FEM Dr.T.

N
BEAM PROBLEM
Beam Element:
One-dimensional beam problem can be solved using bar element with 2 d.o.f per node and d.o.f
per element. The bar element with 2 d.o.f per node that used to solve beam problems is called
beam element. Fig.! shows a one-dimensional beam element that deforms in the plane of the
paper. This element has d.o.f" a lateral displacements
1
w and
2
w and rotations #slops$
1
and
2
at node ! and 2. Nodal displacements
1
F and
2
F correspond to nodal displacements
1
w
and
2
w . Nodal moments
1
M and
2
M correspond to nodal rotations
1
and
2
. %ositive
directions of these &uantities are as shown in Fig.!#a$ and !#b$.
(a) Nodal displacements (b) Nodal forces
Fig.: Beam element
The element e&uilibrium e&uation for the beam element is written as
[ ] { } { }
e e e
F q K ---#a$
where K is a b' element stiffness matri( for a !-D beam element. The element nodal
displacement and load vectors are
{ } { }
T e
w w q
2 2 1 1

and
{ } { }
T e
M F M F F
2 2 1 1

E&n. #a$ can be written in e(panded form as

e e e
M
F
M
F
w
w
K K K K
K K K K
K K K K
K K K K

'

'

1
1
1
1
]
1

2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
44 43 42 41
34 33 32 31
24 23 22 21
14 13 12 11

The elements of stiffness matri( can be derived using direct stiffness method or variational method.
!eri"ation of stiffness matri# for a $%noded beam element:
Fig. $(a): &'pical beam element
)onsider a 2-noded beam element having 2 d.o.f per node and d.o.f per element as shown in Fig.
2#a$. *et nodal displacement and slop at node ! be
1 1
, w and at node 2 be
2 2
, w . The
corresponding nodal forces and moments be
1 1
, M F at node-! and
2 2
, M F at node 2. Then" the
element stiffness matri( and load vectors can be derived as follows+
!. ()ape f*nctions+ The shape functions for the beam element in cartesian coordinate are be
e(pressed as
3
3
2
2
1
2 3
1
e e
l
x
l
x
N +
,
2
3 2
2
2
e e
l
x
l
x
x N +
3
3
2
2
3
2 3
e e
l
x
l
x
N
,
2
3 2
4
e e
l
x
l
x
N +
--- #a$
2. Field "ariable+ The deflection and slop of the beam can be e(pressed as
1
1
w
2
w
1

1
F
2
F
1
M
2
M
1
1 2 2
e
l
1 1
, F w
2 2
, F w
1 1
, M
2 2
, M
1 2
FEM Dr.T.N
2 4 2 3 1 2 1 1
N w N N w N w + + +
---#b$
-. Moment c*r"at*re relation+ From basic solid mechanics" the moment curvature relation can be
e(pressed as
.ending moment"
2
2
x
w
I E M
e e
e

---#c$
Differentiate E&. #b$ twice w.r.t x" we get
2
2
4
2
2
2
3
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2

x
N
w
x
N
x
N
w
x
N
x
w

Or"
[ ] { } q B
w
w
x
N
x
N
x
N
x
N
x
w
e

'

1
1
]
1

2
2
1
1
2
4
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2

---#d$
/here" [ ]
e
B is a 0train-displacement matri( for beam element and is e(pressed as
[ ] [ ]
4 3 2 1
2
4
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
B B B B
x
N
x
N
x
N
x
N
B
e

1
1
]
1

---#e$
. (tiffness matri#+ The strain energ' functional for the beam element is e(pressed as

,
_

e
l
e e
e
dx
x
w I E
U E S
0
2
2
2
2
, .
.
.ut from E&. #d$" we have Bq
x
w

2
2
( ) Bq B q Bq
x
w
T T

,
_

2
2
2
2
q K q q Bdx B I E q dx Bq B q
I E
U
e T
e
l
T
e e
T
e
l
T T e e
e
2
1
2
1

