Reflector

Director

????

The Electromagnetic waves

W

W
K

W

W

W

W

--

EF

K
K

K



J

Electromagnetic waves characteristics

K

K

K J

--

x
Ex solid lines

z
y

Hy dashed lines

Wave velocity

K
K

ELCF
K

Frequency and Wavelength

K(Cycle)
--

(cycle/s) L
KfKHertz

K
(The same phase)
W

LZ
= v / f
W
W

W v

W f

W J

W
1 KHz
J
1 MHz
J
1GHz
J
W
=v/f
1-

= v / f = c / f =3x108 /1x103 =3x105 m

2-

= v / f = c / f =3x108 /1x106 =3x102 m

4-

= v / f = c / f =3x108 /1x109 =3x10-1 m =0.3 m = 30 cm

J
--

Rays and Wavefront

EFW

EF J

W J

W J

--

EF J

Spherical waves and Inverse square law

PdPt

(W/m2) LwWatt

WR1

Pd1 = Pt / 4R12
Pd2 = Pt / 4R2

: R2

2
2

Pd1 / Pd2 = (R2 / R1)

--

R1

R2

--

Pd1 = Pt / 4R12
= 100 /(4 x 12) w/ m2
Pd2 = Pt / 4R22
= 100 /(4 x 102) w/ m2

Polarization

K
W

W
Linear polarization

WE JF

W J
Horizontal polarization

W J
Vertical polarization

--

W
Circular polarization

WE JF

W J
Right Circular polarization

W J

Left Circular polarization

--

Elliptical polarization

WE JF

W J

Right Elliptical polarization

W J

Left Elliptical polarization

- -

The electrical properties of the transmission medium

W
Permittivity () J

W
= o r

Wo

o =8.85 x 10-12
=(1/36 )x 10-9

Wr
- -

M Permeability () J

W
= o r

Wo

o =4 x 10-7

Wr

Conductivity () J

Optical properties of electromagnetic waves

WK
Refraction

Reflection J

Diffraction J

Interference J

Refraction
- -

JK

n1 sin (i) = n2 sin (t)

W

Wi

Wt

W n1

W n2

i J

Kt

- -

KZZ

n1 sin (i) = n2 sin (t)

1 sin (45) = 2 sin (t)
sin (t) = 0.5 sin(45) = 0.5 (0.707) = 0.3535
t = sin-1(0.3535) =20.7o
Reflection J

K J

K
K
i = r

- -

KZZ

i = r
r = 45o

Diffraction J

K

W

=3108/1106 =300 m
K

(Optical waves)

K
Interference J

K J

- -

B J

K
W

Ground waves
Space waves
Sky waves

J
K

- -

(LF,VLF)

EF


K
K

(VHF

(HF)

Kand above)

Ground waves

- -

K(Surface waves)

W

W J

(LF, VLF)

J
W

Space waves

(Direct waves) J

(Ground reflected waves) J

- -

Direct F

K Epath

W
d = 4 (ht)1/2 + 4 (hr)1/2
W
Wd

Whr

Wht

ht

- -

K J

hr

d = 4 (ht)1/2 + 4 (hr)1/2
= 4 (100)1/2 + 4 (100)1/2
= 40 +40 =80 km
K

EF

Sky waves

(Ionosphere Layer)

K
K

W J
D J

E J

F J

- -

F
400 KM

E
D
140 KM
100 KM
50 KM

D(VLF, LF)

KK

KE
(MF)
K

- -

K
F

(HF, VHF)

K(Microwaves)


( Critical Angle) (Critical Frequency) J
K

LF D

MF E

HF F

- -

J




J

J
- -

J


J

J
- -

J


J

- -

- -

D J


E J

F J


- -

J


J

- -

Propagation of Uniform Plane Waves

W

W

K
K

W

W

W

- -

W J

(radio antennas)
K

K
K

The Wave Equation

K E J
K

K

- -

Ex
x

Direction of
propagation
Ey
z

J
d 2 Ex
dz 2

2 Ex = 0

E JF

xW Ex
W Z

(propagation constant)W

K E JF
K

E JF

- -

() J J

The propagation constant

J
J

2 = 2 + j

E JF

(2f)W

(permittivity)W

:f

(permeability) W

(conductivity)W

Wj

= + j

E JF

Attenuation Constant W
- -

Phase Constant :

JK

K

Signal
Power
=0

Lossless medium

=0.5

=0.8

Distance

J

(Lossless medium)

