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DPT Drill String and BHA design

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IPM DPT
Drill String and BHA Design
DPT Drill String and BHA design
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References
API RP 7G Drill Stem Design and Op Limits
API SPEC 7 Specifications for Rotary Drilling
Elements
API SPEC 5D Specifications for Drill Pipe
SLB Drill String Design manual
TH Hill DS-1 Drill String Design
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At the end of this lecture YOU will be able to describe:
Functions of Drill Pipe , Drill Collars and BHA selection
Grades of Drill Pipe and strength properties
Thread types and tool-joints
Drill collar weight and neutral point
Bending Stress Ratios and Stiffness Ratios
Margin Of Overpull
Basic design calculations based on depth to be drilled.
Functions of stabilizers and roller reamers.
Objectives
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I. Introduction to Drill String Design: Overview
II. Drill String Components
Drill Collars - Drill Pipe - HWDP
III. Drill String Design
Bottom Hole Assembly Design
Drill Pipe Selection
Buckling and max WOB
Agenda
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The drill string is the mechanical linkage connecting the
drill bit on bottom to the rotary drive system on the
surface.
The drillstring serves the three main following functions :
1. Transmit and support axial loads - WOB
2. Transmit and support torsional loads - rpm
3. Transmit hydraulics to clean the hole and cool the
bit.
WOB
DC
D
P
Functions of the Drill String
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The Drill String includes all tubular
equipment between the Kelly Swivel
and the bit
Kelly
Surface Safety Valves
Drill Pipe
Heavy Walled Drill Pipe
Drill Collar
Jars Shock Subs Bumper Subs
Junk Baskets Accelerators etc
Drill String Components
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Strictly speaking, Kelly/ Topdrive
are not components of the drill
string; however, they provide the
essential requirements for drilling a
well:
The Kelly/Top Drive
1) Transmit rotation to the drillstring.
2) Provide access to the drilling fluid
into the drillstring.
3) Support the weight of the string.
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Transmits rotation and weight-on-bit to the drillbit
Supports the weight of the drillstring
Connects to the swivel and allow circulation thru
pipe.
The Kelly is the rotating link between the rotary table and
the drill string.
The Kelly comes in lengths ranging from 40 to 54 ft with
cross sections such as hexagonal (most common), square
or triangular.
Connected to a Kelly Saver Sub
The Kelly
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The Kelly cock is used to close the inside
of the drillstring in the event of a kick.
The upper & lower Kelly cocks operate
manually.
IBOP / DPSV are not run in the drill string
but kept handy on the rig floor
The Kelly is usually provided with two safety
valves, one at the top and one at the bottom,
called Kelly cock.
Kelly Cock
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Advantages over the kelly system:
1. Efficient reaming and back reaming.
2. Circulating while running in hole or pulling out of hole in
stands
3. The kelly system can only do this in singles; ie 30 ft.
The top drive is basically a combined rotary table and kelly.
It is powered by a separate motor and transmits rotation to the
drill string directly without the need for a rotary table.
Top Drive
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Stabilizers
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Stabilizers
Reasons for Using Stabilizers:
1. They are used as a fundamental method of controlling
the directional behavior of most BHAs.
2. Help concentrate the weight of the BHA on the bit.
3. Minimize bending and vibrations which cause tool joint
wear and damage to BHA components such as MWDs.
4. Reduce drilling torque by preventing collar contact with
the side of the hole and by keeping them concentric in
the hole. (FG!!)
5. Help preventing differential sticking and key seating.
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Roller Reamers
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Drill Pipe
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Drill Pipe
Function
To serve as a conduit or conductor for drilling fluid
To transmit the rotation from surface to the bit on bottom
Components
A pierced, seamless tube of forged steel or extruded
Aluminum
Tool joints attached to each end of the seamless tube
Tool Joints
Provide connections for the drill string
Separate pieces of metal welded to the seamless tube
Thick enough to have pin or box cut into them
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Drill Pipe Classification
1. Size 2 3/8 to 6 5/8 refers to OD of pipe body
2. Length Range 1 18 to 22 ft, Range 2 27 to 30ft, Range 3
38 to 45 ft
3. Grade E - 75, X 95, G 105, S 135
the numbers denote 1000s of psi minimum yield
strength
4. Weight Depending upon the size of pipe different weight
ranges
5. Class API classification for used pipe
For example a drill pipe could be - 5, Range 2, G-105, 19.5ppf, New
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Drill Pipe Grades
145,000 / 165,000 135,000 S or S-135
120,000 / 135,000 105,000 G or G-105
110,000 / 125,000 95,000 X or X-95
85,000 / 105,000 75,000 E or E-75
Avg / MaxYield Min Yield Grade
There are four grades of pipe commonly used today.
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Mechanical Properties of Steel
Young Modulus
E = Stress divided by Strain = 30,000,000
Stress & Strength
Stress = Strength divided by Cross Section Area
Strain & stretch
Strain = Stretch divided by original length
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Mechanical Properties of Steel
Elastic Limit
Limit of stress beyond which, when the stress is removed, the
steel will have acquired a permanent stretch.
Minimum Yield Stress
The stress which gives a stretch of 0.5% (0.005). When the stress
is removed, the steel will have acquired 0.2% of permanent
deformation.
Ultimate Tensile Stress
The stress which will break the steel
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Exercise DP-00
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New: No wear, has never been used
Premium: Remaining wall not less than 80%.
Class 2: Remaining wall not less than 70%.
Class 3: Remaining wall less than 70%.
Other details such as, dents and mashing, slip area mechanical
damage, stress induced diameter variations, corrosion cuts and
gouges, specified on Table 24 ( Classification of Used Drill Pipe ) of
API RP 7G.
Unlike casing and tubing, which are normally run new, drill
pipe is normally used in a worn condition. It therefore has
Classes:
Used Drill Pipe Classification
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Where the pipe joins the tooljoint, the pipe wall thickness is
increased or upset.
This increased thickness is used to decrease the frequency of
pipe failure at the point where the pipe meets the tool-joint.
The drill-pipe can have
Internal upsets (IU), ( OD stays the same )
External upsets (EU), ( ID stays the same )
Internal and External Upsets (IEU).
Drillpipe Upsets
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Drill Pipe Weights
When referring to Drill Pipe Weights, there are four important ones:
Plain end Weight Refers to the weight per foot of the pipe body.
Nominal Weight - Refers to an obsolete standard. ( Weight of
Range I pipe with connections ) Is used today to refer a class of Drill
pipe.
Adjusted Weight Refers to the weight per foot of pipe including the
upset but excluding the tool joint based on a length of 29.4 ft
Approximate Weight The average weight per foot of pipe and tool
joints of Range II pipe. This approximate weight is the number to
use in Design calculations.
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ToolJtAdj
Approx ToolJt Adjusted DP
L 29.4
Wt 29.4 Wt
Wt/ft
length adjusted jt tool 29.4
jt tool wt. approx. 29.4 DP wt. adj. approx.
Wt/ft
+
+
=
+
+
=
Calculating Approximate Weights
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4 . 29
Wt upset Nom
Wt Tube Wt
Adj DP
+ =
( ) ( )
( )
TE
TE
Adj Jt Tool
D D d
D D d D L Wt

