CHNG 3.

PHN CNG H THNG NHNG

3.1. Gii thiu
Mt trong nhng c im ca h thng nhung la c phn cng va phn mm phi
c a vao c t k thut. Vic tai su dung cac thanh phn phn cng va phn mm la
trong tm ca xut phong phap thit k dua trn nn tng. Theo l trinh c m t
trong Iig. 3.1, phn nay s tp trung vao vic m t mt s cac yu t cn thit ca phn
cng h thng nhung.
Phn cng cho cac h thng nhung la it c chun hoa hon nhiu so voi phn
cng danh cho may tinh ca nhn. Do phn cng h thng nhung co rt nhiu loai, nn
khng th m t tt c cac loai ca cac thanh phn phn cng mt cach bao quat toan din.
Tuy nhin, trong phn nay s c gng cung cp mt tng quan trn mt s cac thanh phn
ch yu co th co o hu ht cac h thng. Trong nhiu h thng nhung, c bit la trong
cac h thng iu khin, phn cng nhung c su dung theo so vong kin nh Hinh 3.2
sau.
Trong vong kin nay, thng tin v mi trong vt ly c thu thp thng qua cac
cm bin. Thng thong, cac b cm ng tao ra chui lin tuc ca cac gia tri tong tu.
Vic chuyn i tu tin hiu tong tu sang s phu hp voi nng luc xu ly ca may tinh s
c thuc hin boi hai loai mach: tac va gi mu va mach chuyn i A/D. Kt qu c
tao co th c hin thi, va cung c su dung kim soat mi trong vt ly thng qua
co cu tr ng. Vi hu ht cac co cu tr ng la cac h thng tong tu, do o cn phi
chuyn i tu tin hiu iu khin dang s sang tin hiu tong tu. Dy la m hinh thich hp
cho cac ng dung iu khin. Di voi cac ng dung khac, no co th lam vic nh mt b
xp xi bc nht. Vi du, trong in thoai di ng, b cm bin tong ng voi cac ng-ten va
co cu tr ng tong ng voi loa.
3.2 Thit b vo
3.2.1 C bi!
Cm bin co th c thit k cho hu nh tt c cac ai lng vt ly. Co nhng b
cm bin trong lng, vn tc, gia tc, dong in, in ap, nhit , vv. Mt s lng lon
cac hiu ng vt ly co th c su dung xy dung cac b cm bin. Vi du nh lut ca
cm ng in tu, hay hiu ng anh sang in - quang. Ngoai ra, con co b cm bin cho
cac cht hoa hoc. Trong nhng nm gn y, mt s lng rt lon ca b cm bin
c thit k va nhiu nhng tin b trong vic thit k cac h thng thng minh co th
c la nho cng ngh cm bin hin ai. Do o, khng th bao quat cac loai cm bin ca
cng ngh phn cng nhung mt cach toan din va chi co th gioi thiu mt s vi du in
hinh.
C bi! "i# t$%& Hinh 3.3 cho thy mt cm bin nho sn xut bng cng ngh vi h
thng. Cac cm bin co cha mt vt nng o trung tm. Khi c gia tc, khi lng s
c chuyn dich khoi vi tri chun ca no, qua o thay i tro khang ca cac dy kt ni
voi vt nng nay.
C bi! '#& D loai bo su phin phc cho cac tai x, gn y mt s xe t cao cp
co cm bin ma. Nho o, tc ca b phn gat ma co th tu ng iu chinh phu hp
voi mc ma.
C bi! h(!h !h& Co hai loai cm bin hinh nh co bn: cac thit bi linh kin ghep
in tich (La thit bi bao gm nhiu b phn ban dn ni voi nhau. Trong o, tin hiu ra
ca b phn nay la u vao ca b phn tip theo - CCD) va b cm bin CMOS. C hai
loai cm bin nay u c kt ni doi dang ma trn. Kin truc ca ma trn cm bin
CMOS ging nh b nho chun: cac im nh c lp co th c truy xut ngu nhin
theo ia chi. Cac cm bin CMOS su dung cng ngh CMOS tiu chun ca cac mach tich
hp. Do o, cac b cm bin va cac mach logic co th c tich hp trn cung mt chip.
Diu nay cho phep mt s tin xu ly c thuc hin trn chip cm bin, dn n khai nim
cm ng thng minh. Cac b cm bin CMOS chi yu cu mt ngun cung cp duy nht
tiu chun va giao tip noi chung la d dang. Do o, b cm bin CMOS-based co gia re.
Ngc lai, cng ngh CCD c ti u hoa cho cac ng dung quang hoc. Trong cng
ngh CCD, in tich phi c chuyn tu im nh nay n im nh tip theo cho n
khi chung co th oc ra tai bin ca ma trn. Hinh nh c tao ra voi cac CCD co cho
cht lng cao hon so voi su dung b cm bin CMOS, vi chung it tao ra nhiu hon. Tuy
nhin, giao tip phc tap hon. Kt qu la, b cm bin CMOS, thich hp cho cac ng dung
oi hoi chi phi thp hoc trung binh va thp hoc cht lng hinh nh trung binh, cm bin
CCD phu hp voi cac ng dung yu cu cht lng cao (vi du nh trong may nh s, may
quay phim k thut s va kinh vin vong quang hoc).
)io*+t,i%#- .+!.o,.& Demands Ior higher security standards as well as the need to protect mobile and
removable equipment have led to an increased interest in authentication. Due to the limitations oI password
based security (e.g. stolen and lost passwords), smartcards, bio-metrical sensors and bio-medical
authentication receive signiIicant attention. Bio-medical authentication tries to identiIy whether or not a
certain person is actually the person she or he claims to be. Methods Ior bio-medical authentication include
iris scans, Iinger print sensors and Iace recognition. Finger print sensors are typically Iabricated using the
same CMOS technology |Weste et al., 2000| which is used Ior manuIacturing integrated circuits. Possible
applications include notebooks which grant access only iI the user`s Iinger print is recognized |IBM Inc.,
2002|. CCD and CMOS image sensors described above are used Ior Iace recognition. False accepts as well
as Ialse rejects are an inherent problem oI bio-medical authentication. In contrast to password based
authentication, exact matches are not possible.
C bi! .i!h t,/% h0% (Bio-metrical)& Yu cu ca cac tiu chun bo mt cao hon cung
nh cn thit bo v cac thit bi di ng dn n su quan tm lon trong linh vuc xac
thuc. Do su han ch ca vic bo mt dua trn mt khu (vi du nh bi anh cp hay mt
mt khu) nn vic xac thuc bng the thng minh, cac yu t sinh trc hoc va y sinh hoc
c su chu y ang k. Cac phong phap xac thuc y sinh bao gm quet trong mt, vn tay
va nhn dang khun mt. Cac cm bin vn tay thong su dung cng ngh CMOS, ng
dung trong may tinh xach tay la mt in hinh. Cac b cm bin hinh nh CCD va CMOS
cung c su dung nhn dang khun mt. Sai chp nhn cung nh tu chi sai la mt
vn c hu ca sinh hoc y t xac thuc. Ngc lai voi mt khu dua trn chng thuc, kt
hp chinh xac la khng th.
Mt nhn tao: Cac du an nghin cu v mt nhn tao co th theo mt trong 2 hong chinh:
tao tac ng thuc su n mt, hoc cung cp thi giac mt cach gian tip. Vin Dobelle
thu nghim voi mt thit lp trong o mt camera nho c gn vao kinh. May nh nay
c kt ni voi mt may tinh dich cac m hinh thanh cac xung in. Nhng xung nay sau
o c gui truc tip n no, bng cach su dung mt s lin lac truc tip thng qua mt
in cuc. Hin nay (2003), phn gii at c 128x128 pixels, cho phep ngoi mu
lai xe o cac khu vuc kim soat.
C bi! 1h2%& Cac loai cm bin thng thong khac bao gm: cm bin ap sut, b cm
bin tim cn, cm bin kim soat ng co, cac cm bin hiu ng Hall
1
, vv.
3.2.2 M ch tch v gi m u
May tinh s lam vic trong min roi rac theo thoi gian. Diu nay co nghia la no co
th xu ly cac gia tri roi rac. Do o, cac gia tri trong min lin tuc phi c chuyn i
sang min roi rac. Dy la muc ich ca mach tach va gi mu. Hinh. 3.4 (trai) m t mach
tach va gi mu on gin; en ban dn nay hoat ng nh mt cng tc c ong boi cac
tin hiu xung nhip, tu in c nap sao cho in ap ca no la gn nh in ap u vao V
e
.
Sau khi cng tc c mo lai, in ap nay s duy tri cho n khi cng tc c ong lai.