W
v ph = /
E JF
v g = /

E JF

(phases velocity) Wvph

- -

(group velocity) EFWvg

Wave Impedance

Ex
j
=
Hy
+ j

E JF

WE JF
J

( = 0) J
The propagation in lossless media ( = 0)

2 = 2 + j
2 = 2 + 0

= 2
- -

= j
But:

v ph

E JF

= + j

E JF

WE JFE JF

=0
=
WE JF
=/

v ph = /
v ph = 1 /

Zr o = oZ4 10-7
= r o = o =(1/36 ) 10-9 =8.85 10-12
W

v ph = 1 / = 1 / 4 10 7 /(1 / 36 )10 9 = 3 108 m / s

- -

WE JF
j

=
=
=

+ j
j
j

Zr o = oZ4 10-7
= r o = o =(1/36 ) 10-9 =8.85 10-12

r o
=
r o

=
=

o
o
4 10 7
(1 / 36 ) 10 9

= 120
= 377

K
J

WK
- -

W
W

2 = 2 + j
W

Z0

2 = 2
= 2
= j
= + j

Z 0

K
W J

- -

W J

=
v ph = /
= 1 /

= 1 / r o r o
= 1 / 1 4 10 7 4 (1 / 36 )10 9
= 3 108 / 2

K
W J

=
=

WE JF

+ j
j
j

r o
=
r o
=

1 4 10 7
4 (1/ 36 )10 9

= 120 / 2
K

- -

Conductors and Dielectric Materials

/
W
/ << 1

W
/ >> 1
W
J

J J

Good dielectrics

W
/ << 1

- -

2 = 2 + j
=

j ( + j )

j (1 j
)
2
= + j
= j 1 j

WK

W
v ph
=

K
W

- -

=
=

+ j

(1 j ) 0.5
=

(1 j
)

(1 j

Good conductors

J J

W
/ >> 1

2 = 2 + j

- -

j ( + j )

j 1 + j

1
(1 + j )
2

= + j

K

WK

2
W

v ph

- -

=
=

+ j
j /
1+ j

1
(1 + j )

(1 + j )

2

J

Normal Incidence of Uniform Plane Waves on Plane Boundaries

K
K

K J

- -

Medium 1

Medium 2

Ei

Et

Incident wave

Hi

Transmitted
wave

Ht
Er

Reflected wave

Hr

(reflected waves) (Refracted waves)

W (Incident waves)
d 2 Ex
dz

2 Ex = 0

W
E x = Em+ e z + Em e + z

- -

(Forward Wave)

(Backward Wave)KZ

KKZ
W

Ei = Em+ e z a x
= Em+ e z e z a x

H i = H m+ e z a y
= H m+ e z e z a y
=

Ei

Er = Em+ e z a x
= Em+ e z e z a x

H r = H m+ e z a y
= H m+ e z e z a y
=

Er

W
- -

Et = Et+ e z a x
= Et+ e z e z a x

H r = H t+ e z a y
= H t+ e z e z a y
=

Et

2
W

W(Reflection coefficient)

Er 2 1
=
Ei 2 + 1

E JF
W

W1

EFW 2

WE JF

J
E??F

J
J
K

- -

W(Transmission coefficient)