+ =
2
3 3 2 2
501 . 0
167 . 0 222 . 0
L= combined length of pin and box (in) D= outside diameter of pin (in)
d= inside diameter of pin (in) D
TE
= diameter of box at elevator upset (in)
Data from Spec 7 Fig 6 Table 7
.(1)
.(2)
Data from Table 7API 5D
( )
ft
D D L
L
TE
Adj Jt Tool
12
253 . 2 +
=
.(3)
Datat from Spec 7 Fig 6 Table 7
Calculating Approximate Weights
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Calculate the approximate weight of tool joint and drillpipe
assembly for 5 in OD, 19.5 lb/ft Drill Pipe having NC50 tool
joints with 6.625 in OD, 2.75 in ID and being internally-
externally upset. ( IEU ).
Compare the value against the one published on Table 9 of API
RP7G.
Exercise DP-01
Tables 7API 5D and Table 7 of the Specification can be
found in handout # 1 of tables.
Table 9 of API RP7G can be found on handout # 2 of
tables.
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DP Data from Table 7 Spec 5d
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DP Data from Table 7 Spec 7
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Table 1-3 New Pipe Data
Table 4-5 Premium Pipe Data
Table 6-7 Class Two Pipe Data
Table 8-9 Tool-joint Data
Table 10 Make-up Torque Data
Table 12 Connection interchangeability
Table 24 Classification of used DP
API RP 7G
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All API tool joints have a minimum yield strength of 120,000 psi
regardless of the grade of the drill pipe they are used on (E, X,
G, S) .
API sets tool joint torsional strength at minimum 80% of the
tube torsional strength.
Make up torque is determined by pin ID or box OD. The make
up torque is 60% of the tool joint torsional capacity. The
equation for determining make up can be obtained from the
appendix of API RPG7. ( Numeral A.8.2 ). This equation is
rather complex, so the API developed a series of charts to find
the recommended make up torque to any connection given the
tool jt OD of box and ID of pin. These charts can be found in
API RP 7G ( Figures 1 to 25 )
Tool Joints
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Exercise DP02
Using some tables (?) and some figures (?) of API RP7G
what should be the make up torque of NEW 19.5 ppf G105
and S135 drill pipe ?
How do these values compare to the ones reported on
Table 10 ?
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Make-Up Torque Charts
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The most common thread style in drillpipe is NC
The thread has a V-shaped form and is identified by the pitch
diameter, measured at a point 5/8 inches from the shoulder
Connection Number is Pitch dia*10 truncated to two digits
5/8
GAUGE POINT PITCH DIAMETER
The size of a rotary shouldered connection
is fixed by its gauge point pitch diameter.
Drillstring Connections
Multiply 5.0417 by 10 50.417
Choose first two digits 50
Hence NC 50
If the pitch diameter is 5.0417 in
This is an NC50 connection
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Typical sizes: NC 50 for tool joints with 6 1/2 OD for 5
pipe and NC 38 for 4 3/4 tool joints and 3 1/2 pipe.
Seal is provided by shoulder not threads. A clearance
exists between the crest of one thread and the root of the
mating thread
Use of Lead based dope vs Copper based dope for DCs.
Not for sealing but for lubrication, to help make-up and
prevent galling
There are 17 NCs in use : NC-10 (1 1/16) through
NC-77 (7 3/4)
NC Drillstring Connections
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Connection Interchangeability
Ext Flush
Slim Hole
Dbl
Streamline
Extra
Hole
Full Hole
Int Flush
4-1/2
EF
4-1/2 4 3-1/2 2-7/8
SH
5-1/2 4-1/2 3-1/2
DSL
5 4-1/2 3-1/2 2-7/8
XH
4
FH
4-1/2 4 3-1/2 2-7/8 2-3/8
IF
NC50 NC46 NC 40 NC 38 NC 31 NC 26
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Drill Collars
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Drill Collars
Description
They are heavy walled metal tubes
The ends are threaded (box and pin)
Functions
To put weight on bit (WOB)
To keep the drill string from buckling
Types
Comes in many OD and ID sizes
Typically 4 to 9 OD
Most commonly in lengths of 30-31 feet
Square collars where the holes tend to be crooked
Spiral collars where there is chance of getting stuck
Collars with elevator and slip recesses
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1. Protect the Drill string from Bending and Torsion
2. Control direction and inclination of wells
3. Drill straighter holes or vertical holes
4. Provide Pendulum effect
5. Reduce dog legs, key seats and ledges
6. Improve the probabilities of getting casing in the hole.
7. Increase bit performance
8. Reduce rough drilling, sticking and jumping
9. As a tool in fishing, testing, completing
More functions of Drill Collars
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Slick Drill Collar Spiral Drill Collar
More Types of Drill Collars
1. Both slick and spiral drill collars