2
0 0

,
_

where"
e
K
is the element stiffness matri( and is given b'

e
l
T
e e
e
dx B B I E K
0

. 0ubstitute for B from E&. #e$" we get
[ ] dx
B
B B B Symm
B B B B B
B B B B B B B
I E dx B B B B
B
B
B
B
I E K
e
l
e e
e
l
e e
e

1
1
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
]
1

0
2
4
4 3
2
3
4 2 3 2
2
2
4 1 3 1 2 1
2
1
4 3 2 1
0
4
3
2
1
.
To find the complete stiffness matri(" let us consider first element in the s&uare matri( and integrate
it.

,
_

e
l
e e
e
l
e e
dx
x
N
I E dx I E
0
2
2
1
2
0
2
1
B
Differentiation of
1
N twice w.r.t ( in E&. #a$" 'ields
3
2
2
1
6 6
e e
l
x
l
x
x
N
+

and
3 2 2
1
2
12 6
e e
l
x
l x
N
+

5 6
2
2
2
2
1
2
144 144 36
e e e
l
x
l
x
l x
N
+

,
_

Substitute into above equation and integrate, we get

12
2
144
3
144 36 144 144 36
B
3
0
5
2
6
3
2
0
5 6
2
2
0
2
1
e
e e
e
l
e e e
e e
e
l
e e e
e e
e
l
e e
l
I E
l
x
l
x
l
x
I E dx
l
x
l
x
l
I E dx I E

,
_

,
_

+

)arr'out of the integration of other elements in the similar wa' 'ields the final stiffness matri( as
2
FEM Dr.T.N
1
1
1
1
]
1

2
2 2
3
4
6 12
2 6 4
6 12 6 12
e
e
e e e
e e
e
e e e
l
l
l l l
l l
l
I E
K
E#pression for bending moment+ s)ear force and bending stress:
Fig. ,: &'pical beam element
)onsider a 2-noded beam element having 2 d.o.f per node and d.o.f per element as shown in Fig.
-. *et nodal displacement and slops at node ! be
1 1
, w and at node 2 be
2 2
, w . The
corresponding nodal forces and moments be
1 1
, M F at node-! and
2 2
, M F at node 2.
The field variable at an' point along the length of beam can be e(pressed as
2 4 2 3 1 2 1 1
N w N N w N w + + +
---#a$
where shape functions are e(pressed as
3
3
2
2
1
2 3
1
e e
l
x
l
x
N +
2
3 2
2
2
e e
l
x
l
x
x N +
---#b$
3
3
2
2
3
2 3
e e
l
x
l
x
N
2
3 2
4
e e
l
x
l
x
N +
From mechanics of material we have
2
2
x
w
EI M

---#c$
Differentiate e&n.#a$ twice we get
2
2
4
2
2
2
3
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2

x
N
w
x
N
x
N
w
x
N
x
w

[ ]{ } q B
w
w
x
N
x
N
x
N
x
N
x
w

'

1
1
]
1

2
2
1
1
2
4
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2

where matri( B is
[ ]
1
1
]
1

2
4
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
x
N
x
N
x
N
x
N
B
0ubstitute into E&n.#c$" we get the e(pression for bending moment for an e
th
element as
[ ] { }
e
e e e e
q B I E M
0hear force is given b'
3
e
l
1 1
, F w
2 2
, F w
1 1
, M
2 2
, M
1 2
FEM Dr.T.N

'

1
1
]
1

2
2
1
1
3
4
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
1
3
3
3

w
w
x
N
x
N
x
N
x
N
I E
x
w
I E V
e e e e e
Then" the bending stress is given b'
[ ] { }
e
e e
e
e
e
q B yE
I
y M

where"
y
is the distance of outer fiber from neutral a(is.
!eri"ation of load "ector d*e to *niforml' distrib*ted load (-!L)
For a beam element having distributed load #surface force" N1mm length$" the load vector is derived
from wor2 potential due to surface force as