T=

Et
2 2
=
Ei 2 + 1

E JF

WE JF

J
??F

J
K

W
+T =1

E JF

W J

WKEF

J
- -

Er 2 1
=
Ei 2 + 1

70 377
70 + 377
= 0.69
=

T=

Et
2 2
=
Ei 2 + 1

2 70
70 + 377
= 0.31
=

W J

W
Er
Ei
E
0.69 = r
100
Er = 69 V/m
=

W J

W
T=

Et
Ei

Et
100

Et = 31 V/m
W
0.31 =

- -

+ T = 0.69 + 0.31 = 1

Er + Et = 69 + 31 = 100 = Ei

W
Et = Ei Er = 100 69 = 31V/m

W J

WKEF

- -

Er 2 1
=
Ei 2 + 1

300 377
300 + 377
= 0.11
=

T=

Et
2 2
=
Ei 2 + 1

2 300
300 + 377
= 0.89

W J

W
Er
Ei
E
0.11 = r
100
Er = 11 V/m
=

W J

W
T=

Et
Ei

Et
100

Et = 89 V/m
W
0.89 =

+ T = 0.11 + 0.89 = 1

- -

Er + Et = 11 + 89 = 100 = Ei

W
Et = Ei Er = 100 11 = 89 V/m

Power Considerations

W J

P = Ex H y

Ex
Hy

W
P=

E x2

W J
- -

WKEF

Ei2

100 2
P=
=
= 26.5 W
377
1

Er 2 1
=
Ei 2 + 1

300 377
300 + 377
= 0.11
Er = Ei = 11 V/m
=

Er2

112
=
= 0.32 W
Pr =
1 377

- -

T=

Et
2 2
=
Ei 2 + 1

2 300
300 + 377
= 0.89
Et = TEi = 89 V/m
=

Et2

89 2
Pt =
=
= 26.4 W
2 300

Pr + Pt = 0.32 + 26.4 = 26.72

- -

J



J

J



- -

J




J



J




J
- -

J


J


J

- -

Fundamentals of Antennas

W

KW

W

W

W

W
K

- -

J
(Antenna)
K

(Antenna structure)

(Antenna parameters)
K

K J

J J
K

Antenna Structure J
Size J J

W
= c / f = 3108 /3103 =100,000 m =100 km

K

W
= c / f = 3108 /3106 =100 m
K

W
- -

= c / f = 3108 /3109 =0.1 m =10 cm

K

Supports J J

K J

Conductors J J

(Microwave Band)

Insulators J J
- -

K
K
K

K

Weather Protection J J

K J

Feed Lines J J
K

WK
EF

W J

WTransmission line J
- -

WCoaxial cable J
WHorn antenna J

- -

Matching Conditions J J

K J

Z T = Z in (antenna)

KE

EF

- -

Antenna Parameters J

J J
K

Radiation Pattern J J

WK J

W J

Omnidirectional pattern

Omnidirectional Antenna

Directive pattern J

Directive Antenna

(Mobile communications)
- -

W
W

W J

EF K

K
K

Polar diagram J

K JK

Cartesian diagram J

KEFEF

W
E-plane J

H-plane J
- -

(Watt) J

dB(Decibel) J

P (dB) = 20 log (P / Pmax )

W
W

WP

WP (dB)
WPmax

(Front Lobe) (Lobes)

K(Side Lobes)(Back Lobe)

(Front-

Wto-Back ratio)

LZ

- -

- -

J J

Radiation Resistance and Antenna Efficiency

(AC antenna resistance)

K (Radiated power)

Rr = Pr / i2

(Ohm )W Rr

(Ampere A) (rms) W i

(Watt w) W Pr

K J

Rr = Pr / i2
=1000 / (10)2 = 10

- -

Pr

Pr

Rr

J
W

(Input power Pin) K
K(Dissipated power Pd)

= Pr / Pin

(Watt w)WPin

(Watt w) W Pr

Pin = Pr + Pd

W
- -

(Watt) WPd

= Pr / Pin
= Pr / (Pr + Pd )
J

Rr
Rd

Rd
Rr

Antenna

Equivalent Circuit

- -

Pd

Pd
Rd

= Pr / Pin
= Pr / (Pr + Pd )
= i2 Rr / i2 ( Rr + Rd )
= Rr / ( Rr + Rd )
= Rr / Rin

Rin =Rr + Rd
WK

= (Pr / Pin ) 100 %

(Data sheet)

K


- -

W J

= Pr / Pin
= 900/1000=0.9
=0.9 100 %
= 90%

W J

Pin = Pr + Pd
=900 + 100 = 1000 w
= Pr / Pin
= 900/1000=0.9
=0.9 100 %
= 90%

W J

= Rr / ( Rr + Rd )
= 900 / (900 +100)
= 0.9 = 90%

W J

Pr = i2 Rr
=102 (900)
=90,000
= 90 k
- -

Pd = i2 Rd
=102 (100)
=10,000
= 10 k
W J

= Rr / ( Rr + Rd )
= 900 / (900 + Rd)
= 0.9
Rd = 100

W J

Pr = i2 Rr
=12 (900) = 900 w
= Pr / Pin
= Pr / (Pr + Pd )
= 900 / (900 +100)
=0.9

W J

Rin =Rr + Rd
- -

Rin = Pin / i2
= 1000 / 12
= 1000
= Rr / Rin
= 900/1000=0.9
=0.9 100 %
= 90%
Directive Gain and Power Gain

J J
W

(Reference antenna)
K J

- -

Pr

P1

Pr
P2

Pr

Pref

(Isotropic

D = Pr / Pref

Kantenna)

