimarT sazogadoebrivi undoblobisa da siZulvilis ZiriTadi wili albaT im
eWvs efuZneba, rom isini sargebloben informaciiT, romlis mopoveba ar aZlevT mogebis ufle
bas. informaciis iSviaTobiTa da, aqedan gamomdinare, gaurkvevlobiT ganpirobebuli probleme
bi xSirad garTulebulia konkretul movaleobebsa da uflebebze SexedulebaTa SeuTanxmeblo
bis gamo. risi codnis ufleba aqvs myidvels? ra unda Seatyobinon gamyidvelebma myidvelebs?
ras niSnavs arasamarTliani upiratesoba, rodesac laparakia informaciaze? vin unda agos pasu
xi saqonlis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani informaciis miRebasa da gavrcelebaze?
rTuli sakiTxebia. Sua saukuneebSi iuristebi da moralistebi amtkicebdnen, rom gamyidvelebs
myidvelebisTvis unda miewodebinaT is informacia, rac Tavad gaaCndaT, Tuki amas SeeZlo fasis
dagdeba. rodesac vaWars Seaqvs xorbali moSimSile qalaqSi, moralurad an samarTlebrivad val
debulia Tu ara is, momxmareblebs uTxras, rom gemi, romliTac damatebiTi xorbali moaqvT, ukve
gzazea? Tu man unda damalos es informacia da naxos damSeuli momxmareblebi rogor asweven misi
xorblis fass?
7

128

inglisur enaSi spekulanti niSnavs aseve adamians, romelic araswori da arasruli informaciis safuZvelze mcdar
daskvnebs akeTebs (mTargmnelis SeniSvna)

Tu Tqven migaCniaT, rom vaWari moralurad valdebulia aseT SemTxvevaSi Tavisi informacia
xalxs miawodos (sxvaTa Soris, es ar warmoadgens Sua saukuneebis moralistebis mier gakeTebul
universalur daskvnas), Tanaxma iqnebiT Tu ara, rom Cveulebrivma aqcionerma, romelic aqciebs
yidis, winaswar gamoacxados is arasasiamovno informacia, romelic mas xelT aqvs? ra iseTi sxva
obaa am or SemTxvevas Soris, rac uflebas mogvcemda isini sxvadasxva sibrtyeebSi gangvexila?
aris Tu ara aqciebTan urTierTobis gansakuTrebuli damaxasiaTebeli niSani is faqti, rom
gamyidvelma Cveulebriv ar icis, vin aris myidveli.
SesaZlebelia Tu ara sruli informaciis miwodeba,
Tu zogierTebi mas yuradRebas ar aqceven?
vidre `srul informacias~ icav, moralurad mimzidveli garemos koncefcia ise damajereb
lad ver imuSavebs. zogjer adamianebisTvis miwodebuli informacia mcdaria. SesaZloa maT ver
gaigon, ar daujeron, naklebi yuradReba miaqcion, ar dainteresdnen, an saerTod daaviwydeT in
formacia. adamianebis didi jgufisadmi mimarTvisas, yovelTvis SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, rom na
wils manamde daaviwyda, Tu raze elaparakebodiT, sanam sxva nawilma es gaigo; nawili jer ar dain
teresebula imiT, razec laparakobdiT, maSin, roca sxva nawils ukve mobezrda Tqveni mosmena.
ufro metic, erTi nawilisTvis saWiro informacia meores mxolod xmaurad eCveneba da Tu Sevec
debiT TiToeuls vuTxraT is, risi gagebac mas surs, amiT albaT imden arasainteresos ityviT,
rom TqvenTan urTierTobiT veravin ixeirebs. Tu Tqven SeecdebiT, rom SecdomaSi ar SeiyvanoT
zogierTi, ver moaxerxebT, sxvebs is informacia miawodoT, romlis miRebac maT surT.
rodis aris Sida informacia sasurveli da imavdroulad moraluri?
sruli informaciis nebismieri legaluri moTxovnis yvelaze seriozul winaaRmdegobas is
moTxovna warmoadgens, rom gamoacxadon yvelaferi, rac ician manamde, sanam raRac moqmedebebs
SeuZliaT ziani miayenon mastimulirebel, Zvir, magram mniSvnelovan informacias. Cven ar moviT
xovT investorebisa da mwerlebisgan, rom uari Tqvan TavianT ideebze. ratom unda movTxovoT
mas, vinc gaakeTa aRmoCena, romlis dapatenteba an kopireba SeuZlebelia, rom es informacia
sxvebisTvis Tavisuflad xelmisawvdomi gaxados? amasTan, metad mniSvnelovania is, rom sazoga
doebrivi TamaSis wesebi xels uwyobdes patiosnebasa da wesierebas. aseve mniSvnelovania, rom es
wesebi xels uwyobdes axali codnis moZiebasa da riskze wasvlisTvis mzadyofnas, rodesac arse
buli codna Sorsaa sasurvelisagan.
aSS-is fasiani qaRaldebiT vaWrobis da usafrTxoebis komisiis (SEC) mier Sefasdnen `Sida in
formaciiT movaWreni~, romlebic iseT darRvevebSi monawileobdnen, rasac kanoni erTgulebis
valdebulebas uwodebs. es aris moraluri an samarTlis normebi, romlebic kontraqtebiT an
sxva valdebulebiTaa gansazRvruli. rodesac `Sida informaciiT movaWre~ erTgulebis valde
bulebebis darRvevaSi imxileba, is dauyovnebliv unda iqnas gakicxuli. warmoidgineT sabroke
ro an iuridiuli firmis muSakebi, romlebic daqiravebulebi arian imisTvis, rom daexmaron fir
mas, SeiZinos sxva firmis aqciebi, xolo isini iyeneben maT xelT arsebul informacias imisTvis,
rom SeiZinon aqciebi manam, sanam gaerTianebis mcdeloba dafarulia.
vaWroba, romelic arRvevs erTgulebis valdebulebas, TaRliTobaa.
vinaidan maTi qmedeba gazrdis firmis mier navaraudev fasebs da upiratesobas gaaZvirebs,
isini damqiravebeli firmis interesebis winaaRmdeg gamodian. es situacia analogiuria imisa,
rodesac saolqo sabWos wevri iyenebs informacias axali gzis gayvanis Taobaze, raTa megobrebs
urCios, rom maT SeiZinon miwebi momavali gzis axlos. aman misi amomrCevlebisTvis SesaZloa ga
moiwvios gzis daproeqtebis fasis gazrda, amitom misi megobrebis mier gakeTebuli Sesyidvebi
Sefasdeba, rogorc `Sida informaciiT vaWroba~, radgan informacia miwodebuli hqondaT erT
gulebis valdebulebis darRveviT.
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aseTive samarTlebrivi da moraluri azria imaSi, rom daigmos Sroma, romliTac irRveva erT
gulebis valdebuleba. absurduli iqneboda, aralegalurad CagveTvala `Sida informaciiT vaW
roba~, rogorc yvelanairi Sroma, romelic xorcieldeba am informaciis safuZvelze, da rome
lic yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi araa. aseTi gansazRvreba Seicavs mosazrebas TiTqos informacia
ar aris iSviaTi produqti da bazrebs SeuZliaT uimisod moqmedeba.
davuSvaT, rom mecnieri xarT, muSaobT farmacevtul firmaSi da mixvediT im daskvnamde, rom
Tqvens gamokvlevebs didi warmateba elis, Tqvenma Zalisxmevam iqamde migiyvanaT, rom mzad xarT
kibos sawinaaRmdego vaqcinis dasamzadeblad. warmoidgineT, ra mogebas moutans es Tqvens dam
qiraveblebs! am garemoebebis gamo, TqvenTvis azri aqvs imas, rom SeiZinoT firmis aqciebis didi
raodenoba. Tu Tqven amas gaakeTebT, iqneba Tu ara es Sesyidvebi ukanono?
amgvari SemTxvevebis samarTlianoba jerjerobiT naTeli araa. SesaZloa dagebadoT kiTxva,
ratom ver unda Cados investiciebi mecnierma sakuTar samuSaoSi? vis avnebs es? is xalxi, vinc
miyidis mas aqciebs, icnoben im aRmoCenas, romelmac SesaZloa aqciebis fasi gazardos. imisaTvis,
rom suraTi ufro sruli iyos, davuSvaT, rom mecniers ukve hqonda SeZenili firmis aqciebi, rom
lis gayidvasac apirebda. magram man Secvala gadawyvetileba, vinaidan kvlevebi imedismomcemi
gaxda. SeiZleba Tu ara igi davadanaSauloT gayidvis SeCerebaSi, mis mier miRebuli informaciis
safuZvelze? romeli uflebebis darRveva xdeba mecnieris mier yidvis (magram ara gayidvis) gada
wyvetilebis miRebis Sedegad?
rodisaa informaciuli upiratesoba arasasurveli?
`Sida informaciiT movaWreTa~ mimarT mtruli damokidebuleba dafuZnebulia im mosazre
baze, rom aravis SeiZleba hqondes arasamarTliani mogeba. problema isaa, Tu rogor unda iqnas
gansazRvruli arasamarTliani mogeba. ar unda davaskvnaT, rom yvelanairi mogeba arasa
marTliania. Tu Cven SevignebT, rom informacia sakmaod iSviaTi produqtia, maSin pasuxi unda
gavceT kiTxvas, Tu rodis da ratom warmoadgens Sida informacia usamarTlo mogebis miRebis
saSualebas.

pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi
ra unda gakeTdes im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac qmedebebs ar mosdevs mosalodneli Sedegi? axali
proeqti, romelic ar muSaobs, wamali, romelsac ukuCveneba aqvs, an TviTmfrinavebi, romlebic
imsxvreva... vin unda agos pasuxi yovelive amaze?
ai, kargi pasuxi: man, vinc Tanaxmaa, aiRos pasuxismgebloba. advilia pausixmgeblobis aReba
qmedebebis Semdeg, gacilebiT rTulia amisi gakeTeba, vidre qmedeba moxdeba. Tu myidvelebs
surT, gaaCndeT defeqtebis sawinaaRmdego garantiebi an fuladi kompensaciis dapireba, yoveli
incidentis dros, maSin maT unda SeaCeron Sesyidvebi manam, sanam ar dadeben kontraqts gamyid
velTan. gamyidvelebs SeuZliaT aseTi garantiebis micema mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca isini dam
atebiTi gayidvebidan moelian mogebas, romelic aWarbebs mosalodnel danaxarjebs. unda vi
varaudoT, rom gamyidvelebi pasuxismgeblobis iseT saxes SearCeven, romelic maT kontrolis
karg saSualebas miscems, xolo myidvelebi airCeven iseT pasuxismgeblobas, romelic daujdebaT
ufro iafi, vidre gamyidvelebis imaSi darwmuneba, rom sakuTar Tavze aiRon pasuxismgebloba.
myidvelebic da gamyidvelebic erTnairad Seecdebian moipovon da gamoiyenon maTTvis xelmi
sawvdomi informacia, romelic SedarebiTi mogebis saSualebas miscems.
Cveni sasamarTloebi wina wlebSi gaemijnen pasuxismgeblobis problemisadmi iseT midgomas,
romelic gamomdinareobda rwmenidan, rom zogierT mxares aqvs arasamarTliani kontraqtebis
miRebisa da ganxorcielebis Zala. Cveulebrivi momxmarebeli advilad SeiZleba daiCagros,
rodesac igi aRmoCndeba didi korporaciebisa da profesionali eqspertebis winaSe, romlebmac
kargad ician, rogor Seadginon kontraqtebi ise, rom Tavidan aicilon pasuxismgebloba. sa
samarTloebma uaryves piradi SeTanxmebebi da ufleba misces mosamarTleebs, gansazRvron pa
suxismgebloba, ra Tqma unda, faqtis damtkicebis Semdeg. mosamarTleebi Cveulebrivi momxmareb
lebis wridan arian. sakiTxis gadawyvetisas isini yovelTvis mimarTaven `sqeli jibis~ princips
_ `Cven ar viciT vin aris damnaSave, magram am Raribma xalxma izarala, da meore mxare sakmaod
mdidaria, raTa maT zarali aunazRauros~.
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aseTi midgomis samarTlianoba marTlac saeWvoa. misi grZelvadiani Sedegebi Sesabamisad zia
nis momtani aRmoCndeba. rodesac pasuxismgebloba regionSi `sqeli jibis~ principiT fasdeba, am
`sqeli jibis~ mepatroneebi datoveben regions. bevri produqti da momsaxureba, romlis gamoye
nebac SesaZloa riskTan iyos dakavSirebuli, mogebis dakargvis SiSiT ar iqneba miwodebuli. qa
laqebSi daixureba parkebi, vinaidan sabavSvo moednebze momxdar yovel SemTxvevas, SesaZloa,
pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis wamoWra mohyves; farmacevtuli warmoeba aRar awarmoebs wamlebs
imis SiSiT, rom mouwevT pasuxismgeblobis aReba da didi Tanxebis gadaxda; firmebi Sewyveten
axali da usafrTxo teqnologiebis damuSavebas, radgan potenciuri pasuxismgeblobis xarjebi
metad maRali iqneba.
`sqeli jibis~ pasuxismgebloba xSirad mimzidvelia msajulebisTvis,
magram saSiSia yvela danarCenisTvis.
`Caveat emptor~ niSnavs: `eSinodes myidvels~. es iuridiuli principi, erT dros farTod
gavrcelebuli sasamarTlo praqtikaSi, niSnavs imas, rom gamyidvelebi, kanonis mixedviT, pasuxs
ageben mxolod produqciis im maCveneblebze, romlebzedac isini specialur garantias iZlevian.
sxva SemTxvevaSi, SecdomiT nayid produqciaze pasuxismgebloba myidvels ekisreba. es doqtrina
amJamad praqtikulad mTlianad Secvala principma `Caveat venditor~, anu `eSinodes gamyidvels~.
myidvelebi produqciis defeqturobis gamo, sul ufro metad iReben kompensacias gamyidvelebis
gan. gamyidveli pasuxs agebs im defeqtebze, romlebzec mas warmodgena ar hqonda da im defeqteb
zec ki, romelic momxmareblis mier saqonlis araswori moxmarebiTaa gamowveuli. gazonebis
mWreli manqanis mflobelma, romelmac momuSave manqanis danebs Soris balaxis gamoRebisas TiTi
dakarga, SesaZloa, am agregatis Semqmnelisgan miiRos finansuri kompensacia, Tu daamtkicebs,
rom manqanaze ar iyo Sesabamisi aRniSvna.
adamianebi moqmedeben mosalodneli xarjebis Sesabamisad. Tu gamyidvelebs uxdebaT myidve
lebis suleluri saqcielis gamo fulis gadaxda, isini Seecdebian Tavi aaridon aseT qmedebebs.
rogor? imiT, rom gayidian absoluturad usafrTxo produqcias. ra vqnaT, taSi davukraT?
problema isaa, rom absoluturad usafrTxo saqoneli Zviri iqneba. Tu leibebis gamyidvelebs
ufleba aqvT gayidon mxolod iseTi leibebi, romlebic ar aaldeba, maSin axali leibis yovelma
myidvelma unda gadaixados im maxasiaTeblisTvis, romelic sasargebloa mxolod adamianTa um
ciresobisaTvis, imaTTvis, visac uyvars mokidebuli sigaretiT daZineba. aseTi midgoma icavs um
niSvnelo raodenobas da azaralebs mravals.
Tu Tavis droze principi `Caveat emptor~ aiZulebda myidvels TavdacvisTvis gamoeyenebina Zvi
rad Rirebuli zomebi, sadReisod, principi `Caveat venditor~ aiZulebs gamyidvels, mimarTos zogi
erT iseT zomas, romelsac myidveli namdvilad ufro iaf Semcvlels mouZebnida.

Eeqimebi da araswori mkurnalobis sakiTxi

analogiuri kiTxvebi warmoiSveba araswor mkurnalobaSi dadanaSaulebuli eqimebis winaaRmdeg
aRZruli saqmeebis garSemo da aseTi saqmeebis dazRvevis xarjebis zrdasTan dakavSirebiT. adre
araswori mkurnalobis qveS igulisxmeboda eqimis araswori an udieri qmedebebi, romlebsac pacien
tis sikvdili an daxeibreba mohyva. dRes am cnebis qveS sul ufro xSirad igulisxmeba nebismieri Sec
doma, romelsac ziani moaqvs pacientisTvis im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu saeqimo diagnozi da mkurnaloba
samedicino praqtikis yvelaze Tanamedrove standartebs akmayofilebs. sadamde migviyvans aseTi
praqtika?
Tu eqimebs, yoveli Secdomis gamo, araswor mkurnalobaSi dasdeben brals, isini Seecdebian, ar
dauSvan Secdomebi. gana es is araa, rac gvsurda? arc mTlad asea. sinamdvileSi, Cven gvinda, rom eqi
mebma Tavis Tavze aiRon im Secdomebis riski, romlisgan Tavis acilebis danaxarjic pacientisTvis
aWarbebs am Secdomis danaxarjebs. daiviwyeT fuladi xarjebi, vinaidan amas diskusiaSi arasaWiro
emociebi Seaqvs da ubralod SeadareT tkivils tkivili da sikvdils sikvdili. ramdeni analizi
unda gaakeTos eqimma, vidre is diagnozs dasvams? yoveli damatebiTi analizi amcirebs mocemuli
daavadebidan tkivilis an sikvdilis albaTobas, magram moaqvs axali tkivili da damatebiTi riski.
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mzada xarT Zvlis tvinis punqciis gasakeTeblad, raTa darwmundeT imaSi, rom ar xarT daavadebuli
momakvdinebeli seniT, romelic adre arasdros aravis Sexvedria iavis zRvaSi kunZul maduris
mkvidrTa garda?
gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba, rom sicocxlisaTvis yvelaze patara riskic ki absoluturad miuRe
belia, uazrobaa. mas kidev eqneboda azri, SesaZlebeli rom yofiliyo, Tavi agveridebina saSiSroebis
Tvis ise, rom sxva saSiSroeba ar dagvmuqreboda. ase mxolod is fiqrobs, vinc yovel momentSi erT
saSiSroebazea koncentrirebuli. mkacri sinamdvile ki isaa, rom sicocxlis gagrZelebis zogierTi
xerxi ar amarTlebs danaxarjebs. am mosazrebis moCvenebiTi simkacre maSinve qreba, rogorc ki gavix
senebT, rom raime SemTxvevaSi SesaZlo sikvdilianobis raodenobis SesaCereblad gamoyenebuli
resursebis gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba sxva SemTxvevaSi, meti sikvdilis SemTxvevebis Tavidan asacileb
lad. Cven, magaliTad, SegviZlia Tavidan aviciloT sahaero katastrofebi, Tu avkrZalavT cud
amindSi frenas, magram, amave dros, es SesaZloa, gaxdes mravali mogzauris saavtomobilo katastro
faSi daRupvis mizezi. mravalma adamianma, komerciuli aviaxazebiT frenisgan Tavdasacavad, SesaZ
loa, bevrad ufro saSiSi saavtomobilo mgzavroba airCios.
Cven arasdros vakeTebT mxolod erT rames!
sasargebloa aseve gvaxsovdes, rom saqme gvaqvs gaurkvevlobasa da albaTobasTan. Tu darCe
nil saxsrebs sagzao ganyofileba imaze xarjavs, rom rekonstruqcia Cautaros e.w. `micvalebu
lis mosaxvevs~, sadac leik roudze yovelwliurad sami kaci kvdeba, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom
ganyofileba amiT sam kacs sikvdils usjis. yovel mZRols saSualeba aqvs, gaCerdes mosaxvevTan
da sifrTxile gamoavlinos. sinamdvileSi, am SemTxvevaSi, sicocxlis gadarCenis yvelaze efeq
tiani saSualeba fulis gadanawileba iqneboda gzis garemontebaze danaxarjis Semcireba da im
danaxarjis gazrda, romelic wavidoda gamafrTxilebeli niSnebis damzadebaze, rac gamoiwvevs
myidvelebis (mZRolebis) pasuxismgeblobis zrdas da gamyidvelebis (gzis mSeneblebis) pasuxis
mgeblobis Semcirebas. usafrTxoeba warmoadgens kompleqsur da mravalsaxovan produqts, rom
lis warmoeba SeiZleba mravali gziT. misi damzadeba ufro damakmayofilebeli iqneba im sazoga
doebaSi, romelSic TamaSis wesebi naTelia da myari, xolo xalxi mxars uWers molaparakebebs imis
Taobaze, Tu ra aris ukeTesi.

damateba: sabirJo saqonliT spekulantebi da fiuCersebis bazrebi

niu-iorkis savaWro birJa amzadebs bazars gadasamuSavebel navTobze momavali kontraqte
bisTvis. TiToeuli kontraqti gulisxmobs momaval TveSi, gadasamuSavebeli navTobis 1,000 bare
lis miwodebas dRevandel SeTanxmebul fasSi. am bazars iyenebs orive mxare, rogorc gamyidveli,
romelsac surs darwmunebuli iyos, rom dazRveuli iqneba produqciaze fasebis momavali
daklebisas, ise navTobis momxmareblebi, romlebsac surT darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom dazRveu
li iqnebian maT mier Sesasyidi navTobis fasis gaZvirebisagan.
magaliTad, aviakompaniebis mesveurebi ukve winaswar, maisidan emzadebian imisTvis, rom zaf
xulis bumis dros fasebis zrdam SesaZloa daakargvinos mosalodneli mogeba. aviakompaniebs
SeuZliaT Tavi daizRvion imiT, rom maisSi SeiZinon gadasamuSavebeli navTobis zafxulis Tvee
bisTvis gankuTvnili fiuCersebi. Tu isini maisSi 16,5 dolarad SeiZenen agvistoSi gamosayenebe
li navTobis fiuCersebs, aman SesaZloa daicvas agvistoSi navTobis fasis zrdisgan. sawvavis fa
sis 10 procentiT gazrda, romelic gamowveulia navTobis gaZvirebiT, Seamcirebs aviakompaniebis
mogebas, vinaidan gaizrdeba maTi xarjebi. magram mogebis es Semcireba gawonasworebuli iqneba im
mogebis xarjze, romelsac kompania miiRebs maisSi SeZenili navTobis agvistoSi gamoyenebisas,
vinaidan fiuCersuli kontraqtebi Secvlian saqonlisadmi dRevandel midgomas da imas, rac kon
traqtSi iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. yvelaferi ise gamoiyureba, TiTqos gamyidvelma, fiuCersuli
kontraqtis mixedviT, agvistoSi navTobi 16,5 dolarad miawoda, kontraqtis myidvelma ki agvis
toSi navTobi 18,15 dolarad gayida, anu 10 procentiT ufro Zvirad, vidre maisSi iyo gaTvalis
winebuli.
dazRveva amcirebs risks, aviakompaniebi uars amboben navTobis produqciis gaiafebisagan ze
mogebaze, raTa Tavidan aicilon danakargebi navTobis produqciis gaZvirebis SemTxvevaSi. nav
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Tobis gamyidvelebma, meore mxriv, agvistos fiuCersebis gayidvisgan maisSi unda daizRvion Tavi.
navTobis mwarmoeblebma maisSi unda SezRudon agvistos fiuCersebis fasi imden barelze, rasac
kontraqtebi iTvaliswinebs. isini iseve arian dazRveulebi fasebis klebisagan, rogorc aviakom
paniebi fasebis momatebisgan. Tu navTobis mompoveblebma agvistos fiuCersebi maisSi 16,5 do
larad gayides da agvistoSi fasi mosalodnelTan SedarebiT 10 procentiT gaizarda, isini met
mogebas miiReben, vidre moelodnen agvistoSi gayiduli mTeli navTobisagan. magram nawili gawo
nasworebuli iqneba im fiuCersuli kontraqtebis danakargebiT, romlis mixedviTac fasi 18,15
dolaramde unda gazrdiliyo, rac moiTxovda maTgan, rom SeeZinaT erTi bareli navTobi 18,15
dolarad da Semdeg gadaeyidaT 16,5 dolarad. ra Tqma unda, gamyidvelebisgan dazogvis mizans
warmoadgens Tavis dazRveva im danakargebisgan, rac mohyveba maissa da agvistos Soris fasebis
dacemas. isini kmayofildebian im mogebiT, romelic fasebis zrdisgan gamomdinareobs imdenad,
ramdenadac es maT daazRvevs danakargebisgan, romelTac fasebis klebisgan ganicdian.
ra rols TamaSoben profesionali spekulantebi yovelive amaSi? spekulantebi dasawyisSi
afarToeben bazars, isini xels uwyoben, rom adamianebma, visac surT fiuCersebis yidva-gayidva,
ipovon erTmaneTi. davuSvaT, navTobis mravali momxmarebeli, elis ra fasebis zrdas, cdilobs
fiuCersebis Sesyidvas. ar SeiZleba darwmunebulebi viyoT, rom navTobis gamyidvelebi mzad iq
nebian, xeli moaweron yvela kontraqts, romliTac surT navTobis Sesyidva, magram, rogorc ki
Seiqmneba gamyidvelebis deficiti, kontraqtebis fasi daiwyebs zrdas da miizidavs profesio
nal spekulantebs. es is xalxia, vinc daxelovnebulia informaciis mopovebaSi im saqonlis Sesa
xeb, romlis fiuCersebiTac vaWroben. monawileobas iReben ra procesSi, isini mizandasaxulad
ewevian risks, vinaidan swamT, rom specialuri informacia, romelsac floben, saSualebas mis
cems, sxvebze ukeTesad iwinaswarmetyvelon fiuCersebis fasi.
spekulantebi gacilebiT mets akeTeben, vidre dazRveulebis daxmarebaa. navTobis profesio
nali spekulantebi Tvalyurs adevneben yvelafers, rasac ki SeuZlia gavlena iqonios navTobis
moTxovnasa da miwodebaze da, aqedan gamomdinare, mis fasze: magaliTebia axali sabadoebis aR
moCenebi, samxedro dapirispireba, revoluciebi, navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis organizaciis
wevrebs Soris konfliqtebi an maT Soris miRweuli harmonia, Zlieri Stormebi navTobmwarmoebe
li qveynebis ofSorul zonebSi, politikuri cvlilebebi, ramac SeiZleba gavlena iqonios
mTavrobis energetikul politikaze, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Seneleba, rac Seamcirebs moT
xovnas navTobze, garemos mimarT midgomebSi cvlileba. rodesac maT swamT, rom navTobi ufro
deficituri gaxdeba, isini yiduloben navTobis fiuCersebs, rac iwvevs fiuCersebis fasis
zrdas. rogorc ki sxvebi gaigeben, rom fiuCersebis fasi izrdeba, isinic akeTeben daskvnas, rom,
Tuki didi informaciis mflobelebi fuls deben momatebuli fasis mqone fiuCersebSi, maSin Ta
vadac Sesabamisad unda imoqmedon.
magaliTad, isini, visac didi investiciebi aqvT Cadebuli gadasamuSavebel navTobSi, Seamci
reben mimdinare gayidvebs, raTa meti Seinaxon momavali gayidvebisTvis, rodesac fasi ufro ma
Rali iqneba. mimdinare miwodeba daiklebs. is, vinc momavalSi apirebs Sesyidvas, Seecdeba daaCqa
ros Sesyidvebi im mizniT, rom daaswros fasebis zrdas da amis gamo mimdinare moTxovna
gaizrdeba. gaxsovdeT: spekulantebis mier gamowveuli fiuCersebis fasis zrda iqneba navTobze
fasis mimdinare zrda. fiuCersebiT nawinaswarmetyvelebi zrda axlave moxdeba da fasebis es
zrda Seexeba yvelas, vinc iyenebs navTobis produqtebs, milioni im adamianis CaTvliT, romleb
mac isic ki ar ician, Tu gazeTis romel gverdze ibeWdeba fiuCersebis fasi. navTobis produqte
bis saboloo momxmareblebi mimdinare fasis cvlilebas imiT upasuxeben, rom daiwyeben mis eko
nomiurad moxmarebas.
kargia es Tu cudi? davuSvaT, rom spekulantebis qmedeba dafuZnebulia Sua aRmosavleTSi
samxedro daZabulobis winaswarmetyvelebaze, rasac SeuZlia seriozuli gavlena iqonios
msoflio bazarze navTobis miwodebaze. ra sjobs? is, rom winaswar araferi vicodeT, araviTari
zomebi ar miviRoT da mxolod maSin daviwyoT moqmedeba, rodesac faqtis winaSe aRmovCndebiT,
Tu dazogva adreve daviwyoT da saWiro dros meti navTobi gvqondes xelT?
Zalian gagviWirdeba imis Tqma, rom pirveli scenari sjobs meores. ra Tqma unda, im SemTxvevis
garda, rodesac spekulantebi cdebian, rac savsebiT SesaZlebelia. Tu isini cdebian da maTi moqmede
ba xels uwyobs navTobis da misi produqtebis fasis zrdas im saSiSroebis gamo, romelic ar arsebobs,
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Cven daviwyebT ekonomias maSin, rodesac amis mizezi ara gvaqvs da Cveni xelSewyobiT navTobis pro
duqciis fasi daiwevs imaze dabla, vidre sxva SemTxvevaSi iqneboda. spekulantebis Secdoma gaxdeba
fasebis ryevis mizezi, rac miwodebasa da moTxovnas Soris balanss daarRvevs.
magram isini bevrad ufro xSirad marTldebian, vidre cdebian. maTi saqme koreqtirebaa da
didxans ver darCebian am biznesSi, Tuki xSirad Secdebian, ufro metic, rodesac isini cdebian,
cdiloben swrafad gamoasworon Secdomebi da Secvalon midgoma. isini ar hgvanan imaT, vinc ar
ixdis sakuTari Secdomebis fass da jiutad ganagrZobs winaswarmetyevelebas mas Semdegac ki,
rodesac yvelaze miukerZoebeli da dauinteresebeli pirovnebac ki xvdeba, rom es sicruea.
profesionali spekulantebi warmoadgenen damcvel distanciur sistemas. isini krizisebidan
Tavis acilebaSi imiT gvexmarebian, rom ukeTes informacias gvawvdian da gvibiZgeben qmedebis
ken. maT mier fiuCersuli kontraqtebis yidva da gayidva uzrunvelgvyofs mudmivad dareguli
rebuli winaswarmetyvelebiT fasebis mosalodneli cvlilebis Sesaxeb, gvexmareba ra, miviRoT
ukeTesi gadawyvetileba. SuamavlebTan erTad, spekulantebi Zalian saWiro resurss warmoadge
nen. Tu politikuri daZabuloba zogjer maT uqmnis saSiSroebas, rom momakvdav saxeobad iqcnen,
fiuCersuli bazrebis ukeTesi gageba da spekulanturi funqciebi uzrunvelyofen TviTgadarCe
nas.

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mokled gavimeoroT
SesaZlebloba, romlis Sesaxebac Tqven araferi iciT, sinamdvileSi SesaZleblobas ar war
moadgens. aqedan gamomdinare, informacia faseuli resursia, romelic mflobels saSualebas
aZlevs, gazardos sakuTari simdidre.
informacia warmoadgens iSviaT produqts, romlis warmoeba, rogorc wesi, dakavSirebulia
xarjebTan. pirovneba, romelic efeqtianad iRebs gadawyvetilebas, agrovebs damatebiT infor
macias mxolod manamde, sanam mosalodneli zRvruli sargebeli zRvrul xarjze metia.
ekonomikuri moRvaweobis mniSvnelovani nawili imiT aixsneba, rom informacia warmoadgens
iSviaT produqts. Suamavali, romelsac ase xSirad da daumsaxureblad lanZRaven, ufro xSirad
informaciis warmoebis specialists warmoadgens. iseve, rogorc uZravi qonebiT movaWre broke
ri exmareba potenciur myidvelsa da gamyidvels erTmaneTis povnaSi, Cveulebrivi sacalo gam
yidveli awvdis informacias mewarmis mier damzadebuli saqonlis Sesaxeb da erTmaneTTan akavSi
rebs mwarmoeblebsa da maT, visac sWirdebaT produqcia.
Suamavlis Sesaxeb iseTi warmodgena, TiTqos igi vaWrobis farTo Saraze gamosuli arafrismwar
moebeli yaCaRia, gamomdinareobs informaciis nulovani fasis Sesaxeb mcdari Sexedulebidan.
yvela, vinc ki gadawyvetilebas iRebs ise, rom ar gaaCnia yvela SesaZlo variantis momavali
Sedegebis Sesaxeb sruli informacia, spekulantia, anu yvela adamiani spekulantia.
Tu adamians miaCnia, rom man sxvebze meti icis momavlis da awmyos Soris Tanafardobis Sesaxeb,
is moindomebs dRes iyidos, raTa xval gayidos. Tu is marTali aRmoCnda, miiRebs mogebas Tavisi
kargi winaswarmetyvelebis gamo da aseve gadaitans produqts naklebi iSviaTobis mdgomareobi
dan meti iSviaTobis mdgomareobaSi. Tu is Secdeba varaudSi, maSin produqti meti iSviaTobis
mdgomareobidan naklebi iSviaTobis mdgomareobaSi iqneba gadatanili da winaswarmetyveli da
isjeba Tavisi qmedebebisTvis piradi xarjebiT.
vinaidan fasebi warmoadgens iSviaTobis ganzogadebul maCvenebels, isini saWiro informacias
gvawvdian. adamianebi, romelTa Sesyidvebi da gayidvebi ayalibebs fass, awarmoeben sxvebisTvis
sasargeblo informacias.
mas, visac SeuZlia SecdomasTan dakavSirebuli mTeli xarjebi sxvas gadaabralos, informa
ciis mogrovebis naklebi stimuli gaaCnia. is, vinc iZulebulia Tavad aanazRauros sxva pirovne
bebis mier daSvebuli SecdomebTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi, Seecdeba, daicvas isini am Secdome
bisgan. Secdomebis Tavidan acileba aseve xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli, magram adamianebi, rogorc
wesi, did yuradRebas ar aqceven sxvebis danaxarjebs.
informaciis warmoebis xarjebi yvelasaTvis erTnairi ar aris. adamianebi erTvebian im tipis
informaciis warmoebaSi, romelSic maT SedarebiTi upiratesoba gaaCniaT.

sakiTxebi gansjisaTvis
1. studentebi xSirad gamoTqvamen sayvedurs dabali fasebis gamo, romlebsac studqalaqebis
wignis maRaziebi naxmar wignebSi sTavazoben.
a) maSin ratom yidian isini am wignebs?
b) rogor fiqrobT, wignis maRaziebi sasargeblo funqcias asruleben Tu atyueben stu
dentebs maTi naxmari wignebiT vaWrobisas?
g) ratom yidian universitetebis wignis maRaziebi yvela naxmari wignis erTnair aslebs
erTnair fasSi, miuxedavad maTi mdgomareobisa? naxmari manqanebiT movaWreebi ase ar
iqcevian. riTi SegiZliaT axsnaT gansxvaveba wignebis maRaziebisa da manqanebis gam
yidvelebis politikas Soris?
2. SeafaseT sagazeTo statiis Semdegi nawyveti: `produqtebze ekonomiis gawevis saukeTeso sa
Sualebas warmoadgens Suamavlobis gamoricxva da produqciis SeZena uSualod fermerisgan
an sxva mimwodeblisgan. swored ase moiqca socialurad motivirebuli da sakmaod damSeuli
adamianebis jgufi, Seqmna ra sasursaTo kooperativi~.

Tuki SesaZlebelia sasursaTo maRaziebSi pirdapir fermerebisgan (momwodeblebisgan) SeZe
niT fulis dazogva, ratom mimarTavs am saSualebas adamianebis ase mcire raodenoba?
135

3. Tu gaigebT, rom SegiZliaT axali tansacmlis yidvaze gaweuli xarjebis 10 procentiT Semci
reba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas katalogebidan gamoiwerT, moiqceviT Tu ara amgvarad? ratom am
bobs zogierTi uars aseT ekonomiaze? ras akeTeben adamianebi, rodesac sayidlebze dadian?
ramdenad xSirad poulobT imas, rasac eZebT, imis daTvalierebisas, rasac gamyidvelebi gTa
vazoben?
4. mosalodnelia Tu ara, rom daaxloebiT erTnairi xarisxis saqonlze fasebi ufro gansxvave
buli iqneba e.w. bazrobebze, vidre sacalo maRaziebSi? niSnavs Tu ara fasebSi didi sxvaoba
imas, rom viRacas atyueben an usamarTlod iyeneben sakuTari miznebisaTvis?
5. aeroportis gadatvirTul darbazSi TqvenTan modis adamiani da 25 dolarad gTavazobT
TiTqosda karg saaTs, romelic, misi TqmiT, 135 dolari Rirs. SeiZenT mas? yidvisTvis ufro
metad iqnebodiT mzad, meti informacia rom gagaCndeT? ra ar iciT mocemul situaciaSi ise
Ti, rac gecodinebodaT maSin, saaTs rom Tqveni saxlis axlos mdebare maRaziaSi yidulob
deT?
6. ratom iafdeba axali avtomobili ase Zalian eqspluataciis pirvel wels? gamowveulia Tu
ara es amerikelebis araracionaluri miswrafebiT, hqondeT axali da uxmari manqana?
a) erTi wlis eqspluataciis Semdeg romeli manqana aRmoCndeba naxmari avtomobilebis
bazarze is, romelic kargad emsaxureboda patrons, Tu is, romelsac wamdauwum ga
remonteba sWirdeboda?
b) gasayidad gamotanil (miwodebul) romel manqanebs Soris iqneba gamyidvelisTvis
cnobili, magram myidvelisTvis ucnobi defeqtebis mqone manqanebis wili ufro didi
axlebSi Tu erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi naxmar manqanebSi?
g) ra daskvna SeiZleba gakeTdes erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi eqspluataciaSi myofi manqane
bis fasebis Sesaxeb? rogor Seefardeba es im fasebs, romlebic dadgindeboda im Sem
TxvevaSi, gamyidvelebsa da myidvelebs sruli informacia rom gaaCndeT?
d) ratom iZlevian naxmari manqanebis gamyidvelebi zogjer garantias, xolo sxva SemT
xvevaSi amboben `garantia araa. gayidva sabolooa~.
7. dekembris bolos igebT, rom SeZlebT 10,000 dolaris Sovnas, GTu moigebT klientis guls
imiT, rom uSoviT safexburTo Cempionatis finalur matCze or bileTs. Tqven moaxerxeT, spe
kulantisgan karg adgilebze ori bileTis SeZena 750 dolarad. gagZarcvaT Tu ara speku
lantma? Tu piriqiT, gixariaT, rom spekulantebi arseboben? ratom ver itans bevri bileTe
biT spekulantebs?
8. bostonis universitetSi sagazafxulo gamoSvebis ceremonials eswrebodnen aSS-is prezi
denti jorj buSi da safrangeTis prezidenti fransua miterani. 5,600 studentidan Ti
Toeuls misces oTxi ufaso bileTi. bileTebis fasma 100 dolaramde aiwia.
a) migaCniaT Tu ara, rom is studentebi, romlebmac sakuTari bileTebi gayides, araeTi
kurad moiqcnen (es operacia aralegaluri ar iyo)?
b) rogor ggoniaT, is xalxi, vinc ufaso bileTSi 100 dolari gadaixada eqspluataciis
msxverplia?
9. davuSvaT, rom dRes miemgzavrebiT Soreul mogzaurobaSi, romlis drosac saqmiani vizitebi
da dasveneba erTmaneTs unda SeuTavsoT. TviTmfrinaviT mifrinavT.
a) ra saxis spekulacias eweviT Cemodnis Calagebisas?
b) romel mxares girCevniaT Secdomis daSveba: waiRoT bevri tansacmeli da iZulebuli
gaxdeT aTrioT mZime Cemodani, Tu naklebi tansacmeli waiRoT da im nivTebis gareSe
aRmoCndeT, romlebic SeiZleba dagWirdeT.
g) damokidebuli iqneba Tu ara wina SekiTxvis pasuxi imaze, Tu sad mifrinavT mdidar
qalaqSi Tu Soreul kurortze?
d) davuSvaT, rom Tqven waiReT gamosasvleli fexsacmlis erTi wyvili da mniSvnelovani
Sexvedris win melniT dasvareT. Tqven garbixarT maRaziaSi da axal fexsacmels yidu
lobT. axseniT, rogor Seamcira Tqvens mier erTi wyvili fexsacmlis waRebis riski
gamyidvelis mier sakuTar Tavze riskis aRebam.
10. statiaSi, romelSic mocemuli iyo sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa warmomadgenlebis Sexedu
lebebi aSS-is momxmarebelTa mier maragis gakeTebis Sesaxeb, sociologi amtkicebda, rom
136

momxmareblebis mier benzinis maragis gakeTeba racionaluri saqcieli ki ar aris, aramed mo

tivirebulia amerikelebis emociuri damokidebulebiT manqanebis mimarT. istorikosi acxa
debda, rom amerikelebs axasiaTebT maragebis mimarT siyvaruli. erTni maragebis dagrovebas
`deficitis fsiqoziT~ xsnidnen, meoreni laparakobdnen `aJitirebul moTxovnaze~. erTerTma sociologma gamoacxada, rom aseTi `konkurentuli qcevis~ aRsakveTad saWiroa Zlie
ri lideri.
a) rogor SeiZleba imis gansazRvra, Tu ras warmoadgens maragis gakeTeba iracio
nalur saqciels, fsiqiur movlenas, erovnuli xasiaTis gamovlenas, aJiotaJisa da
emociebis Sedegs Tu gaurkvevlobis mimarT normalur reaqcias?
b) ra gansxvavebaa zedmeti maragis gakeTebasa da maragis aucilebel doneze SenarCune
bas Soris?
g) ratom aqvT maragi ojaxebs da firmebs? rogor gansazRvraven isini TiToeuli cal
keuli produqtis maragis saTanado dones?
11. eweviT Tu ara spekulacias, rodesac sakuTar saxls xanZrisgan azRvevT? SegiZliaT Tu ara
dazogoT fuli imiT, rom amxanagebTan gaerTiandebiT da SeqmniT sadazRvevo kooperativs,
aicilebT ra Tavidan SuamavlisTvis saWiro danaxarjebs? sasargeblo informaciis romel
saxes gvTavazoben sadazRvevo kompaniebi?
12. ramdenime wlis win mimomxilvelebma Caatares gamokiTxva momxmareblebs Soris, raTa See
darebinaT maT mier eqimis, axali manqanis, naklebad Zviri supermarketis da tansacmlis maRa
ziis SerCevaze daxarjuli dro. 34 procentma gamoacxada, rom isini umetes dros supermar
ketis Ziebas andomeben; 23 procenti tansacmlis maRaziebis SerCevas, mxolod 16 procenti
xarjavs drois yvelaze did nawils eqimis SerCevaze da 15 procenti axali manqanis Sesyid
vaze. ratom ar warmoadgens es gamoqveynebuli cifrebi imis maCvenebels, Tu ra fardobiT
mniSvnelobas aZlevs xalxi produqtis faseulobas, rodesac eZebs sakvebs, Casacmels, eqi
mebsa da manqanebs?
13. davuSvaT, Tqven migyavT avtomobili da cdilobT mouxvioT marcxniv, riTac aferxebT moZ
raobas gadatvirTul trasaze. Tqven apirebT, mouxvioT maSinve, rogorc ki gaivlis Tqvens
ken momavali satvirTo manqana. magram ukanasknel wuTs amCnevT, rom mas mosdevs manqanebis
grZeli mwkrivi. imwamsve iRebT gaadwyvetilebas da uxvevT satvirTo manqanis win.

davuSvaT, rom am momentSi mobrunebisas, Tqven dazogeT 2 wuTi maSin, roca sakuTari drois
erT saaTs 6 dolarad afasebT, xolo imis albaToba, rom satvirTo manqana gadagivliT da
daiRupebiT 0,0001-is tolia. ra Tanxad SeafaseT dajaxebis Tavidan acilebis SesaZlebloba,
rodesac moxveva gadawyviteT? SeiZleba Tu ara CaiTvalos, rom Tqveni sicocxlis maqsi
maluri fasi swored esaa?
14. Cemi yofili mezobeli qirurgi-orTopedia, romelsac Zalian uyvars xisgan sxvadasxva figu
rebis gamoTla. man SeiZina cirkularuli xerxi, raTa Seemcirebina nakeTobebis damzadebis
dro, magram SemdegSi gadawyvita, rom ar uRirs riskis gaweva da xelis dazianeba, amitom es
xerxi me momyida. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom Cemi mezobeli ufro akuratulad muSaobs,
vidre me, imis albaToba, rom is TiTs moiWris, bevrad naklebia, vidre Cemi travmis albaToba,
magram me mzad var gavrisko. gamoiyeneT alternativis Rirebulebis koncefcia imisaTvis,
rom axsnaT cirkularul xerxTan muSaobis riskis mimarT Cveni gansxvavebuli damokidebu
leba.
15. rodesac samrewvelo firma amcirebs sazRvargareTuli filialis danaxarjebs imiT, rom ga
moiyenebs teqnikuri usafrTxoebis naklebad mkacr standartebs, eqspluatacias uwevs Tu
ara igi ucxoel muSebs? ratom midian Zalian Rarib qveyanaSi potenciuri muSebi am riskze?
vin agebs amiT da vin aprotestebs ki gamoTqvams, sazRvargareTul firmebSi usafrTxoebis
naklebad mkacri standartebis gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg?
16. iwvevs Tu ara Secdomebis ricxvis da xarjebis zrdas adamianebis dazRveva im xarjebisgan,
romlebic maTi sakuTari SecdomebiTaa gamowveuli?
a) sxva Tanabari pirobebis SemTxvevaSi, dazRveuli saxlebi ufro xSirad daiwveba Tu
dauzRveveli? ratom?