are used .
2. In areas where differential
sticking is a possibility spiral drill
collars and spiral HWDP should
be used in order to minimize
contact area with the formation.
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Drill Collars Strapping
length
Fish neck
elevator
recess
slip
recess
OD
I
D
connection
Well# TRG 1 Bit # 1
Date: 28-Jul-03 Sl # 1234
Rig: IDPT Type atm 234
BHA#: 1 Manuf Hughes
Hole Size 26" Jets 20-20-20
Item Sl # ID OD FN Pin Box Length Remarks
Bit 1234 26" 7 5/8" R 0.75 New
Bit Sub SL 235 3 1/8" 9 1/2" 7 5/8 R 1.01
9 1/2" Drill Collar 9546 3 1/8" 9 1/2" 0.67 7 5/8" R 7 5/8 R 8.96
Stab 237689 3 1/8" 9 1/2" 0.93 7 5/8" R 7 5/8 R 2.36
9 1/2" Drill Collar 9503 3 1/8" 9 1/2" 0.78 7 5/8" R 7 5/8 R 9.01
9 1/2" Drill Collar 9521 3 1/8" 9 1/2" 0.95 7 5/8" R 7 5/8 R 9.04
9 1/2" Drill Collar 9520 3 1/8" 9 1/2" 1.03 7 5/8" R 7 5/8 R 8.99
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API Drill Collar Sizes
OD ID Range Weight Range OD ID Range Weight Range
ppf ppf
2 7/8 1 - 1.5 16 - 19 6 1/4 1.5 - 3.5 72 - 98
3 1 - 1.5 18 - 21 6 1/2 1.5 - 3.5 80 - 107
3 1/8 1 - 1.5 20 - 22 6 3/4 1.5 - 3.5 89 - 116
3 1/4 1 - 1.5 22 - 26 7 1.5 - 4 84 - 125
3 1/2 1 - 1.5 27 - 30 7 1/4 1.5 - 4 93 - 134
3 3/4 1 - 1.5 32 - 35 7.5 1.5 - 4 102 - 144
4 1 - 2.25 29 - 40 7.75 1.5 - 4 112 - 154
4 1/8 1 - 2.25 32 - 43 8 1.5 - 4 122 - 165
4 1/4 1 - 2.25 35 - 46 8 1/4 1.5 - 4 133 - 176
4 1/2 1 - 2.25 41 - 51 8 1/2 1.5 - 4 150 - 187
4 3/4 1.5 - 2.5 44 - 54 9 1.5 - 4 174 - 210
5 1.5 - 2.5 50 - 61 9 1/2 1.5 - 4 198 - 234
5 1/4 1.5 - 2.5 57 - 68 9 3/4 1.5 - 4 211 - 248
5 1/2 1.5 - 2.8125 60 - 75 10 1.5 - 4 225 - 261
5 3/4 1.5 - 3.25 60 - 82 11 1.5 - 4 281 - 317
6 1.5 - 3.25 68 - 90 12 1.5 - 4 342 - 379
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Characteristics
DC connections are rotary shouldered connections and can mate
the various DP connections
The shoulder provide the only positive seal against fluid leakage
The lubricant is Copper based dope
The connection is the weakest part of the entire BHA
The DC connections go through cycles of tension-compression
and are subject to bending stresses
Improper M/U torque, improper or insufficient lubricant, galling
can all lead to connection failure
Drill Collar Connections
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Stress Relief Features
Stresses in DC connections are concentrated at the base of the
pin and in the bottom of the box (stronger)
DP body bends easily and takes up the majority of the applied
bending stress, DP connections are therefore subjected to less
bending than the DP body.
DCs and other BHA components are however much stiffer than
the DPs and much of the bending stresses are transferred to the
connections.
These bending stresses can cause fatigue failure at the
connections Stress Relief Groove / Bore Back
Drill Collar Connections
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Stress Relief Pin Feature
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Stress Relief Pin & Box Features
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Drill Collar Connections
The stress relief groove is to mitigate the fatigue cracks
where the face and threads would have otherwise joined
The Bore Back serves the same purpose at the bottom of the
box
Stress relief features should be specified on all BHA
connections NC-38 or larger.
Pin stress relief grooves are not recommended on
connections smaller than NC-38 because they may weaken
the connections tensile and torsional strength.
Bore Back boxes could be used on smaller connections.
The Low-Torque face is to increase the compressive stress at
normal M/U torque above that of a regular face
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Lo-Torq Feature
The low torque feature
consists in removing part of
the shoulder area of the pin
and box.
This allows for lower make up
torque maintaining adequate
shoulder loading.
It is a common feature in
large OD connections.
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Torsion limits for DC
Torque is rarely limited by the DC connection because it is
usually higher in the DP at surface and lower in the DC.
If DC make-up torque >Dp make-up torque you have no
routine problems.
BH Torque at any point should not exceed 80% of make-
up torque for the connections in the hole to avoid over
tightening connections which can lead to damage of seals.
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Torque Limits for DC
M/U Torque as % of total torque
API recommended make-
up torque for connections
is a percentage of the total
torsional yield of the
connection
62.5% 56.8% API NC
56.2% 51.1% H-90
N/a 79.5% PAC
DC>7 in DC< 7 in
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Make Up Torque Tables for DCs
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Heavy Weight Drill Pipe
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Heavy Weight Drill Pipe
Design
Heavier wall and longer tool joints
Center wall pad
Also available in spiral design
Function
Used in transition zones between DC and DP
This prevents the DP from buckling
Can be used in compression (?)
Used for directional drilling
Used in place of DC sometimes (?)
To keep Drill Pipe in tension
Not to be used for Weight on Bit in normal
circumstances
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Has the same OD as a standard drill pipe but
with much reduced inside diameter (usually 3
for 5 DP) and has an integral wear pad upset
in the middle.
It is used between standard Drill Pipe and Drill
Collars to provide a smooth transition between
the different sections of the drillstring
components.
Tool-Joint and Rotary shouldered connection
just like DP
HWDP, although stiffer than DP, can also
buckle
Characteristics
Heavy Weight Drill Pipe
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HWDP can be run both in tension and in compression
BUT!!!
Manufacturers recommend not to run HWDP in compression
in hole sizes larger than 12
Experience shows that they should not be run in
compression in Vertical Holes
If run in compression, rules of thumb are:
TJOD + 6 > OH diameter
2 x TJOD > OH diameter
HWDP in Compression?
Heavy Weight Drill Pipe
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I. Introduction to Drill String Design: Overview
II. Drill String Components
Drill Collars - Drill Pipe - HWDP
III. Drill String Design
Bottom Hole Assembly Selection
Drill Pipe Selection
Buckling and max WOB
Agenda
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Drill Collar Selection Principles
Drill Collar selection is governed by two major factors:
Weight and Stiffness --- Size!
Usually the largest OD collar that can be safely run is the best selection
More weight available for WOB
Greatest stiffness to resist buckling and smooth directional tendencies
Cyclical movement is restricted due to tighter Clearances
Usually Shortest BHA possible to
Reduce handling time at surface
Minimize # of Connections in the hole
Minimize total DC in contact with the wall for differential sticking
exposure
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Weight
BHA Weight must be sufficient for the planned WOB
BHA Weight must be sufficient to account for Buoyancy
BHA Weight must be sufficient to account for hole
inclination
BHA Weight must be sufficient so that the neutral point of
axial loads is within the BHA with a safety factor of 15%
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Compression
Tension
Neutral
point
Design
WOB
WOB
BHA Design
Drill Collar Weight & Neutral Point
DF for excess BHA=1.15
Neutral Point (NP) to tension
should be in drill collars
15 . 1 =
Wt Working Max
Wt Available Max
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Procedure For Selecting Drill Collars:
1. Determine the buoyancy factor for the mud weight in use using
the formula below:
where
BF =Buoyancy Factor, dimensionless
MW =Mud weight in use, ppg
65.5 =Weight of a gallon of steel, ppg
BHA Design
BF = 1- (MW/65.5)
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2. Calculate the required collar length to achieve the desired weight
on bit:
DC Length = 1.15* WOB / (BF*W
dc
)
where:
WOB=Desired weight on bit , lbf (x 1000)
BF =Buoyancy Factor, dimensionless
W dc =Drill collar weight in air, lb/ft
1.15 =15% safety factor.
The 15% safety factor ensures that the neutral point remains within
the collars when unforeseen forces (bounce, minor deviation and
hole friction) are present.
BHA Design
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3. For directional wells:
DC Length = DC Length Vertical / Cos I
where: I= Well inclination
Note that for horizontal wells drill collars are not normally used and
BHA selection is based entirely on the prevention of buckling
BHA Design
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Determine the number of 9 inch OD by 3 in ID drill collars
required to provide a weight-on-bit of 55,000 lbf assuming
Hole deviation = 0
Mud density = 12 ppg
Number And Size Of Drill Collars
Exercise DP-03
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Stiffness
The BHA must have sufficient Stiffness to stabilize the
BHA, optimize ROP and prevent the formation of Key
Seats, ledges and doglegs
The larger the DC, the stiffer the BHA
Stiffness Coefficient :
= Moment of Inertia x Youngs Modulus of Elasticity
= (OD
4
ID
4
) / 64 x 30.000.000
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Exercise DP-04
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Bending Strength Ratio
BSR is the relative stiffness of the box to the pin of a given connection.
Describes the Balance between two members of a connection and how they
are likely to behave in a rotational cyclical environment
R
d R
D
b D
Z
Z
BSR
R
d R
D
b D
Z
Z
BSR
pin
box
pin
box
) (
) (
) (
32
) (
32
4 4
4 4
4 4
4 4

= =

= =

Where:
Zbox = box section modulus
Zpin = pin section modulus
D = Outside diameter of pin and box
b = thread root diameter of box threads at
. end of pin.
R = Thread root diameter of pin threads
. of an inch from shoulder of pin.
. d= inside diameter or bore.
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Section Modulus for Connections
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BSR in DC Connections
A Connection is said to be balanced
if the BSR is 2.5
When BSR is higher tend to see
pin failures
When BSR is lower tend to see
more box failures
However, field experience has
shown that:
8 Dc having BSRs of 2.5
usually fail in the box
4-3/4 DC having BSR as low as
1.8 very rarely fail in the box.
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BSR in Connections
This table is from T.H. Hill & Associates Inc. Standard DS-1.
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Additional BSR Guidelines
High RPM, Soft Formation Small DC (8 in in 12.25 hole or
6 in in 8.25 hole) 2.25-2.75
Low RPM Hard Formations Large DC (10 in in 12-1/4 hole
2.5-3.2 (3.4 if using lo-torq connection)
Abrasive formations 2.5-3.0
New DCs 2.75 more wear resistant
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Fortunately for you API
have worked the
problem!!!
Pages 39-44 of Spec 7G
list the BSR of
Connections by OD and
ID of the collar
API BSR Charts
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T.H.Hill BSR Tables
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Stiffness Ratio
The SR measures the stiffness of a connection in a transition between 2
types of pipe
Based on field experience, in a transition
from one collar or pipe to another the SR
should not exceed
5.5 for routine drilling
3.5 for severe or rough drilling
( )
( )
4 4
4 4
upr upr lwr
lwr lwr upr
upr
lwr
ID OD OD
ID OD OD
Z
Z
SR