WD

WPref

- -

=0.9
W J

WL

L J

L J

D = Pr / Pref
= 500 /1000 =0.5

D = Pr / Pref
= 1000 /1000 =1

D = Pr / Pref
= 1500 /1000 =1.5

(Reference antenna)

AP = D

- -

WAP

W J

WL

L J
L J

L J

D = Pr / Pref
= 500 /1000 =0.5
AP = D = 0.8 0.5 = 0.40
D = Pr / Pref
= 1000 /1000 =1
AP = D = 0.9 1.0 = 0.90

D = Pr / Pref
= 1500 /1000 =1.5
AP = D = 1.0 1.5 = 1.50

=D

- -

(Data sheet)

EKKK

EF
K

J J

Antenna Polarization

K
K
K

J J

Antenna Beamwidth ( )

AO, BO A, B

K J

- -

Pmax /2

Pmax

AO, BO A, B

K J

-3dB

0 dB

- -

J J

K
K

J J

Antenna Input Impedance Zin

K J

Iin

Vin

WIinVin
Zin= Vin / Iin
- -

(Matching conditions)

JK J

K(Receiver)

Z T = Z c2

Z c1 = Z in (antenna)

- -

EF

EF

EF

- -

- -

J


J

- -

J


J

- -

Basic Antennas and Feeding Methods

K
K

W

W

W

W
K

- -

W J
K

( Half-wave dipole)
(Short dipole)

(Horn (Helical antenna)( Loop antenna)

K(Microstrip antennas)(Dish antenna)antenna)

(Center feeding)

K(Horn method) (Delta-match feed method)

Basic Radiators

(Short dipole)

Loop

antenna)

Half-wave

dipole)

(Dish antenna) (Horn antenna) (Helical antenna)

K(Microstrip antennas)

- -

J J

Short dipole antenna

(Antenna theory)

K J

(+Q, -Q) W J

ELF(l) W J

+Q
l

Reflector
Di t

Reflect Reflector
Di t Di t

- -

(Electric field) J

E(Magnetic field)
KH

J
K

K
r(1/r2)

K(1/r3)
K

The radiation pattern of the short dipole

J J J

K J

J (E-plane)
- -

(H-plane) K

(Wave impedance Z)

Z=E/H
WZ

WE

WH

KE F
Ref
Di
Reflector
Di t

Ref
Di
Reflector
Di t
Ref
Di

J
- -

J J J

The radiation resistance of the short dipole

Zin = Vin / Iin

W
Rr = 80 2 (l / ) 2

W Rr

W l

Directivity (D)

J J J

D = 1.5
K

- -

J J J
Beamwidth ( )

= 90o
K

J J

Half-Wave Dipole

Reflect Reflector
Direct Director

Ref
Di

Reflect Reflector
Direct Director

- -

J J J

The radiation pattern of the half-wave dipole

J
(Isotropic

Pattern)

K(Omnidirectional pattern)
K()


Reflect
Di t
Reflector
Di t
Reflector
Director
Reflector
Director
Reflect
Di t

- -

J J J

The radiation resistance of the half-wave dipole

Directivity (D)

J J J

D = 1.63
K

J J J
Beamwidth ( )

= 78o

KK

K

- -

J J

Loop Antenna

Refle
Refle Di
Di

Refle
Di
Reflector
Di t

Refle
Di

Reflector
Di t

K
K

- -

J J J

The radiation pattern of the small loop antenna

Ref
Di

Reflector
Di t

Ref
Di

Reflector
Di t

Ref
Di

J J J

The radiation resistance of the small loop antenna

Rr = 31200 A2/ 2

a (a2) WA

- -

K
K

RN = N2 R1

W N
W

NWRN

1WR1

RN = N2 R1
R5 = 52 (2) =50
R10 = 102 (2) =200
R100 = 1002 (2) =20,000 = 20 K

J J J

Directivity (D)

D = 1.5
K
J J J

Beamwidth ( )
- -

= 90oW

K


K

J J

Helical Antenna

K J

N J

S J
D J

(Normal Mode)

K(Axial Mode)
(Microwaves)(MHz)

J
The radiation pattern of the helical antenna

J J J

- -

W
Normal Mode J

K J

Axial Mode J

K J

- -

J J J

Directivity (D)