137

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

138

b) gaatareben Tu ara manqanebis mflobelebi met TavdacviT RonisZiebebs, Tu sadazRve

vo kompaniebi aRar gayidian dazRvevas, romelic manqanis gatacebis kompensacias iZ
leva?
g) adamianebs, romlebic samuSaos dakargvisas umuSevrobis kompensacias iReben, gaaCni
aT rigi upiratesobebi, romlebic waagavs samuSaos dakargvis SemTxvevaSi dazRvevis
upiratesobebs. rogor fiqrobT, xom ar mivyavarT amas iqamde, rom aseT adamianebs
ufro xSirad iTxoven samuSaodan?
Tu sakvebisa da wamlebis sammarTvelo gazrdis axali wamlebis gamocdis periods im mizniT,
rom ukeTesad daicvas momxmareblebis janmrTeloba da sicocxle am wamlebis naadrevi ga
moyenebisagan, migviyvans Tu ara es sinamdvileSi momxmareblis dacvamde? rogori iqneba si
cocxlisa da janmrTelobis safrTxe, romelsac sammarTvelo gazrdis, miiRebs ra am gada
wyvetilebas?
sakvebisa da wamlebis sammarTvelos ufrosma ganacxada, rom Tumca is mzadaa, komisiis poli
tikis formirebisas riski janmrTelobisgan miRebul mogebas Seadaros, magram kategori
ulad winaaRmdegia imisa, rom janmrTelobis riski ekonomikur faqtorebTan iyos Sedarebu
li. SeafaseT misi gancxadeba.
Cven SeiZleba SevamciroT wamlebis miRebiT gamowveuli bavSvebis sikvdilianoba, Tu wamle
bis mwarmoeblebs movTxovT, rom momxmareblis survilis SemTxvevaSi, boTlebi specialuri,
Znelad gasaxsneli saxuravebiT miawodon. SeiZleba Tu ara kidev ufro SevamciroT es alba
Toba imiT, rom saerTod avkrZaloT aseTi saxuravis gareSe wamlebis gayidva? ras izamen is
avadmyofebi, romlebsac uZneldebaT aseTi saxuravebis gaxsna (magaliTad, visac arTriti
aqvs), Tu isini ver SeZleben gamowerili wamlis yidvas advilad gasaxsneli boTliT?
1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sabWoTa kavSiris mTavrobam gazarda aryis fasi, im mizniT, raTa
Seemcirebina alkoholizmi. ori wliT adre arayze fasi Seamcires im mizniT, rom Seemcirebi
naT alkoholuri mowamvlis SemTxvevebi. romel kanons esadageba es SemTxveva, wamlis Znelad
gasaxsneli boTlisa Tu metad usafrTxo sahaero mgzavrobisa?
kanoni, romelic kongresSi iqna wardgenili (magram ar iqna miRebuli) gadasaxadisgan aTavi
suflebda federalur momxmareblebs im sastumroebSi gaCerebisas, romlebsac ar gaaCndaT
cecxlsaqrobebi an kvamlis deteqtorebi. mizans, ra Tqma unda, patronebis mier usafrTxoe
bis zomebis gazrda warmoadgenda. SemovliTi meTodi arCeuli iqna imitom, rom, konstitu
ciis mixedviT, federalur mTavrobas ara aqvs ufleba sakuTar Tavze aiRos regulireba.
migaCniaT, Tu ara, rom usafrTxoebis gaZlierebiT miRebuli mogeba sakmarisad didi iqneba
imisTvis, rom gaamarTlos sastumroebSi cecxlsaqrobebis dayeneba? TvliT Tu ara, rom da
naxarji gamarTlebuli iqneba im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu erTi sicocxle gadarCeba?
sietlSi arsebobs municipalitetis dadgenileba imis Sesaxeb, rom mravalsarTulian avto
farexebSi kedlebis simaRle 18 inCis toli unda iyos, raTa avtomobilebi ar gadavardnen. es
moTxovna usafuZvlo ar iyo, rodesac avtomobili gadmovarda im avtofarexis me-15 sar
Tulidan, romelic moTxovnamde iyo aSenebuli da ar hqonda 15 inCis simaRle kedlebi, sami
adamiani daiRupa. adgilobrivi gazeTi amis Sesaxeb ase werda:
`es iyo ucnauri da amave dros tragikuli SemTxveva. magram miuxedavad amisa, es Turme SesaZ
lebelia. qalaqis meriam ar unda iyoymanos, raTa yvela avtofarexi usafrTxoebis standar
tebis dacviT aSendes~.
a) ra nakli aqvs redaqtoris arguments?
b) ratom moiTxoven xSir SemTxvevebSi maRal standartebs mxolod axal mSeneblobebze
da aTavisufleben amisgan ukve arsebulT? ganvixiloT magaliTad yvela saxlze gamo
kruli gancxadeba `miwisZvrisgan daculia~?
zogierTma gamokvlevam gvaCvena, rom fexiT mosiaruleebi orjer ufro xSirad zaraldebian,
roca gadadian im adgilebSi, sadac specialuri aRniSvnebia gakeTebuli, vidre sxva adgile
bis gadakveTisas. SegiZliaT Tu ara axsnaT es ucnauri faqti.
teqstSi mocemuli iyo Sida informaciiT sargeblobis sakiTxebi. scadeT, Tavad upasuxoT
amasTan dakavSirebul Semdeg kiTxvebs:
a) xelovnebaTmcodnem antikvariatis maRaziaSi aRmoaCina naxati, romelic pikasos na

muSevars hgavs. Tu is marTlac geniosi pikasos nawarmoebia, maSin aTasobiT dolari

Rirs. arada, suraTis fasi 35 dolaria. rogor unda moiqces xelovnebaTmcodne,
araferi Tqvas da SeiZinos naxati? uTxras maRaziis mepatrones, rom pikasos naxati
aqvs? iyidos suraTi da mogebis nawili misces maRaziis mepatrones, Tuki aRmoCndeba,
rom es marTlac pikasoa? SeuZlia Tu ara mas darwmunebuli iyos, rom maRaziis mepat
rone gauyofs mogebas mas, visganac suraTi SeiZina?
b) tipografiis muSakma, romelic korporaciis masalebs amzadebs, Seityo korporaciis
miznebi. aqvs Tu ara mas ufleba, SeiZinos am kompaniis aqciebi?
g) navTobis kompania mzadaa gamoacxados, rom man aRmoaCina didi maragi braziliaSi.
aqvs Tu ara ufleba kompaniis muSaks, romelmac ukeT icis kargi axali ambebis Sesaxeb,
Seisyidos kompaniis aqciebi manam, sanam es saqveynod gamocxaddeba?
d) aqciebis brokerma, romelsac im klientebis grZeli sia aqvs, visac is investiciebs aZ
levs, Seityo, rom TiTqosda sando sadazRvevo kompania gakotrebis pirasaa. aqvs Tu
ara mas ufleba, uTxras Tavis klientebs, gayidon am sadazRvevo kompaniis aqciebi,
sanam es informacia gaJonavs? Tu man unda Seinaxos es informacia manam, sanam lega
lurad ar eqneba gamJRavnebis ufleba?
e) korporaciis aRmasrulebel direqtors swams, rom mis mier ganxorcielebuli menej
menti bevrad met mogebas moutans kompanias, vidre mosalodneli iyo. aqvs Tu ara mas
ufleba, SeiZinos kompaniis aqciebis didi raodenoba manam, sanam saqveynod gamoacxa
debs Tavis varaudebs?
v) unda aiRon Tu ara moraluri pasuxismgebloba Tavis Tavze gamyidvelebma saxlebis
gayidvisas, rom myidvelebs uTxran im defeqtebis Sesaxeb, rac maT saxlebs gaaCniaT?
sardafebi, romlebic wvimisas wyliT ivseba, mezoblebi, romlebic yovel Rame xmau
rian wveulebebs marTaven, ciyvebi, romlebsac mansardSi budeebis gakeTeba uyvarT?
z) Tqven CaatareT mniSvnelovani kvlevebi XYZ kompaniaSi da es uflebas gaZlevT, imedi
iqonioT, rom misi aqciebi uaxloes momavalSi mkveTrad gaizrdeba. aqedan gamomdina
re, Tqven gsurT aqciebis didi nawilis Sesyidva. davuSvaT, rom dagirekaT amxanagma,
romelsac am kompaniis aqciebi aqvs da giTxraT, rom didi siamovnebiT mogyidiT 500
cals mimdinare fasad. iyidiT Tu ara am wils Tqveni amxanagisagan?
25. davuSvaT, rom arsebobs Zalian mZime, xSirad saSiSi da zogjer fataluri avadmyofobis
winaaRmdeg vaqcinis ori forma: virusis mkvleli vaqcina da cocxali virusis vaqcina, vaqci
nis gareSe daavadmyofebis albaToba 1,000-dan erTis tolia. virusis mkvleli vaqcinis ga
moyenebisas, albaToba 100,000-dan erTis tolia, xolo cocxali virusis gamoyenebisas, alba
Toba 1,000,000-dan 1-is tolia.
a) romel variants amoirCevT TqvenTvis an bavSvisTvis _ umoqmedobas, virusis mkvlel
vaqcinas, Tu cocxali virusis vaqcinas?
b) davuSvaT, rom avadmyofoba TavisTavad arasdros warmoiSveba virusis mkvleli vaq
cinisgan, cocxali virusidan misi warmoSobis albaToba ki 1,000,000-dan 2-is tolia.
rac niSnavs, rom, cocxali virusis vaqcinis gamoyenebisas, daavadebis albaToba
1,000,000-dan sams udris. sami variantidan romels amoirCevT axla?
g) aqvs Tu ara ufleba vinmes, vinc icis es albaToba cocxali virusis vaqciniT warmoSo
bili avadmyofobis Sesaxeb, warmoebas gulgrilobisTvis uCivlos?
d) ra unda qnas iman, visac surs gamoiyenos cocxali virusis vaqcina, magram fiqrobs,
rom mwarmoeblis sadazRvevo kompensacia arasakmarisia?
e) damatebiTi xarjebis gaweva iZleva imis SesaZleblobas, rom usafrTxoeba gaizardos.
ramdenad Sors wavalT? rodisaa damatebiTi usafrTxoeba aranakleb Rirebuli vidre
danaxarji? mzad xarT Tu ara gadaixadoT 250 dolari, nacvlad 25 dolarisa, cocxa
li virusis vaqcinaSi, Tu es avadmyofobis warmoSobis albaTobas 1,000,000-dan 2-is
nacvlad 1,000,000-dan 1-mde amcirebs?
v) davuSvaT, wina SekiTxvaze uaryofiTi pasuxi gaqvT. mosTxovT Tu ara vinmes, mwarmoeb
lebs gulgrilobisTvis uCivlos, im motiviT, rom damatebiTi 200 dolaris gaReba
orjer Seamcirebda daavadebis albaTobas?
139

26. warmoadgens Tu ara reklama informaciis saWiro wyaros? ras emsaxureba igi _ gvaZlevs in
formacias, gvatyuebs, gvarwmunebs Tu gvmarTavs? ganixileT reklamis TiToeuli SemTxveva:
a) satelefono kompaniis yviTeli furclebi.
b) gazeTSi gamoqveynebuli gancxadebebi.
g) sasursaTo maRaziis reklama gazeTSi.
d) mdidari da janmrTeli adamianebis Cveneba sareklamo avtomobilSi da mis gareT.
27. mravali reklama Seicavs mcire informacias mwarmoeblis Sesaxeb. SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom
aseTma reklamam sargebloba moutanos momxmarebels? metyvelebs Tu ara is faqti, rom gam
yidveli mzadaa gadaixados didi Tanxa produqciis saxelwodebis reklamaSi imaze, rom igi
darwmunebulia am produqciis xarisxSi?
28. uolton ristoni, korporacia `City Corp~-is yofili prezidenti, gazeTebis redaqtorTa ame
rikuli sazogadoebisadmi mimarTvaSi amtkicebda, rom mTavroba malavda informacias da
cenzuras awesebda axal ambebze, rodesac cdilobda aekrZala firmebisTvis fasebis momate
ba. is amtkicebda, rom firmebi imdenad fasebs ki ar adideben, aramed ityobinebian, rom fase
bi gaizrdeba. cenzuris romel saxes warmoadgens fasebze kontroli?
29. amerikul konstituciaSi uflebebis bili ukrZalavs mTavrobas kandidatebis winasaarCevno
dapirebebis cenzuras, rogori absurduli da upasuxusmgebloc ar unda iyos isini ratom ar
vrceldeba aseTi dacva komerciul reklamaze? xom ar aris gamowveuli es imiT, rom mcdar
komerciul gancxadebebs meti ziani moaqvT sazogadoebisaTvis da misi wevrebisTvis, vidre
mcdar politikur gancxadebebs? iqneb moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT ufro advilad da efeqtianad
Seafason politikuri gancxadebebi, vidre gancxadebebi gasayidi saqonlis Sesaxeb? Tu am mo
sazrebebidan arc erTi ar geCvenebaT sworad, maSin ra axsnas moZebniT?
30. gazeTebi ityobinebian, rom floridaSi mkacri yinvebis gamo forToxlis mosavals safrTxe
daemuqra da sul male forToxlis wvenis miwodeba Semcirdeba. ras fiqrobT qvemoT CamoTv
lil SemTxvevebSi? airCieT erT-erTi varianti daijerebT, SesaZloa daijeroT, ar daije
rebT, SesaZloa ar daijeroT.
a) adgilobrivi sursaTis maRazia zrdis fasebs forToxlis wvenze maSinve, rogorc ki
axal ambavs gaigebs.
b) diasaxlisi mirbis maRaziaSi da yidulobs gayinuli forToxlis wvenis sami Tvis ma
rags, rogorc ki axal ambavs Seityobs. forToxlis momyvani, romlis mosavals yinva
ar Sexebia, zrdis fasebs, rogorc ki axal ambavs Seityobs.
g) forToxlis momyvani, romlis mosavals yinvebma ziani miayena, zrdis fass yvela cit
rusze maSinve, rogorc ki axal ambavs gaigebs.
d) forToxlis wvenis mwarmoeblebi garbian imdeni forToxlis SesaZenad maSinve, ro
gorc ki axal ambavs gaigeben.
31. maisSi Tqven gadawyviteT, rom am wels simindis mosavali gacilebiT maRali iqneba da,
Sesabamisad, fasi bevrad ufro daiklebs, vidre amas adamianebis umravlesoba moelis.
a) Tqveni varaudis Sesabamisad, unda iyidoT Tu gayidoT simindze dekembris fiuCerse
bi? (fiuCersi aris kontraqti garkveul daTqmul dros dRevandeli fasiT yidvis an
gayidvis Sesaxeb).
b) Tu saqmeSi Caxeduli adamianebis umravlesoba iziarebs Tqvens Sexedulebas momavali
mosavlis raodenobis Sesaxeb, ra daemarTeba dekembris fiuCersebis fass?
g) rogor imoqmedebs es informacia gadawyvetilebaze, Seinaxon simindi momavalSi
gayidvis an moxmarebis mizniT?
d) rogor imoqmedebs dekembris fiuCersebis fasebis cvlilebaze dafuZnebuli ga
dawyvetilebebi ivnisSi simindis moxmarebaze?
e) SeuZliaT Tu ara spekulantebs, gadaitanon simindis arnaxuli mosavali warsulSi,
naklebi iSviaTobis periodidan didi iSviaTobis periodSi?
32. samxreT-aRmosavleT afrikis qveynebSi ukanaskneli 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi mosaxleoba SimSi
lobs.
a) am dros sudanis mTavroba gamoscems sakredito SezRudvebs im mizniT, `rom aiZulos
bankebi, SeaCeron im spekulantebis dafinanseba, romelTac surT xelis moTboba~.
140

moyvanilia aseve sudanSi momuSave konsultantis azri imis Sesaxeb, rom daxmareba yo
velTvis Zalian gvian modis da aucilebelia `winaswari Setyobinebis sistemebi da sa
rezervo fondebis Seqmna~. qmnian Tu ara spekulantebi wianswari Setyobinebis siste
mas? acnobiereben Tu ara spekulantebi, romlebsac SimSilze gamdidrebis imedi aqvT,
im ubedurebas, razedac xelis moTbobas apireben? amZimeben Tu ara isini am ubedure
bas? Tu, piriqiT, amsubuqeben im ubedurebas, romelzedac xels iTboben?
b) aRwerili iyo agreTve produqtis uyairaTo gadazidvebi: satvirTo manqanebi, rom
lebsac daxmareba `A~ punqtidan `B~ punqtSi gadaaqvT, gzaSi xvdebian manqanebs, rom
lebsac igive tvirTi `B~ punqtidan `A~ punqtSi miaqvT. amasTan, moSimSileebma mosT
xoves aSS-s rom Seewyvita produqciis gayidva da ufasod daerigebina is, vinaidan
gayidvis sistema azaralebs maT, vinc daxmarebas saWiroebs. amerikelma moxelem gana
cxada, rom produqciis gayidva SemoRebuli iqna adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mier,
romelsac ar surda, daeSva adgilobrivi bazrebis rRveva. xedavT Tu ara kavSirs ad
gilobrivi bazrebis rRvevasa da uyairaTo gadazidvebs Soris?
g) davuSvaT, aSS-is da sxva qveynebis mTavrobebma, vinc monawileobs moSimSile qveynebis
daxmarebaSi, dauriges xalxs fuli da maT nebas aZleven, Tavad iyidon sakvebi. migaCni
aT Tu ara, rom aseTi sistemis dros sakvebi ufro swrafad moxvdeba moSimSileebis
xelSi, vidre maSin, rodesac dasavleTis qvelmoqmedi organizaciebi Seecdebian, Ta
vad moagvaron sakvebis ganawileba?
d) maT, vinc maRaziis mepatroneebs da Suamavlebs brals sdebs imaSi, rom sazogadoe
bisTvis sargebloba ar moaqvT da usindisoebi arian, albaT miaCniaT, rom ukve damza
debuli produqciis fizikuri gavrceleba ar warmoadgens rTul sazogadoebriv
problemas. afrikis saxelmwifoebs, romlebmac SemoiRes sikvdiliT dasja spekula
ciisTvis, albaT aseTive warmodgena aqvT yovelive amaze. geqnebodaT survili, pro
duqtebiT gevaWraT, rodesac spekulaciisa da gamdidrebisTvis, SesaZloa, sikvdi
liT daisajoT?
33. msoflio dakvirvebis instituti regularulad winaswarmetyvelebs momaval wels xorblis
deficitis gazrdas da ganicdis imas, rom msoflio sakvebis gareSe darCeba.
a) rogor SeiZleba gamoiyenoT yviTeli presis furclebi am winaswarmetyvelebis Se
sacvlelad?
b) Tu profesionali spekulantebi ar eTanxmebian am institutis Sexedulebebs, visi in
formacia migaCniaT ufro sandod? ratom?
g) migaCniaT Tu ara, rom msoflio dakvirvebis institutis TanamSromlebi yiduloben
fiuCersebs im dros, rodesac Tavis mosazrebebs ayalibeben? unda moiqcnen Tu ara
isini ase?

141

fasebis dadgena da
monopoliebis
sakiTxi

odesac vambobT, rom fasebis dadgena moTxovnisa da miwodebis mixedviT xdeba, Cven viyenebT
metaforas. Tu gvsurs, rom realistebi viyoT, unda vTqvaT, rom gamyidvelebi adgenen fase
bis umravlesobas, myidvelebi adgenen darCenilis umetesobas da fasebis mcire raodenoba dgin
deba gamyidvelsa da myidvels Soris molaparakebebis gziT. zogjer mTavroba adgens fasebis mi
nimumsa da maqsimums, magram es saSualebas aZlevs myidvelebsa da gamyidvelebs, daadginon fasebi
dakanonebul sazRvrebs Soris.
ramdenad Tavisuflebi arian myidvelebi da gamyidvelebi fasebis dadgenisas? es aris is
SekiTxva, romelsac vutrialebdiT wina TavebSi. Cveni msjeloba im farul postulats efuZne
boda, rom nebismier bazarze imdeni gamyidveli da myidveli moqmedebs, rom arc erT maTgans ar
gaaCnia Zala, raTa Tavisi individualuri saqcieliT gavlena moaxdinos fasze. dadga dro, ufro
dakvirvebiT SevxedoT im problemebs, romlebic adre bolomde ar gamogvikvlevia.

vis SeiZleba vuwodoT monopolisti?

Cven viwyebT sityviT `monopolia~, romelic ori berZnuli sityvisgan warmodgeba, rac `erTad
erT gamyidvels~ niSnavs. arseboben Tu ara monopolistebi am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT? ra
iciT iseTi, rasac mxolod erTi gamyidveli yidis?
mobiluri telefonebis Seqmnamde karg magaliTs warmoadgenda adgilobrivi satelefono samsa
xuri. magram ramdenad zustia es magaliTi? sinamdvileSi 1984 wels, AT&T kompaniis gayofamdec ki,
aSS-Si arsebobda bevri damoukidebeli gamyidveli, romelic satelefono kavSiris momsaxurebas
gvTavazobda. SesaZlebelia es sulac ar cvlis sakiTxis arss. rogorc wesi, nebismier mocemul myid
velze mxolod erTi gamyidveli modis, vinaidan satelefono kompaniebi Cveulebriv sargebloben
garkveul raionebSi Tavisi momsaxurebis gayidvis gansakuTrebuli uflebiT. meore mxriv, myidve
lebi ar arian valdebulebi, icxovron erT raionSi. maT SeuZliaT Seicvalon sacxovrebeli adgili,
Tu sxvagan miwodebuli produqti urCevniaT. isev moismis mouTmeneli samarTliani xma `es saqmes
ar exeba~. arada, amas mainc garkveuli kavSiri aqvs saqmesTan. sacxovrebeli adgilis gamocvla sxva
satelefono kompaniiT sargeblobis mizniT SeiZleba dauSveblad Zviri aRmoCndes da Znelia warmo
idgino adamianebi, romlebsac sacxovrebeli adgilis gamocvla mxolod imitom surT, rom ar akmayo
filebT adgilobrivi satelefono momsaxureba. da mainc, es warmoadgens Semcvleli produqtis
miRebis saSualebas. Cveni magaliTi Tavisi absurdulobiT yuradRebas amaxvilebs sakiTxis arsze
Semcvlelebis xelmisawvdomobaze.
davuSvaT, Cven sxvanairad ganvsazRvravT satelefono kompaniebis mier gayidul saqonels da
mas `kavSirgabmulobis momsaxurebas~ vuwodebT. es arsebiT SecdomebTan ar migviyvans. bolos da
bolos, adamianebi imitom yiduloben telefonebs, rom isargeblon kavSirgabmulobis momsaxu
rebiT. magram, Tu gasayidi produqti asea ganmartebuli, maSin satelefono kompania, rogorc

143

Cans, warmoadgens ara monopolists, aramed gamyidvels, romelic konkurencias uwevs `Western
Union~-s, fostas, korespondenciisa da amanaTebis mimwodebel mraval kerZo samsaxurs, xmamaRal
yvirils, sirbils da agreTve kompiuteruli kavSiris yvela saxeobas. yovelive amis azri isaa,
rom, Tu saqonels farTo gansazRvrebas mivcemT, aRmoCndeba, rom qveyanaSi gayidul arcerT sa
qonels ar yidis monopolisti.
magram arsebobs medlis meore mxare. davuSvaT, saqonlis ganmarteba metad viwroa. Tu depeSa igi
ve araa, rac satelefono zari, maSin erTi paketi rZe axlomdebare maRaziaSi sulac araa igive, rac
aseTive rZis paketi supermarketSi, romelic saxlidan sami kvartlis daSorebiTaa. Tu ara gaqvT man
qana da gyavT mtirala bavSvi, romelsac Sia da ar dawynardeba, sanam rZes ar dalevs, saxlSi ki mas
veravis dautovebT, maSin `Soreuli~ rZe sul sxva saqonelia, vidre igive rZe axlomdebare maRaziaSi.
amgvarad, iZulebulebi varT davaskvnaT, rom rodesac saqoneli sakmarisad viwro gagebiTaa gan
sazRvruli, nebismieri gamyidveli SeiZleba monopolisti aRmoCndes, vinaidan ori gamyidveli aras
dros SesTavazebs myidvels absoluturad erTnair produqts.
sityva monopolia arazustia, vinaidan erTaderTi gamyidveli SesaZloa aRmoCndes an nebis
mieri pirovneba, an aravin, imis mixedviT, Tu rogor ganvmartavT gasayid saqonels. amasTan, yo
vel kerZo SemTxvevaSi, ar arsebobs kriteriumi imisTvis, rom gadavwyvitoT, ramdenad farTo an
viwro gageba SeiZleba mivuyenoT saqonels. binaTmflobelTa umravlesoba yidulobs eleqtro
energias gamyidvelisgan, romelic eleqtrokompaniadaa cnobili. magram Tu isini gamoiyeneben
energobatareebs, maSin energias ara adgilobrivi kompaniidan, aramed sxva mimwodeblisgan miiRe
ben. yiduloben isini raime simZlavres adgilobrivi gazis kompaniidan? gazis kompania ar yidis
eleqtroenergias, magram gazi da eleqtroba mravali sayofacxovrebo miznisTvis substitu
tebs, anu Semcvlelebs warmoadgens. ra warmoadgens saqonels am SemTxvevaSi? eleqtroba? ener
goxazebidan mosuli eleqtroba, SevZlebT ki gavarCioT momdinare xazebidan Semosuli eleq
troba imisgan, romelsac kompania gvawvdis? arsebobs Tu ara alternatiuli momwodebeli?
marTlac rom arsebobs, an yovel SemTxvevaSi unda arsebobdes!

alternativebi, elastiuroba da sabazro Zalaufleba

modiT, saqmes sxvanairad mivudgeT. riTi iqneboda cudi erTaderTi gamyidveli? amaze pasuxs
gvaZlevs satelefono kompania, rodesac reklamaSi acxadebs: `Cven SesaZloa erTaderTi kompania
varT qalaqSi, magram vcdilobT sxvagvarad moviqceT~, Tu gamyidveli erTaderTia, myidvels ar
Cevani ara aqvs. aravis surs, darCes alternativis gareSe. rac ufro mwiria Cveni alternativebi,
miT ufro sustia Cveni poziciebi da miT ufro advilia Cvens xarjze xelis moTboba.
magram me-2 Tavidan viciT, rom raRac alternativebi yovelTvis arsebobs. nebismier pro
duqts, adgilobriv eleqtronul momsaxurebasac, gaaCnia Semcvleli. bolosdabolos, adamiane
bi aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi eleqtroenergiis gareSe cxovrobdnen. meore mxriv, eleqtro
energia aucilebelia mravali firmisa da macxovreblisaTvis. aq unda gaviazroT iseTi
ekonomikuri cneba, rogoricaa fasis mixedviT moTxovnis elastiuroba.

P
miTiuri mtacebeli?!

Q
arc erTi gamyidveli ar warmoadgens monopolists, am sityvis sruli gagebiT, vinaidan ar ar
sebobs iseTi movlena, rogoricaa absoluturad araelastiuri moTxovna. arc erTi myidveli ar
144

aris mTlianad damokidebuli gamyidvelis wyalobaze. meore mxriv, gamyidvelebis metad mcire
raodenobas aqvs saqme absoluturad elastiuri moTxovnis mrudebTan.

P
ara absoluturad
elastiuri moTxovna

Q
nebismieri SemTxveva, garda absoluturi elastiurobisa, niSnavs imas, rom gamyidvelebi inar
Cuneben klientebis nawils, rodesac isini fasebs zrdian, rac, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs, rom gam
yidvelebs xelT aqvT bazris Zalauflebis mcire nawili mainc. sad gadis sazRvari monopoliasa
da mcire nawils Soris?

P
kidev ufro naklebad
elastiuri moTxovna

Q
mkafiod gamokveTili xazi aq ar arsebobs, ra Tqma unda, Tu ar movilaparakebT mis gatarebaze.
moTxovnis elastiuroba asaxavs Semcvlelebis xelmisawvdomobas: sxva Tanabari pirobebis dros,
rac ufro metad kargi Semcvlelebi gaaCnia romelime produqts, miT ufro elastiuria masze
moTxovna. amgvarad, cxadia, rom sabazro Zalauflebas SeiZleba sxvadasxva xarisxi gaaCndes da
rom igi moTxovnis elastiurobasTan ukukavSirSi iqneba.
amgvarad gansazRvruli termini `sabazro Zalaufleba~ iseT mniSvnelobas iZens, romlis
gamoyeneba da masze msjeloba SesaZlebelia, magram Cven jer ver gvipovnia Sesabamisi datvirTva
sityvisTvis `monopolia~.

privilegiebi da SezRudvebi
SevecadoT, problemas sxva kuTxiT mivudgeT. mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSi aSS-Si xSirad
ar ganasxvavebdnen monopoliasa da korporacias. mizezi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom korporaciebi
yovelTvis mTavrobis specialuri brZanebulebebiT iqmneboda. revoluciamde mefisa da parla
mentisagan, xolo revoluciis Semdeg erovnuli mTavrobebis, an Statebis mTavrobebisgan, isini
iRebdnen specialur patentebs oficialur dokumentebs, romlebic maT aZlevda iseT ufle
bebs da privilegiebs, rac sxvebisTvis xelmisawvdomi ar iyo. amitom, korporaciebis Seqmnis
brZanebulebebs `monopoliur saCuqars~ uwodebdnen. aseT monopolias warmoadgenda, maga
liTad, ostindoeTis kompania da misTvis 1773 wels miniWebulma gansakuTrebulma uflebam,
gaeyida Cai koloniur qveynebSi, Tavisi roli iTamaSa amerikis revoluciaSi.
arsebobs sityva `monopoliis~ wina mniSvnelobisagan gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba, rac saxelm
145

wifos qmedebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. Tu saxelmwifo raime saqmianobis nebas aZlevs erTs da
sxvebs ki am saqmianobisTvis sjis, an Tu zogierTi (da ara yvela) gamyidvelis moqmedeba SezRudu
lia, an Tu erTni mfarvelobis qveS arian, xolo sxvebs aseTi mfarveloba ar eZlevaT, maSin sa
xelmwifo qmnis gansakuTrebul privilegiebs. sityva `monopolia~ am SemTxvevaSi ara marto
istoriul, aramed Tanamedrove mniSvnelobasac iZens.
mravali saqmiani firma sargeblobs aseTi saxis monopoliuri privilegiebiT. mravali sxva
dasxva, erTi SexedviT, keTilSobiluri mizniT, rogoricaa sazogadoebrivi wesrigi, samarTlia
ni konkurencia, stabiluroba, erovnuli usafrTxoeba, efeqtianoba. yvela xelisufleba zRu
davda firmebs mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis sxvadasxva sferoebSi. am SezRudvebisgan yovelTvis is
igebs, viszec isini ar vrceldeba. es pirebi Cveulebriv ar amxelen, rom monopoliuri Zalaufle
biT sargebloben. miuxedavad amisa, konkurenciis aseTi SezRudvis Sedegad, xdeba imaTi CamoSo
reba, vinc monawileobas miiRebda masSi.
survilis SemTxvevaSi SegveZlo sityva `monopolia~ gamogveyenebina yvela im piris, an organi
zaciis dasaxasiaTeblad, romlebic sargebloben saxelmwifos mier miniWebuli specialuri pri
vilegiebiT. ubedureba isaa, rom adamianebis umravlesoba am gagebiT ar moixmars am sityvas. mo
cemuli ganmartebis Tanaxmad, monopolistia fosta, komunaluri meurneobis samsaxurebis
umravlesoba, mravali maRazia, romelic sasmelebiT vaWrobs, damkrZalavi biuroebi da qimikate
bis gamavrcelebeli samsaxuri, amerikis eqimTa asociacia, advokatTa asociaciebi StatebSi,
profkavSirebi, fermerebi, romlebic saxelmwifosgan ijariT iReben damatebiT miwebs SeRava
Tiani pirobebiT; licenziebis mqone dalaqebi da taqsomotoruli firmebi. marTlac rom grZeli
siaa.
amitom Cven gvsurs gadavdgaT gmiruli nabiji da amovagdoT samuSao leqsikonidan sityva `mo
nopolia~. mas Zalze bevri mniSvneloba aqvs. monopolia Tanamedrove molaybeebis sayvareli si
tyvaa, amitom Cven mas ar gamoviyenebT. SevecdebiT, gamoviyenoT sxva terminebi, romlebic, Cveni
azriT, ukeTesad gadmogvcemen im konkretuli situaciis azrs, romelic mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs.
Tu ase Znelia sityva `monopoliis~ gansazRvra, raRa gveTqmis iseT sityvaze, rogoricaa `oli
gopolia~? sityva `oligopolia~ aseve berZnulidan warmodgeba da niSnavs ramdenime gamyidve
lidan erT-erTs. magram risi ramdenime gamyidveli? ra aris es saqoneli, romelsac mxolod ram
denime yidis? mas viwro gageba aqvs Tu farTo? oligopoliis saCvenebel magaliTs warmoadgens
amerikuli manqanaTmSeneblobis sami giganti. magram es iyo manam, sanam sazRvargareTuli saavto
mobilo firmebi gvaCvenebdnen, Tu raoden viwroa gageba, romlis mixedviTac saavtomobilo war
moeba ganisazRvreba, rogorc amerikis kerZo firmebis mier manqanebis gamoSveba. ra unda vTqvaT
did qalaqebSi gamomaval yoveldRiur gazeTebze? isini arcTu ise bevria niu-iorkSic ki. magram
maT konkurencias uweven sxva gazeTebi, romlebic SeiZleba mivawodoT satvirTo manqanebiT an
TviTmfrinavebiT; ra gveTqmis navTobgasamarT sadgurebze? avtomobilebis gamyidvel dilereb
ze? CogburTis Cognebze simebis gamWimav saxelosnoebze? ramdenia `cota~ yoveli SemTxvevis
ganxilvisas, ramdenad viwrod an farTod unda ganvsazRvroT gayiduli saqoneli? romel saqo
nelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mas mxolod ramdenime gamyidveli yidis? ar Rirs sxva magaliTebis
moyvana imisTvis, rom yvela problema, romelic dakavSirebulia monopolistis, rogorc erT
aderTi gamyidvelis gansazRvrebasTan, isev Cvens winaSe aRmoCndes, rogorc ki oligopolias
ganvsazRvravT rogorc `gamyidvelebidan erT-erTs~.
mravali ekonomisti sityva oligopolias gamoiyenebs gansakuTrebuli sabazro situaciis
ganmartebisTvis. am situacias Cven me-10 TavSi ganvixilavT da gavaanalizebT, magram Cven ar vi
sargeblebT sityviT `oligopolia~, iseve rogorc sityviT `monopolia~, vinaidan es terminebi
ufro metad gaugebrobas iwvevs, vidre sicxade da naTeli gageba Semoaqvs.

fasis mimRebi da fasis maZiebeli

davubrundeT imas, riTic es Tavi iwyeboda: _ realurad vin adgens fass da ramdenad Tavi
sufalni arian isini?
Cveni qveyana, rogorc amboben, Tavisufali qveyanaa da Cveulebriv mewarmeebs Tavisuflad
SeuZliaT Tavad daadginon fasebi. USX korporacia, beWdavs ra fasis preiskurantebs, moqmedebs
Tavisi Sexedulebis mixedviT da kanzasel fermers SeuZlia sulac ar eSinodes sasamarTlosi,
146

Tu mis mier moyvanili xorblis erT buSels 5 dolarad gayidis. magram, albaT, aq aris mniSvne
lovani gansxvaveba, romelic gvexmareba avxsnaT, Tu ratom qiraobs USX korporacia xalxs, raTa
gadawyvitos, Tu rogori fasebi daadginos, xolo fermerebi amas ar akeTeben. miuxedavad amisa,
Cven vamtkicebT, rom es gansxvaveba raodenobriv xasiaTs atarebs da ara xarisxobrivs.
jer ganvixiloT xorblis momyvani fermeris sakiTxi. Tu is gazeTebSi diliT gaecnoba finan
sur svetebs an SuadRes moismens radioSetyobinebas bazarze mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, gaigebs, rom
2 jiSis, standartuli kanzasuri xorblis erTi buSeli diliT 3,48 dolari da 3/4 centi Rirda. am
ambavma SeiZleba aRafrTovanos, an piriqiT, daaRonos igi. magram is TiTqmis verafers gaakeTebs
situaciis Sesacvlelad. Tu is fass SesaniSnavad miiCnevs da mTel Tavis mosavals bazarze gai
tans, am ukanasknels mxolod Zalian umniSvnelo talRa Tu gadaurbens. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu es
fermeri StatSi xorblis yvelaze didi mwarmoebelia, misi wili xorblis gayidvis saerTo mocu
lobaSi metad umniSvneloa, ase rom igi ver imoqmedebs fasze. mTel mosavals gayidis, Tu mxolod
mis naxevars, fasis cvlileba centis 1/4-is tolic ki ar iqneba.
fasi

moTxovnis raodenoba
(am fermeris xorbalze)

3,5 dol. nulovani

3,48 dol. yvelaferi, rac fermers gaaCnia
3,46 dol. yvelaferi, rac fermers gaaCnia
(rodesac sabazro fasi 3,48 dolaria)
amitom ekonomistebi xorblis momyvan fermers fasTmimRebs uwodeben. mas ar SeuZlia, sakuTa
ri qmedebebiT Secvalos xorblis fasi. adgilobriv elevatorze xorblis fasis dadgena xdeba
mTel qveyanaSi mravali gamyidvelisa da myidvelis qmedebebis Sedegad. Tu fermeri, gamoiyenebs
ra Tavis kanonier uflebas da sabazro fasze 2 centiT maRal fass daawesebs, is verafers gayidis.
vinaidan mas SeuZlia mTeli xorblis gayidva arsebul fasad. amitom, mas ar gaaCnia stimuli,
miawodos xorbali im fasad, romelic arsebul fasTan SedarebiT dabalia. fasTmimRebebi xvde
bian moTxovnis absoluturad elastikur mrudebs, anu mrudebs, romlebic yvela praqtikuli
miznebisTvis absoluturad elastikurad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. arsebuli fasis doneze, moTxov
nis mrudebs horizontaluri mimarTuleba aqvT.

$3.48 da centi

absoluturad elastiuri QQ
absoluturaad
moTxovnis
grafiki
moTxovnis
grafiki

gamyidvelTa umravlesoba sxva mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. survilis SemTxvevaSi maT SeuZliaT

fasebis aweva ise, rom ar dakargon yvela muStari da, fermerisgan gansxvavebiT, maT yovelTvis
ar SeuZliaT yvelafris gayidva, rasac awarmoeben ise, rom fasi ar daaklon. ufro maRal fasad
isini naklebs gayidian, SedarebiT dabal fasad ki gayidian mets, amitom ekonomistebi maT fasTma
Zieblebs uwodeben. yoymanoben ra ufro maRal fasad gayidvis survilsa da gayidvis moculobis
gazrdis survils Soris, maT unda moZebnon yvelaze misaRebi fasi an fasTa kompleqsi.
147

fasis maZieblebis moTxovnis ramodenime mrudi

fasTmaZieblebs miekuTvneba USX, kerZo universitetis mzrunvelTa sabWo, romelic swavlis

qiris gazrdis SesaZleblobas afasebs, sasursaTo maRaziis mepatrone da patara biWi, romelic
sicxeSi limonaTs yidis. ekonomikur mecnierebaSi arsebobs tradicia, rom yvela fasTmaZiebels
`monopolisti~ uwodon. magram es sityvis teqnikuri gamoyenebaa, romelsac yvela SecdomaSi Se
hyavs, garda profesionali ekonomistebisa. vinaidan patara biWi, romelic limonaTs yidis, ver
xvdeba absoluturad elastikuri moTxovnis mruds, is aris ara fasTmimRebi, aramed fasTmaZie
beli. nebismieri adamiani, vinc ekonomikuri mecnierebis istoriaSi araa Cafluli, mas monopo
lists ar uwodebs, amitom arc Cven moviqceviT ase. termini fasTmaZiebeli warmoadgens im situa
ciis arss, romelic Cven gvainteresebs. yvela fasTmaZiebels gaaCnia bazarze garkveuli
Zalaufleba, magram sxvadasxva xarisxSi, amasTan es xarisxi gamyidvelis produqciaze moTxovnis
elastiurobis ukuproporciulia.

fasis mimRebTa bazrebi da resursebis optimaluri ganTavseba

ekonomistebma arasasiamovno termini `monopolisti~ ixmares imis mimarT, visac Cven `fasTma
Ziebels~ vuwodebT ufro metad imitom, rom cdilobdnen, xazi gaesvaT fasebis dadgenis am ori
tipis SedegebisTvis. bazrebs, sadac yvela myidveli da gamyidveli warmoadgens fasTmimRebs,
mowonebis niSnad, `konkurentuli bazrebi~ uwodes. gvsurs gaCvenoT is upiratesobebi, romleb
sac isini xedavdnen fasTmimRebTa bazrebSi ise, rom ar iyenebdnen monopoliisa da konkurenciis
dapirispirebis Sesaxeb mcdar warmodgenas, TiTqos fasTmaZieblebi ar xvdebian konkurencias.
amisTvis gamoviyenebT grafiks (nax. 8.1), romelzedac mocemulia miwodebisa da moTxovnis mru
debi zafxulSi pratfolzSi saxlebis mRebavebze.
samRebro samuSaoebis moTxovnili da miwodebuli saaTebis raodenoba damokidebulia saxlis
SeRebvis samuSaoebis erTi saaTis Rirebulebaze. vinaidan am sferoSi momuSave adamianebis osta
toba gansxvavebulia, Cven gavamartivebT midgomas da davuSvebT, rom horizontalur RerZze ga
dazomili momsaxurebis yoveli saaTi warmoadgens erTnairi xarisxis samuSaos. Tu fredi fambl
fingeris erTsaaTiani gamomuSaveba pratfolzis saSualo mRebavis gamomuSavebis mxolod 40%-s
Seadgens, maSin mas 2,5 saaTi dasWirdeba, raTa miawodos grafikze gamosaxuli produqtis `erTi
saaTi~. betsi braibraSi, romelic saSualoze samjer ukeTesad muSaobs, saxlis SeRebvis `erT sa
aTs~ yovel 20 wuTSi awvdis.
pirveli, rac unda davimaxsovroT, isaa, rom miwodebis mrudebi warmoadgenen alternativis
zRvruli Rirebulebis mrudebs. SS mrudi, 8.1 naxazze warmogvidgens yvela alternatiuli Se
saZleblobebis Rirebulebas, romelzedac uaris Tqma gvixdeba, rodesac pratfolzSi saxlebis
SeRebvis sul ufro didi moculobis samuSaoebi tardeba. adamianebs, romlebsac wvlili SeaqvT
mrudis qvemoTa marcxena nawilSi, gaaCniaT didi SedarebiTi upiratesobebi saxlebis SeRebvaSi,
vinaidan isini an gamocdili mRebavebi arian an, ubralod, sxva arafris gakeTeba ar SeuZliaT.
mrudis zemoTa marjvena nawili, maT Soris is monakveTebi, romlebic mrudze ar aris gamosa
xuli, gviCvenebs, Tu rogor reagirebs miwodeba maTi mxridan, vinc imisTvis, rom mRebavi gaxdes,

148

uari unda Tqvas momgebian iuridiul praqtikaze; visac Tavbrusxvevebi ewyeba Svid futze maRal
simaRleze, an visac nebismieri sxva mizezis gamo mouwevs didi Rirebulebis alternativaze
uaris Tqma, raTa samRebro samuSaoebis erTi saaTi miawodos. ar dagaviwydeT, rom yoveli adamia
nis zRvruli xarjebis mrudi aseve marjvniv da zemoT aiwevs. rac ufro met dros uTmobs adamia
ni saqmianobis garkveul saxes, im alternatiuli SesaZleblobebis Rirebuleba, romelsac saqmia
nobis es saxe gamoaZevebs, aucileblad gaizrdeba. es imitom xdeba, rom adamianebi Tavidan uars
amboben naklebad faseul SesaZleblobebze, xolo SedarebiT metad faseul SesaZleblobebze
uars mxolod Zlieri stimulis sapasuxod acxadeben.

nax. 8-1 saxlis SeRebvis moTxovnis da miwodebis grafiki Pratte Falls-Si

Tu fasi saaTSi 6 dolaris doneze dadgindeba ise, rom zafxulis ganmavlobaSi xelidan xelSi
6000 saaTis produqti gadava, mravali ekonomistis guli sixaruliT aZgerdeba. ratom? imitom,
rom 6 dolaris SemTxvevaSi miwodebisa da moTxovnis mocemuli mrudebisas ar xdeba produqtis
arc erTi erTeulis warmoeba, romlisTvisac miwodebis mrudiT warmodgenili alternativis
zRvruli Rirebuleba meti iqneba moTxovnis mrudiT warmodgenili zRvrul sargebelze. ufro
metic, nawarmi produqtis yoveli erTeulis zRvruli mogeba metia zRvrul xarjebze. ra SeiZle
ba iyos amaze ukeTesi? tradiciulad, ekonomistebi amas resursebis optimalur ganTavsebas
uwodeben. optimaluri niSnavs saukeTesos, rac ra Tqma unda maRali Sefasebaa, magram, modiT,
yuradRebiT viyoT, raTa gavigoT, Tu rasTan gvaqvs saqme. davuSvaT, rom is adamianebi, romlebic
miawvdian 6,000 saaTs 6 dolaris RirebulebiT, gadawyveten, rom ufro maRal anazRaurebas
imsaxureben da garkveuli meTodebiT daarwmuneben qalaqis xelmZRvanelobas im kanonis aucile
blobaSi, romelic saxlis SeRebvis erTi saaTis minimalur Rirebulebas 10 dolaramde gazrdis.
davuSvaT, rom es kanoni cxovrebaSi gatarda. ra moxdeba? axla moTxovna mxolod 4,000 saaTze
iqneba. imdenad, ramdenadac mxolod es raodenoba gaiyideba, swored aseTi iqneba miwodebis faq
tiuri raodenobac miuxedavad imisa, rom, rogorc grafiki gviCvenebs, mRebavebi moindomeben
saaTSi 10 dolarad produqtis daaxloebiT orjer meti raodenobis Seqmnas.
10 dolaris doneze fasebis dadgena da iZulebiTi SenarCuneba gaaumjobesebs erTi nawilis,
magram gaauaresebs meore nawilis mdgomareobas. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom imaT Soris, visi mdgo
mareobac gauaresdeba, SesaZloa aRmoCndnen is mRebavebi, romlebic kanoniT dadgenili fasebis
zrdis gamo iZulebulebi xdebian nakleb sasurvel samuSaoze daTanxmdnen. ekonomistebs ar gaaC
niaT SedarebiT damakmayofilebeli meTodi, romelic erTi adamianis mogebis da meoris danakar
gis SedarebiT saSualebas mogvcems, sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis jamis gazrdasa da Semcire
baze vimsjeloT.

149

MC

SeRebvis
Sefaseba

mRebavebis dakarguli
SesaZleblobebis
Rirebuleba

Q
erTaderTi, risi gakeTebac maT SeuZliaT, isaa, rom miuTiTon, pratfolzis kanonebi xels
uSlis urTierTsasargeblo gacvlas. moTxovnis mrudze 4,000 saaTsa da 6,000 saaTs Soris mrudis
qveS farTobi warmoadgens dolarebSi gamosaxul im Tanxas, romlis gaRebazec Tanaxmani arian
momxmareblebi, raTa miiRon es produqti. miwodebis mrudis qveS farTi warmogvidgens dolareb
Si Sefasebul im Tanxas, romlis gaRebazec Tanaxmani arian mimwodeblebi, raTa gayidon am raode
nobis momsaxureba. am farTobebs Soris sxvaoba, romelic 8-1 naxazze daStrixulia, es aris
vaWrobidan miRebuli potenciuri mogeba, romelic sinamdvileSi ikargeba, radgan kanoni krZa
lavs nebismier gacvlas 10 dolarze nakleb fasad.
ra kavSiri aqvs yovelive amas fasTmimRebTa bazrebsa da maT upiratesobasTan, fasTmaZiebel
Ta bazrebTan SedarebiT? saqme isaa, rom fasebi, romlebic zRvrul xarjebze maRlaa dafiqsire
buli, gamoricxavs urTierTsasargeblo gacvlis zogierT SesaZleblobas. fasTmimRebTa baz
rebze gamyidvelebs ar gaaCniaT iseTi Zalaufleba, rom daadginon da SeinarCunon zRvrul
xarjebze maRali fasebi, xolo fasTmaZiebelTa bazarze es Zalaufleba maT aqvT.
me-9 da me-10 TavebSi sxva sakiTxebTan erTad Cven ganvixilavT im sakiTxebsac, Tu ramdenad
seriozulia es problema da ramdenad maRali SeiZleba iyos misi gadaWris xarjebi.

150

Mmokled gavimeoroT
sityvasityviT `monopolia~ _ niSnavs `erTaderT gamyidvels~. magram aris Tu ara romelime
gamyidveli marTlac erTaderTi, damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad viwro an farTo gagebas
vaZlevT produqts. sakmaod farTo gansazRvrebisas, arsebobs TiToeuli produqtis uamravi
gamyidveli. magram viwro gagebiT, nebismieri mocemuli gamyidvelis produqti gansxvavdeba sxva
gamyidvelis produqtisgan da yvela gamyidveli SeiZleba monopolistad miviCnioT. amitom sit
yva `monopolias~ axasiaTebs ganuzRvreloba da momaval TavebSi mas ar gamoviyenebT.
sityva `oligopolia~ iseve ganuzRvrelia, rogorc `monopolia~. moiZebneba produqtis mxo
lod ramdenime Tu bevri gamyidveli damokidebulia imaze, produqtis romel gansazRvrebas Se
varCevT. amitom Cven uars vambobT sityva oligopoliaze sxva terminebis sasargeblood, romle
bic ufro zustad asaxaven amgvar situacias.
negatiuri asociaciebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia sityvasTan `monopolia~, warmoiSveba im
gagebisgan, rom erTaderTi gamyidvelisgan myidvels arCevani ar gaaCnia da amitom mTlianad mas
zea damokidebuli. vinaidan moqmedebis nebismier saxes sinamdvileSi gaaCnia alternativebi, ami
tom arc erT gamyidvels ara aqvs ganusazRvreli Zalaufleba myidvelze. sabazro Zalauflebas
SesaZloa mxolod garkveul xarisxSi flobde.
gageba `fasis mixedviT elastiuroba~ saSualebas gvaZlevs safuZvlianad SeviswavloT sa
bazro Zalauflebis problema. moTxovnis elastiurobebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT nulidan
usasrulobamde ryeva, asaxaven Semcvlelebis xelmisawvdomobas. rac ufro mdidaria myidvelis
arCevani, miT ufro elastiuria moTxovnis mrudebi, romlebsac awydebian gamyidvelebi da miT
ufro SezRudulia gamyidvelebis Zalaufleba, maT mier momgebiani gayidvis pirobebis dadgenis
SesaZleblobebi.
aSS-is arsebobis adreul periodSi, monopolia Cveulebriv niSnavda iseT organizacias, ro
melsac saxelmwifom raRac gansakuTrebuli privilegiebi mianiWa. amgvarad, monopolisti iyo
erTaderTi kanonieri gamyidveli. Tumca es sityva am gagebiT sazogadod aRar ixmareba, mas Tana
medrove JReradobac gaaCnia, vinaidan federaluri, adgilobrivi da Statebis xelisufalni
farTod iyeneben specialuri privilegiebis praqtikas, rac konkurencias zRudavs.
vcdilobT ra gavigoT, rogor xdeba fasebis dadgena, sasargebloa erTmaneTisgan ganvasxva
voT fasTmimRebebi da fasTmaZieblebi. fasis mimRebebi iZulebulebi arian miiRon bazris mier
nakarnaxevi fasebi. myidvelebs gaaCniaT iseTi SesaniSnavi Semcvlelebi, rom fasebis gazrdis an
gayidvis pirobebis nebismieri mcdeloba, gamyidvels saerTod klientis gareSe datovebs. meore
mxriv, fasTmaZiebels SeuZlia, produqtis sxvadasxva raodenobebi sxvadasxva fasad gayidos,
amitom unda eZebos yvelaze momgebiani fasebi.
rodesac fasi zRvrul xarjebze metia, zogierTi produqtis warmoeba da gayidva Sewydeba
miuxedavad imisa, rom myidvelis mier maTi SeZenis SesaZlebloba ufro maRali iqneba, Tu pro
duqts xelmisawvdoms gaxdidnen fasTmimRebebis bazrebze. konkurencia warmoebas im werti
lisken ubiZgebs, sadac fasi zRvruli xarjebis tolia.

sakiTxebi gansjisaTvis
1. CamoTvaleT ramdenime saqoneli an momsaxureba, romelsac mxolod erTi gamyidveli yidis.
Semdeg CamoTvaleT am produqtebis ramdenime Semcvleli. ramdenad Zlieria is sabazro Za
laufleba, romelsac Tqven mier dasaxelebuli erTaderTi gamyidvelebi floben.
2. warmoadgens Tu ara monopolias firma, Tu is gamoscems erTaderT dilis gazeTs romelime qa
laqSi? Tu is gamoscems erTaderT yoveldRiur dilis an saRamos gazeTs? Tu is gamoscems er
TaderT yoveldRiur gazeTs da mis sakuTrebaSia qalaqSi erTaderTi satelevizio arxi? ra aris
is produqti, rasac awvdis yoveldRiuri gazeTi? romel sxva produqts uwevs is konkurencias?
3.

Cveulebriv eleqtroenergiis mwarmoebel kompaniebs saxelmwifo aZlevs gansakuTrebul ufle

bas, gayidon energia zogierT raionebSi. uweven Tu ara isini konkurencias sxva gamyidvelebs,
vinc sxva produqts yidis? uweven Tu ara isini konkurencias im eleqtrul kompaniebs, rom
151

lebTac sxva raionebze garkveuli uflebebi aqvT? konkurireben Tu ara eleqtroxelsawyoebis

mwarmoebeli kompaniebi eleqtroenergiis mwarmoebel kompaniebTan? Tu Tqven TvliT rom ara,
maSin dafiqrdiT imaze, rom konkurencia SeiZleba gaCndes mravali aspeqtiT.
4. warmoadgens Tu ara monopolias sarkinigzo kompania `Amtrak~-i? Tu moisurvebT amerikis qa
laqebs Soris matarebliT mgzavrobas, aRmoaCenT, rom aseT momsaxurebas mxolod `Amtrak~-i
awvdis. miuxedavad amisa, ratom ar SeiZleba igi monopolistad CavTvaloT? warmoadgens Tu
ara rkinigziT mgzavrTa saqalaqTaSoriso gadayvanebi iseT produqts, romelsac kargi
Semcvlelebi ar gaaCnia?
5. mravali adamiani kanoniT valdebulia moixmaros produqti, romlis mimwodeblebs saxelmwifo
skolebi warmoadgenen. ufro metic, vinaidan konkurentebs ar SeuZliaT gadasaxadebis meSveo
biT sakuTari saqmianobis finansireba, maT uxdebaT ufro maRali fasebis dadgena, vidre saxel
mwifo skolebs. warmoadgenen Tu ara monopolistebs saxelmwifo skolebis sistemebi?
6. kanoniT akrZalulia iseTi sasoflosameurneo saqonliT vaWroba, rogoricaa Tambaqo da
Wvavi, Tu is ar aris moyvanili im miwaze, romelic saxelmwifom specialurad am produqtebis
Tvis gamohyo. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom is fermerebi, romlebsac es kulturebi mohyavT,
monopolistebi arian? isini fasTmaZieblebi arian Tu fasTmimRebebi?
7. Tu monopoliebi arasasurvelia, rogorc es zogierTs miaCnia, xSirad ratom cdilobs saxel
mwifo, daicvas gansazRvruli gamyidvelebi konkurenciisgan, romelsac adgili eqneboda am
dargSi damatebiTi mwarmoeblebis gamoCenisas?
a) ratom ukrZalavs aSS-is mTavroba adamianebs, konkurencia gauwion safosto momsaxu
rebas pirveli klasis safosto miwodebaSi?
b) ratom cdiloben TiTqmis yovelTvis qalaqebis xelisufalni, SemoiRon mkacri
SezRudvebi im saqmianobaze, rac konkurencias gauwevs qalaqis saavtobuso momsaxu
rebas, romelic qalaqis xelisuflebas, an maT ekuTvnis, vinc mis mier gacemuli li
cenziis safuZvelze muSaobs?
8.

zogierTi ekonomisti amtkicebda, rom is xarisxi, romliTac monopolistebi da oligopoliste

bi akontroleben amerikis ekonomikas, SeiZleba Sefasdes sxvadasxva dargebSi koncentraciis
koeficientebis ganxilvis Sedegad. aRweris biuros mier gamoTvlili es koeficientebi asaxavs
sxvadasxva dargebSi gayidvebis saerTo moculobis im procents, romelic modis TiToeul
dargSi 4 udides, 8 udides, 20 udides da 50 udides kompaniaze. 8.1 cxrilSi moyvanilia arCeuli
dargebis koeficientebi, romlebic warmoebebis aRweris biuros mier gamoTvlilia 1987 wels.
gayidvebis procenti, romelic modis aSS-s
msxvil samrewvelo kompaniebze
cxrili 8-1

dargi

4
umsxvilesi

8
umsxvilesi

20
umsxvilesi

50
umsxvilesi

1.
2.

navTobgadamuSaveba
avtoZravebis da Zarebis damzadeba

32%
90

52%
95

78%
99

95%
99+

3.

brZmedebis da liTonCamosasxmeli
qarxnebis warmoeba

44

63

81

94

72
32
21
25
15
20

93
50
32
39
21
33

99
66
48
55
31
61

99+
80
67
71
44
89

65

76

84

89

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

aviamSenebloba
xorckombinatebi
rZiswarmoeba
gazeTebi
samxerxao
plastikuri da rezinis masalebi
saponi da sarecxi
10.
saSualebebi

152

a) ratom warmoadgens avtomanqanebis Zravebis da sabargulebis warmoebis dargSi kon

centraciis koeficienti maCvenebels, romelic seriozulad zrdis avtomobilebis
amerikeli mewarmeebis sabazro Zalauflebas?
b) `xorckombinatebis~ da `rZis~ dargebis koncentraciis koeficientebi erTmaneTis
msgavsia. magram did gzaze rZis gadatana bevrad ufro Zviria, vidre gadamuSavebuli
xorcis gadatana. raze metyvelebs es gansxvaveba, Tu koncentraciis dargobrivi koe
ficientis mixedviT SevecdebiT gavakeToT daskvna sabazro Zalauflebis xarisxis
Sesaxeb?
g) ratom ar aris `gazeTebis~ da `xorckombinatebis~ dargebis koncentraciis koefi
cientebis msgavseba mniSvnelovani?
d) metyvelebs Tu ara xetyis damzadebis plastmasebis da sapnis warmoebis (cxrilSi 8, 9
da 10 striqonebi) dargebis koncentraciis mzardi koeficientebi sabazro Zala
uflebis Sesabamis zrdaze? ramdenad didia xe-tyis, plastmasis an sapnis geografiu
li bazrebi garkveuli samrewvelo sawarmosTvis?
e) navTobis mopoveba ufro metad koncentrirebulia, vidre misi warmoeba, an gavrce
leba. metyvelebs Tu ara es imaze, rom navTobmompovebel kompaniebs SeuZliaT maT
mier SerCeuli nebismieri fasebis dadgena?
9. xSirad SeiZleba waikiTxoT, rom dargSi moqmedebs mxolod sami (cxra, xuTi an rva) firma da rom
es metad mcire ricxvia imisaTvis, raTa konkurencia efeqtiani iyos. rogor gansazRvravdiT
`dargs~? uweven Tu ara erTmaneTs konkurencias is firmebi, romlebic (nebismieri klasifikaci
is mixedviT) sxvadasxva dargebs miekuTvnebian? uweven Tu ara erTmaneTs konkurencias erTi
dargis firmebi (nebismieri klasifikaciis mixedviT)?
10. uweven ki rodesme konkurencias erTmaneTs xidebis liTonis karkasebis mwarmoebeli firma
iutaSi da karkasebis firma merilendSi? SegiZliaT axsnaT, Tu rogor unda gauwios konkurencia
xis nawarmma liTonis Zelebs?
11. warmoadgens Tu ara is koleji, sadac Tqven swavlobT, fasTmaZiebels? ramdenad Tavisufalia is
im fasis dadgenisas, romelsac Tqven ixdiT? SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom am kiTxvas gansxvavebuli
pasuxi gascen pirvelkurselma, romelic axlaxan miiRes da ufroskurselma, romelic sadacaa
daamTavrebs swavlas? sargeblobs Tu ara Tqveni koleji kanoniT miniWebuli raime gansakuTre
buli privilegiebiT?
12. adam smiti naSromSi `xalxebis simdidre~ werda: `monopoliebis fasi yvela SemTxvevaSi yvelaze
maRalia im fasebidan, romelTa amoReba SesaZlebelia myidvelebisgan, an risi gadaxdisTvisac
isini savaraudod mzad arian~. aqvs Tu ara am gamonaTqvams mkafio da gamarTlebuli axsna, Tu
unda gavakeToT daskvna, rom ekonomikuri mecnierebis damaarsebelic ki zogjer sityvebs udie
rad eqceoda.
13. iTvleba, rom mecxramete saukunis Sua wlebSi rkinigzebis ganviTarebam mniSvnelovnad Seamcira
mravali amerikuli firmis sabazro Zalaufleba. axseniT, ratom.
14. davuSvaT, rom sanam Tqven ukana ezoSi pionebs rgavdiT, iq navTobma amoxeTqa. yoveldRiurad
SesaZlebelia 20 bareli navTobis amoReba. ramdenad unda SezRudoT yoveldRiuri mopoveba,
raTa ar misceT fasebs dacemis saSualeba? ratom fiqrobs TqvenTan SedarebiT gacilebiT mets
navTobis mopovebis SezRudvaze saudis arabeTis navTobis ministri?
15. gazeTis saTauri gvamcnobs: `navTobis fasis monacemebi gvauwyeben zamTris siciveebis dros
gripis gazrdili saSiSroebis Sesaxeb~. Tu zamTris siciveebisas xalxis gasaTbobad fasebi
izrdeba, niSnavs Tu ara es, rom mas, vinc gasaTbob navTobs yidis, bazarze didi Zalaufleba aqvs?
16. rodesac amerikis aviaxazebma Seamcires gadasaxdebi samogzauro saagentoebisTvis, mravalma sa
mogzauro saagentom daiwyo momxmareblebisagan fulis aReba iseT momsaxurebaSi, rasac
adre ufasod akeTebda. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom samogzauro saagentoebs gaaCniaT sabazro
Zalaufleba? zogjer, mas Semdeg, rac gamyidvelebi zrdian fasebs, isini kvlav swrafad amci
reben maT, ratom?