Mi gia tri c lu tr trn tu in co th c xem la mt phn tu ca mt chui roi rac
V
x
, c tao ra tu chui lin tuc V
e
(Hinh 3.4. bn phi).
1
Cm bin hiu ng Hall la mt b chuyn i ma thay i in ap u ra tong ng ng voi
nhng thay i tu trong. Cm bin Hall c su dung cho chuyn mach tim cn, inh vi, phat
hin tc , va cac ng dung cm bin dong.
Mach tach va gi mu ly tong co th thay i in ap tai cac tu in trong mt
khong thoi gian ngn tuy y. Bng cach nay, in ap u vao tai mt thoi im cu th co
th c truyn n tu in va mi phn tu trong chui roi rac s tong ng voi in ap
u vao tai thoi im o. Trong thuc t, en ban dn nay phi c duy tri ong cho mt
khung thoi gian ngn tu in sn sang cho vic nap hoc x. Din ap c lu tr trn
tu in s tong ng voi mt in ap trung binh trong khung thoi gian ngn nay.
3.2. 3. Cc b chuy n i A/D
Vic chuyn i cac gia tri tu tong tu sang s cac gia tri s c thuc hin bng
cac b chuyn i A/D. Co nhiu loai ADC voi cac c tinh tc / chinh xac khac
nhau. O y, chi tp trung vao hai loai:
3-#.h 45C& Loai nay su dung mt s lng lon cac b so sanh. Mi b so sanh co hai u
vao, ky hiu la va -. Nu in ap o u vao vt qua ma luc u vao -, u ra tong
ng la gia tri logic '1', ngc lai u ra co gia tri logic '0'. Trong ADC, tt c cac u vao -
c ni voi mt b phn ap.
Nu in ap u vao V
x
vt qua in ap so sanh V
reI
, thi b so sanh u tin trong
Hinh 3. s tao ra gia tri '1'. B m hoa o u ra ca cac b so sanh s nhn din bit cao
nht co gia tri '1' va s m hoa u ra tong ng voi trong hp V
x
V
ref
ng voi gia tri lon
nht.
Nu in ap u vao V
x
nho hon V
ref
, nhng vn con lon hon 3/4 V
ref
, b so sanh th
nht trong Hinh 3. s tao ra gia tri '0', trong khi b so sanh tip theo s vn cho gia tri ra
la '1'. B m hoa s m hoa gia tri nay nh gia tri lon nht th hai.
Chu y, mach in trn chi co th chuyn i cac in ap u vao tich cuc () tong
tu thanh cac gia tri s. D chuyn i c in ap va s cn thm mt s phn mo rng.
Cac li im chinh ca mach la tc ca no. No khng cn xung nhip ng h
iu khin qua trinh ong mo cac en ban dn. D tr gia u vao va u ra la rt nho va
cac mach co th c su dung d dang, vi du, dung cho cac ng dung ng dung video tc
cao. Nhc im la phn cng phc tap: cn n-1 b so sanh phn bit cho n gia tri.
Nu su dung mach trong vic tao cac tin hiu m thanh k thut s ghi ia CD 1 bit, s
cn toi 2
1
-1 b so sanh
Ti %6! 789 7:& Mach in c th hin trong Hinh 3.. tong chinh ca mach nay la
su dung tim kim nhi phn. Ban u, cac bit u ra quan trong nht ca thanh ghi tim cn
xp xi c thit lp la '1', tt c bit khac c t la '0 '. ia tri s nay c chuyn i
thanh mt gia tri tong tu, tong ng voi 0, in ap u vao ti a. Nu V
x
vt qua gia
tri tong tu c tao ra, bit co trong s lon nht c lu gi tai '1', nu khng no c
t lai v '0'. ua trinh nay c lp i lp lai voi cac bit tip theo.
u im chinh ca k thut xp xi k tip la hiu qu ca phn cng. D phn bit n gia
tri, chung ta cn thanh ghi tim cn xp x va b DAC log2(n) bit. Dim bt li la tc
ca no, vi no cn O(log2(n)) boc. Do o, nhng b chuyn i nay co th c su dung
cho cac ng dung yu cu chinh xac va tc vua phi. Vi du bao gm cac ng dung
audio.
3.3 T,u;<! th=!"
Thng tin phi co sn troc khi no co th c xu ly trong mt h thng nhung.
Thng tin co th c truyn qua cac knh khac nhau. Knh la cac thuc th truu tng
c c trng boi cac thuc tinh truyn thng quan trong, nh dung lng truyn va cac
tham s nhiu. ac sut ca li truyn thng co th c tinh toan bng cach su dung cac
k thut truyn dn. Cac thuc th vt ly cho phep thuc hin truyn dn c goi la cac
phong tin thng tin lin lac. Cac lop phong tin truyn thng quan trong bao gm:
phong tin truyn thng khng dy (qua song radio, hng ngoai), cac thit bi truyn dn
quang (si quang), va cac loai truyn dn co dy.
3.3. 1 Cc yu c u
Ho>t ?@!" thAi "i#! thB%& yu cu nay co nh hong su rng n thit k ca h thng
truyn thng. Mt s gii phap chi phi thp, chng han nh thernet khng ap ng yu
cu nay.
Hiu Cu& Kt ni cac thanh phn phn cng khac nhau co th kha t. Vi du, cac kt ni
im - im trong cac toa nha lon c hu nh khng th; hay nh trong xe hoi, nu
dung cac dy dn ring bit kt ni gia b phn iu khin va cac thit bi ngoai vi s lam
tng thm ang k chi phi va trong lng ca xe. Dng thoi, voi dy ring bit s kho b
sung thm cac thanh phn. Su cn thit ca vic cung cp cac thit k co hiu qu v chi
phi cung nh hong n cach cp ngun cho cac thit bi ngoai vi. Ngoi ta thong su
dung mt b ngun tp trung tm gim chi phi.
D@ t,E v bF!" th=!" thG%h hH9& Cac yu cu v bng thng ca cac h thng nhung co
th khac nhau. Diu quan trong la cung cp bng thng ma khng lam cho h thng
truyn thng qua t.
HI t,H %ho t,u;<! th=!" th+o .B 1i!& Cac h thng dua trn hoi vong cung cp mt
hanh vi thoi gian thuc du oan c. Tuy nhin, tr truyn thng ca h thng co th
qua lon va do o phi co co ch cho truyn thng nhanh hong su kin. Vi du, cac tinh
hung khn cp cn c truyn ngay lp tc ma khng i n khi b iu khin trung
tm tr loi cho bn tin.
TG!h b<! vJ!"& cac h thng nhung co th c su dung o cac iu kin khc nghit nh
nhit , gn ngun bc xa in tu, vv. Vi du trong cac ng co xe hoi, nhit tu -20 n
180 C. Cac mc in ap va tn s co th bi nh hong do su bin i lon v nhit .
Tuy nhin, giao tip ang tin cy phi c duy tri.
Kh !F!" %hu -Ii& Mc du h thng co tinh bn vng, nhng li vn co th xy ra. H
thng nhung cn c hoat ng ngay c sau khi li nh vy. Vic khoi ng lai, ging
nh trong may tinh ca nhn la khng c chp nhn. Diu nay co nghia rng cac phin
giao tip phi thuc hin lai sau mi phin li. Tuy nhin, su mu thun o ch: Nu chung
ta cho phep thuc hin lai thi s rt kho ap ng cac yu cu nghim ngt thoi gian thuc.
Kh !F!" %huL! ?o2!M bo t,(& H thng nhung co th c sua cha trong khung thoi
gian hp ly.
)o 6t& Bo m su ring t ca thng tin bi mt co th yu cu vic su dung mt m.
Nhng yu cu ca vic truyn thng la mt h qu truc tip ca cac c tinh chung
ca h thng nhung c cp trong Chong 1. Do co su mu thun gia mt s cac yu
cu, nn trong thuc t cn co su thoa hip gia chung. Vi du, co th co cac hinh thc
truyn thng khac nhau: mt ch bng thng cao, m bo hanh vi thoi gian thuc,
nhng khng co kh nng chiu li (ch nay la thich hp cho d liu a phong tin) va
m hinh th 2 la co kh nng chiu li, bng thng thp dung cho ng dung tin nhn ngn
ma phi khng bi rot.
3.3. 2 B n v ng i n
Co mt s k thut co bn i voi yu cu bn vng in. Truyn thng k thut s
trong cac vi mach thong su dung cai goi la tin hiu mt cuc (single-ended signal). Di
voi tin hiu mt cuc, tin hiu c truyn trn mt dy dn on (xem Hinh 3.8).