Dmax = 15 NS( D)2 / 2

J J J
Beamwidth ( )
- -

3dB =52 (3/2 ) / NS D

K
K

J J

Horn Antenna

WK(Microwave Band)
J

J
K J

K(Waveguides)

- -

W
J

G = 10 A / 2

WA

J
- -

W
3 GHz
J
J

30 GHz
W

G = 10 A / 2
A = 20 50 = 1000 cm2 = 0.1 m
= c / f = 3 108 / 3 109 = 0.1 m
G = 10 A / 2
= 10 0.1 / 0.12 = 100

3GHz

30 GHz J

G = 10 A / 2
A = 20 50 = 1000 cm2 = 0.1 m
= c / f = 3 108 / 30 109 = 0.01 m
G = 10 A / 2
= 10 0.1 / 0.012 = 10,000

D = 7.5 A / 2

W
J

W
3 GHz J

30 GHz J

D = 7.5 A / 2
A = 20 50 = 1000 cm2 = 0.1 m
= c / f = 3 108 / 3 109 = 0.1 m
- -

3GHz

D = 7.5 A / 2
= 7.5 0.1 / 0.12 = 75
D = 7.5 A / 2
A = 20 50 = 1000 cm2 = 0.1 m
= c / f = 3 108 / 30 109 = 0.01 m
D = 7.5 A / 2
= 7.5 0.1 / 0.012 = 7500

30 GHz J

E = 56 / dE
H = 67 / dH

degree
degree

K JdHdE

J J

Dish " Parabolic" Antenna

JK(Microwave Band)

K




- -

J
J

W J

W J

EFL
- -

KKL
J

G = k(D)2 / 2

WD

Wk

K{{
J

W
3 GHz
J

30 GHz

G = k(D)2 / 2
= c / f = 3 108 / 3 109 = 0.1 m
G = k(D)2 / 2
= 0.5 (1)2 / 0.12 =493.5

3GHz J

30 GHz J

G = k(D)2 / 2
- -

= c / f = 3 108 / 30 109 = 0.01 m

G = k(D)2 / 2
= 0.5 (1)2 / 0.012
J

K{

K{

G = k(D)2 / 2
493.5 = 0.5 (1)2 / 2
2 = 0.009999
= 0.1
f = c / =3 108 / 0.1 = 3 109 = 3GHz
J (Conventional feeding)

K J(Cassegrain feeding)

K (Subreflector)

K(Front Lobe)(Side Lobes)

- -

J J

Microstrip Antennas

W J

Dielectric Substrate J

Metalic Patch J

Feeder J

- -

W
J

J
J

K J

Reflector

Reflector

Reflector

Reflector

J
- -

J
J

W
J

Microwave band

Feeding methods

(Center feeding)

K(Horn method) (Delta-match feed method)

KMatching ConditionsK

J J

Center Feeding

K J
K(Matching Stub)

- -

- -

J J

Delta-match Feed Method

K J
K(Delta)

Horn Method

J J

K J

K(Probe)

J
- -

K


K

K
- -

- -

K



K



K



- -

- -

Antenna arrays

W
K

W

W

W

W
K

- -

W J
K

K(Array element)

E FK

J
W

Driven elements

K(transmission line)

Nondriven (Parasitic) elements EF J

(transmission line)
K(Mutual induction)
W

ReflectorsW

- -

K J

DirectorsW

Reflector

Driven element
Director

Feed Points

Lens
Mirror

J
- -

Broadside Array

K K

K J

- -

/2

Feed points

J
J

End-fire Array

K K
K J
- -

Feed points

/2

Non-Resonant Array

K J

K J K

- -

Terminating
Resistor

Feed points

- -

J



J

J


J




- -

J


J

- -

The Electromagnetic waves

J
J
J

J
J
J

J
- -

n1 J
J
J
J
J
J
J

J
J

J
J
J
D J
E J
- -

F J

J
J

- -

Propagation of Uniform Plane Waves

J
J

J
J
J
J
J

J
J

- -

J
J
J
J
J

- -

Fundamentals of Antennas

J
J

J
J
J
- -

J
J
J
J

J
J
J

- -

Basic Antennas and Feeding Methods

K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
- -

K
K
K
K
K
K
K

- -

Antenna arrays

J
J
J

J
J
J

- -

[1] W. Tomasi , Electronic Communications Systems; Fundamentals through advanced,
Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1998.
[2] C. Balanis, Antenna Theory; Analysis and Design, John wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997.
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EF
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS