Chng 3

H TUN T KHNG NG B
Phn loi cc mch logic
M hnh h t hp
M hnh h tun t
Ch lm vic
cho h tun t khng ng b hot ng ng, ngi
ta phi gii hn n lm vic ch c bn (fundamental
mode) hoc ch xung (pulse mode).
Ch c bn: mi mt trong cc tn hiu vo t ngoi
ch c th thay i ti 1 thi im t 0 sang 1 hoc t 1
sang 0, v mch phi trong iu kin n nh (tt c cc
tn hiu trong mch phi n nh; ngha l chng phi t
c gi tr xc lp) khi xy ra mt s thay i tn hiu
vo.
Ch xung: Th d: xung dng th mi xung dng,
s thay i t 0 sang 1 v tr v 0 c to ra bng 1 tn
hiu vo t bn ngoi, biu th 1 s kin nh th. Mch
phi trong iu kin n nh khi mi xung xy ra
Ch c bn
ca h tun t khng ng b
Ch : Mch phi n nh trc mi s kin nh
th v mi ln ch c mt tn hiu vo t ngoi c
th thay i t 0 sang 1 hoc t 1 sang 0
Ch xung
ca h tun t khng ng b
Ch : Mch phi n nh trc mi s kin
nh th v mi ln ch c mt tn hiu vo t
ngoi c th to 1 xung dng
Mc tiu
Thit k h tun t khng ng b th kh hn h ng
b do cc vn nh th.
Vi h tun t ng b th xung nhp gii quyt vn
nh th.
Vi h tun t khng ng b th s phi cn cc k
thut thit k c bit kh cc vn nh th c t
cc tr hon khng bng nhau qua cc ng dn khc
nhau trong h.
n gin ha phn tch v thit k, ta s gi s rng
cc h tun t khng ng b ca ta lm vic ch
c bn.
3.1 PHN TCH
H TUN T KHNG NG B
3.1 PHN TCH H TUN T KHNG
NG B
3.1.1 Phn tch h khng ng b vi cc
flipflop SR
3.1.2 Phn tch h cng khng ng b
3.1.3 Cc iu kin chy ua v lp vng
3.1.1 Phn tch h khng ng
b vi cc flipflop SR
Th d: ta s phn tch h hnh sau bng cch theo di cc tn
hiu dng chui vo
X
1
X
2
=00, 10, 11, 01, 11, 10, 00.
Gi s cc ng ra Q ban u ca flipflop l 0 (Q
1
Q
2
=00).
Hnh 3.5 H tr hon khng ng b
Phn tch bng bng chuyn trng thi vi
chui tr vo c th (1)
Ct th nht ca bng 3.1 lit k cc gi tr hin ti ca
cc bin vo v cc gi tr ra flipflop nhng thi im
k tip trong phn tch h bt u vi gi tr ban u
(X
1
X
2
=00) v trng thi bt u (Q
1
Q
2
=00).
Mi t hp cc gi tr ca cc ng vo mch v cc ng
ra b nh (cc ng ra flipflop trong trng hp ny) s
c gi l trng thi ton phn (total state) ca h
trnh nhm vi trng thi ton phn, ta s gi trng
thi ca cc flipflop l trng thi ni (internal state)
Vi mi trng thi ton phn trong phn tch hnh 3.5,
cc gi tr ra v cc gi tr vo flipflop c tnh ton
dng cc phng trnh:
i vi trng thi ton phn cho trc, trng thi ni
k ging nh trng thi ni hin ti, s khng xy ra
thay i trng thi v ta ni rng h trng thi ton
phn n nh (stable total state)
Bng 3.1 Phn tch ca hnh 3.5
Z
1
=Q
1
Q
2
+ X
1
(Q
1
+ Q
2
)
Z
2
=Q
1
Q
2
+ X
2
(Q
1
+ Q
2
)
R
1
=X
1
X
2

S
1
=X
1
X
2
R
2
=X
1
X
2
S
2
=X
1
X
2

Chui gi tr vo l: X
1
X
2
= 00, 10, 11, 01, 11, 10, 00
Phn tch bng bng chuyn trng thi
Xy dng bng chuyn trng thi (transition table): cc trng
thi k ca flipflop l hm ca trng thi hin ti v cc gi tr
vo.
Vi hnh 3.5, cc phng trnh trng thi k l:
Mi ct trong bng ny tng ng vi t hp c th cc gi tr
ca cc bin vo, hoc tng ng vi trng thi vo (input
state).
Mi hng tng ng vi php gn c th vi trng thi ni
hin ti.