Dy la tin hiu dang ap (it su dung tin hiu dong). Mt dy t duy nht la cho
mt s tin hiu on cuc. Tin hiu on cuc rt nhay cm voi nhiu ngoai. Nu nhiu ngoai
nh hong n in ap (vi du nh bt cng tc ng co), cac goi tin co th d dang bi sai
lch. Ngoai ra, rt kho thit lp tin hiu t cht lng cao gia mt s lng lon cac h
thng truyn thng, do tro khang va cm khang dy dn. Diu nay la voi tin hiu dang vi
sai. Di voi tin hiu vi sai, mi tin hiu c cp trn hai dy dn (hinh 3.8). Su dung tin
hiu vi sai, cac gia tri nhi phn c m hoa nh sau: Nu in ap trn dy u tin i voi
th hai la tich cuc, thi c gii m la 1, va ngc lai c gii m la 0. Hai dy
thng thong s c xon lai voi nhau hinh thanh cai goi la cp xon. S co nhng tin
hiu t cuc b, nhng su sai lch in ap khng gia cac thit bi khng bi nh hong.
Cac u im ca tin hiu vi sai la:
N Can nhiu vao hai dy trong cach co bn ging nhau. Do vy, vic so sanh loai bo
gn nh tt c nhiu.
N ia tri logic chi phu thuc vao phn cuc ca in ap gia hai dy. Tuy lon ca
in ap co th bi nh hong boi tro khang ca dy nhng iu nay khng nh
hong trn gia tri gii m.
N Tin hiu khng tao ra bt k dong voi dy t. Do o, cht lng ca cac dy t
tro nn it quan trong.
N Thng thong khng yu cu dy t. Do o, khng cn phi thit lp mt h thng
dy t cht lng cao gia mt s lng lon cac thit bi truyn thng (y la mt
trong nhng ly do cho vic su dung tin hiu vi sai trong mang thernet).
N H qu ca cac thuc tinh cp trn, tin hiu vi sai cho phep mt thng lng
lon hon hiu on cuc.
3.3. 3. B o m hnh vi th i gian th c
Hu ht cac h thng may tinh u dua trn cac tiu chun thernet. Co th co xung
t gia cac i tac truyn thng khac nhau su dung chun thernet 10 Mbit/s va 100
Mbit/s. Co nghia la: mt s i tac c gng truyn o cung 1 thoi im, do o tin hiu trn
ong truyn bi sai lch. Khi o, cac i tac phi ngung truyn, cho mt thoi gian va thu
lai. Thoi gian cho c chon ngu nhin, tranh kh nng xung t trong cac ln tip
theo. Phong phap nay c goi la a truy cp cm nhn song mang do xung t
(CSMA/CD). Di voi CSMA/CD, thoi gian truyn thng co th rt lon, do cuc xung t
co th lp lai nhiu ln, mc du khng thong xuyn. Do o, CSMA/CD khng th c
su dung khi phi c ap ng rang buc thoi gian thuc.
Vn nay co th c gii quyt voi CSMA/CA (a truy cp cm nhn song
mang tranh xung t). Nh tn cho thy, va cham la hoan toan tranh c, hon la chi phat
hin. Di voi CSMA/CA, quyn u tin c gan cho tt c cac i tac.
Phong tin truyn thng c phn b cho cac i tac truyn thng trong cac pha
iu phi theo cac giai oan giao tip. Trong pha iu phi, cac i tac mun giao tip chi
thi iu nay trn cac phong tin truyn thng. Cac i tac thy nhng chi thi nh vy ma
co mc u tin cao hon thi phi loai bo ngay lp tc chi thi ca chung. Voi iu kin la co
mt gioi han v thoi gian gia cac pha iu phi, CSMA/CA m bo mt hanh vi thoi
gian thuc du oan c cho cac i tac co u tin cao nht. Di voi cac i tac khac, hanh
vi thoi gian thuc co th c bo m nu cac i tac u tin cao hon khng lin tuc yu
cu truy cp n cac phong tin truyn thng. Lu y rng cac phin bn tc cao ca
thernet (1 bit/s) cung tranh c cac xung t.
3.3. 4 V d
Bus cm bin/chp hanh: Cung cp giao tip gia cac thit bi on gin nh chuyn
mach hoc en va thit bi xu ly. Co th co nhiu thit bi nh vy va cn chu y c bit n
chi chi phi v dy dn ca bus.
3i+-O bu.& Field bus tong tu nh bus cm bin/chp hanh. Chung h tr tc truyn d
liu lon hon so voi bus cm bin/chp hanh. Vi du v cac Field bus bao gm:
- CAN vit tt ca Controller Area Network, tam dich la mang khu vuc iu khin,
la mt cng ngh mang ghep ni tip (a serial network technology) khoi ngun
c thit k dung cho cng nghip xe t, c bit cac loai xe Chu u, nhng ri
tro thanh mt bus ph bin trong tu ng hoa cng nghip cung nh cac ng
dung khac. Knh d liu CAN khoi u c dung cho cac h thng nhung, va nh
tn bao ham y la mt cng ngh mang cung cp truyn thng tin nhanh chong
trong cac vi iu khin theo yu cu thoi gian thuc. CAN la mt h thng mang hai
dy, nua kep va tc cao vt tri hon hn so voi cac cng ngh ni tip thng
thong nh 232 lin quan n chc nng va tin cy va vic thuc hin CAN
mang lai hiu qu hon. Vi du, trong khi TPC/IP c thit k chuyn ti s
lng lon d liu con CAN c thit k theo yu cu thoi gian thuc va voi tc
truyn d liu 1 MBit/sec d dang anh bai kt ni TPC/IP 100 Mbit/sec khi CAN
co thoi gian phn ng ngn, do sai s ung gio, khi phuc va sua cha sai s nhanh.
Nhiu nha sn xut linh kin ban dn ch yu vi du nh Motorola, Philips, Intel,
InIineon va nhiu hng khac ban chip CAN, va thuc t rng hang triu chip CAN
c dung trong xe t m bo rng gia chip re va co th su dung c lu dai.
Hu ht cac nha sn xut linh lin ban dn thong kt hp AT voi thit k vi
xu ly ca ho nhm h tr giao tip ni tip cho S232/48 ngay nay ang co
khuynh hong su dung CAN. Su dung mang CAN trong hu ht cac xe Chu u va
quyt inh ca cac nha sn xut xe ti va xe khng chay trn ong su dung CAN
dn n vic xut hin ca chip CAN vao nm 18. Cac mang CAN co th dung
c lam h thng thng tin nhung cho vi iu khin cung nh h thng thng tin
mo cho cac thit bi thng minh. Vi du mt s ngoi su dung trong linh vuc cng
ngh y hoc lua chon CAN boi vi chung ap ng c yu cu an toan tuyt i.
Nhng yu cu tong tu phi c xem xet boi cac nha sn xut thit bi khac voi
an toan rt cao va yu cu tin cy (vi du nh r bt, thang may, va h thng giao
thng).
- iao thc trigo thoi gian (TTP). Su dung trong cac h thng an toan co kh nng
khang li nh h thng tui khi trong xe hoi.
- Flexay, la giao thc truy nhp a phn chia theo thoi gian (TDMA), c phat
trin boi hip hi Flexay (BMW, DaimlerChrysler, eneral Motors, Ford, Bosch,
Motorola va Philips Semiconductors). Flexay la su kt hp gia bin th ca giao
thc TTP va giao thc byteIlight |Hip hi ByteIlight, 2003|.
- MAP: la bus c thit k cho cac nha may sn xut xe hoi.
- IB: uropean Installation Bus, c thit k cho h thng nha thng minh tham
kho thm tai File: PQ)R+,t+!*G).9OS).
Gi#o ti9 1h=!" OT;& iao tip khng dy ngay cang tro nn ph bin, nhng dy tn s
v tuyn lai ang tro thanh mt tai nguyn khan him. Kt qu la, cac tn s danh ring
cho in thoai di ng MTS (universal mobile telecommunications system - h thng
vin thng di ng a nng) th h th ba c ban voi gia rt cao (khong 00 euro/
ngoi o Dc). Bluetooth la mt tiu chun kt ni cac thit bi nh in thoai di ng va
tai nghe. Phin bn khng dy ca thernet c chun hoa theo tiu chun I 802.11.
No ang c su dung trong cac mang cuc b (LAN). DCT la mt tiu chun c su
dung cho in thoai khng dy tai chu u. HomeF la mt chun cho truyn dn khng
dy ng b ca loi noi va d liu a phong tin.