S
l
o
T T
f s
e
dx P w TdS w WP
0
.
---#a$
here"
o
P T
distributed load in force1unit length
The field variable is e(pressed as
[ ]

'

+ + +
2
2
1
1
4 3 2 1 2 4 2 3 1 2 1 1

w
w
N N N N N w N N w N w ---#b$
Nq w
T T T
N q w
0ubstitute into E&n.#a$" we get
e
T
l
o
T T
f s
T q dx P N q WP
e

0
.
where"

e
l
o
T
e
dx P N T
0
is the load vector due to distributed load

'

e
l
o e
dx P
N
N
N
N
T
0
4
3
2
1
4
1
w
1
2
length unit per
o
P
2
w
1

FEM Dr.T.N
where shape functions are e(pressed as
3
3
2
2
1
2 3
1
e e
l
x
l
x
N +
2
3 2
2
2
e e
l
x
l
x
x N +
---#c$
3
3
2
2
3
2 3
e e
l
x
l
x
N
2
3 2
4
e e
l
x
l
x
N +
0ubstitute into above e&uation" we get

'

+
+

'

+
+

'

+
+

)
4
1
3
1

)
2
1
1
)
4
1
3
2
2
1

)
2
1
1 1
4 3
4
2
3
3
4 3
2
2
4
2
3
3
2 3
2
2 3
1
2
2
2
4 3
3
4
2
3
2
4 3 2
3
4
2
3
0
2
3 2
3
3
2
2
2
3 2
3
3
2
2
e
e
e
e
o
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e e
e
e
e
e
e
o
l
e e
e e
e e
e e
o e
l
l
l
l
P
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l l
l
l
l
l
l
P dx
l
x
l
x
l
x
l
x
l
x
l
x
x
l
x
l
x
P T
e
5
FEM Dr.T.N
UDL
e o
e o
e o
e o
e
M
F
M
F
l P
l P
l P
l P
T

'

'

2
2
1
1
2
2
12
2
12
2
Problems:
Prob.1: For the beam shown in Fig., obtain the global stiffness matrix. (VTU,Jul !""#$
%&!"" '(a
I& #x1"
)
mm
#
1 ! *
+is,reti-ation: Divide the beam into two elements as shown below
! 2 - ! 2 ! 2
3lobal Node Number *ocal Node Number
4n general the element stiffness matri( for beam element is e(pressed as
[ ]
1
1
1
1
]
1

2 2
2 2
3
4 6 2 6
6 12 6 12
2 6 4 6
6 12 6 12
e e e e
e e
e e e e
e e
e
e e
e
l l l l
l l
l l l l
l l
l
I E
K
.ote: /in,e length of ea,h element is gi0en in meter, it is more ,on0enient if we ex(ress the % in
.1m
!
an2 I in m
#
3ere %&!"" '(a & !""41"
5
.1m
!
an2 I=4x10
6
mm
4
= 4!10
6)
m
#
#a$ For element-!+
m N
l
I E
! 10 "
1
10 4 # 10 200
5
3
6 $
3
1
1 1

2 2 1 1
w w
6
%lobal d.o.&
1 '
e
l
1 '
e
l
1
2
1
2
1
1
F
2
2
F
1
M
2
M
FEM Dr.T.N
2
2
1
1
5
2 2
2 2
5 1
4 6 2 6
6 12 6 12
2 6 4 6
6 12 6 12
10 "
1 # 4 1 # 6 1 # 2 1 # 6
1 # 6 12 1 # 6 12
1 # 2 1 # 6 1 # 4 1 # 6
1 # 6 12 1 # 6 12
10 "

w
w
K
1
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
]
1

#b$ For element-2+
5
3
2
2 2
10 "
l
I E

3 3 2 2
w w
3
3
2
2
5
2 2
2 2
5 2
4 6 2 6
6 12 6 12
2 6 4 6
6 12 6 12
10 "
1 # 4 1 # 6 1 # 2 1 # 6
1 # 6 12 1 # 6 12
1 # 2 1 # 6 1 # 4 1 # 6
1 # 6 12 1 # 6 12
10 "

w
w
K
1
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
]
1

5ssembl'
The element stiffness matrices can be assembled using the following connectivit' table
Element Nos. *ocal node Numbers 3lobal d.o.f
!
!
1
w
1