= =
Note: Stiffness ratios are calculated using tube ODs & IDs, not connections.
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BHA Design Process
Design the Collars
Max OD DC which can be handled, fished and drilled with
Excess BHA wt
WOB
Buoyancy
Safety factor
Connection Selection
BSR
SR
Torque capability
Stabilization and other directional requirements
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Exercise DP-05
On Seeyoulater land rig we find the following collars:
9 OD x 3 ID 6 5/8 FH connection
8 OD x 3 ID 6 5/8 REG connection
6 OD x 2 ID NC46 connection
Given that we will drill a vertical 12 hole, with 9.5 ppg mud and 65000 pounds
in a relatively hard formations, what API collar would you recommend?
What would your recommendation on BSR be for the connection chosen?
Check your recommended DCs with your recommended BSR
What would be the SR between the DC and 5 DP be?
Is it acceptable?
If not what would you do?
What would be your final BHA? Length? Buoyed Weight?
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I. Introduction to Drill String Design: Overview
II. Drill String Components
Drill Collars - Drill Pipe - HWDP
III. Drill String Design
Bottom Hole Assembly Selection
Drill Pipe Selection
Buckling and max WOB
Agenda
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Drill Pipe Selection Principles
Drill Pipe selection is governed by two major factors:
Size+Weight and Strength
Usually the Drill Pipe with largest OD and ID is preferred
Less pressure loss in the string
More hydraulics available at the bit
The Drill Pipe selection must address the following:
Drill Pipe must allow to drill to TD
Drill Pipe must support all weight below it (BHA+DP)
Drill Pipe must provide Overpull capacity
Drill Pipe must withstand slip crushing force
Drill Pipe must resist burst and collapse loads
Drill Pipe might have to work in H2S environment
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The greatest tension (working
load P
w
) on the drillstring occurs
at the top joint at the maximum
drilled depth
Working Strength
Drillcollars
Drillpipe
L
dp
L
dc
P
Axial Loads
Tension Design
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Tension Design
Total weight, T
surf
, carried by the top joint of drillpipe
when the drill bit is just off bottom ;
( ) [ ] BF W L W L T
dc dc dp dp surf
+ =
L
dp
= length of Drill Pipe
W
dp
= weight of Drill Pipe per unit length
L
dc
= weight of Drill Collars
W
dc
= weight of Drill Collars per unit length
.(1)
Drillcollars
Drillpipe
L
d
p
L
dc
P
Drill Pipe Selection Parameters
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The drillstring is not designed according to the minimum yield strength!!!
If Drill Pipe reaches yield:
Drill Pipe can have permanent deformation.
To prevent deformation damage to drillpipe, API recommends the use of
maximum allowable design load ( Pa)
T
max
= 0.9 x T
yield
.(2)
T
max
= Max. allowable design load in tension , lb
T
yield
= theoretical yield strength from API tables , lb
0.9 = a constant relating proportional limit to yield strength
IPM Defines a tension Design factor of 1.1 be applied to design loads. These
accomplish the same thing.
Do not double dip!
Tension Design
Drill Pipe Selection Parameters
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Margin of overpull is nominally 50-100k, or in the limit of
the difference between the maximum allowable load less
the actual load
Choice of MOP should consider
Overall drilling conditions
Hole drag
Likelihood of getting stuck
Slip crushing
Dynamic loading
Margin of Overpull
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1. Determine max design load (T
max
) :
(maximum load that drillstring should be designed
for)
T
max
= 0.9 x Minimum Yield Strength lb
Class of pipe must be considered
Drill Pipe Selection Parameters
Margin of Overpull
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surf
- T T MOP
max
=
3. Margin Of Overpull : Minimum tension force above
expected working load to account for any drag or stuck pipe.
2. Calculate total load at surface using
( ) [ ] BF W L W L T
dc dc dp dp surf
+ =
.(3)
.(1)
Margin of Overpull
Drill Pipe Selection Parameters
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dc
dp
dc
dp
yield
dp
L
W
W
BF W
MOP T
L


=
9 . 0
4. The maximum length of Drill Pipe that can be used is
obtained by combining equations 1 and 3 and solving for
the length of Drill Pipe
.(4)
Margin of Overpull
Drill Pipe Selection Parameters
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dc
dp
dc
dp
yield
dp
L
W
W
BF W
MOP T
L


=
9 . 0
When the Drill String is stuck, (and it most certainly is if
there is Overpull !) the buoyancy is lost!
.(4)
THINK OF STUCK PIPE!!!
When the Drill String is stuck, (and it most certainly is if
there is Overpull !) the buoyancy is lost!
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Exercise DP-06
Drill Collars length : 600 and weight in air is 150 lb/ft.
MOP = 100,000 lbs.
5 / 19.5 lb/ft Premium G-105 DP with NC50 connections.
Calculate the maximum hole depth that can be drilled ?
Assume BF= 0.85
Carry out calculations without MOP and with MOP of
100,000 lb
Use API - RP7G Tables for the values of Approximate
Weight (W
dp
) and for Minimum Yield Strength
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Slip Crushing Force
Slips because of the taper try to crush the Drill Pipe. This
hoop stress is resisted by the tube, and this increases the
overall stress in the steel
( )
( ) dope for Friction coeff ArcTan z
Taper Slip y z y K
in length Slip L in OD Pipe D
L
DK
L
DK
S
S
Stress Tensile
Stress Hoop
s
s s t
h
08 . 0 ; ) (
) 45 27 9 ( ; ) tan( / 1
; ) (
2 2
1
' ' '
2
= =
= + =
= =