3.4 Cc n v !"
3.4. 1 # ng $uan
D xu ly thng tin, chung ta s xem xet ASICs (cac vi mach chuyn dung) su dung
cac thit k co b dn/ghep knh ni cng (Hardwired multiplexed), cac b logic co kh
nng cu hinh lai (thit bi logic kh trinh), va cac b vi xu ly. Ba cng ngh nay la hoi
khac nhau, vi du nh hiu sut nng lng ca chung. Hinh 3., cho thy s lng
lnh/Watt co th at c voi mt cng ngh phn cng nht inh.
rang, s lnh/Watt gia tng theo cac tin b cng ngh gim nho kich thoc
ca vi mach. Tuy nhin, i voi bt k cng ngh nao, ASIC co s lnh/Watt la lon nht,
tip theo la thit bi logic kh cu hinh va cui cung la b vi xu ly. Ngc lai, b vi xu ly
co tinh linh hoat cao nht (kt qu tu su linh hoat ca phn mm); tip theo la b logic kh
cu hinh (nhng bi gioi han boi kich thoc ca cac ng dung ma co th c anh xa toi
mach logic); con i voi ASIC khng co tinh linh hoat. Diu nay cung c ap dung cho
cac b vi xu ly, voi b vi xu ly c ti u hoa cho tung min ng dung, chng han nh
b vi xu ly ti u cho xu ly tin hiu s (b xu ly DSP), gia tri v hiu sut nng lng
cung tong ong voi vi mach ASIC. nng lng cho mt ng dung nao o lin quan
cht ch n cng sut P cn thit cho mi lnh:

= Pdt E
. Do o, vic gim cng sut
cung gim mc tiu thu nng lng, min la tich phn c thuc hin voi cung mt chu k
thoi gian. Tuy nhin, trong mt s trong hp, vic tng khng ang k cng sut co th
dn n mt su suy gim manh v thoi gian thuc hin, va do o, co th dn n nng
lng tiu thu c cuc tiu hoa. Vi vy, trong mt s trong hp, cuc tiu hoa cng sut
tiu thu cung tong ng voi cuc tiu hoa nng lng tiu thu, nhng iu nay khng nht
thit phi lun lun ung. Cuc tiu hoa cng sut va nng lng tiu thu u quan trong.
Cng sut tiu thu co nh hong n kich c ca ngun cung cp, thit k ca cac b n
ap, kich thoc ca dy ni, va lam mat ngn han.
3.4. 2 Cc vi m ch chuyn d ng %A&'C()
Cac vi mach chuyn dung ASIC c thit k cho cac ng dung hiu sut cao va thi
trong lon. Tuy nhin, chi phi thit k va sn xut chip kha cao. Vi du, chi phi ca mt na
c su dung trong sn xut chip co th co gia khong 10

euro/SD. Vi vy, ASICs thich

hp nu chi mt trong hai iu kin, hoc yu cu cuc ai hoa hiu sut nng lng va thi
trong chp nhn chi phi hoc nu sn xut voi s lng lon.
3.4. 3 Cc b vi !"
Li th chinh ca b vi xu ly la tinh linh hoat ca no. Voi b xu ly, toan b hoat
ng ca h thng nhung co th c thay i chi bng cach thay i phn mm chay trn
cac b vi xu ly. Nhng thay i v hoat ng co th c yu cu hiu chinh li thit
k, cp nht h thng theo mt chun moi hoc thay i hoc thm cac tinh nng cho
h thng troc o. Do o, cac b vi xu ly rt ph bin. B vi xu ly nhung phi hiu qu va
chung khng cn tong thich v tp lnh voi may tinh ca nhn. Vi vy, kin truc ca
chung co th khac voi nhng b vi xu ly ca PC. Hiu qu co mt s khia canh khac nhau:
Hiu Cu v< !F!" -'H!"& Kin truc phi c ti u hoa v mt hiu qu nng lng va
chung ta phi m bo rng chung ta khng mt hiu qu trong xu ly phn mm. Vi du,
cac b bin dich phat sinh 0 chi phi v mt s lng cac chu k, so voi ASIC, va co th
hon 0, nu in ap cung cp va tn s ng h c tng ln nhm ap ng thoi han.
Co mt s lng lon cac k thut hin co ma co th lam cho b vi xu ly nng lng hiu
qu va hiu sut nng lng cn c xem xet o cac cp truu tng khac nhau, tu thit
k ca tp lnh n vic thit k cac quy trinh sn xut chip. Vi du nh k thut clock
gating. Voi clock gating, cac phn ca b vi xu ly c tach khoi clock trong thoi gian
chay khng (idle). Vi du, ng h khng c ap dung cho b nhn nu cac phep nhn
khng c thuc thi. Ngoai ra, tach cac b phn chinh ca cac b vi xu ly hoan toan
khoi ng h. Co hai phong phap i lp: cac b xu ly khng ng b cuc b va ng b
toan cuc; b xu ly ng b cuc b va khng ng b toan cuc. Hai k thut co th c ap
dung o mc truu tng kha cao:
- Uu! -V !"uW! ?@!" X5;!#i% 9oY+, #!#"++!t * 5PRZ& Voi phong phap
nay, b xu ly co mt s trang thai tit kim nng lng bo sung so voi trang thai
hoat ng tiu chun. Mi trang thai tit kim nng lng co mc cng sut tiu thu
khac nhau va mt thoi gian khac nhau chuyn tip vao trang thai hoat ng.
Hinh 3.10 cho thy trong trang thai ca b xu ly StrongAM SA 1100.
B xu ly la hoat ng hoan toan trong trang thai run. O trang thai idle, no chi giam
sat cac u vao ngt. O trang thai sleep, tt c cac hoat ng trong chip c tt.
Lu y su khac bit lon v cng sut tiu thu gia trang thai sleep va cac trang thai
khac, va cung lu y la tr lon khi chuyn i trang thai tu sleep sang trang thai
run.
- R[ ,@!" Oi ?i! 29 ?@!" X5\]Z: Phong phap nay khai thac mt thuc t la vic
tiu thu nng lng ca cac b vi xu ly CMOS tng bc 2 voi ngun ap cung cp
V
dd
. Cng sut tiu thu P ca vi mach CMOS c xac inh boi:
f V C P
dd L
2
=
(3.1)
trong o, la hoat ng chuyn mach, C
L
la in dung ti, V
dd
la in ap cung cp
va f la tn s. D tr ca cac mach CMOS co th c xp xi nh sau:
( )
2
. .
t dd
dd
L
V V
V
C k

=
(3.2)
trong o, k la hng s, V
t
la in ap ngng. V
t
co tac ng trn in ap u vao
transistor cn thit mo transistor. Vi du, i voi mt ngun cung cp in ap ti
a ca V
DD,max
3,3V, V
t
co th la 0,8V. Do o, tn s ng h ti a la mt ham
ca in ap cung cp. Tuy nhin, gim hiu in th cung cp lam gim cng sut
theo ham bc 2, trong khi thoi gian chay ca thut toan chi la tng tuyn tinh (bo
qua cac nh hong ca h thng nho). Diu nay co th c khai thac trong mt k
thut c goi la mo rng di in ap ng (DVS). Vi du, cac b vi xu ly Crusoe
ca Transmeta cung cp 32 mc in ap tu 1,1-1,V, va tn s ng h co th tahy
i trong khong 200MHz - 00MHz voi boc thay i 33 MHz. Su chuyn i tu
mt cp in ap/tn s n cp k tip mt khong 20 ms. Cng ngh SpeedStep
ca Intel cung cung cp 2 cp tc /in ap cho cac chip di ng Pentium III.
TG!h hiu Cu v< 1G%h th'% ^: im thiu kich thoc m la rt quan trong i voi cac
h thng nhung trong iu kin khng su dung ia cng va dung lng b nho rt han
ch. Diu nay con quan trong hon i voi cac h thng onchip (systems on a chip SOCs:
b nho va b vi xu ly c thuc hin trn cung mt chip). Mt s k thut nng cao
hiu qu kich thoc m:
- CQ]C& Cac b xu ly chun ISC c thit k cho tc , khng phi cho hiu qu
kich thoc m. Trong khi troc o, cac b xu ly CISC (Complex Instruction Set
Processors B xu ly co tp lnh phc hp) c thit k theo hong hiu qu v
kich thoc m, vi chung phi c kt ni n cac b nho va b m tc thp
khng c su dung thong xuyn. Vi vy, cac b xu ly phin bn cu - CISC la
b vi xu ly ng dung trong cac h thng nhung. B vi xu ly ColdFire ca Motorola
dua trn b vi xu ly CISC ho 8000 la mt vi du.