153

17. 8-2 naxazis marcxena nawili gviCvenebs mocemul wels aSS-Si xorbalze moTxovnis (D) da gaerTia
nebuli zRvruli xarjebis (S) mrudebs.
a) daxazeT marjvena mxares. samxreT dakoteli fermeris ferdinand elizeris xorbal
ze moTxovnis mrudi;
b) rogor gadaadgildeba ferd elizeris xorbalze moTxovnis mrudi, Tu mTavroba ga
dauxdis fermerebs 1.5 dolars TiTo buSelSi?
g) ras daemsgavseba ferd elizeris xorbalze moTxovnis mrudi, Tu mTavroba TiToeuli
gayiduli buSelidan fermerebs 1 dolars mosTxovs?
$6

1 buSelis Rirebuleba

1 buSelis Rirebuleba

$6

3
2
1

milionobiT buSeli weliwadSi

3
2
1

aTasobiT buSeli weliwadSi

nax. 8-2 bazris moTxovna da moTxovna erTi mwarmoeblisaTvis

18. mas Semdeg, rac 1975 wels sietlSi miRebuli iqna kanoni sanapiro zonis marTvis Sesaxeb, navsadgo
mebis raodenoba kanoniT 440-mde SeizRuda. amJamad yvela navsadgomi dakavebulia. navebis mflo
belebma, romlebsac sakuTari navsadgomi ara aqvT, mimarTes adgilobriv xelisuflebas TxovniT,
rom daawesos kontroli navsadgomis gadasaxadebze. maT ganacxades, rom vinaidan carieli
navsadgomebis raodenoba nulis tolia, maT mflobelebs aqvT monopolia da aqedan gamomdinare,
SeuZliaT nebismierad maRali fasis dadgena.
a) 8-3 naxazze mocemulia navsadgomeze moTxovnis warmosaxviTi mrudi, romelic aRni
Snulia DD-Ti. zemoT moyvanili monacemebis mixedviT, aageT miwodebis mrudi. am pro
blemaze msjelobisas (`i~ punqtamde), CaTvaleT, rom navsadgomebi 440 sxvadasxva ada
mians ekuTvnis.
b) ra moxdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mepatroneebi TveSi 275 dolars moiTxoven?
g) ra moxdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mepatroneebi TveSi 225 dolars moiTxoven?
d) marTalia Tu ara, rom carieli navmisadgomebis ararseboba mflobelebs saSualebas
aZlevs daaweson maTTvis sasurveli nebismieri gadasaxadi? raze metyvelebs sacxo
vrebel an samuSao SenobebSi carieli farTobebis dabali wili?
e) Tqvenis azriT, rogor imoqmedebda gadasaxadze navebze cxovrebis popularobis
zrda sietlSi? ra moxdeboda Tu navebze cxovrebis popularoba daecemoda? romelia
is faqtorebi, rasac SeuZlia moTxovnis aseTi zrdisa Tu Semcirebis gamowveva?
v) Tu sanapiro zolis marTvis gegmis cvlilebis Sedegad SesaZlebeli gaxdeba navsayu
dlebis ricxvis 40-iT gazrda, ra gavlenas moaxdens es gadasaxadze?
z) rogor imoqmedebs gadasaxadze navsayudelis mflobelebisTvis sakuTrebis uflebis
yovelTviuri gadasaxadis 50 dolariT gazrda? warmoadgineT pasuxi grafikis saxiT.

154

T) rogor imoqmedebda gadasaxadze navebis mflobelebisTvis yovelTviuri gadasaxadis

50 dolariT gazrda? pasuxisTvis gamoiyeneT grafiki.
i) metyvelebs Tu ara Tavisufali adgilebis ararseboba monopoliur Zalauflebaze?
davuSvaT, rom yvela 440 misadgomi erT pirs ekuTvnis, romelic amgvarad warmoad
gens sietlSi navsayudlebis erTaderT mimwodebels. SeZlebs es mepatrone daadgi
nos iseTi maRali fasi, rac mas surs? rogor fiqrobT, ra daemarTeba carieli adgi
lebis ricxvs, Tu navsayudlebis gamyidveli erTi pirovneba iqneba?
k) rogor fiqrobT, ratom airCies sityva `monopolia~ navebis mepatroneebma im mimarT
vis Sedgenisas, romelic maT gadasaxadebis regulirebis moTxovniT, qalaqis mmarT
velebs gaugzavnes?

erTeuli farTobis qiris

gadasaxadi

$500
400
300

275

200
100
0

100
100

200

300
300

400 440
400
500500

navTsayudlebis
raodenoba
navsadgomebis raodenoba
nax. 8-3 hipoTetikuri moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebi
mcuravi saxlebis navsadgomebisaTvis

19. kongresma kavSirgabmulobis federalur komisias daavala, daakvirdes radiosa da televiziis

gadacemebis Sinaarss da CamoarTvas licenziebi im sadgurebs, romlebic ar emsaxurebian xalxis
interesebs. kongresis arc erT wevrs azrad ar mouva aseTive kurireba gauwios gazeTebs, gansa
kuTrebiT, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis uflebaTa bilidan gamomdinare. Cveu
lebriv, gadacemebis Tavisuflebis kontrolis ori gamarTleba arsebobs. erTi isaa, rom kon
gress aqvs ufleba areguliros radio da satelevizio sadgurebis muSaoba, vinaidan sahaero
talRebi sazogadoebrivi kuTvnilebaa. meore isaa, rom gadacemebis sixSireebi bunebrivad
SezRudulia da gadamcemebi daculi unda iyvnen Zalauflebis gadametebisgan, romelic maT
miecemaT SezRuduli bunebrivi resursebis kontrolis saSualebiT.
a) ratom ekuTvnis sazogadoebas sahaero talRebi? SegiZliaT Tu ara gviCvenoT sazoga
doebisTvis sakuTrebaze uaris Tqmis efeqtiani da samarTliani gza imisTvis, rom
kongress ar gaaCndes gadacemebis kontrolis Zalaufleba?
b) aSS-Si 1500-ze meti satelevizio sadguri da 10,000-ze meti radiosadguria. aSS-is mo
saxleobis 95 procentze mets SeuZlia 5 satelevizio signalis miReba, kabelebi ki am
ricxvs usasrulod zrdis. radiosadgurebis miReba SesaZlebelia umravles raioneb
Si da SeuZlebelia mxolod iq, sadac garemos mxridan SezRudvebi arsebobs. ramdenad
did Zalauflebas aZlevs gadacemebis sixSireebis bunebrivi deficiti gadamcemebs?
g) SegiZliaT Tu ara dafiqrdeT im mizezebze, Tu ratom surT kongresis wevrebs imis
damtkiceba, rom radio da satelevizio gadamcemebs aqvT monopolia?

155

fasis ZiebaSi

ogor pouloben fasTmaZieblebi imas, rasac eZeben da ra xdeba, rodesac Zebna damTavrebu
lia? am TavSi vapirebT vaCvenoT, rom isini adgenen zRvrul danaxarjebs da zRvrul Semo
savlebs, Semdeg ki irCeven im fass, romelic saSualebas miscems gayidon TavianTi produqtis
yvela is erTeuli, romlebzec, maTi azriT, zRvruli Semosavlebi zRvrul danaxarjebze meti
iqneba. rTulad JRers? magram swored amaSi mdgomareobs mogebis mTliani Semosavlisa da
mTliani danaxarjis sxvaobis maqsimizaciis procesis logika. iyeneben Tu ara sinamdvileSi am
proceduras firmebi? yvelaferi es metad Teoriulad JRers rogorc raRac iseTi, razec
SeuZlia iocnebos ekonomistma, magram rasac TiTqmis verc erTi realuri gamyidveli ver war
moidgens.
wminda Semosavali = mTlian Semosavals mTliani danaxarjebi

Ffasdadebis gavrcelebuli Teoria

ra Tqma unda, adamianebis umravlesobas fasebis dadgena ase ar warmoudgenia. Cveulebriv,
gamoiyeneba martivi Teoria `danaxarjebs plus danamati~. firmebi danaxarjebs angariSoben
da garkveul procents umateben. mravali fasTmaZiebeli fasebis dadgenis praqtikas am saxiT
aRwers. maTi Cvenebebi seriozul midgomas imsaxurebs, magram es ar aris gadamwyveti mtkicebu
leba. mraval adamians ar SeuZlia sworad axsnas is, rasac regularulad da warmatebiT ake
Tebs. magaliTad, vinc velosipeds atarebs, ar icis, rogor inarCunebs velosipedis wonaswo
robas. Tu sTxovT, rom amaze dafiqrdes, is ityvis, rom velosipeds dacemis saSualebas ar
aZlevs imiT, rom win, an, velosipedis gadaxris SemTxvevaSi, sapirispiro mxares ixreba. wonaswo
robas aseTi meTodiT rom inarCunebdes, velosipedisti erT kvartalsac ver gaivlida. si
namdvileSi is wonasworobas saWis trialiT inarCunebs da ara sxeulis gadaxriT. is wina bor
bals mimarTulebas ucvlis, ris Sedegadac centriskenuli Zala velosipeds dacemis saSualebas
ar aZlevs. imis gauazrebloba, rasac sinamdvileSi akeTebs, velosipedists tarebaSi xels ar
uSlis. mixveul-moxveuli traeqtoriiT moZraobisas, romlis TiToeuli xveulis simrude ve
losipedis siCqaris kvadratis ukuproporciulia, velosipedisti wonasworobas mxolod saWis
trialiT inarCunebs, arada, maTematikis mravali ucodinari kargi velosipedistia.
ratomaa procentulad avejis fasis danamati meti, vidre
kvebis produqtebis fasebis danamati?

157

arsebobs imis mtkice safuZveli, rom eWvi SevitanoT TeoriaSi `danaxarjebs plus danamati~.
eWvis erT-erTi mizezi isaa, rom es Teoria arafers ambobs danamatis sidideze. ratom irCeven 25%ian danamats da ara 50%-ians? ratom umateben sxvadasxva firmebi TavianT produqts sxvadasxva
procents? ratom SeuZlia firmas, gamoiyenos sxvadasxvanairi saprocento danamati sxvadasxva
dros sxvadasxva produqtis mimarT da sxvadasxva adamianebTan vaWrobis SemTxvevaSic ki? ratom
adgens gamyidveli zogjer ufro nakleb fasebs, vidre misi saSualo danaxarjebia?
ratom kotrdeba zogjer esa Tu is avejis maRazia,
rodesac fasis danamati ase didia?
garda amisa, Tuki danaxarjebis zrdisas firmebs yovelTvis SeuZliaT fasebis proporci
ulad gazrda, ratom ar zrdian fasebs winaswar, danaxarjebis gazrdamde? ratom kmayofildebi
an naklebi mogebiT, rodesac metis miReba SeuZliaT? es ar Seesatyviseba fasTmaZiebelTa mier
gamoTqmul sayvedurs imis Sesaxeb, rom isini sakmao mogebas ver iReben. garda amisa, viciT, rom
firmebs danaxarjebis zrdis gamo zogjer TavianTi saqmianobis Sewyveta uwevT. es ar moxdeboda,
yvela firmas fasebis zrdisa da am gziT sakuTari danaxarjebis dafarvis SesaZlebloba rom
hqondes.
gavrcelebuli Teoria `danaxarjebs plus danamati~, rogorc Cans, arasworia. is ubralod ar
iZleva im movlenebis damajerebel axsnas, romelTa mowmec xSirad varT. Cven kidev vimsjelebT
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom iziarebs am Teorias mravali adamiani, maT Soris gamyidvelebi. manamde ki,
unda gavecnoT ekonomistebis Tvalsazriss fasebis Ziebis procesis Sesaxeb.

gaicaniT _ ed saiki
umniSvnelovanes principebs yvelaze kargad ubralo magaliTebi warmogviCens. ganvixiloT
warmosaxviTi situacia, romelic ed saiks, meore kursis students ukavSirdeba. is aivi kolejSi
swavlobs da Tavi imiT gaaqvs, rom kolejis studentTa asociaciaSi kulturul RonisZiebebs
xelmZRvanelobs. edis erT-erTi movaleobaa yovel paraskevs studentebisa da maswavleblebi
saTvis filmebis Cvenebis organizeba, xolo am saqmianobis mniSvnelovan nawils bileTebze
fasebis dadgena warmoadgens.
davuSvaT, rom yovelTvis, rodesac edi films aCvenebs, misi danaxarjebia:
filmis daqiravebis Tanxa
_ 1800 dolari
darbazis ijaris Tanxa
_ 250 dolari
kinomeqanikosi
_ 50 dolari
bileTebis kontroliori
_ 100 dolari

sul
2200 dolari
bileTebis gayidvidan aRebuli mTeli Tanxa edis biujetSi gadairicxeba. darbazSi 700 adgi
lia. edma rogorRac moaxerxa mis mier naCveneb filmebze zusti moTxovnis gamoTvla (SemdgomSi
mis gamoTvlebze uars vityviT). moTxovna, rac unda sakvirveli iyos, yvela filmze erTnairia da
9-1 naxazzea warmodgenili. ra fass daawesebs aseTi informaciiT `SeiaraRebuli~ edi? am kiTxvas
ver vupasuxebT, sanam ar davadgenT, Tu risken miiswrafvis edi. Tu misi mizania darbazis mTlia
nad gavseba, Tanac ise, rom arc erT msurvels uari ar eTqvas, saukeTeso fasi iqneba 3 dolari.
aseT fasad moTxovnili bileTebis raodenoba darbazSi adgilebis ricxvis tolia. magram am fa
sis erT-erTi SesaZlo kontrargumenti imaSi mdgomareobs, rom am SemTxvevaSi yoveli kinoseansi
wamgebiani iqneba. mTliani danaxarji 2200 dolaria, xolo mTliani Semosavali _ mxolod 2100
dolari.

158

moTxovna

$7

bileTis fasi

6
5

4
3

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

bileTebis raodenoba
nax. 9-1 yovelkvireuli moTxovna kinos bileTebze

fasi ($)

moTxovnis
r-ba

mTliani
Semosav. (S)

mogeba (S)

3,00
2,5

700
750

2100
1750*

-100
-450

* gaxsovdeT, kinoTeatrSi mxolod 700 adgilia.

es kontrargumenti SeiZleba damajerebeli sulac ar iyos. magaliTad, studentur asociacias

SeuZlia filmebis subsidireba, vinaidan iTvleba, rom kino did rols asrulebs humanitarul ganaT
lebaSi. Tu edi valdebuli araa zarali dafaros, maSin mis xelTaa mravali SesaZlebloba. magali
Tad, mas SeuZlia bileTs 2,5 dolari daados. moTxovna miwodebas gadaaWarbebs, edi ki gaxdeba
studqalaqSi metad popularuli adamiani, romelsac SeuZlia paraskevs saRamos giSovoT bileTi
kinoseansze, romlis yvela bileTi gayidulia.
momavalSi kvlav davubrundebiT am SesaZleblobas, rodesac ufro yuradRebiT ganvixilavT, Tu
rogor muSaoben `aramomgebiani~ organizaciebi. axla ki davuSvaT, rom edma ara marto danaxarjebi
unda dafaros, aramed maqsimaluri mogebac unda naxos. rogor fass daawesebs am SemTxvevaSi edi?

Mmogebis maqsimizaciis ZiriTadi wesi

kidev erTxel miaqcieT yuradReba am Tavis pirvel abzacSi mocemul wess, romlis mixedviTac,
rogorc adre aRvniSneT, moqmedebs nebismieri gamyidveli, Tu mis mizans mogebis maqsimizacia war
moadgens daaweseT iseTi fasi an fasebi, romlebic saSualebas mogcemT, gayidoT is da mxolod is
erTeulebi, romlebisTvisac zRvruli Semosavali, savaraudod, meti iqneba zRvrul danaxarjze.

Tu mogebis maqsimizacia gsurT, daaweseT fasi, romelic saSualebas mogcemT, gayidoT

saqonlis yvela is (da mxolod is) erTeuli, romelTa gayidviT miRebuli zRvruli
Semosavali, Tqveni varaudiT, zRvrul danaxarjebze meti iqneba.

159

zRvruli danaxarjis Sesaxeb zemoT ukve visaubreT. esaa ama Tu im konkretuli qmedebisas mo
salodneli damatebiTi danaxarji. Cvens SemTxvevaSi `qmedeba~ kidev erTi bileTis gayidvaa. Sexe
deT ed saikis danaxarjebis monacemebs. ras udris mis mier kidev erTi bileTis gayidvis damate
biTi danaxarji? ramdeni bileTic ar unda gayidos, edma 2200 dolaris danaxarji unda dafaros,
amitom kidev erTi bileTis gayidvis zRvruli danaxarji, Cveni daSvebebidan gamomdinare, nulis
tolia. 9-1 naxazze zRvruli danaxarjis mruds Tu avagebT, es iqneba nulovan wertilSi gamavali
horizontaluri wrfe.

zRvruli Semosavali
ras niSnavs zRvruli Semosavali? esaa ama Tu im konkretuli qmedebis Sedegad mosalodneli
damatebiTi Semosavali. ed saikis zRvruli Semosavali kidev erTi bileTis gayidvidan miRebuli
Semosavalia.

fasi (S)

moTxovnis
raodenoba

mTliani
Semosavali (S)

300

2100

400

2400

500

2500

600

2400

700

2100

Tu 9-1 naxazze naCveneb moTxovnis mruds ganvixilavT, advilad mivxvdebiT, rom ed saikis zRvru
li Semosavali damokidebuli iqneba im fasze, romlis dawesebasac is gadawyvets. 3 dolaris
SemTxvevaSi mTliani Semosavali 2100 dolaris tolia, ase rom, mogeba minus 100 dolaria. 6 dola
ris SemTxvevaSi, mogeba 200 dolaris tolia mTlian Semosavals (2400) minus danaxarji (2200). 4
dolaris SemTxvevaSic mogeba 200 dolaris tolia. romeli fasis dros iqneba mogeba maqsimaluri?
pasuxi: 5 dolaris SemTxvevaSi. am fasad gaiyideba 500 bileTi. mTliani Semosavali 2500 dola
ria, xolo mogeba _ 300 dolari. ukeTes Sedegs ed saiki verafriT miaRwevs.
saidan viciT es? pasuxis povnis erT-erTi saSualeba yvela SesaZlo fasis ganxilvaa, magram imi
saTvis, rom gavigoT fasdadebis procesis logika, umjobesia sxva xerxis gamoyeneba. davadginoT
bileTebis iseTi raodenoba, romlis drosac zRvruli Semosavali zRvruli danaxarjis toli iq
neba, Semdeg ki davadginoT fasi, romlis drosac swored aseTi raodenoba gaiyideba.
logika aq metad martivia. pirveli 500 bileTidan, romelsac ed saiki yidis, yoveli bileTi mis
Semosavlebs ufro metad zrdis, vidre danaxarjebs (gaxsovdeT, rom mis danaxarjebs araferi ema
teba da zRvruli danaxarji, ramdeni bileTic unda gaiyidos, nulis tolia.). magram 500-ze zemoT
gayiduli nebismieri bileTidan danaxarjebs ufro meti emateba, vidre Semosavals. ufro sworad,
danaxarjebs araferi emateba, magram mTlian Semosavals `araferze~ naklebi emateba, vinaidan mas
Semdeg, rac gayidulia 500 bileTi, zRvruli Semosavali uaryofiTi xdeba.

ratomaa zRvruli Semosavali fasze naklebi?

dasawyisSi SeiZleba mogeCvenoT, rom es Tezisi arasworia. radgan 500-s zemoT gayidul yovel
bileTSi edi kvlavindeburad iRebs fuls, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom kidev erTi gayiduli bileTis
zRvruli Semosavali dadebiTi unda iyos. magram ase mxolod gveCveneba. aq ar viTvaliswinebT
erT metad mniSvnelovan garemoebas: imisaTvis, rom damatebiTi bileTebi gayidos, edi iZulebu
lia fasi Seamciros, xolo rodesac is amas akeTebs, fasi mcirdeba ara marto im damatebiTi mayu
reblisTvis, romlis mozidvasac am gziT cdilobs, aramed yvela im mayureblisTvisac, vinc mzad
iyo ufro maRali fasis gadasaxdelad. axali mayureblebisgan miRebuli Semosavali nulamde
mcirdeba im Semosavlis dakargvis Sedegad, rasac eds Zveli mayureblebi moutandnen. mas Semdeg,
rac 500 bileTi gaiyida, aseTi danakargebi gadaaWarbebs miRebul damatebiT Semosavals, amitom
zRvruli Semosavali uaryofiTia.

160

a-dan b-mde fasis Semcirebas moaqvs garkveuli Semosavali gayidvis zrdis Sedegad
da, amave dros, Semosavlis danakargebic, rac imis Sedegia, rom myidvelebi amjerad
ufro dabal fass ixdian.

A
B

Semosavlis
kleba

D
Semosavlis
zrda

Q
a-dan b-mde fasis daweva gazrdis gayidvas, magram Seamcirebs
Semosavals, radgan yvela myidveli ixdis nakleb fass

A-dan B-mde fasis daweva gazrdis gayidvas, magram Seamcirebs Semosavals, radgan yvela myidveli ixdis
nakleb fass.
modiT, SevamowmoT es daskvna, risTvisac yuradRebiT unda ganvixiloT grafiki. davuSvaT, rom edma
bileTs 5 dolari daado. am fasad gaiyideba 500 bileTi da mTliani Semosavali 2500 dolaris toli iqneba.
ra moxdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu edi 550 bileTis gayidvas gadawyvets? amis misaRwvad is fass 4,5 dolaramde
Seamcirebs. es yoveli damatebiTi mayureblidan 4,5 dolars, anu mTlianobaSi 225 dolars moitans. magram
eds es TiToeuli Zveli mayureblis mier gadauxdel 50 centad daujdeba. Zveli mayureblebi mzad iyvnen,
bileTSi 5 dolari gadaexadaT, sanam edma maT bileTebi 4,5 dolarad ar SesTavaza. xuTasjer 50 centi 250
dolaria. Sedegad mTliani Semosavali ki ar gaizarda, aramed 25 dolariT Semcirda, rodesac edma bi
leTebis raodenoba 500-dan 550-mde gazarda. am monakveTSi zRvruli Semosavali uaryofiTia.
SeiZleba ufro zustadac iTqvas vinaidan damatebiTi 50 bileTis gayidvidan miRebuli damatebiTi
Semosavali minus 25 dolaria, amitom rodesac edi cdilobs gayiduli bileTebis raodenobis 500-dan 550mde gazrdas, yoveli bileTis gayidvidan miRebuli zRvruli Semosavali minus 50 centis tolia. es rom 9-1
naxazze vaCvenoT, zRvruli Semosavali unda gamovsaxoT, rogorc minus 50 centi 525 bileTis gayidvisas.
raTa SevamowmoT, sworad gavigeT Tu ara ZiriTadi idea, davfiqrdeT, ra moxdeba, Tu edi bileTebis
raodenobas 450-dan 500-mde gazrdis. moTxovnis mrudi gviCvenebs, rom eds SeeZlo 450 bileTis gayidva 5,5
dolarad. imisTvis, rom 500 bileTi gayidos, fasi 5 dolaramde unda Seamciros. amgvarad, misi mTliani Se
mosavali iqneba 2475 dolari 450 bileTis gayidvis Sedegad da 2500 dolari 500 bileTis gayidvis Sedegad.
rodesac edi bileTebis raodenobas 450-dan 500-mde gazrdis, damatebiTi anu zRvruli Semosavali TiToeu
li damatebiTi bleTidan 50 centis toli iqneba, amitom 50 cents aRvniSnavT, rogorc zRvrul Semosavals
475 bileTis dros.
Tu am or wertils swori xaziT SevaerTebT, miRebuli zRvruli Semosavlis mrudi gadakveTs zRvruli dana
xarjebis mruds zustad 500 bileTis doneze. ese igi, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom, Tu edi 500-ze naklebi bileTis
gayidviT kmayofildeba, amiT uars ambobs potenciur mogebaze, vinaidan ar yidis bileTebis garkveul raode
nobas, romlis zRvruli Semosavali zRvrul danaxarjze metia. Tu edi 500 bileTze mets yidis, is uars ambobs
potenciur zRvrul Semosavalze, romelsac im bileTebis gayidviT miiRebda, romelTa zRvruli Semosavali
zRvrul danaxarjze naklebia. amitom is axdens mogebis maqsimizacias 500 bileTis gayidviT. es bileTebis is
raodenobaa, romlis drosac zRvruli danaxarji zRvruli Semosavlis tolia. moTxovnis mrudic gviCvenebs,
rom 500 bileTis gayidva SesaZlebelia 5 dolaris fasis dawesebis SemTxvevaSi.

161

zRvruli danaxarjis toli zRvruli Semosavlis dadgena

ZiriTadi idea aviTviseT, Tuki SegviZlia davadginoT, ra moxdeba, Tu filmebis gamqiraveble
bi fass Secvlian da erTiani 1800 dolaris nacvlad 800 dolarsa da TiToeul gayidul bileTSi
damatebiT 2 dolars moiTxoven.
mogebis namati mogebis danaklisi

MR
mogebaze

mogebis nazrdi

MR
mogebaze

mogebis nazrdi

MC

mogebis danaklisi

bileTis fasi

ZiriTadi gansxvaveba aq isaa, rom edis zRvruli danaxarji nulidan 2 dolaramde gaizarda.
TiToeuli gayiduli bileTi mTlian danaxarjs 2 dolariT zrdis: zRvruli danaxarjis mrudi 2
dolaris Sesabamis wertilSi gamavali horizontaluri wrfe iqneba. vinaidan mogebis maqsimizaci
isTvis edma yvela is bileTi unda gayidos, romlis zRvruli Semosavali zRvrul danaxarjebze me
tia da arc erTi is bileTi, romlis zRvruli danaxarji zRvrul Semosavalze metia, amitom man unda
daadginos iseTi fasi da raodenoba, rodesac zRvruli Semosavali zustad 2 dolaris toli iqneba.
zRvruli Semosavlis mrudi 9-1 naxazzea naCvenebi. mrudi gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad zrdis mTlian
Semosavals erTi damatebiT gayiduli bileTi, gayidvebis sxvadasxva SesaZlo moculobis SemTxveva
Si. zRvruli Semosavali 4 dolaris tolia 300 bileTis gayidvis dros, swrafad ecema gayiduli bi
leTebis raodenobis zrdasTan erTad da uaryofiTi xdeba mas Semdeg, rac gayidulia 500 bileTi.
cxadia, rom filmebis gaqiravebis axali politikis dros edi 400 bileTis gayidvas moisurvebs. es is
raodenobaa, romelic erTmaneTs utolebs zRvrul danaxarjebsa da zRvrul Semosavals. imisaTvis,
rom 400 bileTi gayidos, edma bileTs 6 dolari unda daados. irkveva, rom filmebis gaqiravebis axa
li politikis dros edis saqmeebi ukeT midis, vidre adre. mTliani Semosavali axla 2400 dolars
udris, xolo mTliani danaxarjebi _ 2000 dolars. ase rom, mogeba 400 dolars Seadgens.

moTxovna

$7

6
zRvruli
Semosavali

Semosavali

4
3

zRvruli
danaxarjebi

2
danaxarjebi

1
0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

bileTebis raodenoba

nax. 9-2 kinos bileTebze yovelkvireuli moTxovna da bileTebis gayidvis zRvruli danaxarjebi
162

am grafikze aklia horizontaluri sxivi, gamomavali zRvruli danaxarji=2 donidan

gamqiravebelTa rogorc Zveli, ise axali politikis pirobebSi, darbazSi adgilebi `uyaira
Tod~ gamoiyeneba. es sityva brWyalebSi imitomaa Casmuli, rom, rogorc me-6 TavSic vTqviT, uyai
raToba subieqturi cnebaa. is, rac mayurebelTaTvis uyairaTobaa, SeiZleba efeqtianobas niSnav
des im adamianis SefasebiT, vinc filmebs aCvenebs. Tumca am situaciaSi uyairaToba mainc
realurad arsebobs. arseboben adamianebi, romlebsac surT filmis naxva da mzad arian ed saiks
gadauxadon Tanxa, romelic mis zRvrul danaxarjebze metia, Tuki edi maT darbazSi SeuSvebs,
magram, miuxedavad amisa, gareT rCebian. kinos moyvarulebi kargaven filmis naxvis SesaZleblo
bas, risTvisac mzad arian zRvruli danaxarjis toli Tanxa gadaixadon, xolo edi verafers iRebs
im carieli adgilebidan, romelTaTvisac xalxi mzadaa gadaixados meti, vidre zRvruli dana
xarjebia. iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos ikargeba gacvlis Sedegad mniSvnelovani mogebis Se
saZlebloba (es situacia gvagonebs me-8 TavSi ganxilul mRebavebis SemTxvevas, romelTa xelfa
sis minimumi kanoniT iyo dadgenili, es ki resursebis `araoptimaluri~ gamoyenebaa).
ra Tqma unda, aseTi situaciebi Zalian xSiria. beisbolis umaRlesi ligis gundebis nebismieri
matCis dros, stadionze aris carieli adgilebi da gareT arian adamianebi, romlebic gadaixdid
nen garkveul Tanxas, raTa am adgilebze aRmoCeniliyvnen. vinaidan kidev erTi mayureblis dama
teba arafers amatebs matCis Catarebis danaxarjs, organizatori miiRebs damatebiT mogebas yo
veli damatebiTi mayureblidan, romelic bileTs nuls zemoT nebismier fasSi SeiZens. magram es
ase iqneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu matCis organizatori moaxerxebs bileTebze fasis Semcire
bas axali mayureblisTvis imgvarad, rom ar Seamciros fasi maTTvis, vinc mzadaa, meti gadaixa
dos am TamaSze dasaswrebad.

fasismieri diskriminaciis dilema

ai, raSi yofila saqme. edisTvis (misi azriT) umjobesia 200 an 300 Tavisufali adgilis datove
ba, vinaidan bileTebis potenciur myidvelebs Soris diskriminaciis ganxorcielebis danaxarje
bi metia, vidre is damatebiTi mogeba, romlis miRebac diskriminaciis Sedegad SeiZleba. vnaxoT,
ras niSnavs es.
davuSvaT, edi filmis gamqiraveblebs erTian ganakveTs _ 1800 dolars uxdis bileTs 5 do
lars adebs, yovel seansze 500 bileTs yidis da kviraSi 300 dolars Soulobs. erTxel, paraskevs
saRamos, edi sakuTar Tavs eubneba: `me SemiZlia gavzardo Cemi mogeba, Tuki am 200 cariel adgils
Sevavseb. amisTvis mxolod fasis 3 dolaramde Semcirebaa saWiro, magram es fasdakleba unda Se
exos mxolod maT, vinc kinoTeatrSi ar modioda, Tu ufro maRal fass davawesebdi. iseT SemTxve
vaSi, kviraSi 600 dolars mec damatebiT miviRebdi da kidev 200 kaciT meti isiamovnebda am filme
bis naxviT~.
brwyinvale ideaa? meore dRes edi studqalaqis sareklamo farze akravs gancxadebebs, ro
melSic naTqvamia: `bileTis fasi 5 dolari~, qvemoT ki wvrili SriftiT damatebulia: `3 dolari
maTTvis, vinc metis gadaxdisTvis mzada araa~. ra moxdeba? rodesac bileTis 3 dolarad yidva
SeuZliaT, TiTqmis yvela mayurebeli gadaixdis 3 dolars, vinaidan `metis gadaxdisTvis mzad ar
iqnebian~. saqme imiT damTavrda, rom am kviraSi edis Semosavali 2100 dolari iqneba, xolo zarali
100. bolos da bolos, es idea arc iseTi brwyinvale aRmoCnda.
magram Secdoma, ZiriTadad, ufro ideis ganxorcielebaSi iyo daSvebuli, vidre TviT ideaSi.
Tu eds surs, Tavidan aicilos carieli adgilebis uyairaToba da mogebis dakargva, maSin unda
moZebnos potenciuri myidvelebis gansxvavebis mciredanaxarjiani meTodi. mas unda hqondes imis
SesaZlebloba, rom SesTavazos dabali fasebi maT, vinc winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi arafers iyidis,
Tanac ise, rom es dabali fasebi maT ar exebodes, visac metis gadaxda SeuZlia. edma am saqmeSi aivi
kolejis xelmZRvanelobas unda mibaZos.

koleji _ fasebis damdgeni

kolejebis administratorebi xSirad acxadeben, rom maTi danaxarjebi Zalian didia da saWi
roa saqvelmoqmedo Semowirulobebi, raTa daifaros danaxarjebis daaxloebiT 50%, romelsac
swavlis qira ver anazRaurebs. arasdros gifiqriaT, ratom aZleven kerZo kolejebi stipendiebs
xelmokle studentebs? Tu kolejebi ise Raribebi arian, rom qvelmoqmedTa daxmarebas iTxoven,
163

Tavad ratom ewevian qvelmoqmedebas? saqme isaa, rom sinamdvileSi isini qvelmoqmedebi ar arian.
xelmokle studentebisTvis gacemuli stipendiebi imis miRwevis metnaklebad warmatebuli mcde
lobaa, rasac ed saikma ver miaRwia.
9-3 naxazze warmodgenilia aivi kolejis xelmZRvanelobis mier gamoTvlili moTxovna. davuS
vaT, kidev erTi studentis miRebis zRvruli danaxarji nulis tolia. es mTlad ase ar aris, mag
ram sakmaod axlosaa sinamdvilesTan, yovel SemTxvevaSi, msjelobis logikaze gavlenas ar axdens.
aivi koleji cdilobs daadginos swavlis qiris iseTi sidide, romelic kolejis Semosavlis
maqsimizacias moaxdens.
$ 6,000
stipendia gadaxdili swavlis safasuri,
studentebis raodenoba
Tu koleji yvelasTvis erTiani fasis dawesebas gadawyvets, maSin daawesebs 3,000 dolars we
liwadSi, miiRebs 3,000 students (raodenoba, romlis drosac zRvruli Semosavali zRvruli da
naxarjebis tolia) da Semosavali 9,000,000 dolari iqneba.

swavlis wliuri gadasaxadi

TiToeuli studentisaTvis

$6000
moTxovna

5000
4000
3000

2000

zRvruli
Semosavali

1000

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

axali studentebis raodenoba (weliwadSi)

nax. 9-3 `aivi kolejSi~ swavlaze moTxovnis mrudi

SeniSvna: arsebobs martivi meTodi, romelic moTxovnis nebismieri wrfivi mrudis Sesabamisi
zRvruli Semosavlis mrudis swrafad agebis saSualebas iZleva. moTxovnis mrudidan fasebis
RerZamde aageT fasebis RerZis perpendikularuli monakveTebi, miRebuli monakveTebis Suawer
tilebi ki swori xaziT SeaerTeT. moTxovnis mrudis nebismieri wertilis Sesabamisi zRvruli
Semosavali iqneba am axali wrfis (zRvruli Semosavlis mrudis) is wertili, romelic moTxovnis
mrudis xsenebuli wertilis qvemoT mdebareobs. magaliTad, rodesac studentebis raodenobaa
1,500, zRvruli Semosavalia $3,000, xolo fasi _ $4,500.
am SemTxvevaSi studentebis erT nawils, romelTa miReba momgebiani iqneboda, ara aqvs es Tan
xa, xolo zogierTi studentisgan, romelic mzadaa meti gadaixados, mxolod 3,000 dolars iRe
ben. aivi kolejis xelmZRvaneloba moxaruli iqneboda, aeRo TiToeuli studentisgan zustad is
Tanxa, risi gadaxdisTvisac is mzadaa. maT rom SeeZloT imis gageba, Tu rogor maqsimalur Tanxas
gadaixdida studenti (an misi mSoblebi) kolejSi miRebis sanacvlod, maSin SeZlebdnen weliwadSi
6,000 dolaris toli qiris dawesebas, Semdeg ki gascemdnen stipendiebs (fasdakleba) TiToeuli
studentisaTvis. stipendia 6,000 dolarsa da im maqsimalur Tanxas Soris sxvaobis toli iqnebo
da, romlis gadaxdisTvisac mzadaa TiToeuli studenti.
164

P
$6000

stipendia

gadaxdili
qira
qira

Q
Caricxuli

problema isaa, Tu rogor miiRon informacia gadaxdisaTvis mzadyofnis Sesaxeb. studentebi

an maTi mSoblebi ar gamotydebian, Tu ramdenad afaseben aivi kolejSi swavlis SesaZleblobas,
vinaidan ician, rom gulaxdiloba maT swavlis qiris gazrdiT emuqreba. magram, Tu gadaxdisTvis
mzadyofna simdidresTanaa dakavSirebuli, problemis nawilobrivi gadawyveta SesaZlebelia.
aivi koleji acxadebs, rom stipendiebi mxolod xelmokle studentebs miecema. siRaribe damow
mebuli unda iqnas ojaxis Semosavlebis Sesaxeb deklaraciis safuZvelze. imisTvis, rom stipen
dia miiRon, ojaxebma unda Seavson anketebi da kolejs miawodon informacia, romelic mas SeuZ
lia gamoiyenos diskriminaciisTvis. Tu Semosavali da gadaxdisTvis mzadyofna zustad
Seesabameba erTmaneTs da Tu ojaxebi anketebs sworad avseben, aivi kolejs SeuZlia Caataros
srulyofili diskriminacia da Sesatanebi 18,000,000 dolaramde gazardos (moTxovnis mrudis
qveS mdebare aris farTobi). zRvruli Semosavali swavlis qiris toli iqneba, miuxedavad imisa,
rom koleji am sidides Tavad daawesebs.
nu iCqarebT aivi kolejis dadanaSaulebas! yuradReba miaqcieT fasismieri diskriminaciis po
litikis zogierT Sedegs. upirveles yovlisa, aivi koleji met Semosavals iRebs. Tu aivi kolejis
moqmedebas amarTlebT, gazrdili Semosavlis ratomRa gSurT? gana ukeTesi iqneboda, rom aivi
kolejis yovelwliuri deficiti filantropebsa da gadasaxadis gadamxdelebs daefaraT da ara
studentebs (an maT mSoblebs), romlebic ixdian im maqsimalur Tanxas, romlis gadaxdisTvisac
mzad arian? imasac miaqcieT yuradReba, rom srulyofili diskriminaciis dros im 3000 students,
romelTac aivi koleji ver miiRebda, swavlis SesaZlebloba miecema. maT kolejis mimarT sayve
duri namdvilad ar eTqmiT.

fasismieri diskriminaciis zogierTi strategia

gamyidvelebma SeimuSaves mravali xerxi, romlebic maT imis saSualebas aZlevs, ris miRweva
sac cdilobs aivi koleji stipendiebis dawesebis programis meSveobiT. isini cdiloben, moZeb
non mciredanaxarjiani meTodebi, raTa gamoarCion is myidvelebi, romlebic mzad arian Zviri ga
daixadon, Semdeg ki fasdakleba SesTavazon im myidvelebs, romlebic, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,
arafers iyidian.
magaliTad, sasursaTo maRaziebSi xSirad fasdaklebiT aZleven produqts imas, vinc warmoad
gens gazeTebSi gamokruli sareklamo gancxadebebis kuponebs. ratom iqcevian ase? fasdakleba
xorcieldeba im myidvelebis misazidad, romlebic iaffasian produqcias eZeben da winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi am maRaziis momsaxurebiT ar isargebleben. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu salarosTan
misvlisas myidveli kupons ar warmoadgens, es imas niSnavs, rom iaffasian produqts ar eZebs,
amitom met fass gadaixdis.
Tu aviakompaniebi bileTis fass Seamcireben, SeZleben carieli adgilebis garkveuli raode
nobis Sevsebas SvebulebaSi mimavali im mgzavrebis xarjze, romlebic winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi man
qaniT imgzavrebdnen. magram aviakompaniebs ar surT fasebis Semcireba biznesmenebisTvis, rom

165

lebic saqmian mivlinebaSi miemgzavrebian da mzad arian Zviri gadaixadon, raTa dro dazogon.
rogor unda ganasxvavos aviakompaniam mgzavrTa es ori kategoria da fasdakleba misces mxolod
imaT, vinc ar gafrindeba, Tu fass ar daukleben?
mTliani fasi
biznesmgzavrebi

mTliani gadasaxadi

biznes
mgzavrebi
biznesmgzavrebi

turistebi
SeRavaTiani fasi

fasdakleba

damsvenebeli
mgzavrebi

Q
amis erT-erTi SesaZlo xerxi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom fasdakleba Seexos mxolod im mgzavrebs,
vinc ukan dasabrunebel bileTsac yidulobs da adgilze erT kviraze mets an gamosasvlel dReeb
Si rCeba. biznesmenebs, Cveulebriv, sawarmoebis mitoveba ase xangrZlivad ar SeuZliaT. es ar aris
diskriminaciis sruliad uSecdomo xerxi, magram aseTi sistema mciredanaxarjiania da, rac unda
sakvirveli iyos, kargad muSaobs.
Cveulebriv, bavSvebs, studentebsa da moxucebs sxvadasxva saxis gasarTobebze fasdaklebas
sTavazoben. aris Tu ara es sulgrZeloba am RonisZiebebis sponsorebis mxridan? ufro mosalod
nelia, rom maT surT ise, rom danarCenebisTvis fasi ar Semcirdes, im damatebiTi klientebis
mizidva, vinc ufro mgrZnobiarea fasebis mimarT. ufro elastiuri moTxovnis mqone potenciuri
myidvelebi specialuri fasdaklebebis mTavari samiznea, Tu gamyidvels SeuZlia didi danaxar
jebis gareSe ganasxvavos ufro elastiuri moTxovnis mqone adamianebi da aRkveTos maT mier nayi
di saqonlis im adamianebisTvis miyidva, visac naklebad elastiuri moTxovna aqvs.

166

ed saiki gamosavals poulobs

davubrundeT ed saiks, davuSvaT, rom bileTebze moTxovnis gamokiTxvis monacemebma mas saSuale
ba misca, erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavos studentebis moTxovna kolejis TanamSromlebis moTxovnisgan.
9-4 naxazze gamosaxulia studentebisa da maswavleblebis moTxovnis mrudebi paraskevisTvis (Tu am
or mruds SekrebT, SeajamebT ra sxvadasxva fasis dros TiToeuli jgufisTvis moTxovnis sidides,
miiRebT 9-1 naxazze gamosaxul mruds). Cveni kiTxva aseTia: SeuZlia Tu ara eds gazardos mogeba stu
dentebisa da maswavleblebisTvis sxvadasxva fasebis dawesebiT, iqidan gamomdinare, rom igi icnobs
studentebisa da kolejis TanamSromlebis moTxovnis mrudebs?
intuicia gvkarnaxobs, rom es SesaZlebelia. students, rogorc wesi, maRali Semosavali ara
aqvs da amitom fass yuradRebas aqcevs. naklebad savaraudoa, rom fasis umniSvnelo cvlilebis
gamo, maswavlebelma filmis naxvaze uari Tqvas. eds SeuZlia ukeTesi Sedegis miRweva, Tu studen
tebisTvis fass Seamcirebs, xolo kolejis TanamSromlebisTvis _ gazrdis.

kolejis
TanamSromlebis
moTxovna

TiToeuli bileTis fasi

$7
studentebis
moTxovna

6
5

4
3
zRvruli
Semosavali
studentebisaTvis
bileTebis
miyidvidan

2
111
1
0

100

200

zRvruli
Semosavali
kolejis
TanamSromlebisTvis
bileTebis
miyidvidan

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

bileTebis raodenoba
nax. 9-4 yovelkvireuli moTxovna kinos bileTebze

gaixseneT, rom, rodesac zRvruli danaxarjebi nulis toli iyo, edma Tavisi mogebis maqsimi
zacias miaRwia, risTvisac bileTs 5 dolari daado da 500 bileTi gayida. axla mas surs myidvel
Ta yoveli calkeuli jgufisTvis zRvruli danaxarjis toli zRvruli Semosavali daawesos.
studentebisTvis miyiduli bileTebidan miRebuli zRvruli Semosavali nulis (zRvruli da
naxarjis) tolia maSin, roca 175 bileTi iyideba. imisaTvis, rom studentebs 175 bileTi mihyidos,
edma bileTs 3,5 dolari unda daados.
kolejis TanamSromlebisTvis miyiduli bileTebidan miRebuli zRvruli Semosavali nulis
tolia maSin, rodesac iyideba 325 bileTi. imisaTvis, rom TanamSromlebs am raodenobis bileTebi
mihyidos, edma bileTs 6,5 dolari unda daados. is Zveleburad gayidis 500 bileTs, magram misi
mTliani Semosavali 2725 dolari iqneba da ara 2500, xolo mogeba 300 dolaridan 525 dolaramde
gaizrdeba. ratom? saqme isaa, rom erTnairi, 5 dolariani fasis SemTxvevaSi studentebis moTxov
na bileTebze gacilebiT elastiuri iyo, vidre TanamSromlebisa. studentebisTvis (romlebic
metad reagireben fasebis cvlilebaze) fasis SemcirebiTa da TanamSromlebisTvis (romlebic
naklebad reagireben) fasis gazrdiT, edma SeZlo, efeqtianad amoeRo TiToeuli jgufidan is,
risi gadaxdisTvisac es jgufebi mzad arian.
167

yuradReba miaqcieT imas, rom mTel am proeqtSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs edis unars, ga
nasxvaos am ori jgufis warmomadgenlebi da xeli SeuSalos maT Soris bileTebis xelaxal gayid
vas. is verafers miaRwevda, Tu studentebi bileTebs 3,5 dolarad SeiZendnen da maswavleblebsa
da TanamSromlebs mihyiddnen. fasismieri diskriminaciis sistema, romelic edma moigona, albaT
mainc imuSavebda, vinaidan eds SeeZlo, mcire Tanxad daebeWda sxvadasxva feris bileTebi da
moeTxova, rom darbazSi Sesvlisas, bileTebis Semowmebis dros, warmoedginaT studentisa Tu
kolejis TanamSromlis mowmoba.

aRSfoTeba da logikuri dasabuTeba

ra Tqma unda, eds mouwevda maswavleblebisa da TanamSromlebis `eqspluataciisTvis~ gamar
Tlebis moZebna. mocemul SemTxvevaSi es rTuli ar iqneboda. mas SeeZlo eTqva, rom `sinamdvile
Si~ bileTi 6,5 dolari Rirs da rom studentebisTvis 3,5 dolaris daweseba mxolod specialuri
subsidiis daxmarebiTaa SesaZlebeli, romelic gamoiyofa humanitaruli ganaTlebisTvis. amas
garda, aseTi saxis fasismieri diskriminacia edis mogebas zrdis da aravis aiZulebs gadaixados
imaze meti, risi gadaxdisTvisac mzad araa. magram edis mimarT SesaZloa didi ukamyofileba iqnas
gamoTqmuli maTi mxridan, visac fasdakleba ar exeba.
warmatebuli fasismieri diskriminaciis sami piroba:
gamyidvels unda SeeZlos ganasxvavos moTxovnis sxvadasxva
elastiurobis mqone myidvelebi; Tavidan aicilos
SeRavaTiani bileTebis xelmeored gayidva gazrdil fasad;
Tavidan aicilos momxmarebelTa ukmayofileba.
magaliTisTvis, gaixseneT im aviaxazebis mgzavrebis aRSfoTeba, romlebic qveynis erTi bolo
dan meoreSi dafrinaven, rodesac ramdenime wlis win aRmoCnda, rom frenis TiToeuli milisTvis
maT uwevT meti Tanxis gadaxda, vidre im mgzavrebs, romlebic los-anjelessa da niu-iorks Soris
dafrinaven. ratom unda Rirdes niu-iorksa da Cikagos Soris bileTi ufro Zviri, vidre niuiorksa da los-anjeless Soris, miT umetes, rom Cikago ufro axlosaa niu-iorkTan? amis mizezi
qveynis am ori udidesi qalaqis damakavSirebel uamrav aviakompanias Soris arsebuli Zlieri
konkurenciaa. es konkurencia nebismieri saxis bileTisaTvis kargi Semcvlelebis arsebobas
uzrunvelyofs, TiToeuli aviakompaniis moTxovnis mrudis elastiurobas zrdis da xels uwyobs
fasis iseT doneze SenarCunebas, romelic axlosaa zRvrul danaxarjebTan. magram Cikagosa da
niu-iorks Soris mgzavrobis msurvelTa TvalsazrisiT, isini axdendnen los-anjelessa da niuiorks Soris mgzavrobis msurvelTa subsidirebas, rac, cxadia, maT ukmayofilebas iwvevda.

moTxovna Cikagos
bileTebze

los-anJelesis
bileTebze moTxovna

168

sadilisa da vaxSmis fasi

magaliTad SegviZlia movitanoT restornebi, sadac kerZebis fasi saRamos ufro maRalia, vidre
dRisiT.
ratom aweseben restornebi gacilebiT maRal fass vaxSamze? Cvens mier ganxiluli Teoriidan ga
momdinare, pasuxi dakavSirebulia moTxovnis sxvadasxva elastiurobasTan. klientebi dRisiT gaci
lebiT mtkivneulad reagireben fasebis awevasa Tu dawevaze, vidre saRamos. sadilis dros SeTavaze
buli kerZis 10%-iani gaZvireba restorans SesaZloa ufro meti klientis dakargvad daujdes, vidre
amave kerZis 30%-iT gaZvireba saRamos. saamisod bevri mizezi arsebobs.
erT-erTi mizezi isaa, rom klientebi bevrad ufro xSirad sadiloben saxlis gareT. im adamianebs,
romlebic kviraSi xuTjer restoranSi sadiloben, fardobiTi fasebis Sesaxeb informaciis Segrove
bis kargi saSualeba aqvT. imis gamo, rom Tvis ganmavlobaSi maT bevrjer uwevT 50 centiT metis an
naklebis gadaxda, maT aqvT SesaZlebloba, moZebnon ufro momgebiani adgili, sistematurad isargeb
lon am adgiliT da Secvalon arCevani, Tu ukeTesi varianti gamoCndeba. amave dros, vaxSami saxlis
gareT mravali adamianisTvis gacilebiT ufro iSviaTi movlenaa da, amitom, maT naklebi SesaZle
blobebi gaaCniaT imisTvis, rom moagrovon informacia fardobiTi fasebis Sesaxeb.
saRamoobiT moTxovnis naklebi safaso elastiurobis meore mniSvnelovani mizezi isaa, rom, maT
mier saWmelSi gadaxdili Tanxa, Cveulebriv, mcire nawilia im danaxarjisa, rac saxls gareT vaxSam
Tanaa dakavSirebuli. meuRleebi, romlebic restoranSi vaxSmoben, 8 dolars uxdian bavSvebis mom
vlels, 2 dolars ixdian manqanis gasaCerebeli adgilisTvis, 10 dolars Rvinosa da koqteilSi. ami
tom, Tu vaxSamSi 10 dolars gadaixdian, es maTi danaxarjebis mxolod naxevari iqneba. amgvarad,
meniuSi fasebis 20%-iani zrda maTTvis saRamos Rirebulebis 40%-iNaNA ni zrdas Seesabameba.
amdenad, mosalodnelia, rom restornebis menejerebi sadils nakleb, xolo vaxSams met fass da
adeben. imisTvis, rom Tavidan aicilon mosalodneli ukmayofileba da aRSfoTeba, maT SeuZliaT ga
akeTon imaze meti, vidre saRamos londonur mwvadze fasis ubralo gazrdaa 8 dolaridan 12 dola
ramde. saRamoobiT klients sTavazoben, agreTve, ufaso wvnians an salaTs da, SesaZloa, yavas (rasac
sadilis dros ar akeTeben). amgvarad, fasis 6 dolariT gazrda `gamarTlebulia~ zRvruli danaxar
jebis 40 procentiT gazrdiT, magram fasebs Soris sxvaobis namdvili mizezi dRisa da saRamos klien
tebis moTxovnis sxvadasxva elastiurobasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
man, vinc avtomaturad iwunebs fasebis diskriminaciis yvela calkeul SemTxvevas, ufro farTod
unda Sexedos amas praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT. warmatebuli diskriminaciis Sedegad, ra Tqma unda,
gaizrdeba gamyidvelebis Semosavlebi, magram es aseve gazrdis keTildReobas im myidvelebisa, vis
Tvisac fasebis diskriminaciis meSveobiT xelmisawvdomi gaxdeba produqcia, romelic sxva SemTxve
vaSi maTTvis ar iqneboda xelmisawvdomi. fasebis diskriminacia gamoricxavs `flangvis~ zogierT
SemTxvevas, rasac adgili aqvs, rodesac AAA-sa da BB-s ar SeuZliaT SeTanxmebis miRweva, miuxedavad
imisa, rom AA-s surs is, rasac sTavazobs B da mzadaa gadaixados imdeni, ramdenic BB-s surs.
fasebis diskriminacia, savsebiT samarTlianad SegiZliaT ganixiloT myidvelsa da gamyidvels
Soris kooperaciad, rodesac transaqciuri xarjebi sakmaod dabalia. fasebis diskriminaciis Sem
TxvevaSi, es fasebi principulad gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva momxmareblisTvis, rac zRudavs maT So
ris gacvlas da akontrolebs nebismier ukmayofilebas, romelmac, SesaZloa, ubiZgos potenciur
myidvels, sxvasTan daiWiros saqme. rom ar arsebobdes transaqciuri xarjebi, Cven SegveZleboda fa
sebis diskriminaciis bevrad ufro meti SemTxvevis ganxilva, vidre amas Cveulebriv vakeTebT.

davubrundeT Teorias `danaxarjebs plus danamati~

amgvarad, rogor aweseben gamyidvelebi fasebs? a) isini adgenen zRvrul danaxarjebs da
zRvrul Semosavals, 2) adgenen produqciis moculobas, raTa gayidon produqciis mxolod is
erTeulebi, romlebisTvisac zRvruli Semosavali zRvrul danaxarjebze metia da 3) aweseben
iseT fasebs, romlebic maT saSualebas miscems, gayidon mTeli warmoebuli produqcia. es rTu
lad JRers da marTlac sakmaod rTulia, Tumca logika naTelia. Znelia, zustad gansazRvro
zRvruli danaxarjebi da, gansakuTrebiT, moTxovna da zRvruli Semosavali. swored amitom ewo
daT gamyidvelebs `fasTmaZieblebi~.
fasis Ziebis amocanis sirTule gvexmareba avxsnaT danaxarjebs plus danamati Teoriis po
pularoba. nebismieri Zieba rogorRac unda daiwyos. ratom ar daviwyoT, magaliTad, mocemuli
169

saqonlis damzadebis sabiTumo danaxarjebs plus procentuli danamatidan, romelic sakmarisia

zednadebi xarjebis dasafaravad da sakmao mogebis misaRebad? Tu danaxarjebi izrdeba, ratom
ar davuSvaT, rom konkurentis danaxarjebic izrdeba da SevecadoT, gazrdili danaxarjebi momx
marebels davakisroT? xom ar dagvewyo im varaudiT, rom momavali warsulis msgavsi iqneba da
rom is, rasac warsulSi kargi Sedegi mohqonda, aseTsave Sedegebs mogvitans momavalSi? am SemTx
vevaSi, saWiroa fasebis met-naklebad proporciuli zrda danaxarjebis nebismieri zrdis
Sesabamisad. unda movelodeT, rom TandaTan, konkurenciis Sedegad, mogviwevs fasebis Semcireba
danaxarjebis nebismieri Semcirebis proporciulad.
principi `danaxarjebs plus danamati~ gamyidvelisTvis cnobili ubralo wesia, romelic
gvTavazobs Ziebis sawyis wertils, igi pirveli nabijia mouxelTebeli miznisken mimaval gzaze.
oRond, am principiT fasebis dadgena mxolod Ziebisa da mxolod Secdomis daSvebamde xdeba.
zRvruli danaxarjebisa da zRvruli Semosavlis analizi gviCvenebs, Tu rogor aanalizeben Sec
domebs gamyidvelebi da ra kriteriumebiT sargebloben yvelaze ufro momgebian fasTa sistema
ze gadasvlisas.

170

mokled gavimeoroT
fasTmaZieblebi eZeben fasdadebis iseT struqturas, romelic saSualebas iZleva, swrafad
gaasaRon produqciis is erTeulebi, romlebisTvisac zRvruli Semosavali zRvrul danaxarjeb
ze metia.
Teoriis (`danaxarjebs plius danamati~) popularoba emyareba mis moxerxebulobasa da faqts,
rom adamianebs xSirad ar SeuZliaT im procesebis sworad axsna, romlebSic regularulad da
warmatebiT monawileoben.
fasTmaZieblisTvis mniSvnelovania misi unari, daawesos maRali fasebi produqciis im erTe
ulebze, romlebzedac maRali moTxovnaa da dabali fasebi im produqciaze, romelic sxvagvarad
ar gaiyideboda. amasTanave, man ar unda dauSvas, rom iafi produqciis gayidvam uaryofiTad imo
qmedos maRali fasis mqone produqciis bazarze.
fasebis warmatebuli Ziebis wesi, romelsac ekonomistebi xSirad imeoreben, aseTia daaweseT
iseTi zRvruli Semosavali, romelic zRvruli danaxarjebis tolia, anu ganagrZeT produqciis
gayidva manam, sanam gayidvidan miRebuli damatebiTi Semosavali damatebiT danaxarjebze metia.
kvalificiuri fasTmaZieblebi swored isini arian, vinc am wesiT sargeblobs (Tumca zogjer bo
lomde arc ki esmiT, rom mas iyeneben). SesaZleblobebi usasruloa da swored es aqcevs fasis
Teorias sainteresod maTTvis, visac Tavsatexi uyvars.
sinamdvileSi gamyidvelebs ara aqvT zustad gansazRvruli moTxovnis mrudebi, romelTa safuZ
velze SesaZlebeli iqneboda zRvruli Semosavlis mrudebis ageba zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudeb
Tan Sedarebis mizniT. miuxedavad amisa, aseT mrudebTan muSaoba kargi savarjiSoa studentebisTvis,
visac ainteresebs konkurenciis gavlena im arCevanze, romelsac adamianebi akeTeben.

sakiTxebi gansjisaTvis
1. mogebis (mTlian Semosavals minus mTliani danaxarjebi) maqsimizaciis wesi Semdegia: imoqme
deT manam, sanam zRvruli Semosavali zRvrul danaxarjebs aWarbebs. ras niSnavs zRvruli
Semosavali? rogoraa is dakavSirebuli moTxovnasTan? Tu ramdenad kargad gaigeT es mniSv
nelovani cneba, SegiZliaT SeamowmoT iaxtebis gamyidveli morin saflaizis magaliTze. mas
xuTi potenciuri myidveli hyavs da icis, ra Tanxis gadasaxdeladaa mzad TiToeuli maTgani:
morgani
rokfeleri
evingi
peni
kenedi

13 mln. dolari
11 mln. dolari
9 mln. dolari
7 mln. dolari
5 mln. dolari

a) qvemoT mocemuli cxrilis meore svetSi CawereT am monacemebis Sesabamisi

moTxovnis raodenobebi.
b) mesame svetSi CawereT morinis mTliani Semosavali iaxtebis sxvadasxva fasebis
SemTxvevaSi.
g) meoTxe svetSi CawereT morinis mier miRebuli zRvruli Semosavali, romelsac is
yoveli damatebiTi iaxtis gayidvidan miiRebs, Tu fass daaklebs.
d) ramdeni iaxtis gayidvis survili eqneba morins, Tu misi mizani mTliani Semosavlis
maqsimizaciaa? (sxvadasxva myidvelisTvis iaxtis sxvadasxva fasad miyidvaze
jerjerobiT nu vifiqrebT. amas qvemoT ganvixilavT. davuSvaT, rom amJamad mo
rins ar SeuZlia erT myidvels iaxta meoreze met fasSi miyidos) ra fasis dadebas
moisurvebs morini?

171

sruli fasismieri
diskriminaciisas
iaxtis fasi

moTxovnis
raodenoba

mTliani
zRvruli
zRvruli
mTliani
Semosavali Semosavali Semosavali Semosavali

$ 13 mln.
11
9
7
5
e) davuSvaT, rom morinis mizania maqsimaluri mogebis miReba da rom iaxtis gayidvis
zRvruli danaxarji 6 mln dolaria. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, yovel damatebiT gayi
dul iaxtas misTvis damatebiT 6 mln dolaris xarji moaqvs. ramdeni iaxtis gayidvis
survili eqneba mas amjerad? ra fasis dadebas moisurvebs?
v) Tu mdgomareobas sworad afasebT, maSin aSkarad igrZnobT morinis imedgacruebas.
evingi da peni mzad arian, iaxtebSi gayidvis danaxarjebze meti gadaixadon, magram iax
tebs morini verc erTs ver miyidis ise, rom misi mogeba ar Semcirdes. ratom?
z) davuSvaT, rom myidvelebi erTmaneTs ar icnoben da, aqedan gamomdinare, morins SeuZ
lia TiToeulisgan aiRos is maqsimaluri Tanxa, romlis gadaxdisTvisac klienti
mzadaa. aseT viTarebaSi, rasac SeiZleba sruli fasismieri diskriminacia vuwodoT,
rogori iqneba morinis zRvruli Semosavali? es monacemebi mexuTe svetSi CawereT.
T) ramdeni iaxtis gayidvis survili eqneba axla morins?
i) SeavseT morinis mTliani Semosavlis grafa sruli fasismieri diskriminaciis SemTxvevaSi.
2. `fasTmaZiebelma unda daawesos iseTi zRvruli Semosavali, romelic maqsimalurad gadaa
Warbebs zRvrul danaxarjebs~. axseniT, ratomaa es mtkiceba mcdari. ra Secdomas uSvebs ada
miani, romelsac miaCnia, rom Tu zRvruli Semosavali zRvruli danaxarjebis tolia, maSin
mogeba nulis toli iqneba?
3. gviCveneT yvelaze ufro momgebiani erTiani fasi, romlis dawesebac SeuZliaT gamyidvelebs
9-5 naxazze asaxul yvela situaciaSi da agreTve produqciis is moculoba, romlis warmoebi
sa da gayidvis survilic gauCndebaT. daStrixeT farTobi, romelic aseTi safaso politikis
Sedegad miRebul mogebas Seesabameba. ra daemarTeba mogebas yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi,
Tu fass movumatebT? da Tu SevamcirebT (dafiqrdiT, ra moxdeba, Tu gamyidveli, romlis
zRvruli Semosavlis mrudi moTxovnis mruds emTxveva, fass moumatebs)?

MR

MC

172

MC

D=MR

D=MR

MR

erTeulis raodenoba drois monakveTSi

monakveTSI

MC

erTeulis fasi

erTeulis fasi

MC

erTeulis raodenoba drois monakveTSi

nax. 9-5 yvelaze momgebiani gasayidi fasis Zieba

wliuri xelfasi (aTasobiT dolarSi)

4. 9-6 naxazze warmodgenilia dRiuri moTxovna aviakompania `Transcontonental Airlines~-is mier sentluissa da niu-iorks, agreTve, los-anjelessa da niu-iorks Soris TviTmfrinavis bileTebze.
davuSvaT, kompaniis danaxarjebi damatebiTi mgzavris erTi mimarTulebiT gadayvanisas 25 do
lars udris, xolo ormxrivi gadayvanis zRvruli danaxarji 50 dolars.
a) kompaniis ra xarjebisgan Sedgeba ormxrivi mimarTulebiT gayidvis danaxarjebi?
b) TiToeuli moTxovnis mrudisTvis aageT zRvruli Semosavlis mrudebi, risTvisac
isargebleT imave xerxebiT, romelTa daxmarebiTac agebulia 9-3 naxazi.
g) TiToeuli saxeobis ramdeni bileTis gayidvas isurvebda kompania `Transcontonental~-i,
raTa sakuTari mogebis maqsimumisTvis mieRwia?
d) ra fass daawesebda TiToeuli marSrutisTvis?
e) axdenen Tu ara sent-luisis mgzavrebi los-anjelesis mgzavrebis subsidirebas? ra
fass daawesebda kompania `Transcontonental~-i sent-luisis bileTebze, Tuki los-anje
lesis mimarTulebiT frenis momsaxurebas Sewyvetda? ra fass daawesebda los-anje
lesis bileTebze, Tuki Sewyvetda sent luisis frenas? aris Tu ara sent-luisis bi
leTebis maRali fasi los-anjelesis bileTebis dabali fasis Sedegi?
v) SesaZloa Tu ara, rom sent-luisis bileTebis fasma iklos mxolod imitom, rom kompa
nia `Transcontonental~-is TviTmfrinavebi sent-luisis dafrinavs? imis gamo, rom losanjelesSi mgzavrebis gadayvaniT `Transcontonental~-i Tavis mogebas zrdis, savsebiT Se
saZlebelia, rom los-anjelesis frenebis momsaxureba mas funqcionirebis
gagrZelebis saSualebas aZlevdes. ranairad SeuZlia amas, xeli Seuwyos sent-luisis
mgzavrobis gaiafebas?

moTxovna `Anchorage
`anqorij Aardvark~-is
aardvarqis~
WianWvelaWamiebze
$40
`Anchorage~-is
`anqorijis~

30

zRvruli
Semosavali

20

moTxovna `Huston
`hiusTon
Aardvark~-is
aardvarqis~
WianWvelaWamiebze

`hiusTonis~
`Huston-is

10

zRvruli
Semosavali

zRvruli danaxarjebi

100

200

300

400

WianWvelaWamiebis raodenoba TveSi

nax. 9-6. ori kompaniis zRvruli Rirebulebisa da moTxovnis mrudi

5. axali produqtis fasis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas mravali firma iyenebs e.w. miznob
rivi fasebis dadgenis proceduras. miznobrivi fasi is fasia, romelic firmas saSualebas
aZlevs, ainazRauros warmoebis danaxarjebis garkveuli procenti. danaxarjebis Sesaxeb in
formaciis garda, ra unda icodes gamyidvelma, raTa gamoTvalos is mogeba, rasac mas esa Tu
is konkretuli fasi moutans? unda gazardos Tu ara fasi firmam, Tu produqtis gayidvidan
miRebuli Semosavali sasurvelze naklebi aRmoCndeba? unda Seamciros Tu ara fasi, Tu Se
mosavali mosalodnelze metia?
6. rodesac universitetis sportuli ganyofilebis xelmZRvaneli samomavlod fexburTis bi
leTebis gaZvirebis Sesaxeb acxadebs, igi ambobs, rom es xarjebis zrdiT gamowveuli iZule
biTi nabijia. am danaxarjebs Sorisaa qalTa sportis ganviTarebis xarjebic. rogor moqme
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debs qalTa sportis ganviTarebis xarjebi fexburTis bileTebis gayidvis zRvrul xarjebze?
Tu am kiTxvaze pasuxi ar gaqvT, dafiqrdiT imaze, Tu rogor moqmedebs CempionatSi gamarjve
bis imedi fexburTis bileTebis gayidvis xarjebze. ra asrulebs ufro mniSvnelovan rols
fexburTis bileTis yvelaze momgebiani fasis gansazRvrisas qalTa sportis ganviTarebaze
sportuli biujetidan gamoyofili Tanxa Tu brwyinvale gundi?
7. safexburTo matCis dros universiteti avtosadgomis fass 1,5-dan 10 dolaramde zrdis. trans
portis komitetis gancxadebis Tanaxmad, es imitom keTdeba, rom avtosadgomebis mudmiv momx
mareblebs ar mouwios fexburTis gulSematkivrebisTvis avtosadgomebis uzrunvelyofis dana
xarjebis subsidireba. afinanseben Tu ara avtosadgomebis mudmivi momxmareblebi fexburTis
moyvarulebs, rodesac avtosadgomebis fasi safexburTo dRes ucvleli rCeba?
8.

SeuZlia Tu ara navTobis kompanias, gazardos navTobis fasi, raTa dafaros navTobis daRvriT
gamowveuli xarjebi, razec TviTonvea pasuxismgebeli? ra moxdeba, Tu, magaliTad, kompania
`Exson~-i benzinis rafinirebis fass gazrdis maSin, roca sxva gadamamuSavebeli kompaniebi
amas ar gaakeTeben?

9.

ratom aweseben patara, mosaxerxebel adgilebSi ganTavsebuli maRaziebi ufro maRal fasebs,
vidre didi supermarketebi? imitom xom ara, rom patara maRaziebs meti zednadebi danaxar
jebi aqvT produqciis erTeulze? rogor SeuZlia gamyidvels, daiTanxmos myidveli sxvas
Tan SedarebiT maRali fasis gadaxdaze?

10. SeuZlia Tu ara Rorebis mepatrones, gazardos Roris fasi, rodesac izrdeba sakvebis fasi?
a) Rorebis sakvebis fasis zrda iwvevs im fermerebis danaxarjebis zrdas, romlebic
Rorebis gamokvebas gaangrZoben. rogoria Rorebis gamokvebis gagrZelebis alterna
tiva? ratomaa, rom sakvebis fasis zrda droebiT Roris xorcis gaiafebas iwvevs?
b) aRwereT procesi, romlis Sedegadac Roris sakvebis fasis zrda Roris fasis Tanda
TanobiT zrdas gamoiwvevs.
11. maRaziis erT-erT filialSi firma `Wilson Championship~-is CogburTis zegamZle yviTeli
burTebi 3,49 dolari Rirs. imave maRaziis sxva filialSi firma `Wilson Championship~-is Cog
burTis zegamZle yviTeli burTebi 2,99 dolari Rirs. ratom xdeba ase? ratom iyidis vinme
burTebs pirvel filialSi? rogor fiqrobT, ratom gavimeoreT meore winadadebaSi burTe
bis grZeli dasaxeleba nacvlad imisa, rom mokled gveTqva: `iseTive burTebi~?
12. xSirad ratom yidian fotoaparatebs sabiTumo fasad, xolo aqsesuarebis yuTebis, damate
biTi linzebis, filtrebis da a.S. fasebs 100 procentiT da metiT zrdian?
13. manhetenze zogierTi restorani eqsperiments atarebda sauzmis ori menius gamoyenebiT.
erTs, romelSic SedarebiT maRali fasebi iyo miTiTebuli, sTavazobdnen im momxmareblebs,
romlebic turistebs hgavdnen, xolo meores, SedarebiT dabali fasebiT, sTavazobdnen maT,
vinc samsaxurSi miiCqaroda. rogor SeeZlo am ormag menius gaezarda restornebis mogeba?
14. CineTSi im turistebs, romelTac kinoTeatrSi wasvla, taqsiT, rkinigziT an TviTmfrinaviT
mgzavroba surT, orjer meti fasis gadaxda uwevT, vidre Tavad Cinelebs. mravali samrewve
lo nivTi, romelic turistebisTvis gankuTvnil maRaziebSi iyideba, honkongis bazrobaze
SeiZleba naxevar fasad iyidoT. SegiZliaT Tu ara amis axsna?

Cinelebi aseve Zalian maRal fasebs adeben ucxoeli diplomatebisTvis gankuTvnil binebs,
Tumca Raribi, `mesame qveynebis~ diplomatebs gacilebiT naklebs axdevineben. aris Tu ara
dabali gadasaxadi, romelsac `mesame msoflios~ warmomadgenlebi ixdian, politikuri ga
dawyvetileba? an, iqneb, es mogebis maqsimizaciis cdaa?

15. erT dros profesiuli sportuli gundebi awyobdnen e.w. `qalTa dReebs~, rodesac qalebs bileTebs
nakleb fasad sTavazobdnen. iyo Tu ara es mamakacebis diskriminacia imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom `ma
makacis dReebi~ arasodes mouwyviaT? rogor axsniT `qalTa dReebis~ arsebobas?
16. qalaqSi, sadac TiTqmis yvela kinoTeatri seansze dasaswrebad 5 dolars an mets awesebs, ar
sebobs ramdenime kinoTeatri, romelTac SeRavaTian kinosaxlebs uwodeben. aq bileTi 1 an 2
dolari Rirs, Tumca igive filmebs uCveneben, rasac did kinoTeatrebSi, oRond ramdenime
Tvis dagvianebiT.
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a) aqvT Tu ara adreuli Cvenebis kinoTeatrebs ufro maRali danaxarjebi, rac bileTe
bis SedarebiT maRal fass ganapirobebs?
b) studiebSi, romlebic kinoTeatrebs filmebs awvdian premieris dRidan erTi an ori
kviris ganmavlobaSi, gasamrjelod xSirad salaros Semosavlis 90 procents iTxoven,
ris Sedegadac safasuri mkveTrad mcirdeba. im droisTvis, roca filmi SeRavaTian
kinosaxlebs aRwevs, studiebis wili SeiZleba mxolod 35 procenti iyos. aris Tu ara
es fasTa sxvaobis mizezi?
g) ratomaa, rom studiebi mTliani Semosavlis 90 procents iReben adreuli Cvenebis ki
noTeatrebidan, magram mzad arian, SeRavaTian kinoTeatrebs filmebi mxolod 35 pro
centad dauTmon?
d) kinoTeatrebi filmebis Cvenebisas mnaxvelebis mier tkbileulsa da sasmelze daxar
jul TiToeul dolarze 75 cents igeben. gvexmareba Tu ara es imis asaxsnelad, Tu
ratom arian mzad, uari Tqvan Semosavlis 90 procentze filmebis pirveli Cvenebis
uflebis sanacvlod (axla xom xvdebiT, ratom ukrZalaven mnaxvelebs saWmel-sasme
lis garedan Setanas `klientebis usafrTxoebasa da komfortze zrunvis mizniT~?).
e) Tu studiebi SeRavaTiani kinosaxlebis gadasaxads yoveli bileTidan 1 dolaramde an
bileTebidan Semosuli Tanxis 35 procentamde gazrdian, ramdeniT gaizrdeba, Tqveni
azriT, SeRavaTiani kinosaxlebis mier dawesebuli 1 dolariani fasi?
17. zogierTi Teatri atarebs eqsperiments, romlis drosac yidis bileTebs principiT `ga
daixadeT imdeni, ramdenic SegiZliaT~. eqsperimentis Sedegad, im bileTebis fasi, romlebic,
Cveulebriv, 18 dolaridan 28 dolaramde Rirda, san-diegoSi 25 centidan 18 dolaramde
meryeobda.
a) rogor unda moaxerxos Teatrma, rom yvela msurvelma dabali fasiT ar isargeblos?
b) ratom gadaixdis vinme 18 dolars bileTSi, romelic SeuZlia 25 centad SeiZinos?
g) fiqrobT Tu ara, rom aseTi sistemis pirobebSi adamianebi realurad gadaixdian imas,
rac SeuZliaT? rogor fiqrobT, mdidrebi mets gadaixdian, Tu Raribebi?
f) mravali Teatri warmodgenis dRes bileTebs Cveulebrivze bevrad ufro iafad yidis.
rogor unda moaxerxon am Teatrebma, rom mnaxvelebma bileTebi mxolod warmodgenis
dRes ar iyidon?
18. niu-iorkSi arsebobs miTiTeba, romelic moiTxovs, rom gamyidvelebma yvela gasayidi nivTis
fasi gamoakran. rodesac momxmareblebis saqmeTa departamentma am gankargulebis Sesrule
ba sagamofeno darbazebsac mosTxova, aman mepatroneebis protesti gamoiwvia. ratom?
19. gazeTis mimomxilvelma ana landerma Tavis reportaJebSi ramdenjerme gailaSqra tan
sacmlis maRaziebSi arsebuli praqtikis winaaRmdeg. maRaziebis xelmZRvanelebi anadgureben
tansacmels, romlis gayidvac ar surT, imis nacvlad, rom produqcia TanamSromlebs, an da
balSemosavlian momxmareblebs daurigon. ana gakvirvebuli iyo amgvari saqcieliT. misi
azriT, erTaderTi misaRebi axsna iyo erT-erTi nebraskeli mkiTxvelis mier gamoTqmuli
mosazreba: maRaziebi cdiloben, Tavi daicvan im xalxisgan, vinc am saqonels ufasod miiRebs,
Semdeg ki kvlav maRaziaSi daabrunebs, raTa garkveuli gamorCena miiRos. xom ver moifiqrebT
am movlenis sxva axsnas?
20. gaizrdeba Tu Semcirdeba satelefono kompaniebis mogeba, Tu isini adgilobrivi momsaxure
bis gadasaxads zarebis raodenobis mixedviT daaweseben? aageT momxmareblis moTxovnis
tipuri mrudi da SeadareT SesaZleblobebi. moigebs Tu ara satelefono kompania, Tuki Ti
Toeuli individualuri zarisTvis daawesebs im maqsimalur fass, romlis gadaxdisTvisac
mzadaa momxmarebeli, Semdeg ki momxmareblebs SeuzRudavi raodenobis `ufaso~ zarebis ne
bas miscems? ratom xdeba, rom adgilobrivi zarebi `ufasoa~, xolo saqalaqTaSoriso zar
isTvis momxmarebelma damatebiTi gadasaxadi unda gadaixados?
21. aTletTa erovnuli studenturi asociaciis mier miRebuli kanonis Tanaxmad, sezonis
damTavrebisas gamarTuli boulingis Cempionatis sponsorebma minimum 500,000 dolari unda
gadauxadon im kolejebs, romelTac safexburTo gundebi hyavT. zogjer am Tanxis sidide ko
lejis mier bileTebis didi raodenobiT SeZenis mzadyofnis proporciulia.
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a) ramdens gadauxdian kolejs, Tu is miiRebs 500,000 dolars im pirobiT, rom 20 dola

rian 10,000 bileTs SeiZens?
b) daTanxmdeba Tu ara koleji aseT pirobas, Tu mxolod asiode bileTis gayidvis imedi
aqvs?
22. am Tavis bolos ganxilul magaliTSi, romelic vaxSmisa da sadilis fasebs Seexeboda, zo
gierTi mniSvnelovani momenti gamogvrCa. sadilze klientebi yvelgan yovelTvis met dros
xarjaven, vidre vaxSamze. xom ar zrdis es sadilis danaxarjebs? ra SemTxvevaSi ar gaizrdeba
sadilis fasi? Tu xangrZlivi sadilebi restornebs Zviri ujdebaT, isini aseTi sadilebis
xangrZlivobis SezRudvas unda cdilobdnen, magram amiT momxmareblebis gaRizianebas gamo
iwveven. moisurveben Tu ara restornebi sadilebis xangrZlivobis SezRudvas? rogor?
23. rodesac korporacia `Heublein~-ma `Popov~-is markis aryis fasi 8%-iT gazarda, kompaniis war
momadgenelma ganacxada, rom kompania amiT `Popov~-isTvis bazarze `saTanado poziciis~ mo
povebas cdilobda. fasis 8 procentiani matebis pirobebSi gayidvebi mxolod 1 procentiT
Semcirda.
a) miuxedavad imisa, rom arays arc suni aqvs, arc feri da arc gemo, ratom arian mzad
momxmareblebi garkveuli markis araySi gacilebiT meti fuli gadaixadon?
b) rogor fiqrobT, ris miRwevas cdilobda korporacia `Heublein~-i `Popov~-is markis
aryisTvis `saTanado poziciis~ miniWebiT?
g) marketingis specialistebi zogierT saqonels `prestiJuls~ uwodeben da miuTiTe
ben, rom momxmareblebi upiratesobas aniWeben maRal fasebs. niSnavs Tu ara es imas,
rom aseTi saqonlis gamyidvelebs fasebis momatebiT yovelTvis SeuZliaT meti moge
bis miReba?
24. davuSvaT, mzada xarT gadaixadoT 60 centi funTuSaSi, romelsac diliT yavasTan erTad mi
irTmevT da 30 centi _ momdevno funTuSaSi. funTuSebis gamyidvelma es icis. icis isic, rom
meore funTuSis gayidvis danaxarji 20 centia. Tu mas sakuTari mogebis maqsimizacia surs,
ramdenad unda mogyidoT funTuSa 60 Tu 30 centad? ras ityodiT, erTi funTuSa rom 60
centi Rirdes, ori funTuSa ki _ 90 centi?
25. ratom iZlevian gamyidvelebi aseT winadadebas: `iyideT ori giganturi pica Cveulebriv
fasad da damatebiT miiRebT picas erT dolarad~.
26. Tu qirurgi naRvlis buStis amokveTis operaciaSi iRebs 2,500 dolars mdidari pacientisgan
da 750 dolars _ sxva pacientisagan, uwevs Tu ara is eqspluatacias pirvels, xolo meores
fasdaklebas sTavazobs? ra uSlis xels meore pacients, rom SeiZinos ramdenime iaffasiani
operaciis ufleba da momgebianad, zedmet fasad miyidos isini mdidar pacientebs?
27. Tqven gsurT auqcionze Zveleburi avejis gayidva. misi SeZena surs sam adamians, Sesabamisad,
8,000, 6,000 da 4,000 dolarad. Tqveni minimaluri fasi 5,000 dolaria. aravin icis, ra Rirebu
leba aqvs am avejs sxvebisTvis.
a) daaxloebiT ra fasad gaiyideba Tqveni aveji?
b) davuSvaT, Tqven atarebT e.w. `holandiur~ auqcions. wamyvani asaxelebs iseT Tanxas,
romelic bevrad metia im fasze, romlis gadaxdisTvisac vinme mzadaa, Semdeg ki fass
TandaTan amcirebs, vidre ar gamoCndeba myidveli, romelic mzadaa am dasaxelebul
fasad avejis SeZenisTvis. daaxloebiT ra fasad gaiyideba aveji?
g) ratom umateben reklamas gamoTqmas `saqoneli SeiZleba SeiZinoT manam, vidre is
gvaqvs~?
28. Tqven da Tqveni sacole beWdebs irCevT. nimuSebis Cvenebis Semdeg iuveliri gekiTxebaT ra
fasis gadaxdisTvis xarT mzad?
a) ratom svams is am kiTxvas?
b) Tu eubnebiT, rom ar apirebT 200 dolarze metis daxarjvas, im beWdebis moZebnaSi exmare
biT, romlebic unda mogyidoT, Tu im beWdebis fasis dadgenaSi, romlebic mogwonT?
g) ra xerxiT gaarkvevT yvelaze dabal fass, romelzec Tanaxma iqneba gamyidveli?

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29. ualkoholo sasmelebis ori gamyidveli molaparakebas awarmoebs aivi kolejis administra
ciasTan da cdilobs, kolejSi sasmelebis gayidvis eqskluziuri ufleba moipovos. kolejs
surs es ufleba ufro maRali fasis SemTavazebels mianiWos, magram studenturi asociaciis
prezidenti iTxovs, rom aivim akrZalos eqskluziuri uflebis gacema da, amis nacvlad, sas
melis gayidvis ufleba orive gamyidvels darTos. daexmareT administracias, gadawyvitos,
rogor moiqces 9-9 naxazze mocemuli informaciis meSveobiT. wrfe, romelsac aweria `erTi
gamyidveli~ warmogvidgens moTxovnas, romelic Seesabameba eqskluziuri uflebebis mflo
bels. wrfe `ori gamyidveli~ gviCvenebs moTxovnas, romelic iarsebebs ori gamyidvelis si
tuaciaSi. erTi boTlis zRvruli fasi 2,5 dolaria.
a) ra fasi unda gadaixadon studentebma eqskluziuri uflebebis SemTxvevaSi da ram
deni qila unda iyidon kviraSi?
b) ra Tanxa unda gadaixadon studentebma, Tu administracia gayidvis uflebas orive
gamyidvels miscems da ramdeni boTli gaiyideba ase kviraSi?
g) rogori mogeba eqneba yovelkvireulad eqskluziuri uflebis mqone gamyidvels?
d) rogori mogeba eqnebaT gamyidvelebs konkurenciis pirobebSi?
e) ra SeiZleba gadaaxdevinos aivim eqskluziuri uflebebis miniWebisTvis?
v) ra SeiZleba gadaaxdevinos aivim TiToeul gamyidvels, Tu gadawyvets, rom kolejSi
orive gamyidveli dauSvas?
z) Tqven ras urCevdiT?

TiToeuli bileTis fasi

30. me-5 TavSi mocemulia metad moxerxebuli wesi, romelic fasebis cvlilebebis ganxilvisas
gvexmareba esa Tu is movlena saqonlis fass ar cvlis, Tu ar Seicvala moTxovnisa da miwo
debis raodenoba. es wesi exeba rogorc fasTmaZiebelTa, aseve fasTmimRebTa bazars.
a) ra gansazRvravs fasTmaZiebelis mier dawesebul fass?
b) ratom ara aqvs fasTmaZiebels miwodebis mrudi?

$1.40
erTi gamyidveli

1.20
1.00

80
ori gamyidveli
60

40

zRvruli danaxarjebi

20
00

10

erT kviraSi gayiduli bileTebis raodenoba (aTasi)

nax. 9-9. yovelkvireuli moTxovna ualkoholo sasmelebze

177

konkurencia
da mTavrobis
ekonomikuri politika

10

aqreba Tu ara ekonomikuri konkurencia, Tu saxelmwifo aqtiurad ar imoqmedebs mis Sesanar

Cuneblad? Tu is Tavad inarCunebs Tavs, miuxedavad saxelmwifos mxridan misi SezRudvis
aqtiuri mcdelobebisa?
uWers Tu ara saxelmwifo mxars konkurencias, rodesac xels uSlis ufro did, ufro nayo
fier da, SesaZloa, naklebsindisier firmebs, romlebic TavianTi dargebidan sxva firmebis gaZe
vebas cdiloben? Tu konkurentebis dacva konkurenciis SezRudvas iwvevs?
rodesac saxelmwifo Serwymas krZalavs, uSlis Tu ara amiT xels konkurentebis mier mowina
aRmdegeebis Tavidan moSorebas? an iqneb konkurentunariani da efeqtiani saorganizacio firme
bis ganviTarebas abrkolebs?
Tu gamyidvelebi imdenad mcire konkurencias awydebian, rom maT SeuZliaT danaxarjebze bev
rad meti fasis daweseba, SeZlebs Tu ara saxelmwifo, eqspluataciisgan momxmareblis dacvas fa
sebis regulirebiT?
ras vgulisxmobT konkurenciaSi da rogor unda davadginoT, sakmarisad konkurentulia Tu
ara ekonomika, an misi calkeuli seqtori? ris mixedviT unda vimsjeloT dargSi konkurenciis
Sesaxeb konkurentebis raodenobis, maTi qmedebebis Tu fasebis, danaxarjebis, mogebis, qcevisa
Tu inovaciuri procesebis monacemTa mixedviT?
mocemul kiTxvebs am TavSi saboloo pasuxi ar gaecema. magram vimedovnebT, rom rodesac
konkurenciis wyaroebsa da Sedegebze, agreTve saxelmwifo politikis warmoSobasa da Sedegebze
msjelobas davasrulebT, am sakiTxebis arss ukeT CavwvdebiT!

konkurentuli zewola
is gamyidvelebi, romelTa nawarmzec moTxovna klebulobs, mogebis maqsimizaciis mizniT warmoebis
moculobasa da gasayidi saqonlis raodenobas amcireben da zRvrul danaxarjebze maRal gasayid fass
inarCuneben (garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac maT SeuZliaT sruli fasismieri diskriminaciis ganxor
cieleba). wina TavSi vimsjeleT, Tu rogor da ratom xdeba ase.
rodesac fasi zRvrul danaxarjze metia, gamyidvelis winaSe Cndeba problema fasi konkurenciis
zrdas iwvevs. Tu vaSlis Rvezelis naweri kafes mepatrones 50 centi ujdeba da 1,5 dolarad iyideba,
maSin unda vivaraudoT, rom mepatrone ganacxadebs, TiTqos 1 dolariani sxvaoba mogeba ki araa, aramed
is Tanxaa, romelic mas exmareba, dafaros kafes Senaxvis yvela danarCeni danaxarji xelfasebi, gada
saxadebi, ijaris gadasaxadi, mowyobilobebis eqspluataciis danaxarjebi, dazianebebiTa da qurdobiT
gamowveuli zarali da sxva. SeiZleba es asecaa. miuxedavad amisa, Rvezelis yoveli damatebiTi naWeri,
romelic 1,5 dolarad iyideba, mepatronis qonebas 1 dolars umatebs. Tu es sxva kafeebis mepatroneeb
sac Seexeba, maSin TiToeuli maTganis gulwrfeli survili iqneba, rac SeiZleba metma mSierma adamianma
Tqvas uari sxva kafeSi Sesvlaze da vaSlis Rvezeli mxolod masTan iyidos.

179

P
$1.50

fasi

moTxovna

cduneba

50
zRvruli danaxarji

Q
aseTi survilebi adamianebs xSirad qmedebisken ubiZgeben. SegviZlia sami saaTis Semdeg fasi odnav
SevamciroT, raTa zogierT momxmarebels, romelic sadilis Semdeg erTi Wiqa yavis dasalevad Semova,
namcxvris mirTmevis survili gauCndes, an, SegviZlia gavakraT gancxadeba, rom mas, vinc erT naWer na
mcxvars SeiZens, yavas ufasod miarTmeven. aseTi strategia saSiSia. mravali momxmarebeli sauzmis dros
uars ityvis Rvezelze, Tu ecodineba, rom SeuZlia sam saaTze is ufro iafad miiRos. konkurent restor
nebs SeuZliaT klientebis misazidad gaweuli Zalisxmeva nulze daiyvanon, risTvisac klientebs sakuTa
ri stimulebi unda SesTavazon. amgvarad, imis nacvlad, rom damatebiTi momxmareblebi miizidos, yoveli
mepatrone gayidis imden namcxvars, ramdensac adre yidda, oRond amjerad ufro dabal fasad.
wina TavSi davuSviT, rom ed saikma da zogierTma sxva gamyidvelma, romelTa politikasac ganvixila
vdiT, zustad ician, Tu ra moTxovnaa maT produqciaze. es daSveba sasargebloa, vinaidan saSualebas
gvaZlevs aRvweroT fasis Ziebis martivi procesi. Cveulebriv, gamyidvelebs uxdebaT informaciis Se
groveba produqciaze moTxovnis Sesaxeb. isini cdiloben, reklamisa da saimedo momsaxurebis SeTavaze
biT, stimuli miscen momxmarebels. ufro metic, rodesac bazarze erTi da imave saqonlis ramdenime gam
yidveli arsebobs, TiToeuli gamyidvelis moTxovnis mrudi damokidebuli iqneba mis qcevaze da agreTve
konkurentebis safaso politikaze. kinoseansebze moTxovnis mrudi qvemoT da marcxniv gadaadgildeba,
Tu mezobel kinoTeatrebSi ukeTes filmebs aCveneben, an fass daakleben, an Tu kolejis kalaTburTis
gundi paraskevobiT gamarTavs TamaSebs da zedized gaimarjvebs.
vaSlis Rvezelis fasi, romelsac kafeebi qalaqis centrSi daaweseben, Secvlis sxva restornebSi ar
sebul moTxovnas. vinaidan TiToeuli restorani moTxovnis sakuTari monacemebis mixedviT daawesebs
fasebs, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, gavlenas moaxdens sxva restornebSi arsebul moTxovnaze, es situacia
ufro Wadraks an pokers daemsgavseba da ara maqsimizaciis amocanas. saukeTeso fasi, romelic SeiZleba
dadgenil iqnas momdevno momentSi, Wadrakis msgavsad, SesaZlebelia damokidebuli iyos manamde dadge
nil fasze. me-9 TavSi moyvanili patara samyaro, Tavisi mkafiod gansazRvruli mrudebiT, simkveTres
kargavs da bundovandeba. samwuxarod (an iqneb sabednierod), analitikosis TvalsazrisiT realuri sam
yaro ise zustad ar aris dasuraTebuli, rogorc lamazi wignis furclebi.

Q
gamyidvelis mier aRqmuli moTxovnis mrudi

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me-8 TavSi gavecaniT termins `oligopolia~, romelic `ramdenime gamyidvelis~ upiratesobas

aRniSnavs. iq gadavwyviteT, rom cneba `ramdenime gamyidveli~ iseve bundovania, rogorc `erTad
erTi gamyidveli~ da es bundovaneba dakavSirebulia imasTan, Tu ramdenad farTod an viwrod ga
nisazRvreba gasayidi saqonlis cneba. zogierTi ekonomisti termins `oligopolia~ gansakuTre
bul mniSvnelobas aniWebs esaa situacia, rodesac erTi gamyidvelis moTxovnis mrudi
damokidebulia sxva cnobili gamyidvelebis reaqciaze, romelTac zogjer `metoqeebs~ uwode
ben. imis miuxedavad, gadavwyvetT Tu ara termin `oligopoliis~ gamoyenebas, romelsac, udavod,
SecdomaSi SevyavarT, amgvari situaciebi, rodesac sxvadasxva gamyidvelTa moTxovnis mrudebi
arsebiTad erTmaneTzea damokidebuli, sakmaod xSiria da didad mniSvnelovanicaa. yovelive es
aZlierebs konkurentul zewolas, rac gamyidvelebis did ukmayofilebas iwvevs.
konkurenciis marTva

kartelis winaSe wamoiWreba ori problema _ SezRudos

Tavisi wevrebis konkurentuli qmedebebi da aseve SezRudos
dargSi axali firmebis SeRweva
ratom ar SeTanxmdebian gamyidvelebi konkurenciis Semcirebis, an, sulac, Sewyvetis Taobaze,
an bazris iseT dayofaze, rac yvelasaTvis misaRebi iqneba? amas siamovnebiT gaakeTebdnen da xSi
rad cdiloben kidec, magram es arc ise iolia, rogorc erTi SexedviT Cans. radganac saoperacio
danaxarjebi abrkoleben mimwodeblebisa da momxmareblebis efeqtian kooperirebas, isini xSi
rad abrkoleben mimwodebelTa SeTanxmebuli qmedebebiT momxmarebelTa iZulebas. konkurent
gamyidvelebs Soris miRweul SeTanxmebas fasebis SenarCunebisa da bazris gayofis Sesaxeb, ro
gorc wesi, iuridiuli Zala ar gaaCnia. ufro metic, mraval StatSi es kanoniT akrZalulia. Tun
dac mxolod es faqti mniSvnelovnad zrdis konkurirebis uaryofis transaqciul danaxarjebs.
garda amisa, Zalian Znelia iseTi SeTanxmebis miRweva, romelic yvelasaTvis misaRebia, iTvalis
winebs yvela variants da SeiZleba misi efeqtianad amoqmedeba. konkurenciis stimulebi imdenad
myaria, rom sul male romelime monawile Seecdeba, gverdi auaros SeTanxmebis pirobebs. da bo
los, kartelis8 monawileTa warmatebuli SeTanxmeba usaTuod miipyrobs autsaiderebis yura
drebas, romlebic Seecdebian SeaRwion am sferoSi, raTa mogebis wili miiRon.
amitomaa, rom kartelebs axasiaTebT aramdgradoba, rac xSirad akvirvebs im adamianebs, visac
ar esmiT, ramdenad yovlismomcvelia konkurencia. imisaTvis, rom miaRwios Tavisi wevrebis sim
didris zrdas, kartelma unda gadawyvitos ori problema.
pirvel rigSi, man xeli unda SeuSalos wevrebs Soris konkurencias, rasac SeuZlia dagegmili
SeTanxmebuli mogebis mospoba (rogorc arsebuli gasayidi fasebis SemcirebiT, ise gayidvis
xarjebis zrdiT), meorec, kartelma ar unda dauSvas, rom bazarze axali konkurentebis Semos
vlam uazrobad aqcios maTi SeTanxmeba.
swored amitom icaven ase medgrad konkurenciis sakanonmdeblo SezRudvebs fasTmaZieblebi
da fasTmimRebni. gamyidvelebi xSirad Zalian maxvilgonivrul mizezebs igoneben, raTa mTavro
bam fasebis dakleba arakanonierad gamoacxados da axal gamyidvelebs bazarze SesaRwevi gzebi
gadauketos. qvemoT mogvyavs Sesatyvisi nawyvetebi gazeTebidan. Zalian sainteresoa dafiqreba
imaze, Tu vin aRmoCndeba wagebuli an mogebuli yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi.
`vaSingtoni. samedicino sazogadoeba kviras atarebs farTomasStabian kampanias im kanonpro
eqtis sawinaaRmdegod, romelic samedicino praqtikis nebas rTavs eqTnebs, fsiqiatrebs, orTo
pedebs da sxva medpersonals, romlebsac eqimis diplomebi ara aqvT. samedicino sazogadoeba
amas standartebis daqveiTebad miiCnevs da Tavis yovelkvireul biuletenSi gamoTqvams mosaz
rebas, rom Zalian male boiskautebs nebas darTaven, Jangiani danebiT operaciebi akeTon~.

karteli aris gamyidvelTa jgufis SeTanxmeba fasebis an produqciis moculobis regulirebis Sesaxeb. arsebobs
agreTve myidvelTa kartelebi. magaliTad, me-3 TavSi ganxiluli iyo kalaTburTis profesionaluri gundebis mepat
roneebis karteli, romelic moTamaSeTa daqiravebis xarjebis dabal doneze SenarCunebas cdilobs.

181

`yvela santeqnikosma xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi weliwadSi 140-saaTiani kursebi unda gaiaros
maTematikaSi, fizikaSi, hidravlikasa da mxazvelobiT geometriaSi~.
`Salis nawarmis mwarmoeblebi acxadeben, rom, vinaidan Salis nawarmis warmoeba mniSvnelova
nia erovnuli TavdacvisaTvis, amitom mTavrobam unda daawesos qvotebi sazRvargareTidan mis
importze~.
`kosmetologebisTvis da dalaqebisTvis licenzirebis mospoba Cveni Statis momxmareblebs
araprofesionali kosmetologebisa da dalaqebis xelSi Caagdebs. amis daSveba ar SeiZleba, vinai
dan isini janmrTelobisTvis saSiS tuteebsa da mJaveebs iyeneben~.
`televizorebis gayidvisa da momsaxurebis adgilobrivi centris cnobilma mepatronem ga
nacxada, rom miesalmeba saxelmwifo gamoZiebas televizorebis saremonto sferoSi da moiTxovs
am dargis regulirebis SemoRebas _ `Cven unda gavTavisufldeT damlageblebis, mexanZreebisa
da sxva diletantebisgan, romlebic momxmareblebs atyueben da dabali xarisxis momsaxurebas
mcire fasad sTavazoben~.
`guSin senatis janmrTelobis dacvis komitetma uaryo kanoni, romelic nebas rTavda araspecia
lizebul poliklinikebsa da firmebSi Tvalis sneulebaTa diagnostikisa da saTvaleebis SerCevis
Catarebas. ofTalmologebi, romlebsac kerZo praqtika aqvT, amtkiceben, rom maT sakuTari pacien
tebi qiraoben. Tu ofTalmologi muSaobs firmaSi, maSin is emsaxureba Tavis ufross~.
`pinei-vudis kerZo klinikis mepatronem da licenzirebuli kerZo klinikebis saxelmwifo aso
ciaciis mdivanma guSin brali dasdo janmrTelobis dacvis saxelmwifo sammarTvelos, rom is
amarTlebs axali kerZo samkurnalo dawesebulebebis mSeneblobas ise, rom saTanadod ar arkve
vs, arsebobs Tu ara damatebiTi samkurnalo dawesebulebebis saWiroeba da an rogori kvalifika
cia aqvT kandidatebs. xalxs, visac ara aqvs Sesabamisi profesiuli momzadebis done, maT Soris
qveynis sxva raionebidan Camosul Sarlatanebs, imedi aqvT, rom did mogebas miiReben~ _ Tqva man.
`saavadmyofo sawolebis didi raodenoba sastik konkurencias gamoiwvevs da kerZo saavadmyofo
ebs mouwevT xarjebis Semcireba bevr aucilebel momsaxurebaze, rac gaauaresebs mkurnalobis
xarisxs pacientebisa da mTeli sazogadoebis sazianod~.
`zogierTi saxelmwifo moxele moiTxovs, rom ZaRlebis kbilebis wmendis ufleba mxolod licen
zirebul veterinarebs mieceT, vinaidan ramdenime Tvis win aseTi aralicenzirebuli veterinaris
mier Catarebuli operaciis Sedegad ZaRls kbilebi dauzianda. qveynis saveterinaro samsaxuris
ufrosma ganacxada, rom zogi veterinari SeiZleba ZaRlis tkivilis mizezi gaxdes (rogor fiqrobT,
SeiZleba Tu ara ZaRlis tkivilis mizezi gaxdes is, vinc ZaRls pirSi xels uyofs?)

saxelmwifo politikis ambivalenturoba

konkurenciaze zrunva igive ar gaxlavT, rac konkurentebze zrunva.
brZen xalxs uTqvams, mgeli faraSi ar unda SeuSvao. SeiZleba Tu ara, rom ekonomikaSi konku
renciis SesanarCuneblad saxelmwifos imedi viqonioT? ekonomikur cxovrebaSi saxelmwifoe
brivi Carevis istoria gviCvenebs, rom konkurentebis individualur interesebze zrunva aranak
leb rols TamaSobda, vidre konkurenciaze zrunva. es erTi da igive sulac araa, Tumca kamaTis
dros amas xSirad iviwyeben.
zemoT moyvanili magaliTebi gviCvenebs, ra qmedebebs axorcielebs (an iZulebulia ganaxor
cielos) saxelmwifo, raTa xeli SeuSalos potenciur gamyidvelebs, raTa maT momxmareblebs
ufro misaRebi pirobebi an ufro mimzidveli SesaZleblobebi SesTavazon. miuxedavad gamyidve
lebis dasacavad motanili argumentebisa, es qmedebebi konkurencias zRudavs. konkurenciis
garkveuli SezRudvebis saboloo Sedegi SeiZleba iyos konkurenciis SenarCunebac, Tu SenarCu
nebulia im konkurentebis sakmarisad didi raodenoba, romlebic, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, dargi
dan gaZevebulebi aRmoCndebodnen. miuxedavad imisa, mohyveba Tu ara aseT qmedebas grZelvadiani
efeqti, konkurenciasTan dakavSirebuli saxelmwifo politikis Sefaseba yovelTvis erTi prin
cipis aRiarebiT unda daviwyoT _ kanoni, romelic zRudavs konkurentebs, zRudavs konkuren
ciasac.