+ + =


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Generally expressed as a Factor
DP
TUBE 12 in 16 in
2 3/8 1.25 1.18
2 7/8 1.31 1.22
3 1/2 1.39 1.28
4 1.45 1.32
4 1/2 1.52 1.37
5 1.59 1.42
5 1/2 1.66 1.47
6 5/8 1.82 1.59
SLIP LENGTH
Horz to Tang Stress Ratio
Load Axial Equivalent
Stress Tensile
Stress Hoop
load Working = *
Axial
t
h
Load
P
S
S
P =
Slip Crushing Force
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Drill Pipe Selection Parameters
You can only drill as far as you can set pipe in the slips.
Different than overpull, this is based on working loads
dc
dp
dc
dp
T
h
yield
dp
L
W
W
BF W
S
S
T
L

=
9 . 0
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A drill string consists of 600 ft of 8 in x 2 13/16 in drill collars and
the rest is a 5 in, 19.5 lbm/ft Grade X95 drill pipe with NC50
connections. If the required MOP is 100,000 lb and mud weight
is 10 ppg, calculate:
1) The maximum depth of hole that can be drilled when using (a)
new and (b) Premium Drill Pipe. (MOP only)
2) What is the maximum depth that can be drilled taking into
consideration slip crushing force for (a) and (b) above? To what
hook-load does this correspond? What is the MOP in this case?
Exercise DP-07
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Step 2
Drill collars and bottom drillpipe act as the weight
carried by top sectioneffectively the drill collar
Apply the equation for top drill pipe last
Step 1
If we use different drill pipe, the weaker pipe goes on
bottom and stronger on top
Apply equation to bottom drill pipe first
dc
dp
dc
dp
t
dp
L
W
W
W
MOP P
L

=
9 . 0
Mixed String Design
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An exploration rig has the following grades of DP to be run in a 15,000 ft
deep well :
Grade E : New 5 OD 19.5 # NC 50
Grade G : New 5 OD 19.5# NC 50
It is desired to have an MOP of 50000 lbs on the grade E pipe. The total
length and weight of DCs plus HWDP are 984 ft and 101,000 lb
respectively. MW at 15,000 = 13.4 ppg.
Calculate :
1. Max. length of E pipe that can be used.
2. Length of G pipe to use.
3. MOP for the G and E pipe.
4. Max weight on slips for the G and E pipe.
Exercise DP - 09 Mixed Drill Pipe
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Other Loads
Collapse under Tension
Burst
Other loads not covered here
Shock Loads
Bending Loads
Buckling Loads
Torsion
Torsion with Simultaneous Tension
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Biaxial Collapse
The DP will collapse if:
External Pressure Load > Collapse pressure rating
A Design factor of 1.15 is used:
External Pressure Load < Collapse rating / 1.15
When the string is in tension, the Collapse rating is further
de-rated:
1 < = K
P
P
Collapse Nonimal
Collapse Biaxial
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Biaxial Collapse
Collapse load is worst when For dry test work where pipe
is run in empty
Note the use of the Average Yield Point not minimum
Average
Collapse al No
Collapse Biaxial
Yp ID OD
Load
Z
Z Z
P
P
* ) ( 7854 . 0
2
3 4
2 2
2
min

=

=
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Biaxial Collapse
For nominal Collapse
Use D/t and correct formula Spec 7G Appendix A 3
Use the results found in Table 3-6 RP-7G
For OD and ID, use Table 1 RP-7G
For Avg Yp Use Table in section 12.8 RP 7G
145,000 S
120,000 G
110,000 X
85,000 E
Yp
Avg
Grade
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Exercise DP-10
We are going to dry test a liner lap at 9,000 ft. We will run in
with a packer set in tension with 50,000 lb. We will run the
packer in on 5 in 19.5 #/ft Grade E premium grade DP. At the
time of the test there will be nothing inside the drill pipe. The
annulus will have 12.0 ppg mud. What is the collapse load on
the bottom joint of DP?
New 5 Gr E 5 OD, 4.276 ID, Avg Yp= 85,000 psi
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DP-10
Premium has 80% wall remaining
Wall will be 0.8*(5-4.276)/2=0.2896
ID will be 4.276
OD will be 4.276+2*0.2896 =4.855
1417 . 0
000 , 85 * ) 276 . 4 855 . 4 ( 7854 . 0
000 , 50
* ) ( 7854 . 0
2 2
2 2
=

=

=
Z
Z
Yp ID OD
Load
Z
Average
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DP -10
Nominal Collapse is 7,041
Biaxial reduced collapse is 6,489
922 . 0
2
14167 . 0 14167 . 0 * 3 4
2
3 4
min
2
2
min
=