- C2% 1_ thu6t !`!& D gim bot dung lng b nho lnh cung nh gim nng
lng cn thit ly lnh, cac lnh thong c lu trong b nho o dang nen.
Diu nay lam gim c vung nho cung nh nng lng cn thit cho vic ly lnh.
Do cac yu cu bng thng gim, vic ly lnh cung co th nhanh hon. Mt b gii
m (hy vong nho va nhanh) c t gia b xu ly va b nho lnh tao ra cac
lnh ban u ngay trong qua trinh ly lnh (Hinh 3.11 phi). Thay vi su dung mt
b nho co dung lng lon lu tr lnh khng nen, chung ta s lu tr cac lnh o
mt inh dang nen.
Muc ich ca nen co th c tom tt nh sau:
- Mun tit kim dung lng cac b nho OM va AM, do chung co th t hon
chinh cac b vi xu ly ca chung.
- Mun su dung mt s k thut m hoa lnh va d liu voi cac thuc tinh sau:
Co th co 1 chut bt li hoc khng v mt thoi gian chay i voi cac k
thut nay.
Vic gii m co th thuc hin tu mt ng cnh gioi han (vi du, khng th
oc toan b chong trinh tim ich n ca mt lnh chi nhanh).
D lon tu ca b nho, ca cac lnh va ia chi phi c tinh n.
Cac lnh r nhanh tro n cac ia chi ich tuy y phi c h tr.
Vic m hoa nhanh chi c yu cu nu d liu co th ghi c m hoa.
Nu khng, gii m nhanh la .
Mt s bin th ca so nay:
Di voi mt s b vi xu ly, co mt tp lnh th hai. Tp lnh th hai co mt
inh dang lnh ngn. Vi du nh ho xu ly AM. Tp lnh AM la mt tp
lnh 32 bit. Cac tp lnh AM bao gm vic thuc thi co xac nhn. Diu nay
co nghia la mt lnh c thuc thi khi va chi khi mt iu kin nht inh
c ap ng. Diu kin nay c m hoa trong bn bit u tin ca cac
inh dang lnh. Hu ht cac b vi xu ly AM cung cung cp mt tp chi
lnh th hai, voi rng m lnh 1 bit, c goi la cac lnh THMB
(Hinh 3.12). Cac lnh THMB c chuyn i ng thanh cac lnh AM
trong khi chong trinh ang chay. Cac lnh THMB co th su dung chi
mt nua thanh ghi trong cac lnh s hoc. Vi vy, registerIields ca cac lnh
THMB c gan gia tri '0' o bit3. Trong tp lnh THMB, thanh ghi
ngun va ich la ging nhau va chiu dai ca cac hng s co th c su
dung, c gim 4 bit. Trong qua trinh gii m, ong ng c su dung
gi bt li v thoi gian chay thp.
Cac k thut tong tu cung tn tai o cac b xu ly khac. Nhc im ca
phong phap nay la cac cng cu (trinh bin dich, trinh hp ng, g li vv)
phi c mo rng h tr cho tp lnh th hai. Vi vy, cach tip cn nay
co th kha tn kem v mt chi phi phat trin phn mm.
Phong phap th hai la su dung tu in. Voi phong phap nay, mi mu
lnh c lu gi chi mt ln. Di voi mi gia tri ca b m chong trinh,
vic tim kim bng sau o cung cp mt con tro n lnh tong ng trong
bng lnh ca tu in (Hinh 3.13).
Phong phap cn nay dua trn y tong rng chi co rt it cac mu lnh khac
nhau c su dung. Vi vy, chi co vai muc c yu cu cho bng lnh. Tong
ng, chiu rng bit ca con tro co th kha nho.
TG!h hiu Cu thAi "i#! %h>;& D ap ng nhng rang buc v thoi gian ma khng cn
phi su dung tn s ng h cao, cac kin truc co th c ca nhn hoa theo tung linh vuc
ng dung nht inh, nh xu ly tin hiu s (DSP). Vi du, trong xu ly tin hiu s, cac b loc
s la rt ph bin. Phong trinh 3.3 m t mt b loc s tao ra mt dy u ra ! (
"
,

1
, ###) tu dy u vao x ! (x
"
, x
1
, ###).

=
1
0

n
$
$ $ i i
a x
(3.3)
Mt gia tri xac inh ca u ra y
i
tong ng voi trung binh co trong s ca n gia tri cui
cung ca chui u vao x va co th c tinh bng cach lp su dung cac phong trinh 3.4
3.:
Cac DSP c thit k sao cho mi boc lp co th c m hoa nh la mt lnh duy
nht. Hinh 3.14 cho thy kin truc ca mt b xu ly ADSP DSP 2100.
B xu ly co hai b nho, la D va P. Don vi tao ia chi c bit (A) c su dung
cung cp nhng con tro truy cp vao cac b nho. Co cac b cng va b nhn ring bit,
mi on vi co cac thanh ghi A, AY, AF, M, MY va MF ring. B nhn c ni voi
mt b cng th hai tinh toan mt dy cac phep nhn va phep cng mt cach nhanh
chong. Di voi b vi xu ly nay, vic cp nht tng la c thuc hin co bn trong mt chu
trinh on. Phuc vu cho muc ich nay, hai b nho c cp phat lu gi hai mng x va
a, mt mt thanh ghi ia chi c cp phat sao cho con tro co lin quan co th d dang cp
nht o A. Cac tng ring
i,$
c lu tr trong M. Vic tinh toan ong ng lin
quan n cac thanh ghi %1, %2, &' va &(, nh co th thy tu vic thuc hin sau y ca
b loc.
Mt lnh on m hoa thn vong lp, bao gm cac hoat ng sau y:
- Doc vao hai i s tu cac thanh ghi &' va &(, nhn chung voi nhau va cng tich
s vao thanh ghi &) ang lu tr cac gia tri
i,$
,
- Ly cac gia tri tip theo ca mng a va x tu cac b nho P va D va lu tr chung
trong thanh ghi i s &' va &(,
- Cp nht cac con tro n cac i s k tip, c lu trong cac thanh ghi ia chi %1
va %2,
- Kim tra kt thuc vong lp.
Bng cach nay, mi vong lp chi yu cu mt lnh duy nht. D at c iu nay, mt s
hoat ng phi c thuc hin song song. D a ra yu cu tinh toan, dang song song nay
(han ch) dn n tn s ng h tong i thp. Hon na, cac thanh ghi trong kin truc
nay thuc hin chc nng khac nhau. Chung c goi la khng ng nht. Tp tin thanh ghi
khng ng nht la mt c tinh chung ca cac b xu ly DSP. D tranh thm chu k
kim tra cho vic kt thuc ca vong lp, cac lnh lp zero-overhead thong c cung cp
trong b vi xu ly DSP. Voi cac lnh nh vy, mt lnh on hoc mt s nho cac lnh co
th c thuc hin mt s ln c inh. Cac b vi xu ly khng c ti u hoa cho DSP co
th s cn mt s lnh voi mi vong lp va do o s yu cu mt tn s ng h cao hon.
3.a.3.1 )@ 7b -V 5]P
Ngoai vic cho phep thuc hin 1 lnh on cho thn vong lp ca b loc s, b xu ly
DSP con cung cp mt s ng dung khac ma cac tinh nng c inh hong theo min:
Ch ?@ ?# %h: %hu;c! Od!"& Trong nhng ng dung b loc m t o trn, chi cn quan
tm n n phn tu cui ca dy x. Cac b m vong co th c su dung cho iu o. Diu
nay co th c thuc hin d dang voi lp ia chi theo modul. Trong lp ia chi modul, cac
ia chi co th c tng va gim cho n khi gp cac phn tu u tin hoc cui cung ca
b m. Vic tng hoc gim tip theo s dn n cac ia chi tro n u kia ca b m.
C2% ?e! v 9h2t .i!h ?# %h: ,ic!" bit& Cac on vi phat sinh ia chi (A) thong
c ni truc tip voi u vao ia chi ca b nho d liu (Hinh 3.1).
Cac ia chi co mt trong cac thanh ghi ia chi co th c su dung trong cac ch ia chi
truc tip thanh ghi. Diu nay giup tit kim lnh may, chu k va nng lng. D tng tinh
hu dung ca thanh ghi ia chi, tp lnh thong co cac tuy chon tu ng tng va gim cho
hu ht cac lnh su dung cac thanh ghi ia chi.