Mi trong bng tng ng vi 1 trng thi ton phn, v gi
tr trong l trng thi ni k cho trng thi
Gi tr trong ging gi tr hng th ta c h n nh (khoang
trn).
Hnh 3.6 Bng chuyn trng thi
ca hnh 3.5
Hnh 3.7 Cc bng dng (flow table)
ca hnh 3.5
(a) nh nhn theo trng thi ni (b) nh nhn theo trng thi ton phn
Hnh 3.8 Bng dng v bng gi tr ra
cho hnh 3.5
Chui gi tr vo v ra l:
X
1
X
2
=00, 10, 11, 01, 11, 10, 00
Z
1
Z
2
=01, 00, 10, 11, 01, 11, 10
Hnh 3.9 Gin nh th ca hnh 3.5
3.1.2 Phn tch h cng
khng ng b
Hnh 3.10 H khng ng b
c xy dng t cng
d phn tch, ngi ta tp trung tt c cc tr hon lin h vi
mi ng hi tip vo mt hp c nh nhn delay. Ri ta
lin h mt bin trng thi vi mi ng ra delay. Nu mt thi
im cho trc, ng vo delay l 0 (hoc 1), ng ra s l 0 (hoc
1) sau mt thi gian tr hon. T ng vo delay biu din
trng thi k ca ng ra delay v tr hon vi ng ra Q1 c ng
vo l Q1+.
Sau khi t cc bin trng thi, ta lp c bng dng. H c
m t bng cc phng trnh sau:
Cc phng trnh ny c in trong cc hnh 3.10(b) v (d), v
bng dng ca hnh 3.10(c) c to nn bng cch thay th mi
t hp cc bin trng thi bng k hiu trng thi. Cc ng vo
khoanh trn biu din cc trng thi ton phn n nh. Vi mt
chui vo bt k cho trc, cc chui trng thi v ng ra c th
c xc nh t hnh 3.10(b) hoc (c) v (d)
Cch chn bin trng thi
M hnh tng qut ca h tun t
khng ng b
3.1.3 Cc iu kin chy ua v lp vng
Hnh 3.14 Mch v bng chuyn trng thi vi
chy ua khng ti hn v lp vng
Chy ua khng ti hn
(noncritical race)
Chy ua ti hn (critical race)
3.2 THNH LP V RT GN CC BNG
DNG C BN
3.2.1 Thnh lp cc bng dng c bn
3.2.2 Rt gn cc bng dng c bn
3.2 THNH LP V RT GN
CC BNG DNG C BN
Cch thit k cho h khng ng b th tng t
vi cch thit k cho cc h ng b:
Xy dng mt bng trng thi (hay bng dng)
t pht biu vn /bi ton
Rt gn bng c s hng ti thiu, thc
hin gn trng thi (c th tng thm hng)
Ci t bng dng cc phn t logic thch hp.
Tuy nhin chi tit ca mi bc hi khc i vi
cc h khng ng b.
3.2.1 Thnh lp
cc bng dng c bn
Bng dng c bn
(primitive flow table)
Thng thng im bt u tng hp h khng ng
b l lp bng dng c bn (primitive flow table) hay
cn gi l bng dng s khai.
Bng dng c bn c nh ngha nh bng dng m c
chnh xc mt trng thi ton phn n nh trn mi hng.
Ta c th rt gn bng dng c bn thnh 1 bng c t
hng hn.
Tuy nhin, bo m c c bng c s hng ti thiu
th phn ln ngi ta bt u bng bng dng c bn hn
l c gng xy dng trc tip mt bng c rt gn t
u.
Qui c lp bng dng c bn
trnh cc vn nh th m c th pht sinh khi 2
bin vo thay i ng thi, ta s gi s rng mi ln
ch c 1 bin vo thay i v cc thay i gi tr vo
cch nhau h s lun lun t n trng thi ton
phn n nh gia nhng thay i (hot ng ch
c bn).
Khi thnh lp bng dng c bn, mi thay i gi
tr vo phi lm cho 1 thay i trng thi v cho php
ch 1 trng thi n nh trn 1 hng ca bng
dng c bn m thi.
Th d 3.1
Mt h khng ng b c 2 ng vo v 1 ng ra. Chui
vo X
1
X
2
=00, 01, 11 lm cho ng ra tr thnh 1. Ri s
thay i gi tr vo k tip lm cho ng ra quay v 0.
Khng c chui vo no khc s to ra 1 ng ra.
Th d 3.1
Bng dng c bn hon tt
Ghi ch:
*: cc trng thi ny khng th dn n gi tr ra 1 nu
ban u khng reset
Gin trng thi ca bng dng c
bn TD 3.1
S khc bit vi gin trng thi ca h tun t ng b l g?