=

=
Collapse al No
Collapse Biaxial
Collapse al No
Collapse Biaxial
P
P
Z Z
P
P
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DP-10
Collapse load is 9,000*0.052*12= 5616 psi
Design load is 5616*1.15= 6,458
Derated collapse is 6489, so we are ok
Collapse design factor is 6489/5616=1.16
IPM Specified Collapse design factor is 1.1-1.15
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Burst
Barlows formula applies
Results are found in Spec 7G Table 3,5 & 7
Burst will occur if internal pressure load > burst rating
D
t Yp
P
Burst
* * 2
=
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Exercise DP11 - Burst Load Case
Worst load case happens during DST operations in a gas
well. Pressure at surface is BHP- gas gradient with no
backup
In the last example assume we are performing a DST test
in the well at 9000 ft with BHP 200 psi less than the mud
wt. What is the burst DF on the top of the Premium Grade
E
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DP-11
From last Example 5 19.5# E Premium
OD=5, Wall = 0.2896 Yp= 75,000
Burst = 8688 psi
BHP= 12*0.052*9,000-200=5,416 psi
P Surf= 5416-900=4516 psi
Design factor = 8688/4516=1.92
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Drill String Design Process-2
After the BHA Design is performed:
Slip Crushing forces on DP
Overpull tensile design at surface
Lengths of DP Sections
Burst Design Check
Collapse under tension Design check
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Drill String Design Factors
Tension DF
t
Governs Max allowable tension on the system
SLB DF
t
is 1.1
Margin of OverPull MOP Desired excess tensile capacity
over an above the hanging weight of the string at Surface.
SLB MOP 50-100K
Excess BHA Wt Df
bha
Amount of BHA in terms of Wt in
excess of that used to drill to assure all Compressive and
torsional loads are kept in the Collars, SLB Df
bha
is 1.15
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Torsion No Design Factor Required. Tool Joints are made
up to 60% of Torsional Capacity, and Tool joints are
designed to 80% of the tube Torsion Capacity. Thus if the
design limits to tool joint make-up there is an adequate
design factor built into the system
Collapse DF
c
Tube is de-rated to account for Biaxial
Tensile reduction and a design factor of is used SLB DF
c
is 1.1-1.15
Drill String Design Factors
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Burst DF
b
Simple burst is used with no allowance for axial
effects SLB DF
B
is 1.0
Buckling DF
B
In Highly deviated wells it is possible to use
DP in compression, provided it is not buckled.
Drill String Design Factors
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I. Introduction to Drill String Design: Overview
II. Drill String Components
Drill Collars - Drill Pipe - HWDP
III. Drill String Design
Bottom Hole Assembly Selection
Drill Pipe Selection
Buckling and max WOB
Agenda
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Buoyancy is the weight of the displaced fluid
Buoyancy is usually accounted for via BF
Buoyancy is creating a hydrostatic effect: the
Pressure-Area Force
The forces acting on a drillstring are the self-weight
and the hydrostatic pressure of the drilling fluid
Buoyancy is creating a force acting at the bottom of
the drill string and placing the lower portion of the drill
string in compression and reducing the hook load by
HP x CSA
Buoyancy
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DP12 - Buoyancy
We are running open ended DCs
9 x 3 192ppf
The fluid in the well is 14 ppg
The depth is 10000 ft
What is the hook load with BF?
What is the hook load with Pressure Area Force?
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A tube subjected to a load will bend
Bent is a condition in which the
bending increases proportionally with
load
When a little increase in load will
result in large displacements, the tube
is said to be buckling
The tube may not necessarily be
yielded as buckling does not
necessarily occurs plastically
The load which produces buckling is
called the Critical Buckling Load
Bending & Buckling
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Neutral Point of Tension & Compression:
The point within a tube where the sum of the
axial forces are equal to zero
Neutral Point of Bending:
The point within a tube where the sum of
moments are equal to zero
The point within a tube where the average of
the radial and tangential stress in the tube
equals the axial stress
The point within a tube where the buoyed
weight of the tube hanging below that point
is equal to an applied force at its bottom
end
Neutral Points
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Neutral Point of Bending occurs where the effective hydrostatic force
equals the compressive force in the drillstring.
Forces in the Drill String
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Neutral point of bending is H = WOB / buoyed weight per foot of string
In vertical wells, buckling will occur only below the neutral point of
bending, hence the necessity to keep the buoyed weight of the BHA
exceeding the WOB
In deviated wells, buckling will not only occur below the neutral point
of bending but also above the neutral point of bending when the
compressive force in the drillstring exceeds a critical load
Buckling
tooljt hole
OD D
ID OD BF ID OD
Fcrit


=
) sin( * ) ( * * ) (
1617
2 2 4 4

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DP13 Max WOB in inclined holes
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Now you should be able to describe:
Drillstring Design
Functions of Drill Pipe , Drill Collars and BHA selection
Grades of Drill Pipe and strength properties
Thread types and tool joints
Drill collar weight and neutral point
Bending Stress Ratios and Stiffness Ratios
Margin of overpull Slip crushing force
Basic design calculations based on depth to be drilled.
Functions of stabilizers and roller reamers
Critical Buckling force and Neutral Point of Bending

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