]B b^o hf# .$ h0%& Su bo hoa s hoc bao gm tran trn va tran doi c qun ly. Trong
s hoc nhi phn chun, k thut vong lai c su dung cho cac gia tri tr v sau khi co su
tran s. Hinh 3.1 cho vi du v cng hai s khng du bn bit. Mt gia tri nho c tao ra
nhng khng c tr lai trong bt k thanh ghi chun nao. Thanh ghi kt qu s cha mt
dy cac bit 0. Nh vy, s khng th co kt qu ung trong trong hp nay.
Trong bo hoa s hoc, chung ta c gng tr v mt kt qu la cang gn voi kt qu thuc
su cang tt. Di voi bo hoa s hoc, gia tri lon nht c tr v trong trong hp ca mt
tran trn va gia tri nho nht c tr v trong trong hp ca mt tran doi. Phong phap
nay c bit co hiu qu trong cac ng dung video va m thanh: ngoi dung s kho nhn ra
su khac bit gia gia tri kt qu thuc su va gia tri lon nht co th c biu thi, hon na s
la v ich nu coi vic tran la cac ngoai l, vi s rt kho xu ly cac trong hp ngoai l trong
thoi gian thuc. Chu y rng, cn bit ang xu ly voi cac lnh cng khng du hay co du
tr lai gia tri ung.
]$ thB% O8u %h8 %$ ?!h& Phn cng du chm ng lam tng chi phi va nng lng
tiu thu ca b vi xu ly. Do o, khong 80 ca cac b vi xu ly DSP hin thoi khng su
dung phn cng du chm ng. Tuy nhin, bn canh vic h tr cac s nguyn, nhiu b
xu ly h tr s du chm c inh. Cac kiu d liu du chm c inh co th c inh
nghia theo 1 b d liu 3 thanh phn (*l, i*l, sign), trong o: *l la tng rng s thuc,
i*l la tu rng phn nguyn, va sign +s, u, biu thi du, Hinh 3.1. Hon na, co th co
cac ch lam tron khac nhau (vi du nh truncation) va cac ch tran (vi du nh s bo
hoa va quay vong s hoc).
Di voi s du chm c inh, vi tri ca chm nhi phn c duy tri sau phep nhn (mt s
cac bit thp c loai bo hoc lam tron). Di voi cac b vi xu ly du chm c inh, hoat
ng nay c h tr boi phn cng.
Kh !F!" thAi "i#! thB%: Mt s tinh nng ca cac b vi xu ly hin ai c su dung
trong may tinh c thit k ci thin thoi gian thuc hin trung binh ca cac chong
trinh. Trong nhiu trong hp, s kho khn nu khng noi la khng th xac nhn chinh
thc rng chung ci thin thoi gian thuc hin trong trong hp xu nht. Trong nhng
trong hp nh vy, co th la tt hon khi khng thuc hin cac tinh nng nay. Vi du, rt
kho (du khng phi la khng th) m bo mt cach chc chn vic su dung cac b nho
m lam tng tc . Do o, nhiu b xu ly nhung khng co b nho m; ngoai ra, co ch
ia chi o va phn trang theo yu cu cung thong khng c ap dung trong cac h thng
nhung.
D# O^; !h& Tinh hu dung ca cac dy b nho c chng minh trong vi du ADSP
2100: hai b nho D va P cho phep ly c hai i s cung mt luc. Mt s b xu ly DSP
u i kem voi hai dy b nho nh vy.
T69 ti! th#!h "hi 1h=!" ?W!" !h8t: Cac tp tin thanh ghi khng ng nht c
cp n trong ng dung loc s.
C2% -!h !hT!g%@!" OW!: Dy la cac lnh thuc hin cac phep nhn tip sau cac phep
cng. Chung cung c su dung trong ng dung loc s.
3.a.3.2. C2% b@ vi 7b -V ?# 9h'e!" ti!
Cac thanh ghi va cac on vi s hoc ca nhiu kin truc hin ai co rng 4 bit.
Do o, hai kiu d liu 32 bit (tu kep), bn kiu d liu 1 bit (tu) hoc tam kiu d liu 8
bit (byte) co th c ong goi vao mt thanh ghi on (Hinh 3.18).
Cac on vi s hoc co th c thit k sao cho chung bo i bit nho o cac bin ca tu
kep, tu hoc byte. Tp lnh a phong tin khai thac thuc t nay bng cach h tr cac hoat
ng trn cac kir d liu ong goi. Cac lnh nh vy i khi c goi la cac lnh on
lnh a d liu (SIMD), khi o mt lnh on m hoa cac hoat ng trn mt s phn tu
d liu. Voi cac byte c ong goi vao cac thanh ghi 4-bit, tc co c tng ln n
khong tam ln so voi cac kiu d liu khng ong goi. Cac loai d liu thong c lu
tr trong b nho o dang c ong goi. Vic nen va gii nen c loai bo nu su dung
khi s hoc hoat ng trn d liu ong goi. Hon na, cac lnh a phong tin thong co
th c kt hp voi khi bo hoa s hoc va do o cung cp mt hinh thc hiu qu hon
trong xu ly tran so voi cac lnh chun. Do o, su tng tc tng th at c voi cac
lnh a phong tin co th lon hon ang k so voi 8 ln trong vic cho phep boi cac thao
tac trn cac kiu d liu c ong goi.
3.a.3.3 C2% b@ 7b -V th -!h ,8t Oi X\iQjZ
Nhng yu cu tinh toan i voi cac h thng nhung ngay cang tng, c bit la khi
cac ng dung a phong tin lin qua n cac k thut m hoa tin tin. Cac k thut tng
cong hiu sut c su dung trong cac b vi xu ly hiu sut cao khng thich hp cho cac
h thng nhung: do inh hong boi tinh tong thich ca tp lnh voi cac b vi xu ly khac
nhau; vi du may PC danh mt s lng lon cac tai nguyn va nng lng tim kim quan
h song song trong cac chong trinh ng dung. Di voi h thng nhung, chung ta co th
khai thac mt thuc t la khng phi la bt buc tp lnh phi tong thich voi may tinh. Vi
vy, chung ta co th su dung cac lnh ma cac cac hoat ng xac inh tong minh c
thuc hin song song. Diu nay co th voi cac 2; tG!h t69 -!h .o!" .o!" t'A!" i!h
(PICs). Voi PICs, vic phat hin quan h song song c chuyn tu b xu ly sang b
thng dich. Diu nay lam gim chi phi phn cng va nng lng trong vic do quan h
song song trong khi chay chong trinh. et trong hp c bit, voi cac b xu ly tu lnh
rt dai (VLIW), mt s hoat ng hoc lnh c m hoa trong mt tu lnh dai (i khi
c goi la goi lnh) va gi inh c thuc hin song song. Mi hoat ng/lnh c m
hoa trong mt trong ring bit ca cac goi lnh. Mi trong iu khin cac on vi phn
cng nht inh. Co 4 trong c su dung trong Hinh 3.1, mi trong vic kim soat mt
trong nhng on vi phn cng.
Di voi kin truc VLIW, trinh bin dich phi tao ra cac goi lnh. Diu nay yu cu
trinh bin dich la nhn bit c cac on vi phn cng co sn lp lich su dung chung.
Cac trong lnh phi hin din, k c cac on vi chc nng tong ng khng c
su dung trong mt chu k lnh nht inh. Kt qu la, mt m ca kin truc VLIW co
th thp, do chim dung toan b cac on vi chc nng tong ng. Vn nay co th tranh
c nu tng thm tinh linh hoat. Vi du, ho vi xu ly Texas Instruments TMS 320Cxx
thuc hin mt goi lnh kich thoc bin i n 2 bit. Trong mi trong lnh, mt bit
c du tr chi thi thao tac c m hoa trong trong lnh k tip con c thuc hin
song song hay khng (Hinh 3.20). Nho o gii phong su lng phi khi chim dung cac on
vi chc nng khng cn su dung.
Do cac goi lnh co dai bin thin, b vi xu ly TMS 320Cxx khng hoan toan tong
ng voi cac m hinh c in ca cac b xu ly VLIW. Do m t r rang v quan h song
song, chung la cac b xu ly PIC.
C2% t9 th#!h "hi 9hT! %h'e!". Vic thuc hin cac tp thanh ghi cho cac b vi xu ly
VLIW va PIC la xa tm thong. Do s lng lon cac hoat ng ma co th c thuc hin
song song, mt s lng lon truy cp n thanh ghi phi c cung cp o ch song
song. Vi vy, mt s lng lon cac cng c yu cu. Tuy nhin, tr, kich thoc va su
tiu thu nng lng ca tp thanh ghi tng ln voi s lng cng ca chung. Do o, cac tp
thanh ghi voi s lng rt lon cac cng la khng hiu qu. Kt qu la, nhiu kin truc
VLIW/PIC su dung cac tp thanh ghi phn chong. Khi o, cac on vi chc nng chi kt
ni n mt tp hp con ca cac tp thanh ghi. Vi du, hinh 3.21 cho thy cu truc bn
trong ca cac b vi xu ly 320Cxx TMS. Nhng b vi xu ly co hai tp thanh ghi va mi
tp trong s chung c kt ni voi mt nua ca cac on vi chc nng. Trong mi chu k
ng h, chi co mt kt ni duy nht tu mt tp thanh ghi n cac on vi chc nng kt
ni voi tp thanh ghi khac c kich hoat.