2
2
w
2

2
!
2
w
2

2
3
w
3

/rite the global d.o.f for the corresponding row and column of stiffness matrices and assemble" we
get

3 3 2 2 1 1
w w w
3
3
2
2
1
1
5
4 6 2 6
6 12 6 12
2 6 4 4 6 6 2 6
6 12 6 6 12 12 6 12
2 6 4 6
6 12 6 12
10 "

w
w
w
K
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

+ +
+ +

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

4 6 2 6 0 0
6 12 6 12 0 0
2 6 " 0 2 6
6 12 0 24 6 12
0 0 2 6 4 6
0 0 6 12 6 12
10 "
5
K
is the global stiffness matri(.
(
%lobal d.o.&
%lobal d.o.&
FEM Dr.T.N
Prob.!: ,om(ute the 2efle,tion of sim(l su((orte2 beam ,arring ,on,entrate2 loa2 at its ,enter.
Use two beam elements. (VTU, Jan, !""#$
+is,reti-ation: the gi0en beam is 2i0i2e2 into two elements so as to get a no2e at ,on,entrate2 loa2
(oint.
1 ! * 1 ! 1 !
'lobal 7o,al
%lemental stiffness matri,es:
4n general the element stiffness matri( for beam element is e(pressed as
[ ]
1
1
1
1
]
1

2 2
2 2
3
4 6 2 6
6 12 6 12
2 6 4 6
6 12 6 12
e e e e
e e
e e e e
e e
e
e e
e
l l l l
l l
l l l l
l l
l
I E
K
*et E E E
2 1
and I I I
2 1
#a$ For element-!+
3 3 3
1
1 1
"
) 2 ! l
EI
l
EI
l
I E

1
1
1
1
1
]
1

2 2
2 2
3
1
) 2 ! # 4 ) 2 ! # 6 ) 2 ! # 2 ) 2 ! # 6
) 2 ! # 6 12 ) 2 ! # 6 12
) 2 ! # 2 ) 2 ! # 6 ) 2 ! # 4 ) 2 ! # 6
) 2 ! # 6 12 ) 2 ! # 6 12
"
l l l l
l l
l l l l
l l
l
EI
K

2 2 1 1
w w
2
2
1
1
2 2
2 2
3
1
3 ) 5 . 0 3
3 12 3 12
5 . 0 3 3
3 12 3 12
"

w
w
l l l l
l l
l l l l
l l
l
EI
K
1
1
1
1
]
1

#b$ for element-2+

1 2
K K as
1 2 1 2
) I I E E and
1 2
l l

3 3 2 2
w w
3
3
2
2
2 2
2 2
3
2
3 5 . 0 3
3 12 3 12
5 . 0 3 3
3 12 3 12
"

w
w
l l l l
l l
l l l l
l l
l
EI
K
1
1
1
1
]
1

"
2
1
2
1
FEM Dr.T.N
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

+ +
+ +

2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
3
3 5 . 0 3 0 0
3 12 3 12 0 0
5 . 0 3 3 3 5 . 0 3
3 12 3 3 12 12 3 12
0 0 5 . 0 3 3
0 0 3 12 3 12
"
l l l l
l l
l l l l l l l l
l l l l
l l l l
l l
l
EI
K


3 3 2 2 1 1
w w w
3
3
2
2
1
1
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
3
3 5 . 0 3 0 0
3 12 3 12 0 0
5 . 0 3 2 0 5 . 0 3
3 12 0 24 3 12
0 0 5 . 0 3 3
0 0 3 12 3 12
"

w
w
w
l l l l
l l
l l l l l
l l
l l l l
l l
l
EI
K
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