Th d 3.2
Th d ny minh ha thit k T flipflop vi xung
nhp kch cnh hnh 3.18(a). Mc d flipflop
ny c s dng nh 1 b phn trong cc h
ng b, thit k bn trong ca flipflop l vn
khng ng b. Flipflop c 2 ng vo T v P.
Flipflop s i trng thi nu T=1 khi xung nhp
P thay i t 1 sang 0. Di tt c cc iu kin
vo khc, Q gi khng i. Ta s gi s rng T
v P khng thay i ng thi.
Th d 3.2
Bng dng c bn ca T FF
Th d 3.3
Mt tn hiu xung nhp C c chn cho qua bng mt tn hiu S
khc. Mng cho qua sao cho phi c nhng xung y xut hin
ng ra Z ngay c khi S c th thay i gia xung nhp.
Hnh sau ch gin nh th ca mng s c thit k. Ngay c
khi c xung nhp, y l vn khng ng b bi v ng vo S
c cho php thay i bt c lc no so vi xung nhp. Ta s gi
s rng S s lun lun ON (dn=1) hay OFF (tt=0) ti thiu 2
xung nhp y .
Th d 3.3
3.2.2 Rt gn cc
bng dng c bn
Phng php rt gn bng dng c bn
C 2 phng php rt gn bng dng c bn:
1. Phng php th nht cn 2 bctrc ht tm ra bng
dng c bn c s hng ti thiu v ri bng ny c
rt gn hn bng cch trn (hay gom) cc hng li.
2. Phng php th hai thc hin s rt gn ton phn
trong 1 bc bng cch p dng phng php rt gn
tng qut cho cc bng trng thi khng hon ton (c
thm Introduction to Switching Theory ni dung Logic
Design, 3
rd
Edition ca Hill v Peterson, chng 13 v
14).
Phng php th nht thng thc hin t tn cng hn v
s c bn y.
Rt gn s b bng dng c bn
bng cch kh cc trng thi ton phn n nh tha
Ta c th tm c bng dng c bn c s hng ti thiu
bng cch kh i cc trng thi ton phn n nh tha.
lm iu ny, ta phi tm ra c cc trng thi ton phn n
nh tng ng.
Hai trng thi ton phn n nh c gi l tng ng nu
chng c cng s ng vo v cc trng thi ni lin h l
tng ng. Nh vy 2 trng thi ton phn n nh c
gi l tng ng nu
1. cc ng vo ca chng ging nhau,
2. c cc ng ra ging nhau, v
3. cc trng thi k ca chng tng ng vi mi gi
tr vo c th c.
Bng 3.7 Bng dng c bn s c rt gn
X
1
X
2
Cc trng thi c kh
nng tng ng
00 (2, 6, 8)
01 (5, 12)
11 (3, 10)
10 (4, 11)
Sau khi xt tip cc trng thi
cng 1 dng ta tm c cc
trng thi tng ng cn li l:
(2, 8) (5, 12) (3, 10) (4, 11)
Bng 3.8 Bng dng c bn c rt
gn t bng 3.7
Rt gn bng dng c bn
bng s b trn (merger diagram)
Mi mt bng dng c bn c s hng ti
thiu c xt trn c th c rt gn
thm na bng cch trn cc hng (hay gi l
gom cc hng)
Cc bc tin hnh:
1. i bng Moore thnh bng Mealy
2. V s b trn (merger diagram) (hay
cn c gi l bng s gom hng)
Bng 3.9
Bng dng c bn Mealy
cho bng 3.4
S trn v bng dng rt gn t
bng 3.9
Bng dng rt gn
t bng 3.8
Bng dng rt gn t hnh 3.18
Tm tt: Rt gn bng dng c bn
Ta c th rt gn bng dng c bn thnh bng
Mealy c s hng ti thiu dng th tc sau:
1. Tm c bng dng c bn rt gn bng
cch kh i cc trng thi ton phn n
nh tha.
2. Xy dng bng dng Mealy t bng dng
c bn rt gn tm c bc 1.
3. V s b trn v dng n trn
nhng hng tng ng v c c bng
dng rt gn c s hng ti thiu.
3.3 GN TRNG THI V CI
T CC BNG DNG
Trong vic chn gn trng thi cho cc h ng b, i
tng chnh l n gin ha mch logic.
Tuy nhin, i vi cc h khng ng b th cc i
tng chnh trong chn gn trng thi l ngn nga cc
chy ua ti hn, v s n gin ha mch logic tr
thnh i tng th hai.