Nhiu b xu ly DSP la cac b vi xu ly VLIW thuc thu. Vi du, chung ta xet b xu ly M3-
DSP. B xu ly M3-DSP la mt b xu ly VLIW co cha n 1 ong d liu song song.
Cac ong d liu c kt ni voi mt b nho nhom, cung cp cac i s cn thit
o dang song song (xem Hinh 3.22).
ThB% thi %k 72% !h6! * P,+Oi%#t+O P7+%utio!. Mt vn tim tang ca cac kin truc
VLIW va PIC la chi phi tr lon: Chi phi tr nay co th bt ngun tu vic gp cac lnh
r nhanh trong goi lnh. Cac goi lnh thong phi i qua ong ng. Mi giai oan ca
cac ong ng chi mt phn ca hoat ng ca lnh c thuc hin. Thuc t la su tn tai
ca cac lnh r nhanh khng th c phat hin trong giai oan u tin ca ong ng.
Khi thuc hin cac lnh r nhanh c hoan thanh, cac lnh b sung sn sang c a
vao ong ng (Hinh 3.23).
Co hai cach co bn gii quyt voi cac lnh b sung:
1. Chung c thuc hin, nu nh nhanh khng c hin din. Trong hp nay
c goi la tr nhanh. Cac khe goi lnh ma vn con thuc hin sau khi mt nhanh c goi
la cac khe tr nhanh. Cac khe tr nhanh co th c lam y voi cac lnh ma s c thuc
hin troc khi nhanh nu khng co khe tr. Tuy nhin, thong kho in vao tt c cac
khe tr bng cac lnh hu ich va mt s phi c lp y voi cac lnh khng hoat ng
(NOPs). Thut ng %hi 9hG t,E ,l !h2!h * b,#!%h O+-#; 9+!#-t; chi su tn tht v hiu
nng tu nhng NOPs nay.
2. Dong ng nay c ngung lai cho n khi cac lnh tu ia chi ich nhanh
c ly. Trong trong hp nay khng co khe tr nhanh. O t chc nay %hi 9hG t,E ,l
!h2!h la do su dung.
Chi phi tr r nhanh (Branch delay penalties) co th la ang k. Vi du, ho cac b vi
xu ly TMS 320Cxx co n 40 khe tr. Vi vy, hiu qu co th c ci thin bng cach
tranh cac nhanh nu co th. D tranh cac nhanh co ngun gc tu cac lnh if, cac lnh
predicated c gioi thiu. Di voi mi lnh co xac nhn, co mt phn chi thuc tinh.
Phn thuc tinh nay c m hoa trong mt vai bit va anh gia tai thoi gian chay. Nu kt
qu la ung, lnh c thuc thi. Nu khng, no c bin thanh lnh NOP. Su xac nhn
cung co th thy trong cac may ISC nh cac b xu ly AM. Vi du: cac lnh AM gm 1
trong 4 bit m hoa cac m t khac nhau lin quan n cac thanh ghi m iu kin. Cac gia
tri c lu gi trong cac thanh ghi c kim tra trong thoi gian chay. Chung xac inh co
hay khng mt chi dn nht inh co hiu luc.
Su xac nhn co th c su dung thuc hin hiu qu cac lnh if: iu kin c
lu tai mt trong cac thanh ghi iu kin va phn thn ca lnh if c thuc hin nh cac
lnh co xac nhn phu thuc iu kin. Bng cach nay, phn thn lnh if co th c anh
gia song song voi cac hoat ng khac va khng co chi phi tr phat sinh.
3.a.3.a. C2% b@ vi ?i<u 1him!
Mt s lng lon cac b vi xu ly trong cac h thng nhung la cac b vi iu khin.
Cac b vi iu khin thong khng qua phc tap va co th d su dung. Do co su lin quan
ca chung n thit k cac h thng iu khin, chung ti gioi thiu mt trong nhng b vi
xu ly thong c su dung nht la vi iu khin Intel 801. B vi xu ly nay co c im
nh sau:
- 8-bit CP, c ti u hoa cho cac ng dung iu khin,
- Tp lnh lon hoat ng trn cac kiu d liu Boolean,
- Khng gian ca ia chi cho chong trinh: 4 KB,
- Khng gian ia chi danh ring cho d liu 4 KB,
- 4 kB b nho chong trinh on chip, 128 byte b nho d liu on chip,
- 32 ong I/O, mi trong s o co th c ia chi hoa c lp,
- 2 b m,
- Cac b truyn/nhn khng ng b ni tip ph thng,
- B tao xung ng h on chip,
- Co nhiu bin th thong mai.
- Co tt c nhng c im kha c trng cho vi iu khin.
3.a.a )@ io"i% 1h %8u h(!h
Trong nhiu trong hp, cac chip chuyn dung (ASICs) la qua t va cac gii phap
dua trn phn mm lai qua chm hoc qua tn nng lng tiu thu. Cac b logic kh cu
hinh cung cp mt gii phap nu cac gii thut co th c trin khai thuc hin co hiu qu
trong phn cng ca nhn hoa. No co th nhanh gn nh phn cng chuyn dung. Ngc
voi phn cng chuyn dung, chc nng thuc hin co th c thay i bng cach su dung
d liu cu hinh. Do cac c tinh nay, bo logic kh cu hinh thong c ng dung trong
cac linh vuc sau:
3#.t 9,otot;9i!"& Cac chip ASIC hin ai co th rt phc tap va chi phi cng sc, thoi
gian cho thit k co th lon. Do o ngoi ta thong mun tao ra mt mu thu nghim, co
th c su dung thu nghim voi mt h thng ma ng xu gn nh ging nh h
thng cui cung. Mu thu nghim co th tn kem hon so voi cac h thng cui cung.
Ngoai ra, tiu thu nng lng ca no co th lon hon so voi cac h thng cui cung, mt s
rang buc thoi gian co th c noi long, va chi co chc nng thit yu cn phi co. Mt
h thng nh vy co th c su dung cho vic kim tra cac hanh vi co bn ca h thng
trong tong lai.
C2% n!" Od!" -o>t !ho& Nu thi trong du kin s la qua nho phat trin ASIC thi b
logic kh cu hinh co th la cng ngh phn cng phu hp cho cac ng dung ma khng th
c trin khai bng phn mm.
Phn cng kh cu hinh thong bao gm cac b nho truy cp ngu nhin (AM)
lu tr cac cu hinh trong qua trinh hoat ng binh thong ca phn cng. AM la b nho
khng bn vng (thng tin c lu gi khi co ngun). Do o, cac d liu cu hinh phi
c sao chep vao cu AM hinh in khi bt ngun. Cng ngh lu tr bn vng nh
OM va b nho Flash s cung cp cac d liu cu hinh.
\i >%h Op!" %8u t,q% !" 9hr! tb -o"i% 1h t,(!h * 3i+-O 9,o",##b-+ "#t+
#,,#;. X3PG4.Z la hinh thc ph bin nht ca phn cng kh cu hinh. Cac thit bi nay
co kh nng tai lp trinh bn ngoai ca ngoi su dung, khng phu thuc vao dy chuyn
sn xut phc tap ca nha may ban dn). Hon na, chung bao gm cac mng cac phn tu
xu ly. Vi du, Hinh 3.24 cho thy cu truc mng ilinx Virtex-II (http://www.xilinx.com).
Nm 2003, cac mng Virtex II cha ln n 112104 khi logic kh cu hinh (CLBs).
Chung c kt ni bng cach su dung mt cu truc kt ni kh lp trinh. Cac mng cung
cha n 1.108 u vao/ ra va cac khi xu ly ng h c bit. Ngoai ra, co n 18 b
nhn 1818 bit va 3.024 kbits AM (Khi AM). Mi CLB bao gm 4 phn (hinh 3.2).