Then the global e&uilibrium is given b'

'

'

'

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

0
0
0
0
0
3 5 . 0 3 0 0
3 12 3 12 0 0
5 . 0 3 2 0 5 . 0 3
3 12 0 24 3 12
0 0 5 . 0 3 3
0 0 3 12 3 12
"
3
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
3
"
"
F
P
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
w
w
w
l l l l
l l
l l l l l
l l
l l l l
l l
l
EI

---#a$
Note:
4n the above e&uation"
1 "
F and
3 "
F
are reaction force at support #i.e. at node ! and -$. 4t ma' be
noted that the reaction moment at support #
3 1
,
# "
M M
$ for the case of simpl' supported beam is
6ero.
The 7 ve sign for P is because it acts opposite to our assumed positive direction #we assumed the
upward forces and anticloc2wise moments as 8 ve and vice-versa$.
Boun2ar ,on2itions: For sim(l su((orte2 beam the 2efle,tion at its su((orts are -ero.
0
3 1
w w
Eliminate rows and columns correspond to
1
w and
3
w
and solve the resulting ( simultaneous
e&uations to obtain slops at node !"2 and- #
3 2 1
, ,
$ and deflection at center
2
w .
Note:The following boun2ar ,on2itions are use2 for the following ,ases
1. For ,antile0er beam:
0 w at fixe2 en2
!. For sim(l su((orte2 beam:
onl 0 w at its su((orts.
*. For fixe2 beam at its both en2:
$
FEM Dr.T.N
Both
0 , w
at fixe2 en2s
#. for the following beam
0
2 1 1
w w but
0 , ,
3 2 3
w
an2 are to be 2etermine.
Prob.*: For the beam shown in Fig., 2etermine the maximum 2efle,tion an2 the rea,tion at the
su((ort. %8 is ,onstant throughout the beam. (VTU, Jul!""9$
/olution:
+is,reti-ation: Divide the given beam into two element as shown below.
1 ! * 1 ! 1 !
'lobal 7o,al
%lement stiffness matrix: %roceed same as problem 2 and obtain global stiffness matri( as
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

2 2
2 2 2
2 2
3
3 5 . 0 3 0 0
3 12 3 12 0 0
5 . 0 3 2 0 5 . 0 3
3 12 0 24 3 12
0 0 5 . 0 3 3
0 0 3 12 3 12
"
l l l l
l l
l l l l l
l l
l l l l
l l
l
EI
K
Then the global e&uilibrium is given b'

'

+
+

'

'

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

0
0
0
0
0
3 5 . 0 3 0 0
3 12 3 12 0 0
5 . 0 3 2 0 5 . 0 3
3 12 0 24 3 12
0 0 5 . 0 3 3
0 0 3 12 3 12
"
1
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
3
P
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
w
w
w
l l l l
l l
l l l l l
l l
l l l l
l l
l
EI
"
"

---#a$
Boun2ar ,on2itions: For ,antile0er beam the 2efle,tion an2 slo( at its fixe2 en2 are -ero.
0
1 1
w
Eliminate rows and columns correspond to
1
w and
1
and solve the resulting ( simultaneous
e&uations to obtain deflection and slops at node 2 and - #
3 3 2 2
, , , w w
$ in terms of
l I E , ,
and
P .
Then" the ma(imum deflection is at free end #i.e. at node -$.
3 'a*
w w
& :::: mm
To 2etermine rea,tion:
From 1
st
e;uation of %;n. (a$ we ha0e the rea,tion for,e at su((ort as
10
L
2
1
2
1
FEM Dr.T.N
( )
1 2 2 1 1
3
3 12 3 12
"
"
F l w l w
l
EI
+ + +
:::(i$
/imilarl, from !
n2
e;uation of %;n.(a$, we ha0e rea,ti0e moment as
1 2
2
2 1
2
1
3
2
3 3
"
"
M
l
lw l lw
l
EI