Sau khi thc hin gn trng thi khng c cc
chy ua ti hn, th ta c th ci t h khng ng b
dng cc cng v cc S-R flipflop hoc ch s dng cc
cng.
X
1
X
2
00 01 11 10
Z
00 01 11 10
a
b
c
a a c b
a b b b
- b c b
0 0 - -
- 0 0 0
- - 1 -
Ct 00: b a
Ct 01: c b
Ct 11: a c
Ct 10: a b v c b
a
b c
00
01 10
d
11
X
1
X
2
00 01 11 10
a
b
c
d
a a c b
a b b b
- c
-
d
a b b d
b
-
a
-
Q
1
Q
2
X
1
X
2
00 01 11 10
a: 00
b: 01
c:10
d: 11
00 00 10 01
00 01 01 01
-- 11 10 00
-- 01 -- --
Gn trng thi cho v d 3.1: ta c bng 3.11
Hon tt bng gi tr ra
Bng 3.12
Hnh 3.24(a) Ci t bng cng cho bng 3.12
Phng php tt suy ra cc
phng trnh ng vo ca SR FF
T bng sau, ta thy l khi Q
i
=0, S
i
=Q
i
+
;
tng t khi Q
i
=1, R
i
=(Q
i
+
).
Suy ra phng trnh SR bng
phng php tt cho th d 3.1
Hnh 3.24(b) Ci t bng SR FF cho bng 3.12
3.3.2 Gn trng thi cho cc
bng 3 hng v 4 hng
Hnh 3.27 Bng 4 hng tng qut v
gin chuyn trng thi.
Hnh 3.28. (a) Gn trng thi vn nng cho bng 4 hng
(b) Bng 4 hng c m rng
Hnh 3.30. Bng dng vi cc dont care
3.3.3 Cc php gn trng thi
c hng chung
(Shared-Row assignments)
Hnh 3.31
Cc chuyn trng thi c lit k trong bng hnh 3.31(b) hm l
cc trng thi trong mi tp k cn sau phi c t trong 1 chui cc
k cn:
Ct 00: (a, c, e) (b, d)
Ct 01: (a, b) (c, d, f)
Ct 11: (b, c, f) (a, d, e)
Ct 10: (a, c, d) (e, f)
Hnh 3.33 Bng m rng ca bng
hnh 3.31(a) dng php gn hnh 3.32(b)
3.3.4 Hon tt bng ra
Hon tt bng ra
Hon tt bng ra (tt)
Tm tt th tc thit k h tun t
khng ng b
1. Cho trc vn , xc nh quan h cn c gia cc bin vo v ra.
Suy ra bng dng c bn m c mt trng thi ton phn n nh
trn mi hng, v xc nh gi tr ra c lin quan vi mi trng thi
ton phn n nh.
2. Rt gn bng dng c bn c c s hng ti thiu. Vic ny
thng c th c thc hin trong 2 bc. Trc ht xc nh cc
trng thi ton phn tng ng v tm ra bng dng c bn c s
hng ti thiu. Ri hp nht (gom, trn) cc hng trong bng ny
tm ra bng rt gn cui cng. S trn c th hu ch trong
vic chn cc hng s c hp nht.
3. Tm ra php gn trng thi m kh i tt c cc chy ua ti hn
gia cc bin trng thi. Trong qu trnh ny c th cn m rng
bng dng bng cch thm cc hng.
4. Lp bng chuyn trng thi bng cch thay th cc gi tr
c gn cc bin trng thi cho mi trng thi trong
bng dng m rng. Nu s dng bng gi tr ra Mealy,
in vo cc ch khng xc nh th cn trnh cc qu
nht thi trong bng gi tr ra. V cc bng trng thi k
v cc bng gi tr ra t bng chuyn trng thi.
5. Nu khng s dng cc SR flipflop, tm mt ci t
khng c hazard cho mi hm trng thi k dng cc
cng logic kh dng.
6. Nu khng s dng SR flipflop, v cc bng gi tr vo
flipflop v tm mt ci t khng c cc hazard 0 cho
mi S v R. (nu s dng cc SR flipflop cng NAND,
cc ng vo flipflop l cc b ca S v R v phi khng
c cc hazard 1).
7. Tm ci t khng c hazard ca cc hm ra.
8. Nu c cc hazard tt yu (essential hazard) trong
bng dng, th thm cc tr hon (delay) trong cc
ng hi tip hoc sa i cu trc cng kh i
cc hazard tt yu.
9. Kim tra li thit k ca bn bng cch kim tra thc
nghim hoc m phng trn my tnh.