Mi phn (Slice) cha hai b nho 1 bit F va . Nhng b nho co th c su dung nh la
cac bng look-up (LT) thuc hin tt c 21 ham Boolean 4 bin. Voi su giup ca
cac b dn knh - Multiplexers (MF, MFx), mt s b nho nay cung co th c
kt hp nh vy bng look-up co th toi 8 bin. Chung cung co th phuc vu nh la AM
hay cac thanh ghi dich (SLs). Mi phn cung bao gm hai thanh ghi u ra va mt s
mach logic c bit (OCY, CY, vv) (hinh 3.2).
D liu cu hinh xac inh cac thit lp ca b dn knh/chuyn mach a knh trong
cac phn, xung nhip ng h ca cac thanh ghi va AM, ni dung ca cac thanh phn b
nho AM va cac kt ni gia CLBs. Thng thong, d liu cu hinh nay c tao ra tu
mt m t cp cao ca cac chc nng ca phn cng, vi du trong VHDL. Ly tong nht,
voi cung m t cung co th c su dung tao ra ASICs mt cach tu ng.
Vic tich hp ca may tinh kh cu hinh voi b vi xu ly va phn mm la on gin
voi dong Virtex Pro II ca FPAs tu ilinx. Nhng FPAs nay cha n 4 b vi xu ly
Power-PC va cac khi I/O nhanh hon.
3.s. )@ !h
D liu, cac chong trinh va cu hinh FPA phi c lu tr trong mt s loai b
nho. Diu nay phi c thuc hin mt cach hiu qu. Hiu qu v mt thoi gian chay,
kich thoc m va hiu qu nng lng. Hiu qu kich thoc m oi hoi mt trinh bin dich
tt va co th c ci thin voi m nen. Phn cp b nho co th c khai thac at c
thoi gian chay tt va hiu qu nng lng. Ly do nm bn doi la nhng b nho lon oi
hoi nhiu nng lng cho mi truy cp va cung chm hon so voi nhng b nho nho. Hinh
3.2 cho thy chu k thoi gian va cng sut la mt ham ca kich thoc b nho. Cac hanh
vi tong tu co th c quan sat voi cac b nho lon.
D thi trn cho thy su khac bit v tc gia cac b vi xu ly va b nho du kin
s tng ln (hinh 3.28). Trong khi tc ca cac b nho chi tng voi h s khong 1,0
ln/nm, thi tc ca b xu ly tng tu 1,-2 ln/nm. Diu nay co nghia la khong cach
gia tc xu ly va tc b nho ngay cang tro nn lon hon. Do o, iu quan trong la su
dung nhng b nho nho hon va nhanh hon lam b m gia b nho chinh va b xu ly. Trai
ngc voi h thng kiu PC, kin truc ca nhng b nho nho phi m bo mt hiu sut
thoi gian thuc du bao. Mt su kt hp ca nhng b nho nho co cha d liu va lnh
thong xuyn c su dung va b nho lon hon co cha cac d liu va cac lnh con lai noi
chung la hiu qu hon v nhiu nng lng tiu thu so voi mt b nho lon duy nht. Cac
b m c ban u c a ra nhm tng hiu qu v thoi gian chay. Tuy nhin, no
cung cho thy kh nng ci thin hiu qu v nng lng tiu thu ca h thng b nho mt
cach r rt (hinh 3.2, bn phi). Vic truy xut n b nho m la truy xut n cac b
nho nho va do o co th yu cu nng lng it hon cho mi ngoi truy cp hon so voi
nhng b nho lon. Tuy nhin, co ch cache yu cu phi co cac phn cng h tr kim tra
trung cache (co hay khng co mt bn sao hp l ca cac thng tin lin kt voi mt ia chi
nht inh trong cache). Vic kim tra nay gm vic kim tra cac trong the ca cache,
cha mt tp con cac bit ia chi co lin quan. Vic oc cac the nay cung lam tiu tn thm
nng lng. Ngoai ra, hiu nng thoi gian thuc ca cache du kin la thong thp (xem
hinh 3.28).
Mt lua chon khac la, cac b nho nho co th c anh xa vao khng gian ia chi
(Hinh.3.2).
Nhng b nho nh vy c goi la b nho tp roi (scratch pad memories - SPMs).
Cac lnh va cac bin thong c su dung nn c cp phat ma khng gian ia chi va
khng cn phi kim tra bng phn cng. Kt qu la, nng lng cho mi truy cp gim,
Hinh 3.30 so sanh gia nng lng cn thit cho mi truy cp vao SPM va nng lng cn
thit cho mi truy cp vao b nho cache.
Di voi cache lin hp tp 2 ong thi hai gia tri khac nhau khong ba ln. Cac gia
tri trong vi du nay c tinh toan bng cach su dung nng lng tiu thu cho mng
AM c oc tinh bng cng cu anh gia CACTI |Wilton va ouppi, 1|. Cac SPM co
th nng cao thoi gian truy cp b nho, nu trinh bin dich thong truc gi cac bin
thong c su dung trong SPM.
3.t Thit b ,#
Cac thit bi u ra ca cac h thng nhung bao gm:
C2% thit b him! th& Cng ngh hin thi la mt linh vuc cuc k quan trong. Vi vy, mt
lng thng tin lon v cng ngh nay. Chuyn nganh nghin cu va n luc phat trin dn
n cng ngh man hinh moi nh man hinh hu co. Cac man hinh hu co co kh nng
phat sang va co th c ch tao voi mt rt cao. Ngc lai voi man hinh LCD, chung
khng cn ngun sang phia sau va cac b loc phn cuc.
C2% thit b %e * ?i!& bao gm cac ng co in va thit bi co in tu khac. Cac thit bi
ra co th la kiu tong tu cung nh kiu s. Trong trong hp ca cac thit bi ra tong tu,
cac d liu ra s phi c chuyn i sang d liu tong tu bng k thut chuyn i
D/A (DAC).
3.t.1. Chu;m! ?ui 5g4
Cac b chuyn i D/A khng qua phc tap. Hinh 3.31 cho thy so on gin ca
mt DAC.
B khuch ai thut toan trong hinh 3.31 khuch ai su sai lch gia hai in ap
u vao voi mt h s rt lon (luy thua moi). Do co in tro 1, kt qu in ap u ra
c phn hi lai u vao (-). Bt c khi nao mt hiu in th nho gia hai u vao tn
tai, no s c o ngc, khuch ai va c a tro lai u vao, gim in ap u vao.
Do khuch ai lon, in ap sai lch gia hai u vao c gim xung gn nh bng
khng.
tong chinh la ban u tao ra mt dong in t l thun voi gia tri ai din boi 1
vector-bit x va chuyn i dong in nay thanh in ap tong ng. Theo inh lut
KirchhoII, dong - la tng cac dong qua cac in tro. Dong qua in tro bt k la 0, nu cac
phn tu tong ng ca vector-bit x la '0'. Nu o la '1', dong tong ng voi trong s ca bit
o, khi cac gia tri in tro c lua chon phu hp.
Ngoai ra, theo inh lut KirchhoII va do mc khng o o u vao (-), ta co: V . )1/- ! "#
Dong vao cac u vao ca b khuch ai thut toan thuc t la bng 0, va I I. Do o:
Tu cac biu thc 3. va 3.8 ta co:
nat chi s tu nhin ai din boi vector bit x. rang, in ap u ra la t l thun voi gia
tri ca x. Mt cu hoi thu vi la mt trong nhng iu nay: gi su rng cac b vi xu ly c
su dung trong vong kin chuyn cac gia tri khng thay i tu b chuyn i A/D n b
chuyn i D/A, thi no s c co th tai tao lai in ap tong tu gc tu u ra ca cac b
cm bin o ca cac b chuyn i D/A khng Theo inh ly ly mu Nyquist's la co th,
nu tn s ng h ca mach gi va ly mu la it nht gp hai ln tn s lon nht ca in
ap u vao. Tuy nhin, iu nay chi ap dung nu cac gia tri s co chinh xac v han. D
chinh xac ca cac gia tri s bi gioi han boi cac loai nhiu ma khng th loai bo hoan toan.
3.t.2. Ce %8u %h89 h!h
Co rt nhiu loai co cu chp hanh, tu nhng kt cu rt lon co kh nng di chuyn
hang tn trong lng cho nhng kt cu rt nho c 0m, nh trong hinh 3.32. Vi du, cng
ngh vi h thng cho phep ch tao cac co cu chp hanh rt nho, thm chi co th t vao
co th con ngoi. Su dung cac co cu rt nho nh vy, lng thuc a vao co th co th
phu hp voi yu cu thuc t. Diu nay cho phep su cung cp thuc tt hon nhiu so voi
dung kim tim. Hinh 3.32 cho thy mt motor nho c sn xut voi cng ngh vi h
thng, kich thoc trong pham vi 0m, roto c iu khin boi luc tinh in.