ECEN5807

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ECEN5807 Intro to Converter Sampled-Data Modeling

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Introduction to
Converter Sampled-Data Modeling
ECEN 5807 Dragan Maksimovi
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Objectives
Better understanding of converter small-signal
dynamics, especially at high frequencies
Applications
DCM high-frequency modeling
Current mode control
Digital control
9
Example: A/D and D/A conversion
A/D D/A
v(t) v
o
(t)
v*(t)
Analog-to-
digital converter
Digital-to-
analog converter
t
t
t
(n+1)T (n+2)T nT
T = sampling period
1/T = sampling frequency
v(t)
v*(t)
v
o
(t)
10
Modeling objectives
Relationships: v to v* to v
o

Time domain: v(t) to v*(t) to v
o
(t)
Frequency domain: v(s) to v*(s) to v
o
(s)
t
t
t
(n+1)T (n+2)T nT
T = sampling period
v(t)
v*(t)
v
o
(t)
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Model
A/D D/A
v(t) v
o
(t)
v*(t)
Analog-to-
digital converter
Digital-to-
analog converter
v(t) v
o
(t)
v*(t)
H
Sampler Zero-order hold
T
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Sampling
v(t)
v*(t)
Sampler
T
t
t
v(t)
v*(t)
+

= ) ( ) ( ) ( * nT t t v t v o
Unit impulse (Dirac)
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o(t)
t
At
area = 1
s(t)
) ( ) ( t t s o
Unit impulse
}
+

=1 ) ( dt t o
}
+

= ) ( ) ( ) (
s s
t v dt t t t v o
Properties
}

=
t
t h d ) ( ) ( t t o
unit step
Laplace transform
}
+

=1 ) ( dt e t
st
o
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Sampling in frequency domain
+

= ) ( ) ( ) ( * nT t t v t v o
}
+

= dt e t v s v
st
) ( * ) ( *
+
=
=
k
s
jk s v
T
s v ) (
1
) ( * e
}
+

= dt e t v s v
st
) ( ) (
15
Sampling in frequency domain: derivation

+
=
+

=
k
t jk
k
s
e C nT t
e
o ) (
s s
f
T
t
t
e 2
2
= =
+

= ) ( ) ( ) ( * nT t t v t v o
}
+

= dt e t v s v
st
) ( * ) ( *
T
dt e nT t
T
C
t jk
T
T
n
n
k
s
1
) (
1
2 /
2 /
= |
.
|
\
|
=

+ =
=
}

e
o
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Sampling in frequency domain: derivation
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Aliasing
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Zero-order hold
v
o
(t)
v*(t)
H
Zero-order hold
t
t
(n+1)T (n+2)T nT
T = sampling period
v*(t)
v
o
(t)
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Zero-order hold: time domain
v
o
(t)
H
Zero-order hold
o(t)
}
=
t
T t
o
d t v t t o ) ( ) (
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Zero-order hold: frequency domain
v
o
(t)
H
Zero-order hold
u(t)
}
=
t
T t
o
d u t v t t ) ( ) (
s
e
H
sT
=
1
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Sampled-data system example: frequency domain
+
=
=
k
s
jk s v
T
s v ) (
1
) ( * e
v(t) v
o
(t)
v*(t)
H
Sampler Zero-order hold
T
s
e
H
sT
=
1
+
=

=
k
s
sT sT
o
jk s v
sT
e
s v
s
e
s v ) (
1
) ( *
1
) ( e
) (
1
) ( s v
sT
e
s v
sT
o
~
sT
e
v
v
sT
o

=
1
Consider only low-frequency signals:
System transfer function =
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Zero-order hold: frequency responses
2 / 2 /
2 / 2 /
2 /
) 2 / ( sinc
2 /
) 2 / sin(
2 /
1
2
1
T j T j
T j T j
T j
T j
e T e
T
T
T j
e e
e
T j
e
e e
e e
e
e
e
e
e
e e

= =
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10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

[
d
b
]
Zero-Order Hold magnitude and phase responses
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
-150
-100
-50
0
frequency [Hz]
p
h
a
s
e

[
d
e
g
]
sT
e
T H
sT
=
1
/
f
s
= 1 MHz
MATLAB file: zohfr.m
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Zero-order hold: 1
st
-order approximation
p
sT
s
sT
e
e
+
~

1
1 1
p
p sT
s
s
e
e
e
+
1
1
1
st
-order Pade approximation
t t
s
p
f
T
f = =
1
T
p
2
= e
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10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

[
d
b
]
Zero-Order Hold magnitude and phase responses
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
-150
-100
-50
0
frequency [Hz]
p
h
a
s
e

[
d
e
g
]
f
s
= 1 MHz
MATLAB file: zohfr.m
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How does any of this apply to converter modeling?
+
L
C R
+
v
v
g
+
D v
g
V
g
d
I d
D i
i
+
_
G
c
d
1
V
M
v
ref
u
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PWM is a small-signal sampler!
p
t
s
T d
( )
p s
t t T d o
u u +
u
c
PWM sampling occurs at t
p
(i.e. at dT
s
, periodically, in each switching period)
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General sampled-data model
v
ref
+
_
G
c
(s)
u
v
T
s
Equivalent hold
G
h
(s)
d T
s
o(t nT
s
), d = u
Sampled-data model valid at all frequencies
Equivalent hold describes the converter small-signal response to the
sampled duty-cycle perturbations [Billy Lau, PESC 1986]
State-space averaging or averaged-switch models are low-frequency
continuous-time approximations to this sampled-data model
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Application to DCM high-frequency modeling
T
s
dT
s
d
2
T
s
i
L
c

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Application to DCM high-frequency modeling
T
s
dT
s
d
2
T
s
i
L
c

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DCM inductor current high-frequency response
+
=

+
=
+
=
k
s
s
T sD
s
T sD
s L
jk s d
T s
e
T
L
V V
s d
s
e
T
L
V V
s i
s s
) (
1 1
) ( *
1
) (
2 2
2 1 2 1
e
) (
1
) (
2
2
2 1
2
s d
s T D
e
T D
L
V V
s i
s
T sD
s L
s
+
~
2
2
2 1
1
1
) (
) (
e
s
T D
L
V V
s d
s i
s
L
+
+
~
s
T D
2
2
2
= e
2
2
D
f
f
s
t
=
High-frequency pole due to the
inductor current dynamics in
DCM, see (11.77) in Section 11.3
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Conclusions
PWM is a small-signal sampler
Switching converter is a sampled-data system
Duty-cycle perturbations act as a string of impulses
Converter response to the duty-cycle perturbations can be modeled as an
equivalent hold
Averaged small-signal models are low-frequency approximations to the
equivalent hold
In DCM, at high frequencies, the inductor-current dynamic response is
described by an equivalent hold that behaves as zero-order hold of length D
2
T
s
Approximate continuous-time model based on the DCM sampled-data model
correlates with the analysis of Section 11.3: the same high-frequency pole at
f
s
/(tD
2
) is obtained
Next: current-mode control (Chapter 12)

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ECEN5807 Intro to Converter Sampled-Data Modeling

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