,
_

+ +
:::(ii$
/ubstitute
2 2 1 1
, , , w w into %;ns. (i$ an2 (ii$ to obtain rea,tions at fixe2 en2.
Prob.#: For the beam (roblem shown in Fig., sol0e for the (rimar, se,on2ar un<nowns using finite
element metho2. (VTU, =a !""9, >uto$
/olution: Obtain the element stiffness matrices and global stiffness matri( similar to the previous
problems and form global e&uilibrium e&uation. 9se the following boundar' conditions for this
problem and solve for the remaining un2nowns. The primar' un2nowns are deflection and slops and
secondar' un2nowns are force and moments at the supports.
..c:s are 0
2 1 1
w w
Prob.9: > beam of length 1"m, fixe2 at one en2 an2 su((orte2 b a roller at the other en2 ,arries a
!"<. ,on,entrate2 loa2 at the ,enter of the s(an. B ta<ing the mo2ulus of elasti,it of material as
!"" '(a an2 moment of inertia of se,tion as
6
10 24

m
#
, 2etermine
1. +efle,tion un2er the loa2 an2
!. /hear for,e an2 ben2ing moment on ea,h element. (VTU, Feb. !""!$
/olution:
P
3ints. Divide the beam into two elements and obtain element stiffness matrices and global stiffness
matri(. ;ere
2 $
2 1
! 10 200 m N E E "
4 6
2 1
10 24 m I I

and N P
3
10 20 . 9se the
following boundar' conditions i.e.
0
3 1 1
w w
to slove global e&uilibrium e&uation to get
3 2 2
, , w
.
#a$ deflection under load<
2
w < --- mm
#b$ 0hear force and bending moments+
/e have shear force at an eth element as

'

1
1
]
1

2
2
1
1
3
4
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
1
3
3
3

w
w
x
N
x
N
x
N
x
N
I E
x
w
I E V
e e e e e
---#a$
and bending moment as
11
10'
FEM Dr.T.N
[ ] { }
e
e e e e
q B I E M <

'

1
1
]
1

2
2
1
1
2
4
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
2

w
w
x
N
x
N
x
N
x
N
I E
e e
---#b$
where
3
3
2
2
1
2 3
1
e e
l
x
l
x
N +
2
3 2
2
2
e e
l
x
l
x
x N +
---#c$
3
3
2
2
3
2 3
e e
l
x
l
x
N
2
3 2
4
e e
l
x
l
x
N +
Differentiate E&n. #c$ twice and trice and substitute into E&n.#b$ and #a$" we get element shear force
and bending moment as

'

1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

2
2
1
1
2 3 2 3
6 12 6 12

w
w
l l l l
I E V
e e e e
e e e

'

1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

+
2
2
1
1
2 3 2 2 3 2
6 2 12 6 6 4 12 6

w
w
l
x
l l
x
l l
x
l l
x
l
I E M
e e e e e e e e
e e e
/hear for,e:
(a$ For element 1:
5 6 $
1 1
10 4" 10 24 # 10 200

I E ? m l 5
1

'

1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

2
2
1
1
2 3 2 3
5
1
5
6
5
12
5
6
5
12
10 4"

w
w
V
#b$ For element 2+
12
FEM Dr.T.N

'

1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

3
3
2
2
2 3 2 3
5
2
5
6
5
12
5
6
5
12
10 4"

w
w
V
0ubstitute the corresponding nodal deformations and slops obtained in section-a into the above
e&uation to get shear force at each element.
Ben2ing moment:
@e <now that ben2ing moment 0aries from one no2e to another no2e in ea,h element. Therefore it
is re;uire2 to 2etermine the ben2ing moment at both en2 of ea,h element.
(a$ for element 1:

'

1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

+
2
2
1
1
2 3 2 2 3 2
10
1
6 2 12 6 6 4 12 6
10 5"0

w
w
l
x
l l
x
l l
x
l l
x
l
M
e e e e e e e e
:::(2$
(i$ at no2e 1(i.e at 0 x $:

'

1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

2
2
1
1
2 2
5
1
5
2
5
6
5
4
5
6
10 4"

w
w
M
(ii$ at no2e ! (i.e. at x&9m$
/ubstitute x&9m into %;n.(2$ to get B.= at no2e ! of element1.
(b$ For element !:
(i$ at .o2e1 i.e. at x&9m$: 8t is same as B.= at no2e ! of element 1
(ii$ at no2e! 1.e. at x&1"m:
/ubstitute x&1"m into %;n.(2$ to get B.= at no2e ! of element!.
Prob.): For the beam loa2e2 as shown in Fig., 2etermine the slo(s at ! an2 * an2 the 0erti,al
2efle,tion at the mi2(oint of the 2istribute2 loa2
'lobal stiffness matrix:
3ints: Obtain the global stiffness matri( same as problem! and is given b'
13
12 +,!'
- . 200 %pa
/ . 4*10
6
''
4
1 '
1 '
FEM Dr.T.N
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

4 6 2 6 0 0
6 12 6 12 0 0
2 6 " 0 2 6
6 12 0 24 6 12
0 0 2 6 4 6
0 0 6 12 6 12
10 "
5
K
'lobal loa2 0e,tor: >s beam subAe,te2 to U+7, it is re;uire2 to 2etermine the loa2 0e,tor for the
elements.
8n general loa2 0e,tor 2ue to 2istribute2 loa2 is ex(resse2 as

'

12
2
12
2
2
2
e o
e o
e o
e o
e
l P
l P
l P
l P
T
(a$ For element 1: >s element 1 is not subAe,te2 to 2istribute2 loa2
global 2.o.f
2
2
1
1
1
0
0
0
0

w
w
T

'

(b$ For element!: m N P

o
! 10 # 12
3
,
m l 1
2

3
3
2
2
2 3
3
2 3
3
2
1000
6000
1000
6000
12
1 10 # 12
2
1 10 # 12
12
1 10 # 12
2
1 10 # 12

w
w
T

'

'

Total loa2 0e,tor 2ue to 2istribute loa2 is

14
FEM Dr.T.N
{ }
3
3
2
2
1
1
1000
6000
1000 0
6000 0
0
0

w
w
w
T

'

7oa2 0e,tor 2ue to (oint loa2: as there is no (oint loa2s gi0en at an (oint, we ha0e
{ }

'

0
0
3
2
1
1
"
"
"
"
F
F
M
F
P
There is rea,tion at all su((ort. There is ben2ing moment at fixe2 en2 an2 ben2ing moment at
sim(l su((orts is -ero.
'lobal /stem e;uation:

'

+
+

'

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

1000
6000
1000
6000
4 6 2 6 0 0
6 12 6 12 0 0
2 6 " 0 2 6
6 12 0 24 6 12
0 0 2 6 4 6
0 0 6 12 6 12
10 "
3
2
2
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
5
"
"
"
"
F
F
M
F
w
w
w

Boun2ar ,on2itions: >((l boun2ar ,on2itions

0
3 2 1 1
w w w
an2 sol0e to get
3 2
,
.
To determine deformation at midpoint of UDL: Bonsi2er onl element ! an2 use
3 3 2 2 1 2 1 1
N w N N w N w + + +
15
FEM Dr.T.N
Cbtain sha(e fun,tions at mi2(oint of the element (i.e. at x&".9m$ an2 substitue the no2al 0alues of
2eformation an2 slo(s of element !.
3ere
3 2 3 2 2 1 2 1
) ) ) w w w w
.
Ans. ) 10 6($ . 2
4
2


4
3
10 464 . 4

an2 w at midpoint is 7=.=>?-mm.
----- .ood L*c/---
16