182

aseTi kanonebis sasargeblod yvelaze xSirad motanili argumenti isaa, rom es kanonebi `mta
ceblur~ qmedebebs zRudavs.
imisaTvis, rom davicvaT Cveni konkurentuli ekonomikuri sistema, gvWirdeba kanonebi, rom
lebic krZalavs usindiso qmedebebs, magaliTad iseTebs, rogoricaa danaxarjebze nakleb fasad
gayidva. msxvil firmebs SeuZliaT, Tavs sakuTari produqciis aseT fasad gayidvis ufleba mis
cen, sanam maTi metoqeebi iZulebulebi ar gaxdebian, dargidan gavidnen. Tu maT kanoni ar Seaka
vebT, advilad Seiqmneba iseTi viTareba, roca ekonomikaSi mxolod ramdenime uzarmazari korpo
racia ibatonebs.
amerikelebis umravlesoba am azrs iziarebs. amerikis federaluri da adgilobrivi kanonebi
savsea muxlebiT, romlebic fasebis Semcirebas zRudavs an krZalavs. mraval StatSi dRemde moq
medebs kanonebi, romlebic xarjebze iafad gayidvas krZalavs da romelTac xSirad `arakeTil
sindisieri qmedebebis amkrZalav aqtebs~ uwodeben. maregulirebeli komisiebi, romlebic komu
naluri momsaxurebis fasebis zedamxedvelobisaTvis iqmneba xolme, xSirad fasebis dasaSveb
qveda zRvars aweseben, riTac abrkoleben calkeuli firmebis mier ufro dabali fasis arCevis
yovelgvar mcdelobas. saukeTeso magaliTia aseTi komisiebis mamamTavari regionTaSoris vaW
robis komisia, romelic kongresma 1887 wels Seqmna.
savsebiT cxadia, Tu ratom uWers mxars aseTi tipis kanonebs zogierTi firma maT konkuren
ciisgan dacva surT. magram, ratom ar gamoTqvams protests momxmarebeli da mTeli sazogadoe
ba? sazogadoeba TiTqos eTanxmeba im arguments, rom fasebis Semcirebas SeuZlia `monopolie
bis~ Seqmna da konkurentebis bazrebidan gaZeveba gamoiwvios. monopolia ki, ra Tqma unda,
saSinelebaa!
am Tavis pirvel abzacSi mniSvnelovani argumentebi iyo motanili. ramdenad samarTliania isi
ni? SeiZleba Tu ara iseTi kanonebis mxardaWera, romlebic krZalavs `gayidvas xarjebze nakleb
fasad~? amasTan dakavSirebiT mravali kiTxva Cndeba.

ras niSnavs `saTanado danaxarjebi~?

ramdenia is danaxarjebi, romlebzec naklebi fasis daweseba ar SeiZleba? yidis ki vinme sinam
dvileSi Tavis saqonels xarjebze dabal fasad? ganvixiloT supermarketis mepatrone matildas
magaliTi: davuSvaT, igi 1000 funt mwife banans ukveTavs. biTumad movaWre, romelsac mwife bana
nebis swrafad gayidva surs, Tanaxmaa, matildas erTi funti 5 centad mihyidos. uqme dReebSi ma
tilda bananebs uCveulod dabal fass funtSi 10 cents adebs, magram orSabaT dilisTvis mas 500
funti banani gauyidavi rCeba, arada, bananebi ukve fuWdeba. sadamde SeuZlia matildas fasis dak
leba ise, rom es fasi danaxarjebze naklebi ar iyos? pasuxi 5 centamde erT funtze arasworia.
es dakarguli danaxarjia da mTlian danaxarjebSi saerTod ar unda CaiTvalos! Tu samSabaT di
liT matildas fulis gadaxda mouwevs, raTa gauyidavi bananebi moiSoros, maSin gamodis, rom mis
Tvis orSabaTis xarjebi izrdeba. iqneb am SemTxvevaSi misTvis ufro momgebiani iyos bananebis
ufasod darigeba? Tu nulovani fasi matildasTvis momgebiania, maSin rogor SeiZleba is `dana
xarjebze naklebi~ iyos?! sxvaTa Soris, SeiZina Tu ara matildam bananebi danaxarjebze dabal
fasad?
Aan, davuSvaT, rom matildam 1000 qila yava iyida, 1 girvanqa 750 dolarad. am yavis dasaxeleba
momxmareblisTvis ucnobia, amitom adgilobrivma biTumad gamyidvelma yava mimzidvel fasad
mihyida, magram aRmoCnda, rom momxmareblebs es yava ar ainteresebT. matilda fass funtSi 80
centamde amcirebs, magram yavas mainc ver yidis da erTi kviris Semdeg mas kidev 987 qila yava rCe
ba gasayidi. Tu fass 75 centamde Seamcirebs, gana yavas danaxarjebze nakleb fasad gayidis? ara.
mas ar SeuZlia biTumad movaWres yava daubrunos, amitom yoveli qilis gayidvas damatebiT ram
denime centi da Taroze gamoTavisuflebuli adgili moaqvs. erTi funti yavis misaRebi danaxar
ji SeiZleba ganuldes kidec.
modiT, ganvixiloT kidev erTi magaliTi da Semdeg isev matildas davubrundeT. SeiZleba mar
Tlac azri hqondes mozvris gamozrdis danaxarjebis Sefasebas, magram ra azri aqvs beWisa da
barklebis gamozrdis danaxarjebis cal-calke Sefasebas? unda faravdes Tu ara barklidan dam
zadebuli bifSteqsis fasi am barklebis warmoebis danaxarjebs, xolo moxarSuli xorcis fasi
183

beWis warmoebis danaxarjebs? es uazro kiTxvaa. Tu beWisa da barklebis cal-calke warmoeba

SeuZlebelia, maSin cal-calke TiToeulis warmoebis danaxarjebze saubaric ar SeiZleba. beWi
da barklebi, anu bifSteqsi da moxarSuli xorci, erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia saerTo xarje
biT. Cven ar SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT erToblivi produqtebis warmoebis zusti xarjebi an `mar
Tebulad~ gavanawiloT mTliani xarjebi.9
davubrundeT matildas. SegviZlia Tu ara sworad gamovyoT mis maRaziaSi TiToeuli saqon
lis gayidvasTan dakavSirebuli danaxarjebi? dafiqrdiT, magaliTad, gayinul produqtebze.
sayinuleebis Senaxvis da gamoyenebis xarjebis ra nawili modis bostneulze, ra nawili Cinur
saWmelze da ra nawili forToxlis wvenze? ra Tqma unda, matilda gayinul yvavilovan kombos
tos ver Seinaxavda, sayinule rom ar hqondes. magram, Tu CaTvlis, rom ufro momgebiania mxolod
forToxlis wvenis Sesanaxad sayinulis gamoyeneba, rom SemdgomSi gayidos da gamoTavisufle
bul adgilze yvavilovani kombostos yuTebi daawyos, maSin azri ar eqneba imas, rom sayinulis
gamoyenebis xarjebi yvavilovani kombostos Senaxvis danaxarjebs mieweros.
danaxarjebze naklebi? vis danaxarjebze? ris danaxarjebze?
warmatebul biznesmens ar ainteresebs iseTi danaxarjebis ganawilebis sakiTxebi, romelTac
araviTari kavSiri ara aqvT gadawyvetilebebis miRebasTan. man icis, rom warmoeba gamyidveli
xom igive mwarmoebelia Cveulebrivi procesia, erToblivi produqtebiTa da erToblivi dana
xarjebiT. saqmian adamians ainteresebs gadawyvetilebasTan dakavSirebuli damatebiTi (zRvru
li) xarjebi da is damatebiTi (zRvruli) Semosavali, romelsac igi am gadawyvetilebidan moelis;
xolo, meore mxriv, ar ainteresebs iseTi uazro problemebi, rogoricaa saerTo danaxarjebis
gadanawileba gasayidad gankuTvnil garkveul produqtebze. Tu salaros gverdiT Jurnalebis
stendis adgilicaa, maSin Cndeba kiTxva: ramdens moumatebs stendis dadgma mTlian danaxarjebs
da ramdens _ mTlian Semosavals? Tu ukanaskneli sWarbobs, maSin stendis dadgmas azri aqvs da
aucilebeli sulac araa, gasayidi Jurnalebis fasi iseTi iyos, rom calke man mTlianad dafaros
komunaluri momsaxurebis, ijaris, salaros aparatebis amortizaciis, an Tundac am Jurnalebis
biTumad SeZenis xarjebi.
yuradReba miaqcieT gaxazul sityvebs. Jurnali SeiZleba sarfianad gayido 10 centad, im Sem
TxvevaSic ki, Tu biTumad movaWrisagan misi SeZena 15 centi jdeba. ratom? imitom, rom Jurnalebs
SeuZlia moizidos axali myidvelebi, romlebic sxva saqonelsac iyidian da maRaziis mogebas
gazrdian. matilda dainteresebulia ara erTi romelime saqonlis gayidvidan miRebuli mogebiT,
aramed mTlian Semosavalsa da mTlian danaxarjebs Soris sxvaobiT. gamyidvelebi sigaretebiT
vaWroben ara aqedan miRebuli Semosavlis miRebis, aramed sxva saqonlis gayidvidan miRebuli Se
mosavlis gazrdis mizniT, rasac swored sigaretiT vaWroba Seuwyobs xels. swored aseve, rki
nakaveulobis patara maRaziebi, romlebic calobiT yidian WanWikebsa da qanCebs, danakargebs ga
nicdian, magram karg reputacias iqmnian da amiT srulad inazRaureben am danakargebs.

`mtaceblebi~ da konkurencia
albaT yovelive amaze saubari arc Rirda, rom ara gavrcelebuli miTi `danaxarjebze nakleb
fasad gayidvis~ Sesaxeb. Cveni argumentebi imaze metyvelebs, rom danaxarjebze nakleb fasad
gayidvis Sesaxeb arsebuli mravali gamonaTqvami dakavSirebulia cnebebis `Seuqcevadi dana
xarjebi~ da `saerTo danaxarjebi~ Tavisufal interpretaciasTan. firmebi xSirad sayvedurs
gamoTqvamen danaxarjebze dabal fasad gayidvebis gamo, magram es imasTanaa dakavSirebuli, rom
maT ar moswonT konkurencia da surT, rom saxelmwifom isini daicvas.
konkurentebis dacva igive araa, rac konkurenciis SenarCuneba!

184

Tu SesaZlebelia iseTi mozverebis gamozrda, romlebsac ufro didi barklebi da patara beWebi eqnebaT, an piriqiT,
maSin SeiZleba gamoCndes danaxarjebis gancalkevebis SesaZleblobac.

magram xom ar emuqreba saSiSroeba konkurencias, Tuki firmebs neba miecemaT, rogorc surT,
ise daaklon fasebi? ucnauria, magram arc Tu ise gasakviria, rom adamianebi konkurentebis
dacvas xSir SemTxvevaSi konkurenciis SenarCunebasTan aigiveben. sinamdvileSi ki, es sruliad
sapirispiro ramaa. Cveulebriv, konkurentebis dasacavad SemoRebulia iseTi kanonebi, romle
bic sinamdvileSi abrkolebs konkurencias. rogorc wesi, aseTi kanonebi zRudavs momxmarebleb
sa da Cveulebrivi mwarmoeblebis umetesobas, xolo gansakuTrebiT maRali mogeba moaqvs cal
keuli privilegirebuli mwarmoeblebisaTvis.
amis gasamarTleblad xSirad iyeneben gamoTqmas `mtacebluri fasdakleba~, rac `fuliT savse
tomris~ asociacias iwvevs. `mtacebluri fasdakleba~ niSnavs iseTi fasebis dadgenas, romlebic
danaxarjebze naklebia, raTa iniciatorebma dargidan gamoaZevon metoqe an xeli SeuSalon axali
metoqeebis gamoCenas, Semdeg ki fasebi gazardon da danakargebi ainazRauron. swored es aris im
didi firmebis sayvareli taqtika, romelTac SeuZliaT gauZlon xangrZliv, an droebiT danakar
gebs, vinaidan didi finansuri resursebi, anu `fulis didi tomrebi~ gaaCniaT. ekonomikuri Teo
ria ar uaryofs mtacebluri fasdaklebis SesaZleblobas, magram zrdis skeptikuri kiTxvebis
nusxas da, pirvel yovlisa, danaxarjebis swor gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebul im kiTxvebs, rom
lebzec zemoT vimsjeleT.
ramden xans unda ganxorcieldes aseTi politika, raTa man mizans miaRwios? rac ufro did
xans iqneba ase, miT ufro didi iqneba mtacebluri firmis moklevadiani danakargebi da, aqedan
gamomdinare, miT ufro meti unda iyos grZelvadiani mogeba, raTa politikam gaamarTlos.
ra mouva dargidan gaZevebuli firmebis fizikur aqtivebsa da SromiT resursebs? es mniSvne
lovani sakiTxia, vinaidan Tu es aqtivebi arsebobas ganagrZobs, gana ra SeuSlis xels, rom vinmem
isev daiwyos maTi gamoyeneba mas Semdeg, rac mtacebeli firma fasebs gazrdis, raTa Tavisi qmede
bebis nayofiT isargeblos? da Tu asea, rogorRa SeuZlia firmas hqondes imis imedi, rom moigebs
Tavisi mtacebluri politikiT? meores mxriv, SeiZleba SromiTi resursebi warmoebis sxva sa
xeobebze gaifantos da maTi dabrunebisTvis mniSvnelovani saxsrebis daxarjva gaxdes saWiro.
unda movelodeT Tu ara, rom mtacebeli firma SeZlebs Tavisi metoqeebis sakmarisi raodeno
bis ganadgurebas, raTa xelSi Caigdos sabazro Zalaufleba, romelic imisTvis sWirdeba, rom
grZelvadiani mogeba miiRos da amiT gaamarTlos moklevadian zarali? fasebis mtaceblur po
litikaSi brals xSirad msxvil maRaziebsa da supermarketebs sdeben, magram es maRaziebi ebrZvi
an ara mxolod patara, damoukidebel konkurentebs, aramed sxva did maRaziebsa da supermarke
tebsac. supermarketebis romelime qsels SeeZlo, sakmarisad dabali fasebi daewesebina da didi
xnis manZilze SeenarCunebina isini, raTa matilda biznesidan gamoeZevebina, magram es ar imoqme
debda sxva supermarketebze, xolo matilda sruliadac ar aris supermarketebis mflobelTa
uZilobis mTavari mizezi.
Cven ar uarvyofT biznesSi fasebis mtacebluri politikis arsebobis SesaZleblobas. Tumca
dokumenturad dasabuTebuli magaliTebis moZieba Znelia, magram savsebiT SesaZlebelia. mini
maluri fasebis Sesaxeb arsebuli kanonebi ganapirobebs ufro maRali fasebis aucileblobas,
raTa gamoiricxos ufro maRali fasebis SesaZlebloba. amis magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT Sem
Txveva, roca cnobili da mosalodneli borotebis Secnoba aris moulodneli da ucnobi boro
tebis Tavidan acilebis gza. sazogadoebisTvis es kanonebi SesaZloa sasargeblo an, piriqiT, sa
ziano aRmoCndes da radgan firmebi, romlebic aqedan sargeblobas iReben, maT ase xSirad uWeren
mxars, amitom maT argumentebs mainc skeptikurad unda mivudgeT.

fasebis regulireba
ra SeiZleba iTqvas im gamyidvelebis Sesaxeb, romlebic Zalian mcire konkurenciis pirobebSi
moqmedeben da maRali fasebis dawesebiT didi mogebis miReba SeuZliaT? amis standartul maga
liTs eleqtroenergiisa da satelefono momsaxurebis mimwodeblebi warmoadgenen. SeuZlia Tu
ara mTavrobas eqspluataciisgan momxmareblis dacva im fasebis regulirebiT, romelsac firme
bi aweseben, Tu es firmebi kerZo investorebi arian?
rogor gansazRvraven maregulirebeli sawarmos marTvis danaxarjebs?

185

rogor unda gansazRvron maregulireblebma aseT SemTxvevebSi `swori~ fasi? ra Tqma unda,
danaxarjebis mixedviT. fasebi iseTi unda iyos, rom danaxarjebi dafaros da zomieri mogeba moi
tanos. magram, rogorc ukve iciT, danaxarjebi bunebis ubralo movlenebi araa. isini administra
ciuli gadawyvetilebebis Sedegia. Tu warmoebis menejerebma ician, rom maTi fasebi SeiZleba da
regulirebul iqnas xarjebis nebismieri cvlilebisas, raRa stimulebi unda hqondeT imisaTvis,
rom xarjebi Seamciron an maTi dabali done SeinarCunon? ra stimulebi unda hqondeT cvlilebe
bisaTvis? ratom unda wavidnen riskze aseT pirobebSi?
maregulireblebi mudmivad gaakontroleben menejerebis gadawyvetilebebs. imisTvis, rom
efeqtianad imoqmedon, maT firmebis Sesaxeb imdenive unda icodnen, rac TviT menejerebma ician.
es ki imas niSnavs, rom sabolood yvela regulirebad firmas menejerebis ori gundi eyoleba. aqvs
ki amas azri? droTa ganmavlobaSi xom ar SeuerTdeba maregulirebelTa gundi menejerTa arCe
vans? vin unda areguliros maregulireblebi? mrewvelobis istorias axsovs maregulirebeli
komisiebis wevrebs Soris warmoqmnili saSiSi tendenciebi, rodesac TandaTan `emorCilebodnen~
maT, visac aregulirebdnen ara korufciisa da qrTamis gamo, aramed mxolod imitom, rom maregu
lirebeli komisiebi xSir SemTxvevaSi lmobierebi arian im sawarmoebis mimarT, romlebzec pasuxs
ageben.
1980 wlamde aSS-is sabanko institutebi Zalian mkacrad regulirdeboda mTavrobis mier.
samTavrobo SezRudvebi maT konkurenciisgan icavda. bankebi 10 saaTze iReboda da 3 saaTze ike
teboda. aq klientebs arc erT im momsaxurebas ar sTavazobdnen, romlebic 1980 wlis Semdeg
gaCnda, bankomatebiT dawyebuli da satelefono transferebiT damTavrebuli.

ukeTesi iyo Tu ara regulirebis pirobebSi momxmarebelTa mdgomareoba

a. sabanko saqmeSi?
b. sahaero transportSi?
g. satelefono momsaxurebaSi?
1978 wlamde mTavroba aregulirebda fasebs komerciul aviareisebze da zRudavda dargSi
SeRwevas. regulirebis dros momsaxureba gacilebiT ukeTesi iyo, mgzavri ki gacilebiT naklebi.
aviaxazebi awesebdnen maRal fasebs, romlebsac mTavroba karnaxobda da momxmarebelTa mcire ra
odenobisTvis iyo xelmisawvdomi. momxmareblebisTvis arsebobda iseTi fufuneba, rogoricaa Ta
visufali adgilebi, kargi saWmeli da sasmeli, momxiblavi gamcileblebis momsaxureba.
1980-ian wlebSi, konkurenciis gamo saxelmwifo kavSirgabmulobis sistemaSi saxelwodeba regu
lireba moixsna, da mravali axali winadadeba gaCnda. aqamde es industria sando iyo, magram stati
kuri, yovelgvari inovaciurobis gareSe da uceb man aRmoaCina telefonis gamoyenebis sxvadsxva
axali saSualebebi, romlebis Sesaxebac adre aravis fiqrobda.
fasebis saxlemwifo regulirebis mxardamWeri pozicia, rogorc wesi, ambobs rom mTavrobam
unda daareguliros is sferoebi, sadac konkurencia araa. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, momxmareblebi
xarbi gamyidvelebis wyalobaze unda iyvnen damokidebulni. es argumenti xSirad blokavs kiTxvebs,
realurad zRudavs Tu ara konkurencia firmebis qcevas tradiciulad regulirebad warmoebaSi.
Cven upirobod miviReT, rom konkurencia ar iqneba efeqtiani transportis, komunikaciebis, finan
suri momsaxurebisa da sxva mraval dargSi, ise, rom arc SevamowmeT es debuleba. bolo ori aTw
leulis ganmavlobaSi deregulaciis ganviTarebam yvela sakiTxi ver gadawyvita, magram dagvanaxa,
rom konkurencias gacilebiT meti SeuZlia, vidre warmogvedgina da mas, rogorc bazris gaZliere
bis meTods, mkveTrad gamoxatuli upiratesoba aqvs samTavrobo komisiebTan SedarebiT.

`antimonopolisturi~ politika
me-14 TavSi vnaxavT, Tu ratom xdeba, rom mTavroba momxmareblebs ase xSirad azaralebs konku
renciis SezRudviT, imis miuxedavad, rom momxmareblebi da konkurencia yovelTvis advilad imar
jveben sityvier debatebSi. adgilobrivi, Statebisa da, gansakuTrebiT, federaluri mTavrobebi
xSirad iseT politikasac axorcieleben, romelic konkurenciis SenarCunebiskenaa mimarTuli.
aseT politikas xSirad imiT amarTleben, rom konkurencia ekonomikuri saqmianobis efeqtiani ko
186

ordinatoria, magram imisaTvis, rom is saTanado doneze SevinarCunoT, saWiroa garkveuli saxel
mwifoebrivi mxardaWera. am kanonebis Sefaseba, maTi gamoyeneba da Sedegebi Zalian sainteresoa ara
marto ekonomikuri analizisaTvis, aramed istoriuli da iuridiuli gamokvlevebisTvisac. amje
rad SevecdebiT, mxolod ramdenime umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxiT davkmayofildeT.
aseTi saxis yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani kanonia Sermanis kanoni, romelsac xSirad `Sermanis
antimonopolistur aqtsac~ uwodeben. es kanoni kongresma TiTqmis msjelobis gareSe miiRo 1890
wels (saxeli dakavSirebulia mecxramete saukunis mwarmoeblebis mcdelobasTan, konkurenciis
Tavidan asacileblad gamoeyenebinaT kanoniT dadgenili satresto SeTanxmebebi). yovlismomcve
lobis gamo mas konkurentuli sistemis konstituciasac uwodebdnen. is krZalavs nebismier kon
traqts, gaerTianebas da farul SeTanxmebas, romlebic Statebs Soris vaWrobis SezRudvad da ase
ve vaWrobis am sferos monopolizaciis mcdelobad aRiqmeba. sinamdvileSi, kanonis ena imdenad
deklaraciulia, rom misi mravali detali dazustebas moiTxovs. am kanonis mixedviT, nebismieri
ori partniori, romelic saqmis erTad warmoebas Seecdeba, SeiZleba CaiTvalos gaerTianebulad
im mizniT, raTa konkurentebs vaWroba gauZnelos da am gziT xelSi Caigdos bazris didi nawili.
amis Sedegad, federaluri sasamarTloebi im daskvnamde mividnen, rom gaerTianebis da monopoli
zebis sxva mcdelobebi SeiZleba aikrZalos mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac aseTi qmedebebi `ara
gonivrulia~, an seriozul safrTxes uqmnis sazogadoebis keTildReobas.

Sermanis aqtis interpretacia da gamoyeneba

imisaTvis, rom mosamarTleebs Sermanis aqtis normebis SesrulebaSi daxmareboda, kongresma
miiRo damatebiTi kanonebi, maT Soris, kleitonisa da federaluri savaWro komisiebis kanonebi,
romlebic ZalaSi Sevida 1914 wels. ukanaskneli kanonis mixedviT Seiqmna federaluri savaWro ko
misia, rogorc saeqsperto organo da daevala konkurenciis SenarCuneba sxvadasxva `usamarTlo~
qmedebebis aRkveTis gziT. kleitonis kanonis (da momdevno Sesworebebis) mTavari debuleba calke
ganixilavs Serwymis sakiTxs da krZalavs nebismier Serwymas, romelsac SeuZlia mniSvnelovnad Se
asustos konkurencia. amave dros, gadauwyveteli rCeba rTuli da mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi.
horizontaluri Serwyma: ori navTobgadamamuSavebeli kompania
ra SemTxvevaSi iwvevs Serwyma konkurenciis mniSvnelovnad Sesustebas? SeuZlia Tu ara Ser
wymebs konkurenciis gaZliereba? davuSvaT, Serwyma surs or metalurgiul firmas. amas, Cveule
briv, horizontalur Serwymas uwodeben. erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom Serwyma mniS
vnelovnad Seamcirebs konkurencias im dargSi, romelic isedac SedarebiT mcire raodenobis
msxvili firmebisagan Sedgeba, magram, ra moxdeba, Tu es ori firma sxvadasxva regionebTan vaWro
bs? Tu isini sxvadasxva saxeobis liTonis produqcias awarmoeben? Tu orive gakotrebis pirasaa
da mxolod Serwyma gadaarCens?
konglomeratuli Serwyma: navTobgadamamuSavebeli da foladis mwarmoebeli
ukanasknel xanebSi didi kamaTia gaCaRebuli e.w. konglomeratul SerwymebTan dakavSirebiT. esaa
iseTi firmebis Serwyma, romlebic sruliad gansxvavebul produqcias awarmoeben. Tu avtomobile
bis gamqiravebel firmas SeiZens eleqtrosaqonlis mwarmoebeli firma, gaizrdeba Tu ara manqanebis
gamqiravebeli firmis konkurentunarianoba? gamoiwvevs Tu ara es axali urTierTobebis damyarebas
da konkurenciis Semcirebas eleqtrosaqonlis mwarmoeblebs, maT mimwodeblebsa da im gamqiravebel
firmebs Soris, romlebic avtomobilebis gaqiravebis bazris nawils floben? gamoiwvevs Tu ara kon
glomeratuli Serwyma finansuri Zalauflebis iseT koncentracias, romelic Zalian saxifaTo da
arasasurvelia, konkurenciaze misi zegavlenis miuxedavad?
vertikaluri Serwyma: navTobgadamamuSavebeli da benziniT sabiTumo vaWrobis qseli
ra SeiZleba iTqvas vertikaluri Serwymis, anu im firmebis Serwymis Sesaxeb, romlebic Serwymamde mim
wodeblisa da momxmareblis rols asrulebdnen, rogorc, magaliTad, supermarketebis qseli da kvebis

187

produqtebis mwarmoebeli firma? ra mohyveba amas efeqtianobis Semcireba, Tu konkurenciis Semcire

ba, kvebis produqtebis sxva mwarmoeblebisTvis sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis SezRudvis Sedegad?
usamarTlo vaWrobis romeli meTodi SeiZleba CaiTvalos kanoniT akrZalulad? Tu msxvili
firma Tavisi mimwodeblebisgan fasdaklebas moiTxovs, iqneba Tu ara es usamarTlo qmedeba?
Tuki mimwodeblebi erT myidvels fasdaklebas sTavazoben, xolo sxvebs ara, CaiTvleba Tu ara
es usamarTlobad? ra SeiZleba iTqvas reklamis Sesaxeb? sargebloben Tu ara msxvili firmebi
usamarTlo upiratesobebiT, romelTac maT reklama aZlevs? unda iyos Tu ara reklama gul
wrfeli, raTa igi samarTliani iyos? ra Tqma unda, magram ra aris samarTlianoba? yvela, vinc
didxans seriozulad fiqrobs am problemaze, iZulebulia aRiaros, rom federaluri savaWro
komisiis mier `cru~ reklamis regulireba komisias aucileblad aiZulebs reklamis efeqtiano
bisa da mizandasaxulobis rTuli sakiTxebis kvlevas mihyos xeli da gamoitanos mravali daskvna,
romlebic xSirad sakmaod araTanmimdevruli iqneba.
sabolood, kvlav ZiriTad problemas vubrundebiT konkurentebis SezRudva maT konkuren
tunarianobas amcirebs. konkurencia, arsebiTad, damatebiTi SesaZleblo
bebis SeTavazebaa,
xolo damatebiTi SesaZleblobebi ufro did arCevans da, aqedan gamomdinare, met simdidres gu
lisxmobs. magram im xerxebs, romelTa meSveobiTac firma mis mier SeTavazebuli SesaZleblobe
bis nusxas zrdis, SeuZlia Seamciros im SesaZleblobebis nusxa, romelTa SeTavazebac sxva fir
mas SeuZlia. rodisaa gamarTlebuli erTi firmis konkurentuli Zalisxmevis saxelmwifoebrivi
SezRudva konkurentuli viTarebis gaumjobesebis ufro xangrZlivi perspeqtiviT? unda gvax
sovdes, rom mTavrobis ekonomikur politikaze ZiriTad gavlenas axdenen ara momxmareblebi,
aramed mwarmoeblebi. am politikis formireba Zalian xSirad gamomdinareobs mewarmis survili
dan, Tavi daicvas konkurentuli cxovrebis cieb-cxelebebisgan.

vertikaluri SezRudvebi _ konkurentuli Tu antikonkurentuli?

dava konkurenciis vertikaluri SezRudvis Sesaxeb, mraval urTierTsawinaaRmdego argu
mentsa da interesebis konfliqts asaxavs, romlebic ase arTulebs antimonopolisturi politi
kis ganxorcielebas. 1937 wlidan 1976 wlamde federaluri kanonmdebloba mwarmoeblebsa da
gamyidvelebs aTavisuflebda Statebs Soris fasebis fiqsirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis Sermanis
aqtisagan. kongresma uaryo es SeTanxmebebi, ramac isini avtomaturad aralegaluri gaxada. vid
re sasamarTloebma, didi gaWirvebiT ar miiRes SeniSvnebi, rom mwarmoeblebi ar unda Seecadon
konkurenciis gakontrolebas sabiTumo doneze. SemdgomSi kongresi Seecada aekrZala is, rasac
adre mxars uWerda. kanonmdeblebma araerTxel axsnes, rom mkacrad SezRudavdnen mwarmoebelTa
mcdelobebs, gaekontrolebinaT produqciis gamavrcelebelTa qceva.
ratom unda surdes mwarmoebels biTumad movaWris mier maRali fasis
daweseba (da, Sesabamisad, naklebi saqonlis gayidva)?
arsebobs Tu ara raime Sansi, rom momxmareblebma miiRon sargebloba mwarmoebelTa boikoti
dan imaT winaaRmdeg, romlebic rekomendebul minimalur fasze iafad vaWroben, an im gadawyveti
lebidan, rom Semcirdes sacalo vaWrobis wertilebis raodenoba TiToeul regionSi? iqmneba
STabeWdileba, TiTqos aseTi qmedebebi waaxaliseben maRal fasebs da naklebi xarisxis momsaxu
rebas. es daskvna saeWvo xdeba, rodesac vsvamT kiTxvas, Tu ratom unda surdes zogierT mwarmo
ebels Tavidan aicilos gamyidvelebis mxridan fasebis kleba, an Seamciros im maRaziebis raode
noba, romlebic maTi produqciiT vaWroben.
ratom unda surdes mwarmoebels misi saqonliT biTumad
movaWreTa raodenobis Semcireba?
mwarmoeblebi zogjer fiqroben, rom ver SeZleben sakuTari produqciis warmatebiT gayid
vas, Tuki momxmarebeli, gayidvamde da gayidvis Semdgom, uzrunvelyofili ar iqneba momsaxure
bis mniSvnelovani kompleqsiT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor Sei
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Zleba produqciis momgebiani moxmareba, instruqciebis gamoyeneba sayofacxovrebo teqnikis

xmarebisas, an misi swrafi da saimedo mimdinare remonti. aseTi saxis momsaxurebis miwodebas
gamyidvelebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi moisurveben, Tu es maT pirad mogebas da gayidvebs sak
marisad gazrdis, xolo momsaxurebis danaxarjebs srulad dafaravs.
aseTi saxis momsaxureba SeTavazebuli ar iqneba da, aqedan gamomdinare, mwarmoebelTa pro
duqcia warmatebiT ver gaiyideba, Tu gamyidvelebs SeuZliaT `ubileTod imgzavron~ sxva gamyid
velebis mier miwodebuli momsaxurebis xarjze. ganvixiloT personaluri kompiuterebis magal
iTi. es produqcia ofisebsa da binebSi ase swrafad ar dainergeboda, gayidvebs Tan rom ar
xleboda saganmanaTleblo Zalisxmevis sruli kompleqti. saganmanaTleblo Zalisxmeva, SesaZ
loa, gayidvebis Zalisxmevis yvelaze efeqtiani saxea. swored esaa mniSvnelovani. gamyidvelebi,
romlebic xarjs ewevian, raTa adamianebs personaluri kompiuterebis erT-erTi nairsaxeobis
efeqtiani gamoyeneba aswavlon, SeiZleba advilad daamarcxon im konkurentebma, romlebic aseT
saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebas ar ewevian, magram akmayofileben sxvebis Zalisxmevis Sedegad
warmoqmnil moTxovnas.
is mwarmoeblebi, romlebic aweseben gasayidi fasebis minimalur dasaSveb sazRvrebs, an am
cireben regionSi maRaziebis raodenobas, SesaZloa swored imas cdiloben, rom sakuTari distri
butorebi daicvan `ubileTod mgzavrobis~ moyvaruli distributorebisgan. SesaZloa, isini
dainteresebulebi arian sakuTari produqciis efeqtiani gayidviT da ara konkurenciis Sem
cirebiT. ra Tqma unda, mwarmoebelTa aseT qmedebas konkurenciis Semcirebac SeuZlia, magram
maT gareSe, SeiZleba, konkurenciam kidev ufro iklos, Tu produqcia efeqtianad ar iqneba mi
wodebuli.
unda daerTos Tu ara mwarmoebels neba, konkurencia SezRudos, sacalo gayidvebis doneze,
raTa sakuTari produqciis gayidvas Seuwyos xeli? wina wlebSi sasamarTloebi amgvari moqmede
bis uflebas iZleodnen `vertikaluri~ SezRudvebisaTvis, saqmidan, konteqstidan da SesaZlo
efeqtidan gamomdinare. magram amas yvelasTvis rodi mohqonda xeiri. distributorebma, rom
lebic SezRudes an mwarmoeblebs Camoaciles, kongresSi iCivles, rasac kongresis zogierTma
wevrma upasuxa mkacri kanonproeqtebiT, romlebic mwarmoebelTa uflebebs zRudavda. am kanon
proeqtebis momxreebi amtkicebdnen, rom maT konkurenciis gaZliereba surdaT. oponentebi
pasuxobdnen, rom amis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad SeizRudeboda mwarmoebelTa qmedebebi da Sem
cirdeboda konkurencia, xolo distributorebi axal savaWro strategiebs gamoigonebdnen da
SeTanxmebulad imoqmedebdnen.

azrTa sxvadasxvaoba
iqneb `antimonopolisturi~ kanonmdeblobis mTeli sistema xelSewyobis nacvlad mxolod
zRudavs konkurencias? arseboben adamianebi, romlebic ase fiqroben. arseboben sxvebi (ZiriTa
dad ekonomistebi), romlebic mxars uWeren Sermanis aqtis da kleitonis kanonis Serwymis amkrZa
lavi debulebebis SenarCunebas. zogierTi maTgani acxadebs, rom Sermanis da kleitonis kanoneb
ma didi wvlili Seitana konkurentuli ekonomikis SenarCunebaSi. sxvebi acxadebdnen, rom am
kanonebs gacilebiTY didi wvlilis Setana SeeZloT, maT Sesrulebas met yuradRebas rom aqcevd
nen. zogerTebi am kanonebs, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, uwyinar ritorikad ganixilaven, uares SemTxveva
Si ki, rogorc iaraRs, romelsac ucodinari politikuri moRvaweebis xelSi ekonomikisTvis didi
zianis motana SeuZlia.
am wignis avtori aRiarebs, rom ar icis, am SemTxvevaSi vin aris marTali. cxadia, `antimonopo
listuri~ politika savsea winaaRmdgobebiTa da iseTi situaciebiT, rodesac marjvena xelma ar
uwyis, rasa iqms marcxena. saxelmwifo kanonebi iSviaTad icaven konkurencias, gacilebiT xSirad
ki isini calkeul konkurentTa mfarvelebis interesebs ufro icaven, vidre konkurenciis dam
cvelTa interesebs. Sermanisa da kleitonis kanonebis Sesrulebisas, mTavrobis moxeleebi did
yuradRebas uTmoben wvrilmanebs da mxedvelobis miRma rCebaT mTavari. firmebi, romlebsac ar
SeuZliaT efeqtiani konkurencia gaswion ise, rom momxmareblebs SedarebiT dabal fasad ukeTe
si xarisxis produqcia SesTavazon, sasamarTloebisgan moiTxoven, rom maTma konkurentebma fasi
moumaton, an xarisxi gaauareson. meore mxriv, Sermanis kanoni, romelic kicxavs fiqsirebuli fa
sebis dasaweseblad dadebul farul SeTanxmebebs, SesaZloa, xels uSlida aSS-Si sakartelo Se
189

Tanxmebebis ganviTarebas, romlebic esoden xSirad gvxvdeba evropasa da iaponiaSi. ekonomistma

jorj sTiglerma erTxel ganacxada, rom `senator Sermanis aCrdili yoveli msxvili kompaniis
direqtorTa sabWos araoficialuri wevria~. es, ra Tqma unda, empiriuli WeSmariteba ar gax
lavT, magram istoria zusti mecnierebisagan sakmaod Sorsaa.

Sejameba
is daskvnebi, romlebsac am Tavis bolos gavakeTebT, bevrad ufro mokrZalebuli iqneba im
kiTxvebTan SedarebiT, romlebiTac daviwyeT. daskvnebis raodenoba ors ar aRemateba.
SezRudvebi, romlebic potenciur konkurentebs exeba, zRudavs Semcvleli saqonlis rao
denobas da gamyidvelebs saSualebas aZlevs gazardon sakuTari simdidire sxvebis SesaZleblo
bebis SezRudvis xarjze. konkurencia procesia da ara koniunqtura. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, kon
kurenciis danaxva mxolod kinofirze SeiZleba da ara fotosuraTze. magaliTad, is faqti, rom
garkveuli produqtis fasi yvela gamyidvelisTvis absoluturad erTnairia, sruliadac ar me
tyvelebs imaze, sakmarisad konkurentulia Tu ara is dargi, romelic am produqts awarmoebs.
mniSvnelovania, Tu rogor gaxda es fasebi erTnairi. saocaria, magram xSiria SemTxveva, roca sa
xelmwifo moRvaweebi, romlebic TiTqos ukeTesad unda erkveodnen yovelive amaSi, konkuren
ciis arsebobis Sesaxeb daskvnebs akeTeben erTnairi fasebis safuZvelze. amgvari Secdomis Tavi
dan asacileblad Tundac mxolod is unda gavixsenoT, rom xorblis momyvani yvela fermeri
erTnair fass awesebs.
meore daskvna imaSi mdgomareobs, rom yvela araadekvaturi situacia unda SevadaroT im sa
survel viTarebas, romelic realurad miRwevadia. Secdomas davuSvebT, Tu araidealur situa
cias idealur, magram miuRwevad situacias SevadarebT. amas garda, sabazro struqturebisa da
sawarmoo praqtikis cvlileba garkveul danaxarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli, maT Sorisaa gamoZie
bis, sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoebisa da sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis danaxarjebi.
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es zRvruli danaxarjebi naklebia zRvrul Semosavalze, SegviZlia
vamtkicoT, rom Cveni keTildReoba gaizrdeboda, Tuki aRvZravdiT sasamarTlo process, raTa
Segvemcirebina fasTmaZieblebis sabazro Zalaufleba, SegveCerebina firmebis Serwyma, an ag
vekrZala iseTi qceva, romelsac konkurenciis Semcireba SeuZlia.

190

mokled gavimeoroT
produqtis fassa da misi warmoebis zRvrul danaxarjebs Soris gansxvaveba potenciuri upi
ratesobis wyaroa. ekonomikaSi konkurencia maSin arsebobs, rodesac adamianebi am gansxvavebas
xedaven da damatebiTi saqonliT maT aRmofxvras cdiloben.
konkurencias ufro meti forma aqvs, vidre SegviZlia CamovTvaloT da imaze metic, vidre kon
kurentebs SeuZliaT ivaraudon da Tavidan aicilon.
vinaidan konkurencias axasiaTebs produqciis miwodebidan miRebuli sargeblobis gadanawi
leba myidvelebsa da sxva mimwodeblebs Soris, amitom firmebi konkurentebis mosacileblad
xSirad cdiloben miiRon mTavrobis mxardaWera da saamisod gansakuTrebul gamomgoneblobas
iCenen, avlenen ra sofistikaSi gawafulobas.
firmebi adgilobriv da ucxoel konkurentebs xSirad adanaSauleben imaSi, rom isini `dana
xarjebze dabal fasad yidian~ da mimarTaven saxelmwifos, raTa man akrZalos aseTi mtacebluri
qmedebebi. amgvar braldebebs azri aqvs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maTSi laparakia produqciis
erTeulze gaweul danaxarjebze, rac araa dakavSirebuli im gadawyvetilebebTan, romelTa sa
winaaRmdegodac mimarTulia es braldebebi. gavixsenoT, rom, rogorc wesi, gamyidvelebs nakle
bi konkurencia urCevniaT.
mTavroba rom mtacebeli monopoliebisgan konkurenciis damcvelad warmovidginoT, albaT
mTlad swori ar iqneba. federalurma, adgilobrivma da Statebis xelisuflebam mravali fir
misTvis Seqmnes specialuri privilegirebuli mdgomareoba, ris Sedegadac izRudeba konkuren
cia da mcirdeba momxmareblebis SesaZleblobebi.
jer kidev ar gamoqveynebula im kanonebis, dadgenilebebisa da iuridiuli normebis swori da
Sewonili Sefaseba, romlebic federaluri antimonopoluri politikis Semadgeneli nawilebia.
konkurencia iseTi procesia, romelSic konkurentebi monawileoben. cxadia, konkurencia ar
SeiZleba arsebobdes konkurentebis gareSe, magram adamianebs aseve naTlad ara aqvT warmodgeni
li, rom konkurencia SeuZlebelia, Tu konkurentebs ekrZalebaT iseTi qmedebebi, romelTa mi
zans bazarze maTi wilis gazrda Seadgens.

sakiTxebi gansjisTvis
1. mas Semdeg, rac mTavrobam aviabileTebis fasebis regulireba Sewyvita, erT-erTma msxvilma
aviakompaniam mgzavrebis gamokiTxva daiwyo da `gamokiTxul mgzavrTa~ grZeli sia Seadgina.
marketingis dargSi kompaniis vice-prezidenti aRniSnavda, rom mgzavrebs SeuZliaT didi
daxmareba aRmouCinon aviakompaniebs, raTa maT SeZlon `saukeTeso momsaxurebis miwodeba~.
kiTxvebi exeboda mgzavrobis miznebs, frenis sixSires, bileTebis Rirebulebis gadaxdis ti
pebs, SeRavaTiani bileTebis uqonlobisas mgzavrebis sasargeblod miRebul zomebs, bileTe
bis SeZenis xerxebsa da mgzavrebis Semosavals, ris gakeTebas cdilobda aviakompania?
2. gadaikiTxeT termin `oligopoliis~ teqstSi mocemuli ganmarteba. am ganmartebis Tanaxmad,
warmoadgenen Tu ara oligopolisintebs sigaretis mwarmo
eblebi? warmoadgenen Tu ara
oligopolistebs patara qalaqSi benzogasamarTi sadguris mepatroneebi? daasaxeleT ram
denime sxva gamyidveli, romlebic ganmartebis mixedviT, arian, an ar arian oligopolistebi.
3.

seqtemberSi, Svebulebebis sezonis damTavrebisas, Tu erT-erTi komerciuli aviakompania am

cirebs fasebs ori kviriT adre SeZenil bileTebze, romlebic SabaTi Ramis gaTevas gulisx
mobs, rogor Seicvleba gayiduli bileTebis raodenoba? moxdeba Tu ara igive cvlileba im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sxva aviakompaniebi am qmedebas bileTebis fasis daklebiT upasuxeben?
davuSvaT, aviakompaniam icis, rom mis mier fasebis cvlilebas yvela msxvili konkurenti upa
suxebs. Tu, miuxedavad amisa, is mainc gadawyvets mgzavrobis Rirebulebis Semcirebas, es mis
bileTebze moTxovnis cvlilebis mizezi iqneba, Tu mxolod maTi raodenobis cvlilebis
mizezi?

4. gamyidvelebis mcdelobas saimisod, TavianTi saqoneli momxmareblisTvis ufro mimzidveli

gaxadon, zogjer saqonlis diferenciacias uwodeben.
191

a) aris Tu ara saqonlis diferenciacia mflangveloba, rodesac is gamyidvelebs ufro

met danaxarjebs akisrebs, vidre momxmareblidan miRebuli mogebaa? moiyvaneT ma
galiTebi, rodesac es iqneba, an ar iqneba gamflangveloba.
b) SeafaseT Semdegi msjeloba: `gamyidvelebis mier saqonlis diferenciaciisTvis ga
dadgmuli axali nabijebi, sazogadoebis azriT, gamflangvelobaa, vinaidan isini ma
Ral zRvrul danaxarjebsa da dabal zRvrul sargeblianobasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
magram es mxolod imas niSnavs, rom mwarmoeblebma ukve isargebles saqonlis difer
enciaciis mciredanaxarjiani da maRalsargebliani meTodebiT. es ar amtkicebs,
TiTqos saqonlis diferenciaciis mTeli procesi gamflangveloba iyos~.
5. ratom unda Seicavdes fiqsirebuli fasebis Sesaxeb gamyidvelebs Soris miRweuli efeqtiani
SeTanxmeba gayidvebis iseT SezRudvebs, rogoricaa produqciis moculobis Semcireba, an
gayidvebis teritoriul-geografiuli danawileba?
6. es kiTxva unda dagexmaroT kartelebis SeqmnasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis SefasebaSi.

10

192

davuSvaT, 10-1 naxazze D aris navTobze moTxovna, xolo MC navTobis yvela mwarmoeblis
zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebis jami. jerjerobiT, yuradRebas nu miaqcevT H mruds.
a) Tuki imis gamo, rom navTobis mwarmoeblebi aTasobiTaa da maT ara aqvT efeqtiani
sakartelo SeTanxmebebi, isini fasTmimRebebs warmoadgenen, maSin ratom miiwevs nav
Tobis fasi erT barelSi 9 dolarisken? ra moxdeba, Tu fasi 9 dolarze bevrad meti,
an naklebi iqneba?
b) davuSvaT, erTi firma awesebs kontrols yvela moqmed WaburRilze da, aqedan gamom
dinare, warmoebis moculobis kontrolis saSualebiT, fasis kontrolic SeuZlia,
ramdeni milioni bareli iqneba warmoebuli dReSi (mb/dR), Tu firmis mizani mogebis
maqsimizaciaa? ra fasi dadgindeba?
g) odnav SevcvaloT daSveba. navTobis WaburRilebi pirad sakuTrebaSia da aTasobiT
Tavdapirveli mepatronis kontrolqveS rCeba, magram TiToeuli mepatrone iZleva
Tanxmobas, gayidos mxolod im fasad, rasac `momxmarebelTa eqspluataci
isTvis
fasebis organizatori~ daadgens.10 navTobis mwarmoeblebi qiraoben am saagentos,
raTa man gansazRvros da gamoacxados navTobis iseTi fasi, romelic maqsimalurad
momgebiani iqneba navTobis yvela mwarmoeblisaTvis. organizacia acxadebs, rom aseTi
fasia barelSi 29 dolari. ra moxdeba, Tu es fasi SenarCundeba?
d) ratom moisurvebs navTobis individualuri mwarmoebeli imdeni navTobis gayidvas,
rom jamSi gaiyidos bevrad meti, vidre 13 mln. mb/dR?
e) rogor SeuZlia `OPEC~-s (navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis organizacias) Tavidan ai
cilos dReSi 13 mln barelze metis warmoeba da, Sesabamisad, navTobis fasebis Sem
cireba? Tu `OPEC~ navTobis TiToeuli mwarmoeblisTvis warmoebis moculobis
kvotebs daawesebs, rogor unda uzrunvelyos man, rom yvela mewarme am kvotebiT dak
mayofildes? rogor SeuZlia mas imis garantireba, rom individualuri mwarmoeblebi
ar gadaaWarbeben TavianT kvotebs?

am organizaciis Semoklebuli dasaxeleba inglisurad iseve JRers, rogorc navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis orga
nizaciis _ OPEC (Organizer of Prices to Exploit Consumers) mTargmn. SeniSvna

nax. 10-1. sabazro moTxovna navTobze da mwarmoebelTa

erToblivi zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebi

v) SeiZleba Tu ara, vivaraudoT, rom navTobze moTxovnis arsebuli mrudi ar Seicvle

ba, Tu navTobis fasi barelSi 29 dolaramde gaizrdeba da, rogorc mosalodnelia,
wlebis ganmavlobaSi am maRal doneze darCeba? ra saxis movlenebs SeuZliaT
moTxovnis mrudis droSi gadaadgileba? ra gavlenas iqoniebs es navTobis mwarmoeb
lebze, romlebmac `OPEC~-i daaarses?
z) `OPEC~-is wevrebisaTvis seriozul safrTxes, albaT, is axali mwarmoeblebi Seqmnian,
vinc navTobis fasis zrdam miizida. navTobis mwarmoebeli qveynebis organizaciis 13
wevris mier 1980-85 wlebSi ganxorcielebuli gayidvebi 30 mb/dR-dan 15 mb/dR-mde
Semcirda, nawilobriv, erToblivi moTxovnis Semcirebis gamo, ZiriTadad ki, am or
ganizaciis gareT darCenili qveynebis mier navTobis mopovebis gazrdis gamo. davuS
vaT rom H iyo navTobze moTxovna `OPEC~-is arsebobis dasawyisSi. SeadareT am orga
nizaciis wevrebis fasi, warmoebis moculoba da mTliani Semosavali, rodesac
moTxovna H H mrudiTaa warmodgenili da fasi, warmoebis moculoba da mTliani Semo
savali, rodesac moTxovna D mrudiTaa warmodgenili. davuSviT, rom kartelis mona
wileebi SeTanxmebas ar arRveven.
7. kartelebi xSirad iSleba mTavrobis daxmarebis gareSe, rac SeTanxmebis damrRvevTa dasjas
gulisxmobs. ratom xdeba ase? gana kartelis TiToeuli wevris interesebSi ar unda iyos, Se
asrulos yvela SeTanxmeba da amiT xeli Seuwyos kartelis mogebis maqsimizacias? ratom
unda aiZulebdes mTavroba kartelis wevrebs maTive SeTanxmebis Sesrulebas? imis gasagebad,
Tu ratom iSleba kartelebi, vnaxoT, ra moxdeba, Tu oTxi adamiani Semdeg TamaSs TamaSobs:

TiToeul moTamaSes aqvs ori baraTi, erTs aweria L, meores S. niSnis micemisas TiToeuli moTa
maSe romelime baraTs magidaze debs da iReben prizs, imis mixedviT, vin ra baraTs Camodis.

Tu oTxive S baraTs Camova, maSin TiToeuli moTamaSe igebs 5 dolars.

Tu magidaze sami S da erTi L baraTia, maSin, vinc S-s Camova, 5 dolars agebs, xolo is, vinc L-s
Camova, 15 dolars igebs.

193

Tu magidaze ori S da ori L baraTia, maSin is, vinc S baraTs Camova, 10 dolars kargavs, xolo
is, vinc L baraTs Camova, 10 dolars igebs.

Tu magidaze erTi S da sami L baraTia, maSin is, vinc S baraTs Camova, 5 dolars kargavs, xolo
is, vinc L baraTs Camova, 5 dolars igebs.

Tu oTxive moTamaSe L baraTs Camova maSin TiToeuli 5 dolars kargavs.

a) rogor fiqrobT, ra moxdeba, Tu davuSvebT, rom TiToeuli moTamaSe Tavisuflad da
damoukideblad moqmedebs da cdilobs, maqsimaluri mogeba miiRos?
b) ratom iqneba moTamaSeebisTvis ufro Zneli, Tavidan aicilon wageba, vidre moigon
`meTvalyuris~ gareSe, romelic sjis yvelas, vinc L-s Camodis?
g) davuSvaT, oTxi `moTamaSe~ sinamdvileSi dargis oTxi wamyvani mwarmoebelia, `L bara
Tis Camosvla~ produqciis moculobis gazrdas niSnavs, xolo `S baraTis Camosvla~
mis Semcirebas. kidev erTxel gadavxedoT moTamaSeTa mier miRebul Tanxebs. es iyos
am mwarmoeblebis mogeba, romelic damokidebulia, imaze 1) iReben Tu ara isini indi
vidualurad gadawyvetilebas produqciis moculobis Semcirebis Sesaxeb, maRali
fasebis SenarCunebis mizniT an 2) sxvebis aseTive gadawyvetilebebze. ratom iRebs
mwarmoebeli met mogebas produqciis moculobis zrdisas, sxva mwarmoebelTa gada
wyvetilebis miuxedavad?
d) ris gakeTeba SeuZliaT monawileebs, raTa TiToeulma mwarmoebelma produqciis
mcire moculobis SenarCuneba gadawyvitos da amiT xeli Seuwyos mTeli dargis moge
bis maqsimizacias?

8. wina or kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemisas Cndeba Semdegi sakiTxi: ase didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ratom
axerxebda navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis organizacia navTobze msoflio fasebis zrdas?
am kiTxvaze gacemuli nebismieri pasuxi, mniSvnelovanwilad, navTobis warmoebisa da gayid
vis zRvrul danaxarjebs Seexeba, arsebuli sabadodan navTobis mopovebis danaxarjebi xSi
rad iseTi mcirea, rom SesaZlebelia maTi ugulvebelyofa. magram, Sesabamisi zRvruli dana
xarjebi es aris mopovebisa da gayidvis danaxarjebi. 70-ian wlebSi mravali pativsacemi
adamiani gviwinaswarmetyvelebda, rom, vinaidan, navTobproduqtebze moTxovna metad ara
elastiuria, xolo msoflio maragi swrafad mcirdeba, amitom barelis fasi saukunis bo
losTvis, SesaZloa, 1000 dolaramde gaizardos. rogor moqmedebs momavali maRali fasebi
navTobis alternatiul Rirebulebaze? rogor daexmareboda aseTi molodini navTobis
eqsportiori qveynebis organizacias `TaRliTobis~ problemis gadaWraSi? ratom gaqra 80ian wlebSi zogierTi sakmaod eqstravagantuli prognozi, romelic ase xSirad gamoiTqmebo
da 70-ian wlebSi?
9. uZravi qonebiT movaWre erTsa da imave raionSi, Cveulebriv, gayidul saxlebze erTnair sa
komisio Tanxas iRebs. esaa fasis garkveuli procenti, romelsac Sesabamisi asociacia awe
sebs da yvela Suamavali icavs, rogorc erTgvar `eTikur normas~.
a) ratom iqneba araeTikuri, Tu gamyidveli Tqveni saxlis gayidvis Semdeg moiTxovs 5
procents da ara 6-s? vis mimarT iqneboda es araeTikuri?
b) rogor uweven erTmaneTs konkurencias uZravi qonebis gamyidvelebi?
g) mosalodnelia TuUara, rom dargSi iqneba Zalian bevri firma, Tu moxerxdeba saqonelze
maRali minimaluri fasis daweseba? rogor fiqrobT, Zalian bevri adamiani xom ar
aris dakavebuli uZravi qonebis gayidviT? ra faqtebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT amis da
sasabuTeblad?
10. yuradRebiT waikiTxeT teqstis is abzaci, romelSic warmodgenilia kerZo saavadmyofos
xelmZRvanelis saCivrebi. ramdeni mcdari mtkicebuleba SegiZliaT daiTvaloT am abzacSi?
11. msxvili Statis sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba cota xnis win ganixilavda kanontproeqts, ro
melic aiZulebda spirtiani sasmelebiT movaWre yvela sasursaTo maRaziasa da jixurs, spir
tiani sasmelebis ganyofilebisTvis calke Sesasvleli moewyo. am kanonproeqtis momxreebi
amtkicebdnen, rom es aucilebelia, raTa mozardebi ar Sediodnen im ganyofilebaSi, sadac
spirtiani sasmelebi iyideba. rogor fiqrobT, vin lobirebda am kanonproeqts? ratom?

194

12. gamokvlevam cxadyo, rom aSS-is centraluri nawilis erT-erT mWidrod dasaxlebul StatSi
licenzirebadi profesiebis warmomadgenelTa 73 procents licenziebis gacemisas uyenebd
nen iseT moTxovnas, rogoricaa `kargi xasiaTi~, ratom? rogor SeiZleba ganisazRvros kargi
xasiaTi? vis SeuZlia yvelaze kargad gansazRros, aqvs Tu ara kargi xasiaTi damkrZalavi biu
ros mepatrones, raTa mas licenzia mieces?
13. sietlis saqalaqo sabWom 1979 wlis maisSi taqsiT mgzavrobis gadasaxadis regulireba Sewyvi
ta. SemdgomSi ramdenjerme scades aeZulebinaT sabWo, raTa mas ganeaxlebina regulireba. ga
gikvirdebaT Tu ara, roca SeityobT, rom am mcdelobas afinansebdnen da mxars uWerdnen
taqsis mepatroneebi? gjeraT Tu ara maTi, roca amboben _ `Cven amas vakeTebs imisaTvis, rom
xalxi ar moatyuon~?
14. rodesac Statis kanonmdeblebi ganixilavdnen kanonproeqts, romelic ofTalmologebs
avadmyofis mxedvelobis gasinjvisas Tvalis wveTebis gamoyenebis nebas rTavda, 50 ofTal
mologma kongress mosTxova, mxari ar daeWira am kanonproeqtisTvis. ofTalmologiis sa
xelmwifo akademiis Tavmjdomarem reportiors ganucxada: `Cven aqedan araviTar ekonomi
kur mogebas ar viRebT~. ofTalmologebis erTaderTi mizani is iyo, rom, Tuki kanonproeqts
daamtkicebdnen, `adamianebis ufro met raodenobas moutandnen zians wamlebis araswori ga
moyenebiT~. gjeraT Tu ara, rom es 50 specialisti sazogadoebis janmrTelobaze imdenad
zrunavda, rom erTdroulad Tqva uari erTi dRis samuSaoze, raTa gavlena moexdinaT saka
nonmdeblo xelisuflebaze?
15. `Wall Street Journal~-Si gamoqveynebul werilSi naTqvami iyo, rom `saavtomobilo gadazidvebis
dargSi ekonomikuri regulirebis SenarCuneba sazogadoebis interesebSia~. saavtomobilo
gadazidvebis amerikuli asociaciis prezidentis mier xelmoweril werilSi ki naTqvami iyo,
rom gadazidvebis gadasaxadis koleqtiuri dadgena da SezRudvebi aucilebelia, raTa Tavi
dan iqnas acilebuli arasaimedo momsaxureba, patara qalaqebis momsaxurebis Sewyveta, fase
bis mtacebluri dadgena da mcire tvirTebis gamgzavnTa diskrminacia. gakvirvebT Tu ara is,
rom saavtomobilo gadazidvebis amerikuli asociaciis wevrebs surT, rom saxelmwifom are
guliros maTi saqmianoba, raTa TviTonve ar moqmedebdnen sazogadoebis interesebis sawi
naaRmdegod?
16. floridis saolqo samedicino sazogadoebis prezidentma adgilobrivi eqimebi gaafrTxila,
rom Tu isini Tundac patara sareklamo furcels gamoaqveynebdnen, `maSinve gamoZaxebuli
iqnebodnen adgilobrivi asociaciis aRmasrulebel komitetSi, raTa ganmarteba miecaT Ta
vianTi saqcielis gamo~ da daumata, rom satelefono wignis sareklamo nawilSi msxvili Srif
tis gamoyeneba `araprofesiuli saqcielia~.
a) rogor fiqrobT, yvelaze naklebad romeli eqimebi moisurvebdnen reklamis ganTavse
bas? vin moisurvebs amas yvelaze metad?
b) rogoria klientis interesi am SemTxvevaSi? gaaumjobesebs Tu gaauaresebs eqimebis
mier reklamis gamoyeneba pacientebis momsaxurebas?
17. kosmetologebisa da dalaqebis saqmianobis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis erT-erTi momxre
acxadebda, rom Statis kosmetologiurma saagentom gasul wels miiRo 756,805 dolaris Semosa
vali, mxolod 589014 dolari daxarja da, amgvarad, Statis Semosavali gaizarda. arsebobs Tu
ara raime damatebiTi danaxarjebi, romlebic saagentoebis saqmianobasTanaa dakavSirebuli?
18. vaSingtonis Statis transportisa da komunaluri momsaxurebis komisia drogamoSvebiT
mkacrad krZalavs binebidan aralicenzirebul gadasvlas.
a) komisiis Tavmjdomarem ganacxada, rom am akrZalvis mizezi isaa, rom momxmareblebi
sayvedurs gamoTqvamen dazianebuli nivTebisa da fasebiT manipulirebis gamo, xolo
licenzirebuli gadamzidvelebi ukmayofiloni arian aralicenzirebuli gadamzid
velebis mxridan mzardi konkurenciiT. rogor fiqrobT, romeli saCivari ufro daar
wmunebs komisias? ramdenma momxmarebelma da ramdenma licenzirebulma gadamzidvel
ma icis raime am komisiis Sesaxeb?
b) Statis oficialurma pirebma ganacxades, rom kanonmdeblobam daawesa moTxovnebi ga
dazidvebis sferoSi. Zveli moTxovnebi me-20 saukunis 1930-iani wlebidan arsebobs,
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rodesac kanonmdeblebi SiSobdnen, rom `araregulirebadi konkurencia gamoiwvevda

momsaxurebis gauaresebas, usafrTxoebis problemebs, Zlier konkurencias qalaqebSi
da cud momsaxurebas soflebSi~. rogor fiqrobT, iarsebebs Tu ara es problemebi
regulirebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSic? iwvevs Tu ara konkurencia momsaxurebis
gauaresebas? rodisaa konkurencia `zedmetad intensiuri~ da `damaxrCobeli~? Tu am
kiTxvas im adamianebs davusvamT, romlebic gadazidvis sferoSi moRvaweoben, ra pa
suxs miviRebT?
g) arsebobs `moxerxebulobisa da aucileblobebis zusti testi~ nebismieri axali
firmisTvis, romelsac surs gadazidvebis licenziis mopoveba. testi firmebisagan
moiTxovs, daamtkicon maTi momsaxurebis saWiroeba. SeiZleba Tu ara amis damtkiceba?
d) Statis satransporto komisiis direqtori acxadebs: `rac Seexeba momsaxurebas da
ara fasebs, arsebobs bevrad meti licenzirebuli gadamzidveli, vidre aucilebe
lia~. ra kavSiria maRal tarifebsa da momsaxurebis sakmaris raodeobas Soris?
e) rogor exmianeba StatSi aTobiT aralicenzirebuli gadamzidvelis arsebobis faqti
direqtoris am gancxadebas?
19. avtomobilebis mwarmoeblebma mimarTes aSS-is vaWrobis departaments, iaponel mwarmoeb
lebTan Caetarebina `konsultacia~ qveynis bazarze kompaqturi satvirTo avtomobilebis
`dempingTan~ dakavSirebiT. savaWro kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, aralegaluri `dempingi~ ma
Sin xorcieldeba, rodesac ucxouri firmebi saqonels aSS-Si imaze nakleb fasad yidian, vi
dre sakuTar bazarze, rac, Sesabamisad, amerikeli konkurentebis mogebisa da samuSao adgi
lebis Semcirebas iwvevs.
a) ratom surT iaponur firmebs satvirTo manqanebis gayidva aSS-Si ufro nakleb fasad,
vidre iaponiaSi?
b) saCivris Setanas `didi sameulis~ satvirTo manqanebis gayidvebis rekorduli done
daemTxva. Sesabamisad, arc Semosavlebi da arc samuSao adgilebis raodenoba ar Sem
cirebula. amis miuxedavad, amerikeli mwarmoeblebi saubrobdnen `dakarguli Sesa
Zleblobebis Sesaxeb~ TiTqosda, 140,000 damatebiTi avtomobili gaiyideboda, iapo
nias rom aSS-Si avtomobilebis `dempingi~ ar ganexorcielebina. Tu dakarguli
SesaZleblobebi aseT zarals iwvevs, arsebobs Tu ara imis safuZveli, rom mxari dau
Wiron avtomobilebis Semotanis winaaRmdeg gamoTqmul saCivrebs?
20. aSS-is iusticiis departamenti daTanxmda im valdebulebebis moqmedebis SeCerebas, romelic
man 25 wlis win miiRo kompania `Safeway~-isgan da, romlis Tanaxmadac, `Safeway~-s ekrZaleboda
vaWroba saqonlis Sesyidvis xarjebze dabal fasad an `aragonivrulad dabal fasad~, rome
lic, SesaZloa, xarjebze maRali yofiliyo. es valdebuleba samTavrobo sarCelis Sedegi
iyo, romliTac `Safeway~-s brali edeboda imaSi, rom cdilobda saqoneli gaeyida xarjebze
nakleb fasad, raTa moepovebina monopolia kvebis produqtebiT vaWrobaze texassa da niumeqsikoSi.
a) rogori iqneba imis albaToba, rom `Safeway~-i an vinme sxva SeZlebs kvebis produqte
biT sacalo vaWrobis bazris monopolizacias am or StatSi?
b) `Safeway~-s mcdelobam, moepovebina monopolia, samomxmareblo fasebis Semcireba gamoi
wvia. Tqveni azriT, vin Cioda iusticiis departamentSi `Safeway~-s saqcielis gamo?
g) ra xerxi unda gamoviyenoT imisTvis, rom ganvsazRvroT kvebis produqtebTan dakav
Sirebuli xarjebi? yidis Tu ara gamyidveli qaRaldis paketebs danaxarjebze nakleb
fasad, rodesac momxmareblebs maT ufasod sTavazobs? gascems Tu ara gamyidveli
subsidias qaRaldis paketebze (ufro dawvrilebiT `subsidiebis~ Sesaxeb saubaria
26-e kiTxvaSi, kerZos ki, mis d) nawilSi)?
21. Semdegi produqtebidan romeli iyideba danaxarjebze nakleb fasad? romel sxva produqtebs
uweven isini konkurencias? `usamarTloa~ Tu ara es konkurencia?
a) yava, romelsac banki klientebs ufasod sTavazobs;
b) imdeni Wiqa yava, yovelgvari safasuris gareSe, ramdensac moiTxovs restornis kli
enti sadilis Semdeg;

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g) sareklamo satelevizio programebi;

d) fotofiri, romelic gadaecema piceriis yvela xandazmul stumars piceriis gaxsnis
pirveli kviris ganmavlobaSi.
22. imisaTvis, rom ufro naTeli warmodgena SegiqmnaT zogierTi problemis Sesaxeb, gTavazobT
amocanas `fasebis mtacebluri dadgenis~ Sesaxeb.
sarkinigzo kompania `Midwestern~-is mier tvirTebis gadatanis momsaxurebaze moTxovna 10-2
naxazze D mrudiTaa warmodgenili. kompaniis zRvruli danaxarjebi tvirTis gadatanisas Se
adgens 1 dolars tona-milze. zRvruli danaxarjebis garda, kompania yovelTviurad xarjavs
480,000 dolars, raTa dafaros is danaxarjebi, romlebzedac ar moqmedebs rkinigziT gada
tanili tvirTebis moculoba _ sakuTrebis gadasaxadi, aRWurvilobis giraos gadasaxadebi,
xelfasebi da sxv.
a) Tuki, sarkinigzo gadazidvebiT miRebuli mogebis maqsimizaciis mizniT, `Midwestern~-i
moisurvebs zRvruli danaxarjebis toli zRvruli Semosavlis miRebas, ra fass
daawesebs tona-milze? ramden tona-mils gadazidavs erT TveSi? ra danakargebi eqne
ba yovelTviurad?

erTi tona-milis fasi

dolarebSi

$4
3

2
1

tona-mili (asi aTasi)

nax. 10-2. moTxovna `Midwestern~-is sarkinigzo gadazidvebze

b) davuSvaT, rom moTxovnis mrudiT 2 dolars zemoT warmodgenilia qvanaxSiris mwar

moebelTa moTxovna, xolo 2 dolars qvemoT xorblis gadamzidvelTa moTxovna. Tu
`Midwestern~-i daawesebs sxvadasxva fass qvanaxSirisa da xorblis gadatanaze, ra Tanxa
unda daadginos man yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi, raTa maqsimaluri mogeba miiRos?
ramden tona-mil xorbalsa da qvanaxSirs gadazidavs `Midwestern~-i yovelTviurad?
risi toli iqneba misi mTliani danaxarjebi da mTliani Semosavali?
g) davuSvaT, is kompaniebi, romlebic dakavebuli iyvnen satransporto gadazidvebiT
ohaios, ilinoisis da misisipis mdinareebze, xorblis gadatanaze ufro dabali fasis
dadgenamde, erT tona-milze 2 dolars awesebdnen. ratom darCnen ukmayofilo es
kompaniebi, rodesac Seityoben `Midwestern~-is mier dawesebuli orgvari fasis Sesa
xeb? Tu isini moisurveben protestis gamoTqmas kompania `Midwestern~-is mier da
naxarjebze dabali fasis dawesebis gamo, ra mtkicebulebebis moyvana dasWirdebaT
saCivris dasamtkiceblad? ras udris `Midwestern~-is mTliani danaxarjebi erT tonamilze tvirTis gadatanisas?
d) Tu `Midwestern~-s xorbali `danaxarjebze dabal fasad~ gadaaqvs, axdens Tu ara is sub
sidirebas im `Warbi mogebis~ meSveobiT, romelsac qvanaxSiris mwarmoeblebisgan
iRebs? an iqneb mas qvanaxSiric danaxarjebze dabal fasad gadaaqvs? rogor axerxebs
`Midwestern~-i miiRos mogeba, Tu yvela saxis tvirTis gatanaze `danaxarjebze dabal
fass~ awesebs (situacia rom naTeli gaxdes, SegiZliaT grafikze daitanoT `Midwestern~197

is sruli danaxarjebi, romlebic tvirTis erTeulze modis da SeadaroT, Tu rogor

Seefardeba erTmaneTs fasebi da danaxarjebi erTiani fasebis SemTxvevaSi, xolo
Semdeg, orgvari fasis SemTxvevaSi)?
e) gaamarTlebdiT Tu gaamtyunebdiT `Midwestern~-is orgvari fasebis politikas, Tu im
maregulirebeli komisiis wevri xarT, romlis movaleobacaa tvirTis gamgzavnTa eqs
pluataciisa da fasebis mtacebluri politikis aRkveTa da, amave dros, rkinigzis Se
mosavalebze zrunva?
23. rkinigzis Sesaxeb 1980 wels miRebulma stegersis kanonma mniSvnelovnad Sekveca federalu
ri savaWro komisiis uflebamosileba sarkinigzo gadazidvebis fasebis kontrolze.
a) qvanaxSiris mwarmoebelTa erovnuli asociaciis prezidentma gaakritika sistema,
romelic `nebas rTavs rkinigzas, daawesos nebismieri fasi, ris saSualebasac mas sar
kinigzo moZraoba miscems~ da mouwoda misi regulirebis aRdgenisken, magram tvir
Tis mravalma sxva gamgzavnma mxari dauWira rkinigzis regulirebas. ratom dauWires
mxari qvanaxSiris mompoveblebma gadasaxadis regulirebas maSin, rodesac tvirTis
gamgzavnebis umravlesoba amis winaaRmdegia?
b) `xorbleulis sartyelis~ StatebSi Catarebul erT-erT gamokvlevaSi, romelic
xorblis gatanaze sarkinigzo momsaxurebis moTxovnis fasismier elastiurobas exe
boda, elastiurobis koeficienti Sefasebuli iyo, rogorc 3,75. daaxasiaTeT
konkurencia, romelic aseT maRal elastiurobas qmnis.
g) ra moxdeba, Tu sarkinigzo, samdinaro da avtosatransporto firmebi, miuxedavad
saxelmwifo regulirebisa, TavianTi fasebis dawesebas SeZleben `klientebis
gayvlefa~ (ufro maRali fasebi) Tu `gamakotrebeli fasebis Semcireba~ (ufro nak
lebi fasebi)? ra xdeba ekonomikis sxva dargebSi, sadac saxelmwifo fasebs ar aregu
lirebs magaliTad, kvebis produqtebiT an avtomobilebiT vaWrobaSi?
24. ra gansxvavebaa klientebis mozidvis mizniT fasebis Semcirebasa da monopoliis damyarebis
mizniT fasebis Semcirebas Soris?
25. ramdenime wlis win frankfurtidan Cikagomde TviTmfrinavis bileTis fasi 1313 dolari iyo,
xolo aTenidan Cikagomde tranzituli mgzavroba, frankfurtSi gaCerebiT, mxolod 839 do
lari Rirda.
a) ratom Rirda ufro iafi ufro xangrZlivi frena?
b) mgzavrebma, romlebmac icodnen fasebs Soris am sxvaobis Sesaxeb, daiwyes bileTebis
SeZena aTenidan Cikagomde. isini TviTmfrinavSi frankfurtSi sxdebodnen, aTeni
frankfurtis bileTs ki agdebdnen. aviakompaniebma SemoiRes wesi, romelic nebas
rTavda saagentoebs, gaeyidaT bileTebi mxolod gzis sawyis qveyanaSi, am SemTxvevaSi,
saberZneTSi. aSS-is transportis departamentma gamosca am wesis sawinaaRmdego kano
ni, romelic mgzavrebis dasjas krZalavda. aviakompaniebma, droebiT mainc, ukan
daixies. migaCniaT Tu ara, rom frankfurtidan CikagoSi mimavali is mgzavrebi, vinc
aTenis bileTebs iyenebdnen, usamarTlod iqceodnen? iyo Tu ara kanoni, romelsac
aviakompaniebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen, usamarTlo? samarTliania Tu ara transportis
departamentis mier dawesebuli akrZalva (gaiTvaliswineT, rom transportis depar
taments Seswevs imis Zala, rom aviakompaniebs cxovreba gaurTulos, an gauiolos.)?
usamarTloa Tu ara aviakompaniebis mier aTenidan frenaze naklebi fasis daweseba?
g) rogori iqneba saboloo Semosavali, Tu transportis departamenti aviakompaniebs
aiZulebs, daicvan sawyis qveyanaSi bileTebis aucilebeli gayidvis akrZalvis wesi?
d) transportis departamentis romeli politika Seuwyobs xels konkurencias ufro
metad? unda daerTos Tu ara aviakompaniebs neba, Tavad daadginon bileTebis fasebi
da gayidvis wesi, Tu unda aikrZalos im wesebis miReba, romlebic bileTebis ufro
iafad yidvas SezRudavs?
26. rodesac mTavroba aregulirebs maqsimalur fasebs, romelTa dawesebac zogierT dargSi mo
qmed firmebs SeuZliaT, Cveulebriv is eyrdnoba im azrs, rom konkurencias ar SeuZlia fase
bis adekvaturad regulireba, vinaidan dargis specifika efeqtiani konkurenciis saSualebas

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ar iZleva. fasebis regulirebas, Cveulebriv, Tan axlavs firmebis dacva bazarze axali fir
mebis Semosvlisagan. amis naTeli magaliTia sakabelo televizia.
a) davuSvaT, sakabelo televizias romelime did qalaqSi specifikuri saxis momsaxure
bis eqskluziuri ufleba aqvs. ra sazRvrebSi gavrceldeba konkurencia?
b) ra unda moimoqmedon firmebma, raTa gazardon sakuTari mogeba, Tu maregulirebeli
komisiebi maT amis uflebas ar aZleven?
g) ar arsebobs iseTi standartuli saqoneli, rogoricaa `sakabelo televiziis momsaxu
reba~. maregulirebelma komisiebma, romlebic aweseben maqsimalur fasebs, sakmao si
zustiT unda miuTiTon is realuri saqoneli, romelic gaiyideba. ra sirTuleebs
vawydebiT im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saqme sakabelo televizias exeba?
d) sworia Tu ara, rom sakabelo televiziebs unda mieniWoT eqskluziuri uflebebi,
vinaidan regionSi erTze meti qselis Seqmna sakmaod Zviria? arsebobs Tu ara sakabe
lo televiziis momsaxurebis miwodebis sxva gzebi, regionSi axali sakabelo qselebis
Seqmnis garda?
e) vin iRebs sargeblobas sakabelo televiziisgan, im sakabelo satelevizio kompaniebis
garda, romlebsac qalaqSi eqskluziuri uflebebi aqvT?
27. rogor SeiZleba receptiT gamowerili wamlebis fasis regulireba? im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
wamlebi ar aris patentiT daculi, Cveulebriv, arsebobs sakmaod didi konkurencia wamlebis
im damamzadebelTa mxridan, romlebic fasebis `misaRebi~ donis SenarCunebas cdiloben. mag
ram ra mosdis im wamlebs, romlebzec sapatento mfarveloba ar vrceldeba?
a) sapatento mfarvelobis mizani konkurenciisgan dacvaa, aris Tu ara es politika sa
davo?
b) farmacevtuli firmebi iZenen patentebs, vinaidan patenti amcirebs konkurencias,
rac maRali fasebis dawesebisa da didi mogebis saSualebas iZleva. rogor SegviZlia
gavigoT farmacevtuli firmis mogebis WeSmariti sidide? ramdenia `sakmarisi~, mag
ram `arcTu Zalian bevri~?
g) zogierTi wamali ise iSviaTad kurnavs avadmyofobas, rom farmacevtul firmebs maTi
warmoebis danaxarjebis dafarvis imedi TiTqmis ara aqvT. ratom unda vidardoT amaze?
d) gaizrdeba Tu ara wamlis fasi, Tu mTavroba gadawyvets, rom, maRali fasis gamo, Ta
vad mTavrobam unda dafaros pacientis yvela danaxarji an danaxarjebis umetesoba?
28. federaluri kanonis mixedviT, komerciul aviakompanias ufleba aqvs, SeRavaTian samogzau
ro saagentoebs bileTebis gayidvaze uari uTxras. SeRavaTiani samogzauro saagentoebi,
sakuTari sakomisio gadasaxadebis Semcirebis xarjze, bileTebs aviakompaniebis mier dawese
bul fasebze iafad yidian im mgzavrebze, romlebmac zustad ician, romeli bileTebi sWird
ebaT. es saagentoebi mgzavrebs ar exmarebian mogzaurobis dagegmvaSi.
a) rogor SeuZliaT mzavrebs, miuxedavad informaciis saWiroebisa, SeRavaTiani fasebis
upiratesobiT isargeblon?
b) rogor Seuqmnis safrTxes Tavad distributorebis arsebobas mTavrobis Zalisxmeva,
daicvas distributorebis damoukidebloba mwarmoeblebTan maTi saqmiani urTier
Tobis dros?
29. kanonieria Tu ara mTavrobis mier damoukidebuli firmebis dacva iseTi SeTanxmebisgan, ro
melic dawesebulze nakleb fasad saqonlis gayidvas krZalavs? aseve, misaRebia Tu ara mTav
robisTvis, daicvas firmebi SeTanxmebisagan, romelic garkveul fasze Zvirad Sesyidvebs
krZalavs? da Tu es akrZalva momxmareblebs Seexeba? ratom SeiZleba momxmareblisTvis
kanonieri iyos is, rac ukanonoa firmebisTvis? ras ityviT im mSromelTa Sesaxeb, vinc Tanax
maa, ar imuSaos dawesebulze dabali gasamrjelosTvis? SegiZliaT Tu ara SeusabamoT firme
bis diskriminacia princips: `kanonis winaSe yvela moqalaqe Tanasworia~?
30. komerciuli aviakompaniebis deregulirebamde samoqalaqo aviaciis sabWom `Republic Airlines~sa da `Northwestern Airlines~-s erTnairi fasebis daweseba mosTxova. deregulaciis Semdeg maT
fasebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis dadeba ekrZalebodaT, Serwymis Semdeg ki am kompaniebs fasebis
daweseba ukve sakuTari interesebiT SeeZloT. Tu romelime es faqti samarTliania, rogor
unda daicvan sxvebma sakuTari uflebebi?
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mogeba

11

`S

esaZloa, arc erT ekonomikur termins an cnebas ar iyeneben iseTi damabnevEeE lad gansxvavebuli
mniSvnelobebiT, rogorc `mogebas~. am fraziT daiwyo enciklopediis is nawili, romelic mo
gebas Seexeboda, cnobilma mecnierma frenk naiTma 75 wlis win. misi sinonimia `wminda Semosavali~. mas
Semdeg, rac firmam yvela danaxarji gaiRo, rCeba mogeba anu wminda Semosavali. intuiciurad am ter
mins TiTqmis yvela ase gansazRvravs da dRemde swored am mniSvnelobiT iyenebs. es sakmaod martivi
da naTelia. maS, ratom Tvlis naiTi am terminis gamoyenebas damabnevelad?

ra unda Sediodes danaxarjebSi?

mflobelis drois gamoyenebis alternatiuli Rirebuleba mogebis nawili ar aris
problemebi iwyeba sityvidan `danaxarjebi~. fuladi xarjebi igive araa, rac saerTod xarjebi.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, asea alternatiuli Rirebulebis Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare. es naTeli xde
ba maSin, rodesac mflobeli Tavad uZRveba warmoebas: danaxarjebis nawils misi sakuTari Sroma
warmoadgens, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu is mimdinare danaxarjebSi ar iTvaliswinebs sakuTar xelfass
da sakuTar saxelze yovelkvireul qviTrebsac ar gascems. im SesaZleblobebis Rirebuleba, ro
melzec mflobeli uars ambobs sakuTar sawarmoSi Sromis sanacvlod, ra Tqma unda danaxarjia.
manqana-danadgarebis qiris sididea mogebis nawili
mravali adamiani mogebas kapitals ukavSirebs da fiqrobs mogebaze, rogorc Semosavalze,
romelsac kapitalis mflobeli Rebulobs. termini `kapitali~ ekonomikaSi niSnavs `warmoebul
saqonels, romelic gamoiyeneba momavali saqonlis warmoebisTvis~. manqana-danadgarebi amis
standartuli magaliTia. magram Semosavali, romelsac kapitalis mflobeli iRebs imisgan, visac
sakuTrebis gamoyenebis nebas aZlevs, aris renta, anu qira. esaa Tanxa, romelsac vixdiT, magali
Tad, xelsawyoebis gamqiravebel maRaziaSi raime xelsawyos daqiravebisas. es warmoebis garkveu
li saxis danaxarjia da, aqedan gamomdinare, sruliadac ar aris mogeba. gamoyenebuli kapitalis
floba, naklebad mniSvnelovania, vidre warmoebis dros gamoyenebuli Sromis floba. kapitalis,
an Sromis araoptimalurad gamoyenebis gamo dakarguli Semosavali alternatiuli Rirebulebaa
da ara mogeba.
miwisa da Senobebis qiris sidide mogeba ar aris

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Senobebi, romlebic sawarmoo miznebisTvis gamoiyeneba, iseTive kapitalia, rogorc gamoyene

buli manqana-danadgarebi. gamouyenebeli qira warmoebis realuri danaxarjia, rodesac Senoba
sawarmos mflobelis sakuTrebaSia, iseve, rogorc maSin, rodesac is Senobas sxvisgan qiraobs.
msyidvelobiTi unaris mqone aqtivis SesaZenad
gadaxdili fuli mogeba ar aris
amgvarad, kapitalis gamoyenebis gadasaxadi mogeba ar gaxlavT, iseve, rogorc miwis an Senobis
gamoyenebis gadasaxadi. ra SeiZleba iTqvas fulis gamoyenebis gadasaxadis anu, rogorc mas uwo
deben, sargeblis Sesaxeb? mkacrad rom vTqvaT, Cven ar vixdiT safasurs fulis gamoyenebisTvis,
razec qvemoT visaubrebT. rodesac firma sargebels ixdis, is ixdis msyidvelobiTi unaris ga
moyenebis safasurs. firmas SeuZlia sargeblis gadaxda kapitalis qiris gadaxdiaT. vTqvaT, mas
surs konkretuli manqana-danadgarebis an Senobis gamoyeneba, magram ar awyobs pirobebi, ris ga
moc iRebs gadawyvetilebas SeZenis Sesaxeb. amisTvis mas msyidvelobiTi unari unda hqondes. Tu
sawarmos mflobeli msyidvelobiT unars sakuTari danazogebidan iRebs, is kargavs im sargebels,
romelsac es danazogi moutanda. is alternatiul Rirebulebas ixdis. Tu mwarmoebels danazogi
ara aqvs, maSin unda isesxos, raTa saWiro msyidvelobiTi unari hqondes da sargebeli unda ixa
dos. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi sargebeli danaxarjia da ara mogeba.

ratom ixdian sargebels?

sargebeli ar aris `fulis fasi~ an fulis
gamoyenebis sanacvlod gadaxdili Tanxa
sargeblis idea iTxovs vrcel axsna-ganmartebas, ris Semdegac kvlav mogebis mniSvnelobis
axsnas davubrundebiT. mcdari iqneba saqmis warmodgena ise, TiTqos sargebeli fulis gamoye
nebis gadasaxadi iyos, rogorc, magaliTad, manqanebis gamqiravebeli firmisTvis manqanis gamo
yenebisTvis gadaxdili Tanxaa. Cemi damqiravebeli fuls mixdis Cems mier misTvis gaweuli sam
saxuris sanacvlod. me am fuls gadavcem sasursaTo maRaziebs, komunaluri momsaxurebis
kompaniebs da sxva adamianebs, raTa miviRo is produqti, rasac isini yidian da rac me mWirdeba.
isini, Tavis mxriv, Cemgan miRebuli fuliT xelfass uxdian mosamsaxureebs da a.S. arc erTi
Cvengani ar ixdis sargebels im fulze, romelic xelidan xelSi gadadis. ufro metic, im SemTxve
vaSi, Tu me gadavwyvet Savi dRisTvis leibis qveS ori ocdolariani banknotis Senaxvas, xolo es
`Savi dRe~ ramodenime wlis ganmavlobaSi ar dadgeba, federaluri sarezervo banki ar mom
Txovs am periodSi fulis gamoyenebis sargebels. SeadareT es avtomobilebis gamqiravebeli
firmis SesaZlo reaqcias, romelic mas maSin eqneboda, me rom misi manqana Savi dRisTvis Cems
avtofarexSi gameCerebina.
sargebels vixdiT mxolod maSin, rodesac fuls vsesxulobT. sesxi aris im fulis miRebis
saSualeba, romelic Cven ar gamogvimuSavebia. msesxebels fuli dResve sWirdeba, Tumca mimdi
nare momentSi mis sanacvlod verafers gaiRebs. is arwmunebs gamsesxebels, misces fuli dResve
da hpirdeba, rom momavalSi daubrunebs. dabrunebuli Tanxisa da sesxad aRebuli Tanxis Se
fardeba gansazRvravs swored sargeblis ganakveTs.
sargebeli fasia, romelsac adamianebi ixdian imisTvis, rom resursebi dResve miiRon da ar
elodon, rodis gamoimuSaveben imden fuls, rom am resursebis SeZena SeZlon. yvelafers ajo
bebs, sargebeli ganvixiloT, rogorc danamati imisTvis, rom gvqondes saSualeba, resursiT
dResve visargebloT.
adamianebi sargebels imisTvis ixdian, rom
dResve SeZlon resursebiT sargebloba

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mimdinare resursebi, Cveulebriv, ufro Zvirad fasobs, vidre samomavlo resursebi, vinaidan
mocemul momentSi resursebis floba adamianis SesaZleblobebs zrdis. resursebis mimdinare
gamoyeneba xSirad saSualebas gvaZlevs ise vimoqmedoT, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi gavzardoT Se
mosavlis miRebis Cveneuli SesaZleblobebi da, amis Sedegad, momavalSi gvqondes meti resurse
bi, vidre sxva SemTxvevaSi gveqneboda. rodesac aseT SesaZleblobas vxedavT, gvsurs fulis ses
xeba da mzad varT, gadavixadoT danamati _ sargebeli, sanam es sargebeli naklebia imasTan
SedarebiT, ris mogebasac vapirebT sesxis aRebis SemTxvevaSi.
resursebiT dRes sargebloba, Cveulebriv, ufro meti Rirs,
vidre amave resursebiT sargebloba momavalSi
davuSvaT, robinzon kruzo, romlis magaliTsac ekonomistebi xSirad iyeneben, yoveldRiur
sakvebs imiT Soulobs, rom frCxilebiT zRvispira qvebidan moipovebs lokokinebs. amgvari muSa
obiT mas SeuZlia dReSi xuTi lokokina moipovos, rac Zlivs yofnis imisTvis, rom SimSiliT ar
mokvdes da amitom mudmivad SimSiliT sikvdilis pirasaa. niCabi rom hqondes, dRiuri racionis
gasammagebas da 15 lokokinis mopovebas SeZlebda. saubedurod, saWiro niCbis dasamzadeblad
erTi Tvis muSaoba dasWirdeba, am xnis ganmavlobaSi ki ver SeZlebs lokokinis mopovebas da Sim
SiliT mokvdeba.
ramden lokokinas miscemda robinzoni momavalSi imisaTvis, rom dRes 150 lokokina hqondes, an,
ufro zustad, yoveldRiurad 5 lokokina rom hqondes im ocdaaTi dRis ganmavlobaSi, romelsac is
niCbis damzadebas moandomebda? mas SeuZlia Tavs ufleba misces momdevno da yoveli Semdegi Tvis
bolos 300 lokokina daabrunos, vinaidan dRevandeli krediti, 150 lokokinis saxiT, momavalSi mis
mwarmoeblurobas swored am sididiT gazrdis. savaraudod, robinzoni mzad iqneba, gasces amaze nak
lebi nebismieri raodenoba, Tu niCbis damzadebis sxva saSualeba ar gamouCnda.
Tuki dRevandeli lokokinebiT sargebloba adamians saSualebas aZlevs, gazardos maTi moma
vali warmoeba, maSin dRevandeli lokokinebi meti Rirs, vidre momavali lokokinebi. proporcia,
romlis mixedviTac, dRevandeli lokokinebi momaval lokokinebze icvleba, warmoadgens sargeb
lis ganakveTs robinzon kruzos samyaroSi da mas araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs fulTan. aqedan
gamomdinare, sargebeli ar aris mxolod kapitalisturi ekonomikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mov
lena da misi arseboba kidev ufro naklebad SeiZleba aixsnas bankirebisa da sxva gamsesxeblebis
sixarbiTa da ZalauflebiT. upirveles yovlisa, es ar aris iseTi ram, risi gamoricxvac SesaZle
belia fulis raodenobis ubralo gazrdiT. fulis raodenobis zrda mxolod Seamcirebs fulis
msyidvelobiT unars. Cven ki swored imas vusvamT xazs, rom msesxeblebs ara imdenad fuli, aramed
msyidvelobiTi unari sWirdebaT. Cveulebriv, sargeblis ganakveTs fulis nasesxeb Rirebule
basTan mxolod imitom aigiveben, rom fuli dRevandeli saqonlis SeZenis ZiriTadi saSualebaa,
magram sargebeli im ekonomikaSic iarsebebda, romelic ufulod funqcionirebs, vinaidan Tavisi
arsiT igi warmoadgens sxvaobas dRevandeli da momavali saqonlis RirebulebaTa Soris.

droiTi upiratesobebi
ar unda SegeqmnaT STabeWdileba, TiTqos dRevandeli resursebis meti Rirebuleba, momavlis
romeliRac momentSi maT RirebulebasTan SedarebiT, mxolod kapitalis mwarmoeblurobiTaa
gansazRvruli. momxmareblebsac axasiaTebT is, rasac ekonomistebi `droiTi preferenciebis da
debiT normas~ uwodeben: rogorc wesi, adamianebi axlo momavalSi moxmarebas met Rirebulebas
aniWeben, Soreul momavalSi moxmarebasTan SedarebiT.
ai, patara testi, romelic SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT imis gasarkvevad, miekuTvnebiT Tu ara kaco
briobis umravlesobas, romelsac droiTi preferenciebis dadebiTi norma axasiaTebs. warmoid
gineT, rom uricxv gzavnilebs Soris miiReT werili, romelzedac didi da myvirala warweraa
Tqven, SesaZloa, ukve moigeT 45 000 dolaris Rirebulebis sportuli avtomobili. Tqvenda
gasaocrad, werilis gaxsnisas aRmoaCineT, rom marTlac mogigiaT es didi prizi. ra Tqma unda,
Tqvens bednierebas sazRvari ara aqvs. Semdeg aRmoaCineT, rom manqanas mxolod erTi wlis Semdeg
miiRebT. Tqven mainc bednieri xarT, magram ufro naklebad, vidre maSin iyaviT, rodesac war
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moidgineT, rom erT kviraSi axali sportuli avtomobiliT iseirnebdiT. faqtobrivad, mzad
xarT gadaixadoT garkveuli mniSvnelovani Tanxa, raTa manqana axlave miiRoT da ar icadoT ki
dev erTi weli. Tu yovelive amas eTanxmebiT, es imas niSnavs, rom droiTi upiratesobebis dadebi
Ti norma gaxasiaTebT.

Tu dRevandel 1000 dolars imave Rirebulebas aniWebT, rasac

momavali wlis 1250 dolars, maSin Tqveni droiTi upiratesobebis
mimdinare norma 25 procentis tolia
zogierTi mowinaaRmdege droiTi upiratesobebis dadebiT normas araSorsmWvretelobis da
dasturebad miiCnevs, an imiT xsnis, rom ar gagaCniaT unari, Soreuli momavali axlo momavaliviT
naTlad da xatovnad warmoidginoT, anda imiT, rom adamiani Tavisi bunebiT optimistia da moma
valsac gadametebuli optimizmiT uyurebs. nebismieri aseTi axsna droiTi preferenciebis `ra
cionalobas~ eWvqveS ayenebs. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom adamiani mokvdavia da cxovrebaSi yvela
feri mosalodnelia, dRevandeli kvercxis nacvlad xvalindeli qaTami sulac ar mogveCveneba
araracionalurad, an araSorsmWvretelurad. ufro metic, Tu adamianebs imis imedi aqvT, rom
droTa ganmavlobaSi maTi Semosavali gaizrdeba, maSin maT SeuZliaT sruliad logikuri das
kvnis gamotana dRes raimeze uaris Tqma ufro met subieqtur msxverpls gamoiwvevs, vidre imave
saqonlis gacilebiT met raodenobaze uaris Tqma momavalSi, rodesac maTgan Semosavali, sava
raudod, dRevandelze meti iqneba.
axla ki SegviZlia davubrundeT am Tavis dasawyisSi dasmul kiTxvas. sargeblis gadaxda imis
Tvisaa saWiro, rom adamianebma uari Tqvan resursebis mimdinare gamoyenebaze. es aris fasi, ro
melic gamsesxeblebs unazRaurebs dakarguli SesaZleblobebis fass da fasi, romlis gadaxdis
Tvis mzad arian msesxeblebi im SesaZleblobebis sanacvlod, romelsac maT sesxi aZlevs.

sargeblis ganakveTTan dakavSirebuli riski

sargeblis ganakveTebi, romlebsac iReben bankebi korporaciuli msesxeblebisgan, maRaziebi
im momxmareblebisgan, romlebsac Ria sakredito angariSebi aqvT, xolo individebi finansuri
institutebisgan, sazogadoebis droiTi upiratesobebis mimdinare normas asaxavs. amas garda,
isini Seicaven sxvadasxva sididis premiebs riskisTvis da im danaxarjebs, romlebic sesxebasTan
dakavSirebul molaparakebebs Tan axlavs. rogorc wesi, komerciuli bankisgan TiToeuli dola
ris sesxeba individebs ufro Zviri ujdebaT, vidre msxvil, warmatebul korporaciebs. magram es
ar niSnavs, rom individebi sargeblis ufro maRal ganakveTs ixdian. isini anazRaureben bankis im
danaxarjebs, romelsac banki maTi finansuri mdgomareobisa da angariSebis Sesaswavlad eweva.
garda amisa, isini ixdian erTgvar sadazRvevo premias, romelsac banki msesxeblebisgan iRebs im
riskis sanacvlod, rac sesxis dabrunebasa da msesxeblis SesaZlo gakotrebasTanaa dakavSirebu
li. banks rom am premiis miReba ar SeeZlos, is ar dainteresdeboda im individTaTvis sesxis mice
miT, romelTac riskis maRali faqtori aqvT. amitom, rodesac kanonmdeblebi afiqsireben `wliu
ri sargeblis~ zeda zRvars, isini ara imdenad sargeblis ganakveTs amcireben, aramed msesxeblebis
zogierT kategorias arTmeven sesxis miRebis SesaZleblobas. vinaidan msesxeblebi sesxs araso
des aiReben, Tu is maT mdgomareobas ar gaaumjobesebs, Znelia imis dadgena, Tu ra sargebloba
unda moutanos maqsimaluri sargeblis ganakveTis SemzRudavma kanonebma mcire Semosavlis mqo
ne msesxeblebs.
es mniSvnelovani momentia da ara mxolod imitom, rom uaryofs zogierT gavrcelebul da
mcdar warmodgenas sargeblis ganakveTis sakanonmdeblo SezRudvebze. Semosavali, romelsac
iTxovs gamsesxebeli sesxis gacemis sanacvlod, damokidebulia imaze, Tu risi miReba SeeZlo mas,
sesxi sxva msesxeblisTvis rom mieca da, agreTve, am konkretul sesxTan dakavSirebul riskze.
komerciuli gamsesxeblebi, am mxriv, unikaluri movlena ar gaxlavan. warmoidgineT ori korpo
raciis sasesxo Tamasuqebi, romelTac, Cveulebriv, obligaciebs uwodeben. erT-erTi korpora
ciaa `Proctor & Gamble~-i, xolo meore gakotrebis piras mdgari komerciuli aviakompania. orive

204

korporaciis obligaciebis Rirebulebaa 1,000 dolari, xolo ganaRdebis vada erTi weliwadi.
ra fasad gaiyideba es obligaciebi bazarze?
davuSvaT, `Proctor & Gamble~-is obligaciebi iyideba 917 dolarad. Tu sargeblis ganakveTi 9%ia, dRevandeli 917 dolari Rirs imdenive, rac 1000 dolari ganaRdebis vadis gasvlis Semdeg
(erTi wlis Semdeg). es fasi 917 dolari sinamdvileSi imas niSnavs, rom adamianebi mzad arian
Seinaxon `Proctor & Gamble~-is obligaciebi wliuri 9%-iani Semosavlis gamo, vinaidan 917 gamrav
lebuli 1,09-ze (ZiriTadi Tanxa plus sargebeli) udris 1000 dolars.
$917 1,09 = $1000
aviakompaniis obligaciebi gacilebiT iafad gaiyideba maSinac ki, Tu maT igive adamianebi Sei
Zenen, romlebic `Proctor & Gamble~-is obligaciebs yiduloben. am obligaciebis gaunaRdeblobis
albaToba imdenad didia, rom myidvelebis darwmuneba, rom aseT riskze wavidnen, mxolod im Se
mTxvevaSi SeiZleba, Tu maT Zalian maRali mogebis miRebis SesaZlebloba miecema. Tu aviakompa
niis obligaciebi 714 dolarad gaiyideba, es imas niSnavs, rom myidvelebi wliur 40 procents moi
Txoven.
$714 1,40 = $1000
Tu yvelaferi kargad damTavrda, myidvelebi miiReben 203 dolariT mets, vidre `Proctor &
Gamble~-is obligaciebiT miiRebdnen, magram amas axlavs didi gaurkvevloba da arsebobs imis al
baToba, rom gadaxdili Tanxis didi nawili, an, SesaZloa, mTliani Tanxac, daikargeba. amgvarad,
ufro maRali sargebeli unda ganvixiloT ara rogorc wminda sargebeli, aramed premia riskis
Tvis. vidre sargeblis maqsimalur ganakveTs daaweseben, kanonmdeblebma sakuTar Tavs unda
hkiTxon, iyiddnen Tu ara isini odesme obligaciebs didi fasdaklebiT?

sargeblis realuri da nominaluri ganakveTebi

sargeblis ganakveTebi kidev erT komponents Seicavs, romelic realurad sargebeli arc aris. am
komponentma gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba 1960-iani wlebis meore naxevridan SeiZina. sargeblis ga
nakveTSi Sedis damatebiTi Tanxa, fulis msyidvelobiTi unaris mosalodneli Semcirebis SemTxveva
Si gamsesxeblis sakompensaciod.
1981 wels aSS-is mTavroba daTanxmda, gadaexada 14 procentiani wliuri sargebeli, raTa mosaxle
obisgan xuTi wliT sesxi aeRo. imis riski, rom federaluri mTavroba vals ar gadaixdis, Zalian mci
rea, vinaidan, rogorc SemdgomSi vnaxavT, federalur mTavrobas SeuZlia fulis warmoeba valebis
dasafaravad. am sesxebisTvis iseTi ganviTarebuli bazrebi arsebobs, rom sesxebis transaqciuli da
naxarjebi aSS-s xazinisTvis aseve umniSvneloa. maS, ratom iyo sargeblis wliuri ganakveTi 14%-is
toli? iyo Tu ara resursebis marTva 1981 wels 14%-iT ufro Zviri, vidre imave resursebis marTva
1982 wels? sruliadac ara. iseTi didi ganakveTi imas niSnavda, rom 1981 wels gamsesxeblebi momavali
xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi seriozul inflacias moelodnen. vinaidan fasebis done weliwadSi 10%-ze
metad izrdeboda, gamsesxeblebi varaudobdnen, rom maT mier miRebuli fulis Rirebuleba yove
lwliurad 10%-iT Semcirdeboda. amitom isini umatebdnen 10%-s im sargeblis ganakveTs, romlis
miRebac msesxeblebisgan surdaT. msesxeblebi mzad iyvnen, gadaexadaT amdeni, vinaidan isinic varau
dobdnen, rom dolaris Rirebuleba yovelwliurad 10 procentiT Semcirdeboda, rac imas niSnavs,
rom dolaris gamomuSaveba yovelwliurad 10 procentiT ufro ioli gaxdeboda. gacvla-gamocvla
xdeba ara fuliT, aramed msyidvelobiTi unariT. sargeblis sabazro ganakveTi, romelic gamoqveyne
bulia gazeTebSi, aris `realuri~ ganakveTisa da inflaciis mosalodneli donis jami.
sargeblis realuri ganakveTi sabazro (nominaluri) ganakveTisa da
inflaciis mosalodneli donis sxvaobis tolia
ekonomistebi sargeblis sabazro ganakveTs xSirad nominalur ganakveTs uwodeben, raTa war
moaCinon is faqti, rom inflaciis kompensaciisTvis gadaxdili damatebiTi sargeblis ganakveTi
realuri sargebeli ar gaxlavT. 1970 wlidan maRali rangis korporaciebis (magaliTad, `Proctor &
Gamble~-is) obligaciebis saSualo ganakveTi weliwadSi 7%-ze naklebidan 14%-ze metisken merye
obs. es meryeoba ZiriTadad inflaciis mosalodneli donis cvlilebebis Sedegia. igive iTqmis
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uZravi qonebis sargebelzec. msesxeblebs, romlebmac gadaixades 15%-ze meti, raTa 1982 wels
aRebuli sesxiT uZravi qoneba SeeZinaT (maSin axal saxlebze sargebeli saSualod 15,1% iyo), sa
cxovrebeli farTis axlandeli mflobelobisTvis odnav miaxloebuli sargebelic ki ar gadau
xdiaT. realuri sargebeli, romelic maT gadaixades, daaxloebiT 3 procenti iyo. SesaZloa, 2
procents Seadgenda sesxis aRebasTan dakavSirebuli molaparakebis danaxarjebi da valis ga
dauxdelobis riskis sazRauri. danarCeni asaxavda inflaciis im maRal dones, romelic 1980-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi arsebobda.

ganuzRvreloba _ mogebis aucilebeli piroba

droa, davubrundeT kiTxvas, romelic adreve davsviT. ra aris mogeba? Cven SevTanxmdiT, rom
es aris mTliani Semosavlisa da mTliani danaxarjebis sxvaoba. mTliani danaxarjebi alterna
tiuli Rirebulebaa, amitom Seicavs ara mxolod imas, rac firmam sxvas gadauxada saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis gamoyenebisTvis, aramed TviT firmis mier miwodebuli yvela saqonlis Sromis,
kapitalis, miwis, piradi danazogis Rirebulebas. rodesac mTliani danaxarjebis daangariSebi
sas viTvaliswinebT yvela am alternatiul Rirebulebas, iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos firmas
aRar sWirdeba danaxarjebze met Semosavalze zrunva. firmebs SeuZliaT hqondeT nulovani mo
geba da mainc ganagrZobdnen funqcionirebas. isini warmatebul firmebadac ki SeiZleba CaiTva
lon, romelTac sruli SesaZlebloba aqvT, isesxon damatebiTi saxsrebi warmoebis gasafarToe
blad manam, sanam maTi Semosavali yvela danaxarjs faravs.
`sarfiani saqme~, romelsac `naRdi mogeba~ moaqvs, aRar iqneba iseTi
`sarfiani~, rodesac mis Sesaxeb sxvebic Seityoben
sinamdvileSi, Tuki firmas danaxarjebze meti Semosavlis miReba SeuZlia, gana am dargs imdeni
xalxi ar miawydeba, rom maT Soris konkurenciam nulze daiyvanos Semosavalsa da danaxarjebs Soris
sxvaoba? garantirebuli Semosavali, romelic danaxarjebze metia, aucileblad miizidavs axal
firmebs. dargSi maTi SeRweva produqciis moculobas gazrdis da, moTxovnis kanonis Tanaxmad, sa
qonlis fass Seamcirebs, riTac Semcirdeba sxvaoba mTlian Semosavalsa da mTlian danaxarjebs So
ris. es sxvaoba SesaZloa Semcirdes meore mxrivac, Tu axali firmebi gazrdian moTxovnas da danaxar
jebs im resursebze, romlebic am konkretuli saqonlis warmoebas sWirdeba. rodesac sxvaoba mTlian
danaxarjebsa da mosalodnel mTlian Semosavals Soris gaqreba, anu rodesac mogeba ganuldeba,
axal firmebs mocemul sferoSi SeRwevis stimulebi aRar eqnebaT.
realur, cvalebad da arastabilur samyaroSi aseTi ram ar xdeba. adamianebi xedaven, rom zogier
Ti dargi momgebiania, magram ar ician, rogor daidon wili am mogebaSi. bevrma, informaciis defici
tis gamo, SesaZloa, arc ki icis aseTi mogebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, amitom mogeba arsebobs da iarsebebs
konkurenciis Sedegad misi Semcirebis tendenciis miuxedavad. magram es xdeba ganuzRvrelobis gamo,
uromlisodac yvelaferi, rac ki mogebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, yvelasTvis cnobili gaxdeboda. ada
mianebi mogebis miRebis yvela SesaZleblobas gamoiyenebdnen da, aqedan gamomdinare, mogeba Tanda
Tan yvelgan ganuldeboda.
aseve SegviZlia vimsjeloT danakargebzec. aravin daiwyebs komerciul saqmianobas, Tu ecodine
ba, rom mTliani Semosavali mTlian danaxarjebze naklebi iqneba. magram momavali gaurkvevelia
movlenebi yovelTvis ise ar viTardeba, rogorc Cven vvaraudobT. gadawyvetilebebi da qmedebebi
zogjer mcdaria. yovelive amis Sedegad Cndeba danakargebi.
ganuzRvreloba rom ar arsebobdes, arc mogeba iqneboda da arc danakargebi. amitom SegviZlia
davaskvnaT, rom mogeba (an danakargebi) ganuzRvrelobis Sedegia. amgvarad, mogeba ar gaxlavT ama Tu
im resursis dauflebis safasuri. es aris naSTi, anu is, rac rCeba Semosavlidan, roca yvela danaxar
ji dafarulia. es aris sxvebze zusti samomavlo prognozis mixedviT moqmedebis Sedegi.

mogebisadmi swrafva
ganvixiloT martivi magaliTi. erT-erTi sareklamo gancxadeba mogiwodebT, Tanxebi flori
daSi mdebare uZrav qonebaSi daabandoT, radgan uZravi qonebis Rirebuleba aq yovelwliurad
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30%-iT izrdeba. ocdaaTprocentiani wliuri Semosavali bevrad metia, vidre is, rasac sxva in
vesticiebidan moeliT, amitom 30 aTas dolars orlandosTan mdebare daumuSavebel miwis nakveT
Si abandebT, momaval wels ki nakveTis 39 aTas dolarad gayidvas gegmavT. savsebiT mosalodne
lia, rom imedebi gagicruvdeT.
Tu marTlac mosalodnelia, rom floridaSi uZravi qonebis Rirebuleba weliwadwi 30%-iT
izrdeba, iq miwis nakveTebis SeZenas bevri moisurvebs. aseTi miswrafeba nakveTebis fass manamde
gazrdis, sanam maTSi dabandebuli fuli zustad iseT mogebas ar moitans, rogorc sxva arsebuli
sainvesticio SesaZleblobebi. Tu sareklamo dapirebebs bevri investori daujerebs, maT mier
didi mogebis miRebis survili gamoiwvevs nakveTebis fasis kidev ufro gazrdas, ris Sedegadac
momavalSi es fasi ki ar gaizrdeba, aramed Semcirdeba.
veravin moigebs im aqtivebSi an sawarmoebSi fulis dabandebiT, romelTac, gavrcelebuli
azriT, SeuZliaT sargeblis mimdinare ganakveTze maRali Semosavlis motana. aseTi investireba
CaiTvleba `sarfian saqmed~, xolo moTxovna `sarfian saqmeze~ ise gazrdis masSi SeRwevis dana
xarjebs, rom es `saqme~ sxva aqtivebsa da SesaZleblobebze momgebiani aRar iqneba.
amis Sesaxeb yvela investorma icis. iseTi kompaniebis aqciebis SeZena, rogorebicaa `Xerox~-i,
`Polaroid~-i da `Microsoft~-i, manamde iyo momgebiani, sanam isini saxels gaiTqvamdnen. investorebma,
romlebmac xsenebuli aqciebi amis Semdeg SeiZines, mogeba ver miiRes. yvelaze meti, risi imedic
maT SeiZleba hqondeT, aris Cadebul investiciebze iseTi Semosavlis miReba, romelic daaxloe
biT mainc gautoldeba sargeblis mimdinare ganakveTs. adamianebi, romlebic cdilobdnen mie
RoT `Xerox~-is, `Polaroid~-isa da `Microsoft~-is Semosavlebis nawili, am kompaniebis aqciebis sabazro
Rirebulebas manamde zrdidnen, sanam Semosavlis im TanxasTan Sedarebam, romelic unda gadaexa
daT, am SemosavlebSAi monawilebis misaREebad, am aqciebs ufro mimzidvels ar gaxdis sxva aqcieb
Tan SedarebiT.
amgvarad, gavrcelebuli azri, rom SesaZlebelia gamdidreba warmatebuli kompaniebis aqcieb
Si fulis CadebiT, mcdaria. `Intel~-i samarTlianad iTvleba maRali mogebis mqone korporaciad,
magram `Intel~-is aqciebis sabazro fasi didi xania ise gaizarda, rom masSi sruladaa gaTvaliswine
buli kompaniis yvela samomavlo mogeba. aqedan gamomdinare, `Intel~-is aqciebi saukeTeso SenaZeni
ar gaxlavT im kompaniebis aqciebTan SedarebiT, romelTa mogeba wlebis ganmavlobaSi aseTive
maRali ar yofila.
qonebis dagroveba SeiZleba iseTi saqonlis warmoebiT, romelic warmoebis danaxarjebze ga
cilebiT met fasad gaiyideba, an iseT sawarmoSi investirebiT, romelic mogebas moitans. magram,
metad mniSvnelovania, rom Sedegi ganuzRvreli iyos. maRali mogebis imedi rom gqondeT, sxvebze
meti unda icodeT, an ukeT unda SegeZloT momavlis winaswarmetyveleba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,
mTlianad bedis anabara darCebiT. magram, Tu beds miendeT, arsebobs albaToba imisa, rom ar ga
gimarTlebT da didad izaralebT. iRblis mniSvnelovani Tviseba isaa, rom is araprognozireba
dia. investori, romelic Tanamimdevrulad iRebs mogebas, rogorc arsebuli sainvesticio
SesaZleblobebidan miRebuli ukugebis Cveulebriv doneze met wminda Semosavals, sxvebze ukeT
unda Wvretdes momavals.

mewarme
wina msjelobam, albaT, SegiqmnaT STabeWdileba, TiTqos adamianebi mogebas mxolod imis Sede
gad iReben, rom sxvebze ukeTesad Wvreten momavals, xolo mogeba sxva araferia, Tu ara warmate
buli gansjis Sedegi. es mcdari Sexedulebaa. mogebis metad mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawili
Sromis aqtiuri da SemoqmedebiTi mxarea. adamianebi usaqmod ki ar sxedan da sxvis Semosavals ki
ar akvirdebian, aramed cdiloben yovel SemTxvevaSi, zogierTi maTgani saqmeebi sxvebisgan
gansxvavebulad warmarTon. maT imis rwmena amoZravebT, rom ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi dana
xarjebze met Semosavals moutanT. aseT adamianebs antrepreniorebi anu mwarmoeblebi ewode
baT.
mewarmeebi is xalxia, vinc pasuxismgeblobas kisrulobs socialuri cxovrebis erT-erTi seg
mentis gardaqmnaze. mewarmed anu pasuxismgeblad da ara ubralo monawiled, maT aqcevs is, rom
sakuTari aqtivobis Sedegebze pasuxs ageben. isini TavianT proeqtebSi monawileebs eubnebian:
`mogebas me miviReb, samagierod, danakargebsac Cems Tavze aviReb~. mewarmeebi pretenzias acxade
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ben im naSTze, romelic yvela SeTanxmebis Sesrulebis Semdeg darCeba. isini am pozicias irCeven,
vinaidan fiqroben, rom SeuZliaT amocanis gadawyveta. isini darwmunebulebi arian sakuTar mo
ralur, fizikur da saorganizacio SesaZleblobebSi. is, rasac adam smiti komerciul sazogado
ebas uwodebda, xolo adamianebis umetesoba kapitalistur sazogadoebas uwodebs, zogjer SeiZ
leba ganvixiloT, rogorc mewarmeTa sazogadoeba. is, vinc am saxels amjobinebs, amiT xazs usvams
mewarmeTa gadamwyvet rols.
imisaTvis, rom gavigoT mewarmis roli da misi pretenzia mogebaze, davsvaT kiTxva `vin xdeba
xelmZRvaneli?~ rogor unda SeTanxmdes mravali adamiani, romelTa gaerTianebac aucilebelia
garkveuli saqonlis sawarmoeblad, Tu vin ra konkretul amocanas Seasrulebs? es metad mniSvne
lovani kiTxvaa, vinaidan adamianTa Sexedulebebi da interesebi xSir SemTxvevaSi konfliqtis mi
zezi xdeba. meqanikur sawarmoSi, romelic aRmosavleT industriul aveniuze mdebareobs, aqile
vsi amtkicebs, rom eqvsi moqloni sakmarisia nakeTobis dasamagreblad, xolo heqtors miaCnia,
rom cxraze naklebi ar ivargebs. ra Tqma unda, cxra ukeT daamagrebs nakeTobas, magram, amave
dros ufro Zviric dajdeba. ufro myari nakeToba momxmarebels miizidavs, magram ufro maRali
zRvruli danaxarjebis dasafaravad dawesebulma maRalma fasma, SesaZloa, zogierTi maTgani da
afrTxos. heqtors miaCnia, rom gadawyvetileba man unda miiRos, vinaidan sainJinro ganaTleba
aqvs, magram aqilevsi arafrad dagidevT kolejis ganaTlebas da sakuTar SromiT gamocdilebaze
miuTiTebs. Sexedulebebs Soris arsebuli sxvaoba, SesaZloa, absoluturad gulwrfeli iyos,
magram isic SesaZlebelia, rom heqtors meti samuSao undodes, xolo aqilevss SromiTi datvir
Tvis Semcireba surdes. vin iRebs saboloo gadawyvetilebas? ufro zustad, vin iRebs gadawyve
tilebas imis Taobaze, Tu vin gaakeTebs saboloo daskvnas?
saboloo gadawyvetilebisaTvis mzadyofna gadawyvetilebis
miRebis uflebamosilebas gulisxmobs
ZiriTadi pasuxi Semdegia: es unda iyos saboloo gadawyvetilebis mimRebi. Tu Tqven gindaT,
iyoT ufrosi, unda gaxdeT saboloo gadawyvetilebis mimRebi. amas maSin SeZlebT, Tu gundis yve
la wevris Tanxmobas miiRebT. mwarmoebeli acxadebs, rom yvela pirobas Seasrulebs. ra Tqma
unda, am dapirebas unda endon. sxvebi unda darwmundnen, miawodon saukeTeso winadadebebi daZ
lion SiSi da SeuTanxmebloba, daTanxmdnen imaze, rasac mwarmoebeli gadawyvets. amisaTvis, swo
red man unda warmoadginos sando garantiebi.

sad mTavrdeba winaaRmdegoba?

davuSvaT, aqilevsma da heqtorma, romelTac erTmaneTTan kargi urTierToba aqvT, xelovne
bis galereis gaxsna gadawyvites. aqilevsi kargad erkveva marketingSi, heqtori xelovnebaSi. maT
miaCniaT, rom kargad iTanamSromleben. TiToeuli maTgani am saqmeSi 1000 dolars abandebs da
Tanaxmaa kviraSi 40 saaTi imuSaos. SemdgomSi megobrebma aRmoaCines, rom ver aRweven SeTanxmebas
im sakiTxSi, Tu rogor unda Seafason mxatvarTa namuSevrebi. heqtors miaCnia, rom saboloo ga
dawyvetileba man unda miiRos, vinaidan aqilevss araferi esmis xelovnebaSi. aqilevss ki miaCnia,
rom saboloo gadawyvetilebis ufleba mas ekuTvnis, vinaidan heqtors araferi esmis marketing
Si. Tu isini ver SeTanxmdnen, maSin partniorobis dasasrulis alternativa is iqneba, rom erTerTi maTgani sruluflebiani xelmZRvaneli gaxdeba.
heqtori ambobs: `modi, gadawyvetilebas me miviReb. garantias gaZlev, rom saaTSi 15 dolars
da, amas garda, Seni investiciebidan 10%-ian mogebas miiReb~. Tu aqilevsi mzadaa sagamofeno dar
bazSi saaTSi 15 dolarad imuSaos da miiRos Tavisi investiciebidan 10%-iani mogeba, amasTan, Tu
mas miaCnia, rom heqtori sakuTar valdebulebebs Seasrulebs, maSin, SesaZloa, ase upasuxos
`kargi, mase iyos, Tumca me mainc vfiqrob, rom Sen cdebi. icode, Tu Sen amas ver gaakeTeb, es Sen
Tvis sikvdilis tolfasi iqneba~. amrigad, aqilevsma heqtori xelmZRvanelad cno. heqtorma kon
traqti dado aqilevsis momsaxure
baze da saboloo gadawyvetilebis mimRebi gaxda. Tu misi
varaudi amjerad ar gamarTlda, mTlian danakargebs is ganicdis, xolo Tu gamarTlda, mTlian
mogebas iRebs.

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ganvixiloT sxva magaliTi. maRaziaSi naxeT mSvenieri Camofasebuli svitri, romelmac Tvali
mogWraT da gadawyviteT misi SeZena. saxlSi dabrunebisas aRmoCnda, rom is odnav patara gaqvT.
svitri maRaziaSi daabruneT da aRmoaCineT, rom mxedvelobidan gamogrCaT warwera: `fasdakle
bis dros saqonlis dabruneba da gacvla akrZalulia~.
gamyidveli Zalian wuxs, magram svitris dabruneba an gacvla ar SeuZlia. Tqven aRSfoTebuli
eubnebiT, rom am maRaziis mudmivi klienti xarT da aq sakmao fuls xarjavT. gamyidveli kidev
ufro metad wuxs, magram ambobs, rom amis ufleba ara aqvs. Tqven kidev ufro cxardebiT, is ki
geubnebaT `Cems ufross daelaparakeT~.
ufrosic wuxs, magram gpasuxobT, rom fasdakleba imitom Caatara, rom svitrebis mTlianad
gayidva surda, ris gamoc svitrs imave fasad ver daibrunebs. Tan swored amitom brZana, gamafr
Txilebeli gancxadeba gamoekraT. saerTodac, maRazia SeRavaTian fasad gayidul saqonels ara
sodes ibrunebs. Tqven sastikad brazdebiT da eubnebiT, rom yovelwliurad am maRaziaSi asobiT
dolars xarjavT. ufrosi gnebdebaT da nebas grTavT, rom svitri gadacvaloT, magram, samwuxa
rod, Tqveni zomis svitris feri ar gawyobT. ufrosi geubnebaT, rom fulis dabruneba mxolod
sakuTari jibidan SeuZlia, vinaidan kompiuteriT amis gakeTeba ar SeiZleba. `es maRaziis poli
tikaa da me verafers Sevcvli~ _ wuxs igi.

saboloo gadawyvetilebis mimRebi erTaderTia, visac aqvs imis

stimuli, rom gaiTvaliswinos yvelaferi, rac ki dakavSirebulia
danaxarjebTan da SemosavalTan
`es araswori politikaa, damalaparakeT maRaziis mflobelTan~, _ pasuxobT Tqven. magram ratom
gsurT maRaziis mflobelTan saubari? imitom, rom es aris is, visTanac winaaRmdegoba mTavrdeba. is
ar mTavrdeba `maRaziis politikasTan~ dapirispirebiT. maRaziis politikas viRac marTavs. Tu es
politika ufro didi politikis Semadgeneli nawilia, maSin am ukanasknelsac viRac sxva marTavs.
Tqven swored am didi politikis ganmsazRvrelis naxva gsurT. Tqven gsurT, miaRwioT im pirovne
bamde, romelsac saboloo pasuxismgebloba akisria. Tqven gsurT daumtkicoT, rom Tanxa, romelsac
ar gibruneben, bevrad naklebia imasTan SedarebiT, rasac dakargaven, Tu Tqven ukmayofilo darCe
biT. pirovneba, visTvisac amis damtkiceba gsurT, aris is, vinc maRaziasTan dakavSirebul yvela dana
xarjsa da mogebas ganagebs. swored isaa saboloo gadawyvetilebis mimRebi.
`damalaparakeT mflobels~ _ niSnavs nawilidan mTelze gadasvlas. Tqven gsurT daelapara
koT pirovnebas, romelsac amoZravebs stimuli, ganixilos yvelaferi, rac mis saqmianobas Seexe
ba, ivaraudos momavali Sedegebi, Seadginos mogebisa da danakargebis balansi. mxolod mas aqvs
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis upiratesoba da am aRweras mxolod saboloo gadawyvetilebis mim
Rebi Seesatyviseba.

aramomgebiani institutebi
saboloo gadawyvetilebis mimRebebi yvela im sazogadoebis mTavari moqmedi pirebi arian,
romelTac axasiaTebT maRali specializacia da gacvla. is institutebi, romlebsac ara hyavT
saboloo gadawyvetilebis mimRebni, uaresad funqcionireben, vidre isini, romelTac amgvari
xalxi hyavs. ganvixiloT, magaliTad, rigSi mdgomi myidvelebis SemTxveva. rogorc me-4 TavSi
aRvniSneT, rigSi dgomisas myidvelebi ganicdian drois danakargs, magram arc gamyidvelebi iRe
ben mogebas. rigSi dgomis gamo mcirdeba moTxovnis raodenoba, vinaidan es myidvelTa realur
danaxarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli. ramdenjer gamobrunebulxarT da sxvagan wasulxarT, rodesac
didi rigi daginaxavT? ratom ar iReben gamyidvelebi zomebs rigebis Sesamcireblad? SesaZloa
es imitom xdeba, rom rigis Semcirebis zRvruli danaxarjebi mosalodnel zRvrul Semosavals
gadaaWarbebs. magram es SeiZleba imis bralic iyos, rom aseT dros saboloo gadawyvetilebis mim
Rebi adgilze ar imyofeba. aq aravinaa iseTi, visac imisi stimuli aqvs, rom Seafasos yvela danax
arji da Semosavali da Sesabamisad marTos situacia.
swored amitomaa grZeli rigebi safosto ganyofilebebSi da ara sasursaTo maRaziebSi. fos
tis TanamSromlebi daaxloebiT iseve ixarjebian, rogorc sasursaTo maRaziebis molareebi. gan
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sxvaveba ki imis Sedegia, rom sasursaTo maRaziis politikas awesebs saboloo gadawyvetilebis
mimRebi, romelsac imis stimuli aqvs, rom gamoTvalos grZeli rigebis da damatebiTi molare
ebis daqiravebis danaxarjebi da imoqmedos am danaxarjebis Sedarebis safuZvelze. safosto gan
yofilebebSi da, saerTod, safosto momsaxurebaSi aseTi saboloo gadawyvetilebis mimRebi ar
arsebobs.
aramomgebian institutebs ar hyavT saboloo gadawyvetilebis mimRebi da xSirad amitomacaa
maTi mdgomareoba savalalo. Tu amis magaliTi gsurT, gaixseneT TqvenTvis nacnobi koleji an
universiteti. kolejebi da universitetebi bevr `sisuleles~ sCadian, vinaidan aravin aris
iseTi, visac aqvs stimuli, rom erTmaneTs Seadaros mimdinare politikisa da misi SecvlisTvis
saWiro qmedebebis danaxarjebi. sityva `sisulele~ mxolod yuradRebis gamaxvilebis mizniT
gamoviyeneT. sinamdvileSi, kolejebs da universitetebs ar hyavT saboloo gadawyvetilebis mim
Rebebi da, aqedan gamomdinare, ara aqvT gonivrulad mmarTveli centrebi.
`sisulelis~ kidev erTi standartuli magaliTia is, ris Sesaxebac icis yvelam, visac saqme
hqonia aramomgebian institutebTan. es aris sabiujeto periodis dasrulebisas atexili faci
fuci, rodesac departamentis menejerebi cdiloben biujetis TiToeuli centis daxarjvas;
ratom xdeba es? `Tu ar davxarjeT, davkargavT~ ismis pasuxad. departamenti, romelsac sabiu
jeto wlis bolos 1000 dolari aqvs, kargavs ori adamianis sasiamovno mogzaurobis SesaZleblo
bas. es fuli SeiZleboda, friad saWiro SesyidvebisTvis sxva departaments gamoeyenebina, magram
pirveli departamentis xelmZRvanelobisTvis sasiamovno mogzaurobis mniSvneloba bevrad me
tia, vidre meore departamentisTvis aucilebeli Sesyidvebi.
visa aqvs am SemTxvevaSi ufleba da stimuli, gansazRvros organizaciis mTliani realuri
mogeba am mogzaurobisa da aucilebeli Sesyidvebisgan, anu imis ufleba, rom Sesabamisad
gadaanawilos es 1000 dolari? kolejisa da universitetis administraciam icis, rom gadaxarjva
xSiri movlenaa. aseve ician es aramomgebiani institutebis, maT Soris, samTavrobo institutebis
xelmZRvanelebma, magram, saboloo gadawyvetilebis mimRebis gareSe, am situaciis Secvla aravis
SeuZlia.

socializmidan kapitalizmSi gardamavali periodi

SesaZloa, swored es iyo centralizebulad dagegmili ekonomikis im kraxis mizezi, romelic
ekonomistebma saukuniT adre iwinaswarmetyveles, magram yvelasTvis cxadi mxolod 1980-iani
wlebis bolosTvis Seiqna. centra
lizebuli dagegmvis istoria savsea cnobebiT usargeblo
nivTebis uzarmazari danaxarjebiT warmoebis Sesaxeb, alternatiuli Rirebulebebis
gauTvaliswineblad. manqana-danadgarebi mzaddeboda saTadarigo nawilebis gareSe, rac maTi
gamoyenebis saSualebas ar iZleoda. mosavali Zalian mcire iyo, vinaidan ar xdeboda daTesvis da
kultivaciis Sesaxeb koordinirebuli gadawyvetilebebis miReba. ekonomia produqciis dabal
xarisxSi gamovlindeboda, ris gamoc es produqcia, ZiriTadad, jarTad iqceoda. arsebobda
lursmnebis qarxana, romelic pawawina lursmnebs awarmoebda imis gamo, rom lursmnebis raode
noba gegmiT iyo gansazRvruli da qarxana, romelic weliwadSi erT uzarmazar lursmans amzadeb
da, vinaidan gegma mxolod warmoebuli lursmnis wonas gansazRvravda.
lursmnebis swori asortimenti isaa, romelic alternatiuli sawarmoo strategiis Sedegia,
anu im strategiisa, romelic yvela xarjsa da yvela mogebas iTvaliswinebs. swori asortimentis
SekveTa moxdeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac erTdroulad iarsebeben stimuli da uflebe
bi, romelTac saboloo gadawyvetilebis mimRebze dafuZnebuli sistema mouyris Tavs.
nebismieri sazogadoeba, romelic oficialurad gmobs mogebas, rogorc Sromis eqspluataci
idan miRebul zedmet Rirebulebas, xels uSlis gadawyvetilebis mimRebi sistemis ganviTarebas.
is xels uSlis adamianebs, sakuTar Tavze aiRon mewarmis funqcia, ukrZalavs SeTanxmebebs,
romelic maT saSualebas miscemda mewarmeebad qceuliyvnen, is ar miscems heqtors uflebas, Seu
Tanxmdes aqilevss, vinaidan heqtori am SemTxvevaSi `kapitalistad~ gadaiqceva, xolo aqilevsi
eqspluatirebul muSad darCeba. yvelaze cudi isaa, rom aseTi sazogadoeba ganviTarebis saSu
alebas ar aZlevs im institutebs, romlebic xels Seuwyoben SeTanxmebebs da daicaven molapara
kebebs.

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aseTi institutebis ararseboba xels uSlis yofil ssrk-Si sabazro sistemis Camoyalibebas.
axal respublikebs ar gaaCniaT ZiriTadi institutebi, romlebic `kapitalistur~ sazogadoeba
Si gardamavali periodis danaxarjebs uzrunvelyofen da adamianebs saSualebas aZleven Camoaya
libon axali urTierTobebi. raTa davinaxoT, ramdenad rTulia am SeTanxmebebis miRweva, unda
gadavxedoT `Wall Street Journal~-s, gansakuTrebiT, rubrikas `fuli da investiciebi~. SeTanxmeba
rTulia ara imitom, rom eqspertebs surT, umecrebaSi gvamyofon, aramed imitom, rom insti
tutebi, rogorc komerciuli sazogadoebis wevrebi, cdiloben naklebdanaxarjiani gzebis
gamoZebnas, raTa dadon SeTanxmebebi da uzrunvelyon maTi Sesruleba. bankebis, sadazRvevo kom
paniebis, brokerebis, sakonsultacio saagentoebis, sabuRaltro firmebis, salizingo kompanie
bis da sxva institutis movaleobaa, xeli Seuwyos sazogadoebaSi sakuTrebis uflebis dawesebas,
miwis sakuTrebis kanonis ZiriTadi sakanonmdeblo aqtis Seqmnas, im moraluri principebis dawe
sebas, romlebic `TamaSis axal wesebs~ qmnis.
socializmidan kapitalizmze warmatebuli gadasvla aranakleb dros moiTxovs, vidre am ins
titutebis mSeneblobas sWirdeba da aranakleb rTulia, vidre am institutebis warmatebuli
ganviTareba. es gadasvla ver iqneba warmatebuli, Tu xalxis moTminebis fiala manamde aivso, sa
nam am institutebis sakmarisi raodenoba Camoyalibdeba.
sazogadoeba, romelic mogebas krZalavs, Tavisi
wevrebis pasuxismgeblobas asustebs
SevajamoT: mwarmoeblebi sazogadoebis cvlilebis ganmaxorcielebeli agentebi arian. es is
xalxia, visac gacnobierebuli aqvs gansxvaveba imaT Soris, rac aris da rac unda iyos, agreTve am
gansxvavebis aRmofxvrisgan miRebuli mogebis SesaZleblobebi. isini aweseben kontrols im
resursebze, romlebic unda gamoiyenon da am resursebs mflobelebisgan qiraoben. mflobelebi
Tmoben sakuTari resursebis kontrolis uflebas, mwarmoebelTa mxridan gadaxdili Tanxebis
sanacvlod. am gadasaxadebis jami mwarmoebelTa danaxarjebia. sxvaoba am danaxarjebsa da mwar
moebelTa proeqtebisagan miRebul mogebas Soris aris mwarmoebelTa mogeba (an wageba, im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu maTi varaudi mcdari aRmoCnda).

amas yvela akeTebs

erTi wuTiT SevCerdeT da cneba `mogeba~ (da wageba) gavaTavisufloT iseTi SemzRudveli asocia
ciebisagan, romlebic SeiZleba Cveni msjelobisas warmoiSvas. mogeba da wageba SeiZleba hqondes yve
las da ara mxolod firmebs an im adamianebs, romlebic investiciebs finansur aqtivebSi deben.
ganvixiloT juzepe vibratos sevdiani istoria. juzepe sami weliwadia konservatoriaSi swav
lobs im imediT, rom karieras operaSi gaikeTebs. daaxloebiT im momentisTvis, rodesac juzepe kon
servatorias amTavrebs, sazogadoeba mTlianad kargavs interess operis mimarT da juzepe zaralobs,
magram ar Rirs am zaralis Zalian gamuqeba, vinaidan juzepes, SesaZloa, arcTu mcire ukugeba mieRo
musikalur ganaTlebaSi investiciebis CadebiT _ igi xom amdeni wlis ganmavlobaSi usmenda verdisa
da vagneris ariebs. ganaTlebas SeuZlia adamianebi moamaragos ara marto Rirebuli sabazro Cveve
biT, aramed imiTac, rom SeZlon sicocxliT tkboba. oRond, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom juzepe sami
wlis ganmavlobaSi swavlis safasurs ixdida da momavali Semosavlis imediT uars ambobda sakuTar
Semosavalze, maSin SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sazogadoebis gemovnebis cvlilebis Sedegad juzepem bev
ri dakarga.
danakargebs ganicdian aerokosmonavtikis inJinrebic, rodesac federaluri mTavroba kosmosur
programebs kvecs, kolejis profesorebi ageben, rodesac federaluri mTavroba iRebs umaRlesi ga
naTlebisTvis damatebiTi Tanxebis gamoyofis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas, mwerali iRebs mogebas,
rodesac iseT wigns wers, romelic mkiTxvelis yuradRebis centrSi eqceva, didad ganswavluli as
trologebi ganicdian danakargebs, rodesac adamianebs aRar sjeraT imisa, rom varskvlavebi maT
beds gansazRvraven (miaqcieT yuradReba bolo magaliTs astrologiis zogierTi mimdevari dResac
mogebaSia, vinaidan ukanasknel xans isev gaizarda interesi Zveli Sexedulebebis mimarT).
yvela am magaliTSi saqme fulad Semosavals exeba, magram mogeba da wageba aucileblad araa dakav
Sirebuli fuladi simdidris cvlilebasTan. moTxilamure, romelic mTaze avida da iq cudi amindi
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daxvda, danakargebs ganicdis, magram Tu dabrunebisas dardis gasaqarveblad restoranSi Seva da iq

Tavis momaval meuRles gaicnobs, maSin mogebas miiRebs. Tu ramdenime wlis Semdeg aRmoCndeba, rom
misi coli kidev ufro Wkviani da sasiamovno qalia, vidre Tavidan egona, maSin misi mogeba gaizrdeba.
dasasrul, wvimiani samTo kurortidan miRebuli mogeba maqsimums aRwevs, rodesac col-qmars pa
tara angelozis msgavsi arseba gauCndeba, romelic maT cxovrebas bednierebiT avsebs. es magaliTebi
Segvaxsenebs, rom mogebas cxovrebis yvela sferoSi vxvdebiT da, rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania, isini
umetes SemTxvevaSi, dakavSirebulia SorsmWvretelobasa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis unarTan.

konkurenciis SezRudva
iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos mogebis analizisas mxedvelobidan gamogvrCa garkveuli mniSv
nelovani detali. Tu mogeba yovelTvis ganuzRvrelobis Sedegia, maSin risken miiswrafodnen
gansakuTrebuli interesebis mqone jgufebi, romlebzec wina TavSi visaubreT? ris miRebas la
moben eqimebis, santeqnikosebis, fermerebis, mfrinavebis, eqTnebis an mSeneblebis asociaciebi,
rodesac mTavrobas sTxoven, maT sferoSi konkurencia SezRudos? isini namdvilad ar eswra
fvian ganuzRvrelobas. piriqiT, cdiloben SezRudon ganuzRvreloba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, saku
Tari TavisTvis mainc, fasebis Semcirebasa da dargSi konkurentebis Semosvlis SewinaaRmdege
biT. Tu warmatebas miaRweven, gana garantirebul mogebas ar miiReben? xolo garantiebi da
ganuzRvreloba sxvadasxva polusebia. yuradRebiT davakvirdeT, marTlac uqmnis Tu ara konku
renciis SezRudva niadags imas, rasac garantirebuli mogeba SeiZleba vuwodoT.
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven, SemTxveviT, anu drois, Zalisxmevisa da sxva resursebis daxarjvis
gareSe, gamoigoneT gaumjobesebuli saTaguri, romlis naxazi Tevzaobisas SeadgineT. mTavroba
afasebs Tqveni gamogonebis mniSvnelobas, gaZlevT patents, ris Semdegac momavali warmoebis da
gegmvas iwyebT. vinaidan mTeli msoflio mzadaa, daukavSirdes mas, vinc gaumjobesebul saTagurs
gamoigonebs da imitom, rom Tqveni patenti krZalavs 17 wlis ganmavlobaSi sxvebis mier mis ga
moyenebas, Tqven mdidrdebiT. pirveli wlis Sedegebi sasixarulo prognozebs adasturebs: moge
bam 100 000 dolari Seadgina da SegiZliaT, momavali 16 wlis ganmavlobaSi, yovelwliurad 100 000
dolaris molodinSi iyoT. TiTqos es sakmarisad garantirebuli mogebaa. magram davakvirdeT
movlenaTa msvlelobas.
ra aris Tqveni mogebis wyaro? ra Tqma unda, es Tqveni patentia, romelic xels uSlis konku
rentebs, Seamciron sxvaoba Tqvens mTlian Semosavalsa da mTlian danaxarjebs Soris, magram swo
rad gamoiangariSeT Tu ara am gaumjobesebuli saTaguris warmoebis danaxarjebi?

konkurencia sxva frontebze

Tu patents yovelwliurad TqvenTvis garantirebuli 100 000 dolaris mogeba moaqvs, gana misi
floba aseTsave Semosavals ar moutans sxvasac? marTlac, gana patents meti fasi ar eqneba da 100
000 dolarze mets ar moutans imas, vinc mTeli cxovreba saTagurebs awarmoebda da Tqvenze gaci
lebiT ukeT erkveva mis warmoebasa da gasaRebaSi? amitom, imaT Soris, vinc Tavqudmoglejili
gamoiqceva TqvenTan, rodesac gaumjobesebul saTagurs gamoigonebT, albaT iqnebian, saTagure
bis damzadebis gamocdili specialistebi, romlebic moindomeben Tqveni patentis SeZenas an li
cenziis aRebas. amis Sedegad Tqven aRmoaCenT, rom, Tu uars ityviT patentis gayidvasa an licen
ziis gacemaze da gaumjobesebuli saTagurebis erTaderT damamzadeblad darCebiT, maSin
danaxarjebs Tqvens mier uaryofili SesaZleblobebis Rirebulebac daemateba.
davuSvaT, saTagurebis gamocdili damamzadebeli romelime firma gTavazobT, rom patenti
milionnaxevar dolarad miyidoT. saidan aiRo man es cifri? firmas SeeZlo gaeTvala, rom Tqveni
patenti saSualebas miscems gazardos wliuri Semosavali minimum 200 000 dolariT. Tu iseT, Se
darebiT usafrTxo investiciebSi fulis Cadebisas, rogoricaa aSS-s mTavrobis obligaciebi,
ukugebis mimdinare norma 7%-is tolia, maSin Tqveni patenti, romlis fasic erTnaxevari milio
nia, kargi sainvesticio obieqti iqneba _ is wliur 13%-ian Semosavals iZleva. ra Tqma unda, fir
mas erCivna, patentis nakleb fasad SeeZina. 1,2 milionis SemTxvevaSi 200 000 ukve wliur 16,67%-s
niSnavs. magram arseboben saTaguris sxva damamzadeblebic. maTTvis 16,67% Semosavali iseTi ga
rigebaa, romelsac xelidan ar gauSveben aseTi vaWrobis Sedegad fasi 1,5 milionamde izrdeba.
aseTia procesi, romlis meSveobiTac ganisazRvreba Tqveni patentis sabazro Rirebuleba.
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rodesac ganuzRvreloba qreba, konkurentuli vaWrobis Sedegad miRebuli

mogeba gadaiqceva warmoebis danaxarjebad
rogor aisaxeba yovelive es Tqvens yovelwliur 100000-dolarian mogebaze? sinamdvileSi
Tqveni mogeba danakargad iqceva. gesmiT Tu ara, rogor da ratom xdeba ase? rodesac, saTagure
bis damamzadeblebs Soris konkurenciis gamo, Tqveni patenti 1,5 milion dolarad fasdeba, saTa
gurebis damzadebis gagrZelebis danaxarjebi yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 105000 dolariT izr
deba: es aris Semosavali, romelzec uars ambobT, Tu winaaRmdegi xarT patentis gayidvasa da
miRebuli Tanxebis saxelmwifo obligaciebSi Cadebaze. moxda Semdegi: rodesac xma dairxa, rom
Tqveni patentis flobas garantirebuli mogeba moaqvs, anu wliuri Semosavali, romelic dana
xarjebze metia, potenciurma mflobelebma daiwyes vaWroba patentis mosapoveblad. maTma va
Wrobam Tqveni mogeba warmoebis danaxarjebad gadaaqcia im SesaZleblobis fasad, romelic
daTmeT, rodesac gayidvaze uari ganacxadeT.
ra mosdis firmas, romelmac Tqveni patenti iyida? miiRebs Tu ara igi momavalSi mogebas? Se
saZloa, asec moxdes. Tu movlenebi ise ganviTarda, rogorc firma varaudobda da misi mogeba
yovelwliurad 200000 dolariT gaizarda, maSin Tqveni patentis SeZenis gadawyvetileba marTe
buli yofila. ra Tqma unda, am orasi aTasi dolaris naxevarze meti warmoebis xarjebi iqneba _ is
Semosavali, romelzec firmam uari ganacxada, rodesac 1,5 milioni dolari patentis SesaZenad
daxarja da saxelmwifo obligaciebSi ar daabanda. danarCeni SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas, rogorc
namdvili mogeba, rogorc myidveli firmisTvis patentis namdvili Rirebulebis mimarT sawyisi
ganuzRvrelobis Sedegi, Semosavali, romelic miiRo firmam Tqveni patentis SeZenisa da gamoye
nebis iniciativisTvis.
aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom aRwerili konkurentuli procesi maSinve ganaxldeba, rogorc
ki mogeba SedarebiT garantirebuli gaxdeba. sxva firmebs SeuZliaT ganaaxlon patentze vaWroba
da misi fasi 1,5 milionze metad gazardon. es patenti 1,5 milioni mxolod am firmisTvis rom Rir
des, es imis mimaniSnebeli iqneboda, rom firma raRac damatebiT unikalur resursebs iyenebs
SesaZloa, marketingis menejers, romelic gansakuTrebuli niWiTaa dajildoebuli da iseT
reklamas amzadebs, romelic momxmarebels Tagvebis winaSe SiSs aRuZravs. am SemTxvevaSi konku
rentuli vaWrobis Sedegad am damatebiTi resursis fasi gaizrdeba, rodesac sxva firmebis mov
lenebs gaaanalizeben da am `momgebiani~ resursis xelSi Cagdebas Seecdebian. Tuki firma iZule
bulia meti gadauxados marketingis menejers, raTa misi momsaxurebiT sargebloba ganagrZos,
misi `mogebis~ wili saxelfaso danaxarjebis namatad gadaiqceva.
aseTi movlenebi yvela dargSi xdeba da maT danaxvas SevZlebT, Tu gvecodineba, ras unda da
vakvirdeT.

konkurencia ZiriTad resursebze

xorblis maRali fasis daweseba xorblis
moyvanis danaxarjebs zrdis
rodesac mTavroba cdilobs fermerebis Semosavlis gazrdas da xorblis maRal fass awesebs,
miwa ufro Rirebuli xdeba da, Sesabamisad, misi fasic izrdeba. fermer-moijareebi met qiras ix
dian, xolo is fermerebi, romelTac miwis nakveTebis SeZena surT, iZulebulni arian, amisTvis
meti gadaixadon. fermerebis `mogebis~ zrda, romelic mTavrobis aseTi qmedebis mizani iyo,
iwvevs xorblis warmoebis danaxarjebis zrdas, rac miwis gamoyenebis danaxarjebis zrdiTaa gan
pirobebuli. es procesi maSinve daiwyeba, rogorc ki mTavrobis mier miRebuli zomebi gaxmaur
deba. am zomebis Sedegad, sargeblobas miiReben isini, vinc miwas flobda manam, vidre mTavrobis
es gadawyvetileba yvelasaTvis cnobili gaxdeboda. fasebis xelovnuri zrdis Sedegad warmoqm
nili mogeba darCeba mas, visac, iRblisa Tu SorsmWvretelobis gamo, saTanado periodSi sa
kuTrebis Sesabamisi uflebebi hqonda.

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romelime saqmianobis SemzRudveli licenziebi am

saqmianobis danaxarjebis zrdas iwvevs
rodesac taqsebis mflobelebi adgilobriv mTavrobas qalaqSi muSaobis licenziis mqone taqsebis
raodenobis Semcirebas aiZuleben, licenziis floba ufro Rirebuli xdeba. am SemTxvevaSi licen
ziis misaRebad dawyebuli konkurencia licenziis fass manamde zrdis, sanam taqsebis gamoyenebas da
naxarjebi, licenziis SenarCunebis an yidvis alternatiuli Rirebulebis CaTvliT, ar gautoldeba
gamoyenebidan miRebul Semosavals. es imas ar niSnavs, TiTqos taqsis mflobelebi am lobisturi kam
paniidan mogebas ar miiReben. maT, visac licenziebi im momentamde hqondaT, rodesac sxvebma SemzRu
davi zomebis miRebis Sesaxeb Seityves, mogeba miiRes licenziebis Rirebulebis gazrdis Sedegad. es
zrda maTi mogebaa da swored amis imedi hqondaT, rodesac lobistur kampanias iwyebdnen, magram,
rogorc ki lobisturi Zalisxmeva warmatebiT dasruldeba, taqsebis eqspluatacia gaZvirdeba, vi
naidan taqsis mflobelebs ZviradRirebuli licenziebis SeZena mouwevT.
did qalaqSi zemaRali sixSiris satelevizio arxis gamoyenebis ufleba metad Rirebuli sa
kuTrebis uflebaa. kavSirgabmulobis federaluri komisia am uflebas mxolod imaT rom aZlevdes,
vinc umaRles fass SesTavazebs, mTavroba sakmaod did Tanxas miiRebda, xolo telearxis gamoyenebis
gan miRebuli `mogeba~ telekompaniis saqmianobis danaxarji gaxdeboda. sinamdvileSi komisia zogi
erTi arxiT sargeblobis uflebas ufasod iZleva sakmaod bundovani kriteriumebis safuZvelze,
romlebic dakavSirebulia konkurenti kandidatebis RirsebebTan da sazogadoebisTvis sasargeblo
samomavlo dapirebebTan. amis Sedegad, kandidatebi konkurencias iuristebis, buRaltrebis da
sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis yvelanairi specialistebis meSveobiT ewevian, raTa gavlena moaxdi
non kavSirgabmulobis federaluri komisiis gadawyvetilebebze. mocemul SemTxvevaSi `mogebis~
Semqmnel kritikul resurss am komisiis gadawyvetileba warmoadgens, konkurencia ki mimarTulia am
gadawyvetilebaze kontrolis misaRwevad. telearxis miRebis `mogeba~, amgvarad, politikuri ze
wolis danaxarjebad gadaiqceva.

konkurencia da sakuTrebis ufleba

mogeba da wageba ganuzRvrelobis Sedegia da mis gareSe ar arsebobs. iq, sadac yvelaferi
zustadaa cnobili, mogebisTvis gamarTuli konkurencia am mogebas Tavadve spobs is an mogebas
amcirebs, an danaxarjebs zrdis. aseT daskvnaSi araferia gasaocari igi logikurad gamomdina
reobs mogebisa da danaxarjebis Cveneuli gansazRvridan. is, rac namdvilad mniSvnelovania da
ris axsnasac am TavSi SevecadeT, aris forma, romelsac SesaZlo mogebis misaRebad Rebulobs
konkurencia da Sesabamisi socialuri Sedegebi.
ubiZgebs ki mogebis survili adamianebs imisken, rom gaumjobesebuli saTagurebi daamzadon,
Tu imisken, rom ibrZolon, raTa maT teritoriaze sxvisi saTagurebi ar gaiyidos? aseTi survili
met xorbals moitans, Tu miwis fass gazrdis? samomxmareblo fasebi gaiafdeba, Tu mniSvnelovani
resursebis mflobelebis Semosavlebi gaizrdeba? taqsiT mgzavrobis fasebi gaizrdeba, Tu mom
saxureba gaumjobesdeba? axali mecnieruli kvlevebi waxalisdeba Tu SeizRudeba? pasuxebi gani
sazRvreba `TamaSis wesebiT~ da sakuTrebis uflebaTa sistemiT, romelsac isini qmnian.

damateba: diskontireba da mimdinare Rirebulebebi

Tu wliuri ganakveTis arsebuli sargebeli asaxavs gazrdil Rirebulebas, romelsac adamianebi
maT xelT arsebul saqonels im saqonelTan SedarebiT miaweren, romelic erTi wlis Semdeg eqnebaT,
maSin im saqonlis dRevandeli Rirebulebis gansazRvrisaTvis, romelic mxolod erTi wlis Semdeg
eqnebaT, aucilebelia misi Rirebulebis diskontireba sargeblis ganakveTis mixedviT.
diskontirebis procesi, romelic momavali saqonlis dRevandeli Rirebulebis gansazRvris sa
Sualebas iZleva, ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. am proce
sis aTviseba saSualebas mogcemT, ukeT gaigoT momaval TavebSi moyvanili msjeloba da gagacnobT
finansur da saqmian samyaroSi farTod gamoyenebul procedurebs.
davuSvaT, rom aivi koleji, romelsac me-9 TavSi gaecaniT, sanimuSo umaRlesi saswavlebelia, ro
melic pirvelkurselebis mSoblebs ganaTlebis xarjebis stabilizacias sTavazobs. administracia
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amtkicebs, rom swavlis qira, romelic amJamad 4,000 dolaria, inflaciis gamo yovelwliurad gaiz
rdeba. ufro metic, koleji acxadebs, rom ganzraxuli aqvs momavali sami wlis ganmavlobaSi swavlis
fasis yovelwliurad 400 dolariT gazrda. amave dros stabilizaciis programis monawileebs gansa
kuTrebul pirobebs sTavazoben. pirveli wlis seqtemberSi maT unda Seitanon 16,000 dolari, Semdeg
ki ukve arafers ixdian. kolejis ferad sareklamo broSuraSi naTqvamia, rom am programis monawilee
bi Svilebis ganaTlebaze 2,400 dolars dazogaven. koleji amas 15 procentian ekonomias uwodebs.
marTlac naklebia Tu ara dRevandeli 16,000 dolari, vidre 4,000 wels, 4,400 momaval wels,
4,800 erTi wlis Semdeg da 5,200 ori wlis Semdeg? ukanaskneli sami Tanxa momavalSi unda iqnas
gadaxdili da momavali Tanxebi, iseve, rogorc nebismieri saqoneli, diskontirebul unda iqnas, raTa
maTi dRevandeli Rirebuleba gavigoT. sargeblis rogori ganakveTi unda gamoviyenoT? am kiTxvaze
pasuxis gasacemad ganvsazRvroT mSoblebis mier aivi kolejisTvis sesxad micemuli fulis alterna
tiuli Rirebuleba. mSoblebi kolejs sesxs aZleven, vinaidan swavlis qiras winaswar ixdian. meore
kursze swavlebis safasuri 4,000 dolari erTi wliT gaicema sesxad, mesame kursis 4,000 dolari
ori wliT, damamTavrebeli kursis 4,000 dolari ki sami wliT. rogoria am Tanxebis gamoyenebis
alternatiuli SesaZleblobebi?

sadamde izrdeba dRevandeli Tanxa?

davuSvaT, fulis misaRebad mSoblebi yidian aqciebs, romelTac, Cveulebriv pirobebSi, divi
dendebisa da aqciebis sakurso Rirebulebis zrdis gamo wliuri 12%-iani Semosavali moaqvs. es
imas niSnavs, rom aivi kolejisTvis erTi wliT 4,000 dolaris sesxebis alternatiuli Rirebule
ba 480 dolaria. es 480 dolari ixarjeba imaze, raTa Tavidan aicilon swavlebis xarjebis 400
dolariT zrda _ rogorc vxedavT, arcTu saxarbielo garigebaa. ufro uaresia meore wlis ses
xi: ori wlis ganmavlobaSi 4,000 dolari, 12%-iani zrdis pirobebSi, gaizrdeba
4,000x1,12x1,12=5,017.60 dolaramde. moqmedebs sargeblis progresuli ganakveTis efeqti, ro
melic samwlian sesxs kidev ufro naklebmimzidvels xdis. imisaTvis, rom Tavidan aicilon maRal
kursebze swavlis damatebiTi xarjebi, romlebic 1,200 dolaris tolia, mSoblebi uars amboben
1,619.71 dolarze, romlis miRebac aqciebidan SeeZloT, vinaidan 4,000x1,123=5619.71.

momavali Tanxebis dRevandeli Rirebuleba

Cven gavaanalizeT aivi kolejis winadadeba da gamoviTvaleT, rogor gaizrdeba dRevandeli Tanxa uku
gebis Sesabamisi normis SemTxvevaSi, erT, or da sam weliwadSi. imave daskvnamde mivalT, Tu process uku
mimarTulebiT ganvixilavT. rogoria im 4,400 dolaris dRevandeli Rirebuleba, romlis gadaxdac erTi
wlis Semdegaa saWiro? anu, dRevandeli Tanxis ra raodenoba gaizrdeba zustad 4,400 dolaramde erTi
wlis Semdeg, 12%-iani investiciebisas? pasuxi iqneba _ 4,400 gayofili 1,12-ze, anu 3,928.57. es imas niSnavs,
rom meore wlis gadasaxadis winaswar gadaxdiT mSoblebi uars amboben dRevandel 4,000 dolarze, ris Sede
gadac am Tanxis dRevandel Rirebulebaze 70 dolariT naklebs zogaven. im 4,800 dolaris dRevandeli Ri
rebuleba, romelic ori wlis Semdeg unda gadaixadon, aris 4,800/(1,12x1,12)=3,826.53, rac 175 dolariT nak
lebia imaze, rasac mSoblebi sinamdvileSi ixdian. Tu 5,200 dolars 1,123-ze gavyofT, miviRebT Tanxas,
romlis dRevandeli Rirebuleba mxolod 3,701.26 dolaris tolia.
adamianebi, romlebic aseT gaTvlebs awarmoeben, iyeneben cxrilebs, romlebic maT saSualebas
aZlevs, swrafad gamoTvalon, rogor gaizrdeba momavalSi dRevandeli Tanxebi, anu rogoria momavali
fulis dRevandeli Rirebuleba. momdevno gverdebze sami aseTi cxrilia moyvanili. aq gakeTebuli
daskvnebis Sesamowmeblad SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT 11-1 da 11-2 cxrilebi. es imis saSualebasac mogcemT,
rom ivarjiSoT aseTi cxrilebis gamoyenebaSi, sanam Tavad ar SeZlebT aseTive Sedegebis miRebas. 11.3
cxrilis gasagebad kidev erTi problema unda ganvixiloT.

wliuri Semosavlebis dRevandeli Rirebuleba

ramdens gadaixdis saTagurebis damamzadebeli firma im patentSi, romelic mas, SesaZloa, yo
velwliurad damatebiT 200,000 dolars moutans momavali 17 wlis ganmavlobaSi? albaT imaze
naklebs, rasac udris 17-isa da 200,000-is namravli, anu 3,4 mln. dolarze naklebs. Tu SesaZlebe
lia fulis investireba aSS-s saxelmwifo obligaciebSi, romlebsac yovelwliurad 7%-iani mo

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geba moaqvs, maSin 3,4 mln. dolaridan miRebuli yovelwliuri sargebeli 238,000 dolari iqneba,
rac gacilebiT metia, vidre yovelwliuri 200,000 dolari. ufro metic, am 238,000 dolaris miRe
ba usasrulod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iqneba SesaZlebeli, xolo 200,000 dolaris miReba 17 wlis
Semdeg Sewydeba. amitom saTagurebis damamzadebeli albaT mzad ar iqneba, rom saTaguris pa
tentSi 3,4 mln. dolari gadaixados.
maqsimaluri Tanxa, romlis gadaxdisTvisac is mzad iqneba, aris dRevandeli Rirebuleba
200,000 dolarisa, romlis miRebac firmas SeuZlia yovelwliurad, momavali 17 wlis ganmavloba
Si. am Tanxis miReba SegveZlo, Tuki SevkrebdiT 11-2 cxrilis pirvel Cvidmet ricxvs Sesabamisi
svetidan da Sedegs 200,000-ze gavamravlebdiT. 11-3 cxrili am proceduris gamartivebis saSua
lebas iZleva. svetSi, romelic 17 weliwads Seesabameba, moyvanilia yoveli wlis bolos arsebuli
erTi dolaris dRevandeli Rirebuleba sargeblis sxvadasxva ganakveTis SemTxvevaSi.
rogori ganakveTi unda avirCioT? Tu iseT mcireriskian investiciebs, rogoric saxelmwifo
obligaciebia, yovelwliurad 7%-iani mogeba moaqvs, aragonivrulia 10%-ze dabali ganakveTis
arCeva. meores mxriv, saxelmwifo obligaciebis 7%-iani sargebeli is Semosavalia, romelic do
larebis fiqsirebul raodenobas moaqvs. amitom es aris Semosavlis nominaluri da ara realuri
norma _ Semosavali gamosaxulia ara realur msyidvelobiT unarSi, aramed TanxebSi, romelTa
Rirebuleba SeiZleba icvlebodes. Tu dolaris Rirebuleba yovelwliurad 4%-iT mcirdeba, anu
Tu inflaciis tempi weliwadSi 4%-ia, maSin 7%-iani nominaluri ganakveTis SemTxvevaSi realuri
ganakveTi mxolod 3% iqneba.
savsebiT dasaSvebia, rom saTagurebis damzadebidan miRebuli mogeba inflaciis tempis Sesa
bamisad icvlebodes. Tu fasebi gaormagdeba, maSin saTagurebis warmoebidan miRebuli mogebac
unda gaormagdes, ra Tqma unda, Tu yvela sxva piroba Tanabaria. Tu patentis SeZenisagan miRebu
li Semosavlis diskontirebas im ganakveTis mixedviT movaxdenT, romelic mosalodnel infla
ciasac Seicavs, maSin fasebis zrdas orjer gaviTvaliswinebT. ufro mizanSewonilia inflaciis
potenciuri Sedegebis ugulebelyofa da diskontireba 3 an 4-procentiani ganakveTis mixedviT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Cven mxedvelobaSi ar miviReT riskis faqtori. diskontis swori ganakveTi iqne
ba is sidide, romelic iTvaliswinebs patentis myidvelis mier im riskis subieqtur Sefasebas,
rac am patentis SeZenasTan aris dakavSirebuli. SesaZlebeli iqneba Tu ara sasamarTloSi paten
tis saSualebiT mwarmoeblis uflebebis dacva?
xom ar gamoigonebs vinme kidev ufro srulyofil saTagurs? xom ar gadaiqceva saTaguri samu
zeumo eqsponatad, Tagvebis mospobis axali meTodebis gamogonebis SemTxvevaSi? rac ufro ganu
zRvrelia mosalodneli Semosavali, romlis dRevandeli Rirebulebis dadgenasac vcdilobT,
miT ufro maRali ganakveTiT moxdeba misi diskontireba.
yovelive es erTob sariskod gveCveneba. amitom realur 3-procentian ganakveTs davamatoT
riskis 6 procenti da aviRoT 9%-iani diskonti. rogoria 200,000 dolaris dRevandeli Rirebu
leba, romlis gadaxda yoveli wlis bolos, 17 wlis ganmavlobaSi moxdeba, Tu diskonti 9%-is to
lia? 11-3 cxrilis mixedviT, 17 wlis Semdeg arsebuli 1 dolaris dRevandeli Rirebuleba 8,5436
dolaris tolia. aqedan gamomdinare, 17 wlis Semdeg 200,000 dolaris dRevandeli Rirebuleba
1,708,720 dolaris toli iqneba.
ukanaskneli SekiTxva ra mouva patentis dRevandel Rirebulebas, Tu davuSvebT, rom mo
xerxdeba misi moqmedebis vadis gagrZeleba kidev 13 wliT? 0-procentiani diskontis SemTxvevaSi
yovelwliur 200,000-ian Semosavals 30 wlis manZilze 2,054,740 dolaris Rirebuleba aqvs. miaq
cieT yuradReba, rom es mxolod 346 000 dolariT metia, vidre 17 wliani Semosavali. aman ar unda
gagakvirvoT. 9%-iani diskontirebisas Rirebuleba dRevandeli erTi dolarisa, romlis miReba
mxolod 18 wlis Semdeg SeiZleba, 21 centia, xolo 30 wlis Semdeg misaRebi dolaris dRevandeli
Rirebuleba mxolod 7,5 centia (ix. cxrili 11-2).

216

cxrili 11-1. rogor izrdeba $ wlebis mixedviT, sargeblis sxvadasxva progresuli ganakveTis SemTxvevaSi
weli

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

11%

12%

15%

weli

1,0100

1,0200

1,0300

1,0400

1,0500

1,0600

1,0700

1,0800

1,0900

1,1000

1,1100

1,1200

1,1500

1,0201

1,0404

1,0609

1,0816

1,1025

1,1236

1,1449

1,1664

1,1881

1,2100

1,2321

1,2544

1,3225

1,0303

1,0612

1,0927

1,1249

1,1576

1,1910

1,2250

1,2597

1,2950

1,3310

1,3676

1,4049

1,5209

1,0406

1,0824

1,1255

1,1699

1,2155

1,2625

1,3108

1,3605

1,4116

1,4641

1,5181

1,5735

1,7490

1,0510

1,1041

1,1593

1,2167

1,2763

1,3382

1,4026

1,4693

1,5386

1,6105

1,6851

1,7623

2,0114

1,0615

1,1262

1,1941

1,2653

1,3401

1,4185

1,5007

1,5869

1,6771

1,7716

1,8704

1,9738

2,3131

1,0721

1,1487

1,2299

1,3159

1,4071

1,5036

1,6058

1,7138

1,8280

1,9487

2,0762

2,2107

2,6600

1,0829

1,1717

1,2668

1,3686

1,4775

1,5938

1,7182

1,8509

1,9926

2,1436

2,3045

2,4760

3,0590

1,0937

1,1951

1,3048

1,4233

1,5513

1,6895

1,8385

1,9990

2,1719

2,3579

2,5580

2,7731

3,5179

10

1,1046

1,2190

1,3439

1,4802

1,6289

1,7908

1,9672

2,1589

2,3674

2,5937

2,8394

3,1058

4,0456

10

11

1,1157

1,2434

1,3842

1,5395

1,7103

1,8983

2,1049

2,3316

2,5804

2,8531

3,1518

3,4785

4,6524

11

12

1,1268

1,2682

1,4258

1,6010

1,7959

2,0122

2,2522

2,5182

2,8127

3,1384

3,4985

3,8960

5,3503

12

13

1,1381

1,2936

1,4685

1,6651

1,8856

2,1329

2,4098

2,7196

3,0658

3,4523

3,8833

4,3635

6,1528

13

14

1,1495

1,3195

1,5126

1,7317

1,9799

2,2609

2,5785

2,9372

3,3417

3,7975

4,3104

4,8871

7,0757

14

15

1,1610

1,3459

1,5580

1,8009

2,0789

2,3966

2,7590

3,1722

3,6425

4,1772

4,7846

5,4736

8,1371

15

16

1,1726

1,3728

1,6047

1,8730

2,1829

2,5404

2,9522

3,4259

3,9703

4,5950

5,3109

6,1304

9,3576

16

17

1,1843

1,4002

1,6528

1,9479

2,2920

2,6928

3,1588

3,7000

4,3276

5,0545

5,8951

6,8660

10,7613

17

18

1,1961

1,4282

1,7024

2,0258

2,4066

2,8543

3,3799

3,9960

4,7171

5,5599

6,5436

7,6900

12,3755

18

19

1,2081

1,4568

1,7535

2,1068

2,5270

3,0256

3,6165

4,3157

5,1417

6,1159

7,2633

8,6128

14,2318

19

20

1,2202

1,4859

1,8061

2,1911

2,6533

3,2071

3,8697

4,6610

5,6044

6,7275

8,0623

9,6463

16,3665

20

21

1,2324

1,5157

1,8603

2,2788

2,7860

3,3996

4,1406

5,0338

6,1088

7,4002

8,9492

10,8038

18,8215

21

22

1,2447

1,5460

1,9161

2,3699

2,9253

3,6035

4,4304

5,4365

6,6586

8,1403

9,9336

12,1003

21,6447

22

23

1,2572

1,5769

1,9736

2,4647

3,0715

3,8197

4,7405

5,8715

7,2579

8,9543

11,0263

13,5523

24,8915

23

24

1,2697

1,6084

2,0328

2,5633

3,2251

4,0489

5,0724

6,3412

7,9111

9,8497

12,2392

15,1786

28,6252

24

25

1,2824

1,6406

2,0938

2,6658

3,3864

4,2919

5,4274

6,8485

8,6231

10,8347

13,5855

17,0001

32,9190

25

26

1,2953

1,6734

2,1566

2,7725

3,5557

4,5494

5,8074

7,3964

9,3992

11,9182

15,0799

19,0401

37,8568

26

27

1,3082

1,7069

2,2213

2,8834

3,7335

4,8223

6,2139

7,9881

10,2451

13,1100

16,7386

21,3249

43,5353

27

28

1,3213

1,7410

2,2879

2,9987

3,9201

5,1117

6,6488

8,6271

11,1671

14,4210

18,5799

23,8839

50,0656

28

29

1,3345

1,7758

2,3566

3,1187

4,1161

5,4184

7,1143

9,3173

12,1722

15,8631

20,6237

26,7499

57,5755

29

30

1,3478

1,8114

2,4273

3,2434

4,3219

5,7435

7,6123

10,0627

13,2677

17,4494

22,8923

29,9599

66,2118

30

217

cxrili 11-2. $-is dRevandeli Rirebuleba miTiTebul wlebSi, sargeblis sxvadasxva

progresuli ganakveTis SemTxvevaSi
weli

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

11%

12%

15%

weli

0,9898

0,9798

0,9700

0,9604

0,9510

0,9417

0,9327

0,9238

0,9150

0,9065

0,8981

0,8898

0,8659

0,9897

0,9796

0,9697

0,9600

0,9505

0,9412

0,9320

0,9230

0,9142

0,9056

0,8971

0,8888

0,8646

0,9706

0,9423

0,9151

0,8890

0,8638

0,8396

0,8163

0,7938

0,7722

0,7513

0,7312

0,7118

0,6575

0,9895

0,9792

0,9691

0,9592

0,9495

0,9400

0,9307

0,9216

0,9126

0,9038

0,8951

0,8867

0,8621

0,9894

0,9790

0,9688

0,9588

0,9490

0,9394

0,9300

0,9208

0,9117

0,9029

0,8941

0,8856

0,8608

0,9420

0,8880

0,8375

0,7903

0,7462

0,7050

0,6663

0,6302

0,5963

0,5645

0,5346

0,5066

0,4323

0,9327

0,8706

0,8131

0,7599

0,7107

0,6651

0,6227

0,5835

0,5470

0,5132

0,4817

0,4523

0,3759

0,9235

0,8535

0,7894

0,7307

0,6768

0,6274

0,5820

0,5403

0,5019

0,4665

0,4339

0,4039

0,3269

0,9143

0,8368

0,7664

0,7026

0,6446

0,5919

0,5439

0,5002

0,4604

0,4241

0,3909

0,3606

0,2843

10

0,9053

0,8203

0,7441

0,6756

0,6139

0,5584

0,5083

0,4632

0,4224

0,3855

0,3522

0,3220

0,2472

10

11

0,9887

0,9777

0,9669

0,9563

0,9460

0,9358

0,9259

0,9161

0,9066

0,8972

0,8880

0,8790

0,8529

11

12

0,8874

0,7885

0,7014

0,6246

0,5568

0,4970

0,4440

0,3971

0,3555

0,3186

0,2858

0,2567

0,1869

12

13

0,8787

0,7730

0,6810

0,6006

0,5303

0,4688

0,4150

0,3677

0,3262

0,2897

0,2575

0,2292

0,1625

13

14

0,8700

0,7579

0,6611

0,5775

0,5051

0,4423

0,3878

0,3405

0,2992

0,2633

0,2320

0,2046

0,1413

14

15

0,8613

0,7430

0,6419

0,5553

0,4810

0,4173

0,3624

0,3152

0,2745

0,2394

0,2090

0,1827

0,1229

15

16

0,8528

0,7284

0,6232

0,5339

0,4581

0,3936

0,3387

0,2919

0,2519

0,2176

0,1883

0,1631

0,1069

16

17

0,8444

0,7142

0,6050

0,5134

0,4363

0,3714

0,3166

0,2703

0,2311

0,1978

0,1696

0,1456

0,0929

17

18

0,8360

0,7002

0,5874

0,4936

0,4155

0,3503

0,2959

0,2502

0,2120

0,1799

0,1528

0,1300

0,0808

18

19

0,8277

0,6864

0,5703

0,4746

0,3957

0,3305

0,2765

0,2317

0,1945

0,1635

0,1377

0,1161

0,0703

19

20

0,8195

0,6730

0,5537

0,4564

0,3769

0,3118

0,2584

0,2145

0,1784

0,1486

0,1240

0,1037

0,0611

20

21

0,8114

0,6598

0,5375

0,4388

0,3589

0,2942

0,2415

0,1987

0,1637

0,1351

0,1117

0,0926

0,0531

21

22

0,8034

0,6468

0,5219

0,4220

0,3418

0,2775

0,2257

0,1839

0,1502

0,1228

0,1007

0,0826

0,0462

22

23

0,7954

0,6342

0,5067

0,4057

0,3256

0,2618

0,2109

0,1703

0,1378

0,1117

0,0907

0,0738

0,0402

23

24

0,7876

0,6217

0,4919

0,3901

0,3101

0,2470

0,1971

0,1577

0,1264

0,1015

0,0817

0,0659

0,0349

24

25

0,7798

0,6095

0,4776

0,3751

0,2953

0,2330

0,1842

0,1460

0,1160

0,0923

0,0736

0,0588

0,0304

25

26

0,7720

0,5976

0,4637

0,3607

0,2812

0,2198

0,1722

0,1352

0,1064

0,0839

0,0663

0,0525

0,0264

26

27

0,7644

0,5859

0,4502

0,3468

0,2678

0,2074

0,1609

0,1252

0,0976

0,0763

0,0597

0,0469

0,0230

27

28

0,7568

0,5744

0,4371

0,3335

0,2551

0,1956

0,1504

0,1159

0,0895

0,0693

0,0538

0,0419

0,0200

28

29

0,7493

0,5631

0,4243

0,3207

0,2429

0,1846

0,1406

0,1073

0,0822

0,0630

0,0485

0,0374

0,0174

29

30

0,7419

0,5521

0,4120

0,3083

0,2314

0,1741

0,1314

0,0994

0,0754

0,0573

0,0437

0,0334

0,0151

30

218

cxrili 11-3. wliuri Semosavlis cxrili: yoveli momdevno wlis bolos miRebuli dolaris dRevandeli
Rirebuleba sargeblis sxvadasxva progresuli ganakveTis SemTxvevaSi
weli

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

11%

12%

15%

weli

0,9901

0,9804

0,9709

0,9615

0,9524

0,9434

0,9346

0,9259

0,9174

0,9091

0,9009

0,8929

0,8696

1,9704

1,9416

1,9135

1,8861

1,8594

1,8334

1,8080

1,7833

1,7591

1,7355

1,7125

1,6901

1,6257

2,9410

2,8839

2,8286

2,7751

2,7232

2,6730

2,6243

2,5771

2,5313

2,4869

2,4437

2,4018

2,2832

3,9020

3,8077

3,7171

3,6299

3,5460

3,4651

3,3872

3,3121

3,2397

3,1699

3,1024

3,0373

2,8550

4,8534

4,7135

4,5797

4,4518

4,3295

4,2124

4,1002

3,9927

3,8897

3,7908

3,6959

3,6048

3,3522

5,7955

5,6014

5,4172

5,2421

5,0757

4,9173

4,7665

4,6229

4,4859

4,3553

4,2305

4,1114

3,7845

6,7282

6,4720

6,2303

6,0021

5,7864

5,5824

5,3893

5,2064

5,0330

4,8684

4,7122

4,5638

4,1604

7,6517

7,3255

7,0197

6,7327

6,4632

6,2098

5,9713

5,7466

5,5348

5,3349

5,1461

4,9676

4,4873

8,5660

8,1622

7,7861

7,4353

7,1078

6,8017

6,5152

6,2469

5,9952

5,7590

5,5370

5,3282

4,7716

10

9,4713

8,9826

8,5302

8,1109

7,7217

7,3601

7,0236

6,7101

6,4177

6,1446

5,8892

5,6502

5,0188

10

11

10,3676

9,7868

9,2526

8,7605

8,3064

7,8869

7,4987

7,1390

6,8052

6,4951

6,2065

5,9377

5,2337

11

12

11,2551

10,5753

9,9540

9,3851

8,8633

8,3838

7,9427

7,5361

7,1607

6,8137

6,4924

6,1944

5,4206

12

13

12,1337

11,3484

10,6350

9,9856

9,3936

8,8527

8,3577

7,9038

7,4869

7,1034

6,7499

6,4235

5,5831

13

14

13,0037

12,1062

11,2961

10,5631

9,8986

9,2950

8,7455

8,2442

7,7862

7,3667

6,9819

6,6282

5,7245

14

15

13,8651

12,8493

11,9379

11,1184

10,3797

9,7122

9,1079

8,5595

8,0607

7,6061

7,1909

6,8109

5,8474

15

16

14,7179

13,5777

12,5611

11,6523

10,8378

10,1059

9,4466

8,8514

8,3126

7,8237

7,3792

6,9740

5,9542

16

17

15,5623

14,2919

13,1661

12,1657

11,2741

10,4773

9,7632

9,1216

8,5436

8,0216

7,5488

7,1196

6,0472

17

18

16,3983

14,9920

13,7535

12,6593

11,6896

10,8276

10,0591

9,3719

8,7556

8,2014

7,7016

7,2497

6,1280

18

19

17,2260

15,6785

14,3238

13,1339

12,0853

11,1581

10,3356

9,6036

8,9501

8,3649

7,8393

7,3658

6,1982

19

20

18,0456

16,3514

14,8775

13,5903

12,4622

11,4699

10,5940

9,8181

9,1285

8,5136

7,9633

7,4694

6,2593

20

21

18,8570

17,0112

15,4150

14,0292

12,8212

11,7641

10,8355

10,0168

9,2922

8,6487

8,0751

7,5620

6,3125

21

22

19,6604

17,6580

15,9369

14,4511

13,1630

12,0416

11,0612

10,2007

9,4424

8,7715

8,1757

7,6446

6,3587

22

23

20,4558

18,2922

16,4436

14,8568

13,4886

12,3034

11,2722

10,3711

9,5802

8,8832

8,2664

7,7184

6,3988

23

24

21,2434

18,9139

16,9355

15,2470

13,7986

12,5504

11,4693

10,5288

9,7066

8,9847

8,3481

7,7843

6,4338

24

25

22,0232

19,5235

17,4131

15,6221

14,0939

12,7834

11,6536

10,6748

9,8226

9,0770

8,4217

7,8431

6,4641

25

26

22,7952

20,1210

17,8768

15,9828

14,3752

13,0032

11,8258

10,8100

9,9290

9,1609

8,4881

7,8957

6,4906

26

27

23,5596

20,7069

18,3270

16,3296

14,6430

13,2105

11,9867

10,9352

10,0266

9,2372

8,5478

7,9426

6,5135

27

28

24,3164

21,2813

18,7641

16,6631

14,8981

13,4062

12,1371

11,0511

10,1161

9,3066

8,6016

7,9844

6,5335

28

29

25,0658

21,8444

19,1885

16,9837

15,1411

13,5907

12,2777

11,1584

10,1983

9,3696

8,6501

8,0218

6,5509

29

30

25,8077

22,3965

19,6004

17,2920

15,3725

13,7648

12,4090

11,2578

10,2737

9,4269

8,6938

8,0552

6,5660

30

219

mokled gavimeoroT
ganmartebis Tanaxmad, mogeba mTliani Semosavlisa da mTliani danaxarjebis sxvaobis tolia,
Tuki mTliani danaxarjebis gamoTvlaSi yvela alternatiuli Rirebulebaa gaTvaliswinebuli.
sargebeli, romelsac xSirad mogebaSi ureven, danaxarjia imisTvis, vinc mas ixdis. esaa imis
danaxarji, rom miviRoT resursebi dRes, anu esaa dRevandeli da momavali saqonlis Rirebule
bebs Soris sxvaoba. sargebeli, rogorc wesi, dakavSirebulia fulad sesxebTan imitom, rom fuli
gamosaxavs dRevandeli da momavali saqonlis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas.
sargeblis ganakveTi iTvaliswinebs molaparakebebis da sesxebis dazRvevis danaxarjebs da
agreTve, inflaciis mosalodnel dones. sargeblis realuri ganakveTi aris nominaluri gana
kveTisa da inflaciis mosalodneli donis sxvaoba.
sazogadoebaSi sargeblis ganakveTi Cveulebriv dadebiTia, vinaidan adamianebi dRevandel
saqonels metad afaseben, vidre momavals.
mogeba Cndeba ganuzRvrelobis Sedegad. ganuzRvrelobis ararsebobisas konkurenciis Sedegad
mTlian Semosavalsa da mTlian danaxarjebs Soris sxvaoba moispoboda da mogeba ganuldeboda.
mogebis miRebis SesaZlebloba mwarmoebels qmedebisken ubiZgebs. mwarmoeblebi cdiloben,
gardaqmnan socialuri samyaros garkveuli nawili imis imediT, rom es gardaqmnebi maT moutans
met mogebas, vidre danaxarjebs. mwarmoebelTa mogeba narCeni sididea _ igi rCeba mas Semdeg,
rasac gadauxdian yvelas, visi Sromac aucilebelia, raTa mewarmeTa gegmebi Sesruldes.
saboloo gadawyvetilebis mimRebis sistema xels uwyobs sazogadoebis kooperirebas, vinai
dan adamianebs saSualebas aZlevs, SeuTanxmdnen erTmaneTs an imas, vinc aiRebs pasuxismgeblobas
proeqtebis TiToeul aspeqtze.
mewarmeTa mogeba qreba, rodesac `simarTle gareT gamodis~, rogorc ki maTi qmedeba daana
xebs sxvebs, Tu rogor xdeba mogebis miReba, mwarmoeblis an misi nebismieri mimbaZvelis SesaZlo
Semosavali Semcirdeba. Tu ZiriTadi resursis Semcireba zRudavs dargSi konkurentebis SeRwe
vas, am resursisTvis dawyebuli konkurencia mis fass gazrdis, sanam mosalodneli mTliani dana
xarjebi mosalodnel mTlian Semosavals ar gautoldeba.
konkurenciis formebi nebismier sazogadoebaSi `TamaSis wesebiT~ an sakuTrebis uflebiT
ganisazRvreba, rac resursebis ganTavsebisa da maTi gamoyenebisgan miRebul mogebas gana
pirobebs.

sakiTxebi gansjisaTvis
1. Cak vageni sakuTari saxlis sardafSi ganTavsebuli patara firmis mmarTveli da mflobelia.
a) sardafi carieli iyo, rodesac Cakma is sakuTari firmis ofisad gadaaqcia. Caki amtki
cebs, rom misi saqme ufro momgebiania, vidre amave biznesSi dakavebuli sxva firmebi
sa, vinaidan is qiras ar ixdis. eTanxmebiT Tu ara imas, rom qiris sidide ar Sedis Cakis
danaxarjebsi?
b) Cakma axlaxans uari ganacxada sxva, ufro msxvil kompaniaSi gadasvlaze, sadac mas
wliuri wminda Semosavali 45000 dolari eqneboda. sakuTari firmidan miRebuli pi
radi wliuri Semosavali 35000 dolaria. rogor fiqrobT, Cakis firma momgebiania?
g) Caki ambobs, rom urCevnia sakuTar Tavs Tavad ufrosobdes da Tanaxmaa, saamisod uari
Tqvas 25000 dolarian wliur Semosavalze. cvlis Tu ara es informacia Tqvens pasuxs
b) kiTxvaze?
d) cota xnis win Cakma firmisTvis saWiro kompiuterSi 10000 dolari gadaixada, rogor
CarTavT am investirebis Sedegebs mis danaxarjebSi?
e) Caks SeeZlo mieRo 12-procentiani wliuri Semosavali sakuTari danazogidan, es
fuli personaluri kompiuteris yidvaze rom ar daexarja. es danazogi rom ar hqono
da, is mainc iyidda kompiuters, risTvisac apirebda bankSi wliuri 18%-iani sesxis
aRebas. iklebs Tu ara kompiuteris alternatiuli Rirebuleba imis gamo, rom Caks
danazogi gaaCnda. ris dasafaravad wavidoda damatebiTi 6% im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas

220

mouwevda bankisTvis gadaexada 18% da uari ar eTqva 12%-ian Semosavalze? amcirebs

Tu ara sakuTar danaxarjebs Caki, rodesac kompiuters sakuTari TanxebiT yidulobs?
2. federaluri sarezervo bankis mier niu-iorkSi gamocemuli bukletis (`sargeblis ganakveT
ebis ariTmetika~) pirveli sami fraza ase JRers: `yvelafers Tavisi fasi aqvs. fuli gamo
naklisi araa. fulis fasi _ sargeblis ganakveTi _ ganisazRvreba bazarze, sadac fuls
sesxuloben da gaasesxeben. marTebulia Tu ara sargeblis fulis fasTan Sedareba?
a) Tu sargebeli fulis fasia, rogorc, magaliTad, forToxlis fasia 35 centi, maSin
unda vivaraudoT, rom fulis raodenobis zrda sargeblis ganakveTis Semcirebas
gamoiwvevs, iseve rogorc forToxlis raodenobis zrda iwvevs misi fasis Semcirebas.
Tu es asea, ratomaa sargeblis ganakveTebi Zalian maRali im qveynebSi, sadac fulis
raodenoba Zalian swrafad izrdeba?
b) fulis raodenobis zrda iseve zemoqmedebs `fulis fasze~, rogorc forToxlis mi
wodebis zrda mis fasze. sxva saqonelTan SedarebiT fulis Rirebulebis dacemas in
flacia ewodeba. ra mouva sargeblis ganakveTebs, Tu fulis miwodebis zrda inflaci
is molodins gamoiwvevs?
g) sargebeli marTlac fasia, magram ara fulisa. romeli saqonlis fasi izrdeba, rode
sac izrdeba sargeblis ganakveTi?
d) moTxovnis kanonis Tanaxmad, rac metia saqonlis fasi, miT naklebia masze moTxovna.
romel saqonelze xdeba moTxovnis Semcireba, rodesac sargeblis ganakveTi izrdeba?
3. ra formas miiRebs sargeblis ganakveTi sazogadoebaSi, romelic fuls ar iyenebs da saqon
lis gacvlis barterul sistemas emyareba?
4. Tqven 900 dolarad yidulobT 1000-dolarian saxelmwifo obligacias, romlis ganaRdebis
vadaa SeZenidan erTi weliwadi. miiRebT Tu ara mogebas, Tu obligacias mTeli vadis ganmav
lobaSi SeinaxavT? miiRebT Tu ara mogebas, Tu SeZenidan erTi kviris Semdeg sargeblis gana
kveTebi mkveTrad gaizrdeba? rogor imoqmedebs es im Tanxaze, romlis miRebac SegiZliaT
Tqveni obligaciis gayidvis SemTxvevaSi?
5. humberti da ambleri Zalian gansxvavebuli pirovnebebi arian. humberts uyvars Wama, sma, mxi
aruleba da momavalze ar dardobs. mas eWvi aqvs, rom ramdenime weliwadSi msoflio dain
greva. ambleri mxolod 21 wlisaa, magram ukve gegmavs, Tu ras gaakeTebs, rodesac pensiaze
gava. rogoria, Tqveni azriT, maTi droiTi upiratesobebi? rogor iReben sargeblobas am
bleris msgavsi adamianebi iseTi pirovnebebis arsebobidan, rogoric humbertia da piriqiT?
6. Tqveni azriT, ra gavlenas axdens teqnologiuri progresis tempi sargeblis ganakveTebis
doneze? ratom?
7. `rodesac gamsesxeblebi sesxebs maRalriskian msesxeblebs aZleven, maT uwevT sargeblis ga
nakveTis momateba, raTa dafaron klientebis gakotrebisgan miyenebuli zarali~. eTanxmebiT
Tu ara am mosazrebas?
8. davuSvaT, kongresi saxelmwifos mier garantirebuli sesxebis sargeblis ganakveTis 10%-ian
zeda zRvars awesebs, amasTan, gamsesxebel dawesebulebebs surT sesxebis 12-procentiani ga
nakveTiT gacema. gascemen Tu ara isini 10-procentian sesxebs? ra xerxebi arsebobs imisaTvis,
rom gverdi auaron sargeblis ganakveTis SezRudvebs? Tu saxlis SeZena gsurT da saxelmwi
fos mier garantirebuli sesxis aRebis ufleba gaqvT, moisurvebT Tu ara, rom kongresma
SezRudos aseTi sesxebis sargeblis ganakveTebi?
9. `mdidari sazogadoebisTvis sargeblis gadaxda sirTules ar warmoadgens. magram Rarib qveya
naSi, sadac kapitali praqtikulad ar arsebobs, ekonomikis damgegmavebi Tavs imis uflebas ver
micemen, rom gamoTvlebSi sargeblis ganakveTebi CarTon~. ra aris mcdari am msjelobaSi?
10. Tqven SeiZineT ori korporaciis Cveulebrivi aqciebis paketi. naxevari wlis ganmavlobaSi
erT-erTi korporaciis aqciebis fasi daeca, meoresi ki gaizarda. romeli aqciebia warmate
buli SenaZeni? romlis gayidva ajobebs, Tu naRdi fuli dagWirdaT?
11. rodesac federaluri mTavrobis melioraciis biurom gamoaqveyna monacemebi imis Sesaxeb,
rom mocemul regionSi mosalodneli naleqis raodenoba, wina gvalviani zamTris gamo, nor
221

mis mxolod 6 procentis toli iqneba, fermerebma gaburRes ZviradRirebuli Webi, daTeses
naklebad faseuli kulturebi, xolo zogs saerTod araferi dauTesavs. realurad naleqis
raodenoba bevrad meti aRmoCnda, vidre biuro varaudobda. rogor unda gaanawilon fermer
ebma zarali? ra iyo fermerebis zaralis mizezi? 157 fermerma sasamarTloSi Seitana sarCe
li federaluri mTavrobis winaaRmdeg. isini moiTxovdnen 18 mln. dolaris zaralis anazRau
rebas, rac maT biuros arasworma prognozma moutana. migaCniaT Tu ara, rom saCivari
samarTliania? unda mieceT Tu ara ufleba karnavalis organizatorebs, uCivlon amindis
prognozis biuros, Tu mzian dRes aravin miva karnavalze imis gamo, rom biurom wvima iwinas
warmetyvela?
12. ras unda efuZnebodes kompensaciis zoma, romelsac mTavroba miwis kerZo mesakuTreebs ux
dis, rodesac es miwa mas avtomagistralis gasayvanad sWirdeba dRevandel Rirebulebas, im
Rirebulebas, romelic eqneba mTavrobis mier dasaxuli gegmis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi,
Tu mimdebare miwebis Rirebulebas, romelic gaizrdeba (an Semcirdeba) avtomagistralis
mSeneblobis Sedegad? axlavs Tu ara TiToeul variants usamarTloba?
13. warmoidgineT niu-iorkSi, manhetenze mdebare Zveli, uzarmazari taZari, romlis Senaxvasac
weliwadSi 100000 dolari sWirdeba. mrevlis raodenoba as kacamde Semcirda da isini ganixi
laven sakiTxs, SeZleben Tu ara momavalSi taZris Senaxvas.
a) rogori iqneba TiToeuli adamianis danaxarji, dakavSirebuli taZris SenarCune
basTan? danaxarjebis romeli ZiriTadi elementi gamogrCaT mxedvelobidan, Tu upa
suxeT, rom amas 1000 dolari dasWirdeba?
b) Tu mSeneblebi am nakveTSi 2 mln. dolars gTavazoben (rac savsebiT dasaSvebi fasia man
hetenisTvis), rogori iqneba am Senobis gamoyenebisTvis mrevlis wliuri danaxarjebi?
g) Tu mrevlis raodenoba 400 adamians Seadgens da maT ZaluZT taZris xarjebis dafarva,
SeuZliaT Tu ara Tavs imisi ufleba miscen, rom uari ganacxadon mSeneblebis mier
SeTavazebul 2 mln dolarze? nominaluri da fuladi danaxarjebis garda, ra realur
danaxarjebs gamoiwvevs am winadadebaze uaris Tqma?
d) rodesac manhetenze mdebare sinagogam, mrevlis Semcirebis Sedegad, Senoba meSvide
dRis adventistebs 400000 dolarad mihyida, rabinma ganacxada _ `bednieri var, rom
es Senoba Tavidan moviSore, _ Senobis eqspluatacia Zviri jdeboda. axali mflo
belebi male imave problemis winaSe aRmoCndnen. sabolood, maT Senoba 2,4 mln.
dolarad gayides. moutana Tu ara aman mogeba vinmes da, Tu moutana, vis?
e) adamianebs, romlebic Zveli, lamazi taZris maxloblad cxovroben, rogorc wesi, misi
SenarCuneba ufro surT, vidre mis nacvlad romelime firmis an sacxovrebeli saxlis
ageba. niu-iorkSi aseTi macxovreblebi zogjer axerxeben zegavlenis moxdenas ar
qiteqturuli Zeglebis dacvis komisiaze, ris Sedegadac aseTi Senoba `arqiteqtu
rul Zeglad~ cxaddeba da amis Semdeg misi dangreva-gadakeTeba akrZalulia. rogor
cvlis sakuTrebis uflebas aseTi oficialuri gancxadeba? miiRebs Tu ara mogebas
mrevli, romelsac surs `arqiteqturuli Zeglis~ gayidva, am statusis gauqmebis
SemTxvevaSi?
v) rodesac erT-erTma mrevlma, romlis eklesiac arqiteqturuli Zeglebis siaSi ar
Seitanes, sasamarTloSi iCivla, ZeglTa dacvis niu-iorkis komisiis aRmasrulebelma
direqtorma ganacxada _ `eklesia maradiuli unda iyos~. migaCniaT Tu ara, rom
sazogadoebaSi arsebuli `TamaSis wesebi~ iTvaliswinebs (an unda iTvaliswinebdes)
imas, rom eklesiebi samudamod iqnas SenarCunebuli?
z) rodesac komerciuli dawesebulebebis agebis mizniT eklesiis dangrevis Sesaxeb Sei
tyo, eklesiebis erovnuli sabWos yofilma samxatvro xelmZRvanelma Tavisi azri ase
gamoxata `CemTvis sul erTia, ras fiqroben sxvebi, magram rodesac sakuTrebas sil
amazeze maRla ayeneben, es garyvnilebaa~. zustad aRwera Tu ara man problema, rode
sac es problema `sakuTrebasa~ da `silamazes~ Soris arCevanze daiyvana?
14. zogierTi adamiani, gazafxulze qaSayis gadaadgilebisas, alaskaze mdebare sitkas
msoflioSi yvelaze momgebian TevzsaWer adgilad miiCnevs. TevzsaWeri gemebi
TevzWeris samsaaTiani ciklis ganmavlobaSi zogjer 500,000 dolaris Rirebulebis
222

a)

b)

g)

d)

e)
v)

Tevzs iWeren. meTevzeebi ZiriTadad qaSays ki ar iWeren, aramed mis qviriTs moiZieben,
razedac iaponiaSi didi moTxovnaa. ZiriTadi kiTxva Semdegia: marTlac SesaZlebelia
Tu ara didi mogebis miReba sitkaze ramdenime saaTis ganmavlobaSi Tevzis Weris Se
degad?
imisaTvis, rom qaSayi daicvas, Stati awesebs TevzWeris saaTebs da gansazRvravs mcire
teritorias, sadac TevzWera nebadarTulia, amasTanave, gemebisgan moiTxovs TevzW
eris licenziebs. 1978 wlidan licenziebis raodenoba 52-s udris. visac TevzWeraSi
monawileobis miReba surs, axlandeli mflobelisgan unda SeiZinos licenzia, rom
lis fasi daaxloebiT 300000 dolaria. ratom? ram gamoiwvia licenziis fasis zrda?
rogor imoqmedebs es qaSayis daWeriT miRebul mogebaze?
gemebis kapitnebi qiraoben sadazvervo TviTmfrinavebs, raTa gazardon samsaaTiani
TevzWeris dros qaSayis daWeris albaToba. dazverva, rodesac mcire teritoriaze
ramdenime TviTmfrinavi dafrinavs, metad saSiSi operaciaa, amitom mfrinavebi 30,000
dolars iTxoven. ratom arian mzad gemis kapitnebi aseTi Tanxis gadasaxdelad?
Tu licenzirebuli gemis TevzsaWeri mowyobiloba dazianda, kapitans SeuZlia sxva
gemi iqiravos 100,000 dolarze ufro Zvirad. ratom gadaixdian aseT maRal qiras?
ratom arsebobs Tavisufali gemebi?
licenzirebul gemebs SeuZliaT daiWiron 500,000 dolaris Rirebulebis Tevzi, Tum
ca nadavlis gareSe darCenac SeuZliaT. gamoTvaleT im gemis kapitnis danakargebi,
romlis meTevzeebma veraferi daiWires.
ekipaJis xelfasi damokidebulia gemis warmatebaze. arian Tu ara isini mewarmeebi?
aris Tu ara maTi xelfasi marTlac xelfasi? an iqneb es mogebaa, an danakargi?
Tu gemis kapitani Tanaxmaa yoveli 100,000 dolaris Rirebulebis nadavlidan, ekipa
Jis xuT wevrs nadavlis 10-10% gadauxados, xolo TviTmfrinavis pilots 20%, mi
iRebs Tu ara TviTon mogebas?

15. zemoT iTqva, rom, Tu raime qmedebas mogeba moaqvs, am saqmes mravali mohkidebs xels da moge
ba Semcirdeba. exeba Tu ara es kokainis gayidvas?
a) kokainis gavrcelebis danaxarjebi Seicavs dapatimrebis risks. ratom ar aris aT
wliani ganaCeni orjer ufro mkacri, vidre xuTwliani? iTvaliswineben Tu ara dana
xarjebis gamoTvlisas kokainis gamavrceleblebi SesaZlo patimrobis danaxarjebis
diskontis ganakveTebs? ratom akavebs dapatimrebis SiSi zogs sxvebze metad?
b) kokainis gavrcelebis erT-erTi danaxarjia gamavrceleblis mokvla konkurentis
mier. es danaxarji, SesaZloa, erTi adamianisTvis bevrad naklebi iyos, vidre me
oresTvis. daaxasiaTeT is adamiani, romlisTvisac es danaxarji SedarebiT naklebia.
g) visTvisaa kokainis gayidva momgebiani?
16. axladgaxsnili restornebis naxevari erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi kotrdeba, 85 procenti ki xuT
weliwadSi ixureba. ratom xsnian, miuxedavad amisa, mwarmoeblebi yovelwliurad axal res
tornebs?
17. rogor iTvleba korporaciis Rirebuleba? davuSvaT, mTavrobam gadawyvita kompania `Conglomerate Oil~-is nacionalizacia. es kerZo kompaniaa, romelic qveyanaSi navTobTan dakavSire
bul yvela operacias warmarTavs. mTavroba acxadebs, rom mzadaa gadaixados mniSvnelovani
kompensacia.
a) Tavisufali gayidvisas, fasi SeTanxmebebis Sedegad dgindeba. iZulebiTi gayidvisas,
eqsproprirebuli sakuTrebis fasis an kompensaciis gansazRvrisTvis sxva meTodebi
unda iqnas gamoyenebuli. samTavrobo komisiam `Conglomerate Oil~-s erT aqciaSi 40$ Ses
Tavaza. TviT kompaniis mier Catarebuli gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad, aqcia 100$ Rirs. ro
gor fiqrobT, romeli sididea swori?
b) davuSvaT, romelime pirovnebas miaCnia, rom korporaciis fasi gansazRvrul unda iq
nas `Conglomerate Oil~-is obligaciebis mimdinare sabazro fasis mixedviT. Tu obliga
ciebi sazogadoebis xelSia, investorebi gansazRvraven im fass, romelic saWiroa,
raTa es wili daisakuTron an sxva mesakuTreebi Camoicilon. ra aris aseTi midgomis

223

nakli? ra gansazRvravs korporaciis aqciebis fass, rodesac es korporacia dauyov

neblivi nacionalizaciis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndeba?
g) SeiZleba Tu ara, rom korporacia `Conglomerate Oil~-is aqcionerebma mogeba nacionali
zaciis Sedegad naxon, Tu miRebuli kompensacia naklebi iqneba, vidre kompaniis
aqciebis SeZenisTvis gadaxdili Tanxis da im Tanxis jami, rac aqciebsa da maT gaum
jobesebas damatebiT xmardeba?
18. yvelasaTvis cnobilia, rom `muSebi iReben xelfass da mxolod mflobelebi iReben mogebas~.
marTalia Tu ara es?
a) Tu daqiravebulebi Tanaxmani arian gaagrZelon muSaoba damqiraveblisTvis, romel
sac gakotrebis SiSiT mocemul momentSi ar SeuZlia maTTvis anazRaurebis gadaxda,
am SemTxvevaSi isini xelfasisTvis Sromoben Tu mogebisTvis?
b) Tu Tanaxma xarT gaaqiravoT gazonis sakreWi manqana im pirobiT, rom 2 dolars gada
gixdian, maSin Tqven kapitalisti xarT, radgan 2 dolari Tqveni mogebaa. rogori iqne
ba Tqveni pasuxi, Tu is, vinc Tqvens manqanas qiraobs, Tanaxmaa, gadagixadoT Tavisi
mTliani Semosavlis 20 procenti?
19. skolis direqtorma moTmineba dakarga gamgeobis Carevis, zedamxedvelTa biurokratiis,
maswavlebelTa SeuTanxmeblobis, mSoblebis siavisa da moswavleebis sizarmacis gamo. mas
skolis marTvis sistemis Secvla surs ise, `rogorc umaRles skolas Seefereba~.
a) axseniT, ratom SeiZleba vuwodoT mas mewarme an potenciuri mewarme?
b) ra unda gaakeTos direqtorma Tavisi survilis asasruleblad? vin aris is xalxi,
visac garantiebi unda warudginos?
g) aris Tu ara misi pretenzia pozitiuri (anu aqvs Tu ara mas mogebis miRebis Sansi?)
20. Raribi qveynebis mTavrobebi xSirad enTuziazmiT ageben axal gzebs, kaSxlebs da sxva struq
turebs, SemdgomSi ki ar uvlian maT.
a) SegiZliaT Tu ara am fenomenis axsna saboloo gadawyvetilebis mimRebis koncefcii
dan gamomdinare?
b) rogor miudgeboda kerZo mflobeli gzis movlas?
21. Tqven miiReT kolejis nebarTva limonaTis gayidvaze diplomebis gadacemis ceremoniis
dRes. mas Semdeg, rac aucilebeli masalebis (limoni, Saqari, Wiqebi da a.S.) yvela gadasaxadi
gadaixadeT, erTi dRis Semdeg dagrCaT 250 dolari.
a) aris Tu ara es 250 dolari mogeba?
b) rogor fiqrobT, miiRebT Tu ara momaval wels uflebas limonaTis gayidvaze? ras
moitans Tqveni Semosavlis Sesaxeb informaciis gavrceleba?
g) ramdens SesTavazebT kolejs, Tu momaval wels vaWrobis nebarTvas igi auqcionze
gayidis? vin miiRebs am SemTxvevaSi mogebas?
22. 1980 wlamde StatTaSorisi savaWro komisia iSviaTad aZlevda avtosatransporto kompaniebs
Statebs Soris gadazidvebis uflebas, amitom es ufleba, Cveulebriv, metad faseuli iyo.
isini Sedioda avtosatransporto kompaniebis balansebis aqtivebis siaSi da, kompaniebis ga
yidvis SemTxvevaSi, Sesasyidi fasis mniSvnelovan wils Seadgenda.
a) ra faqtorebi gansazRvravda gadazidvebis uflebis sabazro Rirebulebas?
b) rodesac 1980 wels amoqmedda aqti avtogadazidvebis Sesaxeb, romelic sakmaod amar
tivebda Statebs Soris gadazidvebis organizacias, aseTi uflebebis Rirebuleba
mkveTrad Semcirda. ratom?
g) iyo Tu ara es Semcireba danakargi?
d) danakargebi, iseve rogorc mogeba, ganuzRvrelobis Sedegia. kerZod, romelma
ganuzRvrelobam gamoiwvia 1980 wels avtosatransporto kompaniebis danakargebi?
e) ra mouvidoda gadazidvebis uflebis Rirebulebas 70-ian wlebSi, Tu cnobili iqne
boda, rom kongresi apirebs 1980 wlis Semdeg Statebs Soris satvirTo gadazidvebis
SezRudvebis gauqmebas?
e) 1980 wels miRebulma aqtma saavtomobilo gadazidvebis Sesaxeb `TamaSis wesebi~
Secvala. sakuTrebis romel ZiriTad uflebebs Seexo es da ra iyo amis Sedegi?
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23. aSS-is soflis meurneobis saministrom, sviis mosavlis kontrolis mizniT, mis mwarmoeblebs
sviis mTliani gayidvebis wili dauwesa. visac am dargSi Sesvla surda, licenzia mflobelis
gan unda eyida an eqiravebina. soflis meurneobis saministro regulirebis am sistemaze
uaris Tqmas imiT asabuTebda, rom sviis axal mwarmoeblebs unda gadaexadaT fasi im licen
ziebSi, romlebic adre ufasod iqna gacemuli. aqvs Tu ara soflis meurneobis saministros
gancxadebas raime azri? licenziebs fasi rom ar dadebodaT, rogor daaxasiaTebda es sviis
warmoebis SezRudvis Sesaxeb pirvelad miRebul gadawyvetilebas?
24. Semdegi nawyveti aRebulia didi qalaqis gazeTis redaqtorisadmi gagzavnili grZeli weri
lidan:

`Tu gsurT, swrafad gaakeToT fuli, SeiZineT mobiluri saxlebis parki. Tqven SegeZlebaT
fasebis gazrda ise, rogorc mogesurvebaT, vinaidan mcxovreblebs sxvagan gadasvla ar SeuZ
liaT, radgan ar arsebobs mobiluri saxlebis parkebis sakmarisi raodenoba~.
a) Tu situacia mobiluri saxlebis mflobelebisTvis marTlac iseTi momgebiania,
rogorc am werilSia aRwerili, ra mouva mobiluri saxlebis parkebis fass? miiReben
Tu ara did mogebas aseTi saxlebisaTvis gankuTvnili adgilebis mflobelebi imiT,
rom adgili mobiluri saxlebis mflobelebs miaqiraveben?
b) Tu mobiluri saxlebis parkebi aseT did mogebas iZleva an ase maRal fasad iyideba,
ratom ar awarmoeben maT didi raodenobiT?
g) Tu qalaqi am werilis sapasuxod mobiluri saxlebisTvis gankuTvnili adgilebis
gasaqiravebeli fasis kontrols daawesebs, ra mouva mobiluri saxlebis mier ukve
dakavebuli adgilebis fass?

25. SeuZliaT Tu ara didi korporaciis aqciaTa mflobelebs, aiZulon menejerebi, ar daicvan
sakuTari interesebi aqcionerebis interesebze metad? rogor SeuZliaT maT efeqtianad
awarmoon dakvirveba menejerebis qmedebaze da daarwmunon korporaciis direqtorTa sabWo,
rom gaaTavisuflos xelmZRvaneloba, romlis mizania privilegiebi, Zalaufleba, damatebi
Ti upiratesobebi da ara aqcionerTa mogeba? xom ar SeuZliaT menejerebs gamoiyenon saku
Tari mdgomareoba da korporaciis resursebi imisTvis, rom daicvan da daniSnon is direq
torebi, romlebic mmarTvelTa mimarT ufro ukeT iqnebian ganwyobilni, vidre aqcionerTa
mimarT (momdevno SekiTxva amave Temas exeba, oRond sxva kuTxiT)?
26. SeuZliaT Tu ara didi korporaciis aqciaTa mflobelebs, aiZulon menejerebi, ar daicvan
sakuTari interesebi aqcionerTa interesebze metad?
a) ra mosdis korporaciebis aqciebis fass, rodesac is menejerebis mogebaze ufro
muSaobs, vidre aqcionerebisa?
b) ra mouva aqciebis fass, Tu zogierTi pirovneba an pirovnebaTa jgufi miiRebs direq
torTa sabWos xmebis kontrolis uflebas da Semdeg marTvas im xalxs gadascems, visac
SeuZlia marTva da imis uzrunvelyofa, rom aqcionerebma maqsimaluri mogeba mii
Ron?
g) rogor imoqmedebs es faqtebi aqcionerTa survilze, moaxdinon resursebis in
vestireba menejerebis saqcielze dakvirvebisTvis?
d) rogor zRudavs perspeqtiva, romelsac menejerebi `mtrul gamarjvebas~ uwodeben, mene
jerebis saqciels? vis mimarT aris es gamarjveba mtruli? vis mimarTaa megobruli?
27. marqsistebi xSirad acxadeben, rom kapitalis mflobelebs araviTari ufleba ara aqvT
sakuTrebidan Semosavlis miRebaze, vinaidan mTeli Rirebuleba muSebis mieraa Seqmnili.
dResdReobiT isini mzad arian aRiaron, rom kapitals Rirebulebis SeqmnaSi wili udevs, mag
ram Zveleburad uaryofen kapitalistebis mier mogebis miRebis uflebas im mizeziT, rom ka
pitalis mflobeloba aramwarmoebluria.
a) ra kanonebi unda SeuTanxmos korporaciis (da ara mxolod misi kapitalis) mflobel
ma aqcionerebs?
b) damokidebulia Tu ara resursebis mwarmoebluroba imaTze, vinc gankargavs am
resursebs, Tu yvela adamiansa da organizacias erTnairi efeqtianobiT SeuZliaT am
resursebis gankargva?
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g) ra kavSiri aqvs mflobelobas marTvasTan?

d) marTalia Tu ara, rom kapitalis mflobeloba aramwarmoebluria?
28. ra aris mwarmoebelTa mogebis wyaro iZuleba Tu darwmuneba (terminebis gansazRvreba:
iZuleba adamianebis waqezeba TanamSromlobaze maTi SesaZleblobebis speqtris Seviwrove
bis gziT. darwmuneba adamianebis waqezeba TanamSromlobaze maTi SesaZleblobebis speq
tris gafarToebis gziT)? Tu ar iciT, rogor gasceT pasuxi am kiTxvas, dafiqrdiT iZulebisa
da darwmunebis SemoTavazebul gansazRvrebaze.
29. kaklis xis avejze moTxovnis gazrdam Savi kaklis xis masalis fasis zrda gamoiwvia, ramac
adamianebs kaklis xeebis moSenebisken ubiZga. Tu zrdasruli kaklis xis fasi 500 dolaria,
xolo mis gazrdas 30 weli sWirdeba, risi toli iqneba axladdarguli kaklis xis mimdinare
fasi? daicaviT Tqvens mier arCeuli diskontis ganakveTi. ramdenad dabali unda iyos kaklis
xis dakargvis danaxarji, rom dResve gamoiwvios maTi didi raodenobiT dargva? rogor imo
qmedebs aseTi dargva xeebis momaval mosavalze? xedavT Tu ara, ratom aris Zneli mogebis
miReba Zvirfasi xeebis dargviT?
30. `Wall Street Journal~-Si gamoqveynebul statiaSi, romelic maRliv SenobebSi saxanZro usa
frTxoebas Seexeboda, moyvanilia Semdegi argumenti `xanZarsawinaaRmdego sistemebis
dayeneba usafrTxoebas zrdis da sadazRvevo Sesatanebis ekonomiis saSualebas iZleva. erTerTi SefasebiT, am ekonomias 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi SeuZlia sistemis dayenebis xarjebis da
farva, magram maRliv Senobebs xSirad isini ageben, vinc maT gayidvas am vadaze gacilebiT
adre varaudobs~.
a) ratom ar aris maRlivi Senobebis swrafi gayidvis faqti dakavSirebuli xanZarsawi
naaRmdego sistemebis Sesaxeb miRebul gadawyvetilebebTan?
b) Tu sakiTxis dasmas ar eTanxmebiT, hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs, ratom iyeneben TxuTmet
wliani garantiis mqone gadasaxurav masalebs is kompaniebi, romlebic saxlebs
aSeneben, raTa erTi wlis Semdeg gayidon?
g) davuSvaT, xanZarsawinaaRmego sistema 30000 dolari Rirs da yovelwliurad 1000
dolaris odenobis dazRvevis ekonomias iZleva. aseTi ekonomiis ramdeni welia saWi
ro, raTa gamarTlebul iqnas sistemaSi investireba, Tu sargeblis ganakveTi weliwad
Si 1 procentis tolia? da Tu ori procentis tolia? gakvirvebT Tu ara is faqti, rom
mSeneblebi aRfrTovanebas ar gamoTqvamen dazRvevaze gakeTebuli ekonomiis gamo,
roca aseTi ekonomia 30 wlis danaxarjebis tolia?
31. samxedro inJinrebis organizaciis SefasebiT, Taslsa da big sTouns Soris arxis gayvanas
SeeZlo gemTmflobelebisTvis yovelwliurad 500,000 dolaris ekonomia moetana. arxis
mSenebloba 20 mln. dolari dajdeboda, xolo misi Senaxva _ weliwadSi 200000 dolari.
a) swori iqneba Tu ara imis Tqma, rom grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, arxis mSenebloba in
vesticiisTvis karg obieqts warmoadgens, vinaidan sazogadoebas weliwadSi 300,000
dolaris dazogvis saSualebas aZlevs, xolo es ekonomia sabolood dafaravs mSeneb
lobis sawyis xarjs, 20 mln. dolars?
b) ramdenad dabali unda iyos sargeblis ganakveTi, raTa arxis mSenebloba Tanxebis karg
dabandebad iqces (arxi momgebiani iqneba, Tu gemTmflobelTa ekonomia gadaaWarbebs
sargeblis gadasaxdelebis da mimdinare danaxarjebis jams)?
g) `xazinis xarjze arxis mSeneblobis upiratesoba isaa, rom mTavrobas SeuZlia imoqme
dos sazogadoebis interesebidan gamomdinare, xolo kerZo organizaciebi mkacrad
arian SezRudulni mogebis mosazrebebiT~. SeafaseT es Tezisi.
32. pensiaze gamsvlel TanamSromlebs kompania pensiis miRebis or gzas sTavazobs. pirvel vari
antSi TanamSromeli yovelTviurad, sicocxlis bolomde, miiRebs fiqsirebul fulad Tan
xas. meore variantSi, pensiaze gasvlisas is erTian fulad Tanxas miiRebs.
a) rogor SeuZlia firmas gansazRvros mTeli sicocxlis manZilze gasacemi fiqsirebu
li fuladi Tanxis dRevandeli Rirebuleba?
b) rogor imoqmedebs sargeblis ganakveTis zrda erTianad gacemuli Tanxis sidideze?
g) rogoria 10000 dolaris odenobis yovelwliuri pensiis dRevandeli Rirebuleba 15
226

wlis ganmavlobaSi, rodesac diskontis ganakveTia 9%? da Tu diskontis ganakveTia

12%? amcirebs Tu ara, sargeblis ganakveTis zrda, pensiaze gamsvleli TanamSrom
lebisTvis erTdrouli daxmarebis gacemis mimzidvelobas?
33. Statis mier Catarebuli latareis organizatorebi acxadeben, rom mTavari prizi 1 mln.
dolaria. momgebiani bileTis bednieri mflobeli wardgenisTanave miiRebs 50,000 dolars,
xolo momdevno 19 wlis ganmavlobaSi yovelwliurad 50,000 dolars. aris Tu ara es prizi 1
mln. dolaris tolfasi? ra Rirs is sinamdvileSi? momavali Tanxebis diskontirebisas,
sargeblis realur ganakveTs gamoiyenebT Tu nominalurs? ratom? warmoidgineT, rom yvela
momavali 19 gadaxda koreqtirebuli iqneba fulis Rirebulebis mimdinare cvlilebebis Sesa
bamisad. sargeblis romel ganakveTs gamoiyenebT am SemTxvevaSi? fulis Rirebulebis cvli
lebasTan erTad, ra gavlena moaxdina prizis dRevandel Rirebulebaze momavali gadaxdebis
indeqsirebis gadawyvetilebam?
34. `SeinaxeT es nivTi~, girCeven Tqven `ar gayidoT. dRes is bevri ar Rirs, magram 20 wlis Sem
deg SeiZleba xuTjer meti Rirdes~. ra sjobs, SeinaxoT Tu gayidoT? ra eRireba dRevandeli
erTi dolari 20 wlis Semdeg, Tu mis investirebas iseTi sargeblis ganakveTiT movaxdenT,
romlis miRebac SedarebiT usafrTxo kreditiT SeiZleba?
35. rogoria qvemoT CamoTvlili sagnebis dRevandeli Rirebuleba, Tu diskontireba 4%-iani da
15%-iani ganakveTebis mixedviT moxdeba?
a) saukeTeso saxumaro simReris SesrulebisTvis 10,000 dolaris premia, romelsac erTi
wlis Semdeg miiRebT.
b) deida mehitabelisgan miRebuli memkvidreoba 10,000 dolari naRdi fuliT, romel
sac miiRebT, roca 25 weli SegisruldebaT (Tu es TariRi ukve gasulia, airCieT Tqve
ni asakis Sesabamisad).
g) momavali wlidan dawyebuli wliuri, 10000 dolari momavali aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi,
im konkursSi gamarjvebisaTvis, romelzedac 25 sityviT an ufro mokled unda axsnaT,
ratom mogwonT konkretuli sarecxi fxvnili.
d) saofise Senoba, romlidanac yovelwliuri wminda Semosavali, savaraudod, 10000
dolars Seadgens (momavali 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi). SemdgomSi varaudobT Senobis da
miwis nakveTis gayidvas 100000 dolarad. davuSvaT, rom wliur Semosavals yovelTvis
wlis bolos iRebT.
37. Tu erTi galoni benzini dRes 1 dolari Rirs da Tu misi fasi iseve Seicvleba, rogorc fase
bis saerTo done, rogori iqneba benzinis fasi 5, 10 da 20 wlis Semdeg, Tu inflaciis wliuri
done 2%-ia? Tu 6%-ia? Tu 10%-ia?
38. aSS-is konstitucia mTavrobas ukrZalavs sazogadoebrivi sargeblobis mizniT kerZo
sakuTrebis CamorTmevas `anazRaurebis gareSe~.
a) rogor axerxebs qiris kontroli kerZo sakuTrebis `CamorTmevas~?
b) Tu qalaqma mesakuTreebs unda aunazRauros qiris kontroliT gamow
veuli dana
kargebi, moindomebs Tu ara igi aseTi kontrolis dawesebas?
g) Tu qalaqi krZalavs qiris kontrols, rac mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi efeqtianad
moqmedebda, vinmes `CamoarTmevs~ Tu ara igi amiT sakuTrebas?

227

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