1

OBJECTIVES
We students taking Additional Mathematics are required to carry out a project work while we
are in Form 5.This year the Curriculum Development Division, Ministry of Education has
prepared four tasks for us.We are to choose and complete only ONE task based on our area of
interest.This project can be done in groups or individually,but each of us are expected to submit
an individually written report.Upon completion of the Additional Mathematics Project Work,we
are to gain valuable experiences and able to:

Apply and adapt a variety of problem solving strategies to solve routine and non-
routine problems;
Experience classroom environments which are challenging, interesting and meaningful
and hence improve their thinking skills.
Experience classroom environments where knowledge and skills are applied in
meaningful ways in solving real-life problems
Experience classroom environments where expressing ones mathematical
thinking,reasoning and communication are highly encouraged and expected
Experience classroom environments that stimulates and enhances effective learning.
Acquire effective mathematical communication through oral and writing,and to use the
language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas correctly and precisely
Enhance acquisition of mathematical knowledge and skills through problem-solving in
ways that increase interest and confidence
Prepare ourselves for the demand of our future undertakings and in workplace
Realise that mathematics is an important and powerful tool in solving real-life problems
and hence develop positive attitude towards mathematics.
Train ourselves not only to be independent learners but also to collaborate, to
cooperate, and to share knowledge in an engaging and healthy environment
Use technology especially the ICT appropriately and effectively
Train ourselves to appreciate the intrinsic values of mathematics and to become more
creative and innovative
Realize the importance and the beauty of mathematics




2


FOREWARD
First of all, I would like to say Alhamdulillah, for giving me the strength and health to do this
project work. Not forgotten my parents for providing everything, such as money, to buy anything
that are related to this project work and their advise, which is the most needed for this project.
Internet, books, computers, and etc. They also supported me and encouraged me to complete this
task so that I will not procrastinate in doing it. Then I would like to thank my teacher,Pn. Ong
Yoke Bee for guiding me and my friends throughout this project. We had some difficulties in
doing this task, but she taught us patiently until we knew what to do. She tried and tried to teach
us until we understand what we supposed to do with the projectwork.Last but not least, my
friends who were doing this project with me and sharing our ideas. They were helpful that when
we combined and discussed together, we had this task done.














3


HISTORY OF INDEX NUMBER
Price index
A price index (plural: price indices or price indexes) is a normalized average (typically
a weighted average) of prices for a given class ofgoods or services in a given region, during a
given interval of time. It is a statistic designed to help to compare how these prices, taken as a
whole, differ between time periods or geographical locations.
Price indices have several potential uses. For particularly broad indices, the index can be said to
measure the economy's price level or a cost of living. More narrow price indices can help
producers with business plans and pricing. Sometimes, they can be useful in helping to guide
investment.
Some notable price indices include:
Consumer price index
Producer price index
GDP deflator
History of early price indices
No clear consensus has emerged on who created the first price index. The earliest reported
research in this area came from Welshman Rice Vaughan who examined price level change in
his 1675 book A Discourse of Coin and Coinage. Vaughan wanted to separate the inflationary
impact of the influx of precious metals brought by Spain from the New World from the effect
due to currency debasement. Vaughan compared labor statutes from his own time to similar
statutes dating back to Edward III. These statutes set wages for certain tasks and provided a good
record of the change in wage levels. Vaughan reasoned that the market for basic labor did not
fluctuate much with time and that a basic laborers salary would probably buy the same amount of
goods in different time periods, so that a laborer's salary acted as a basket of goods. Vaughan's
analysis indicated that price levels in England had risen six to eightfold over the preceding
century
While Vaughan can be considered a forerunner of price index research, his analysis did not
actually involve calculating an index. In 1707 Englishman William Fleetwood created perhaps
the first true price index. An Oxford student asked Fleetwood to help show how prices had
changed. The student stood to lose his fellowship since a fifteenth century stipulation barred
students with annual incomes over five pounds from receiving a fellowship. Fleetwood, who
already had an interest in price change, had collected a large amount of price data going back
hundreds of years. Fleetwood proposed an index consisting of averaged price relatives and used
4


his methods to show that the value of five pounds had changed greatly over the course of 260
years. He argued on behalf of the Oxford students and published his findings anonymously in a
volume entitled Chronicon Preciosum.























5


Add Maths : Projek Work 4/2010

Part 1(a)
The price of goods sold in shop vary from one shop to another. Shoppers tend to buy goods
which are not only reasonably price but also give value for their money.
You are required to carry out a survey on four different items based on the following categories
i.e. food,detergent and stationery. The survey should be done in three differnt shop.
(a) Collect picture,newspaper cuttings or photos on item that you have chosen. Design a
collage to illustrate the chosen item.
Answer :
Sationery


6


Detergent







7


Food





8


Part 1(b):
Record the item and their prices systematically as such in Table 1. Since item may be differently
packed, be sure to use consistent measurements for each item selected so that comparison can be
done easily and accurately
Answer :

Category Item Tesco Giant The Store
Food Self-rising flour
(500 gram)
2.80 3.80 3.40
Sugar
( 1 Kilogram )
1.40 1.40 1.40
Butter
( 250 gram )
3.70 3.90 4.60
Eggs (Gred A)
( 10 unit )
3.70 3.00 3.10
Total Price 11.60 12.10 12.50
Detergent Washing Powder
( 3 Kilogram )
20.00 22.00 21.50
Dish Washer
( 1000 ml )
5.00 4.20 4.10
Liquid Bleach
( 1000 ml )
7.00 6.50 5.90
Tile Cleaner
( 1000 ml )
11.20 10.80 10.50
Total Price 43.20 43.50 42.00
Stationery Pencil(Shaker) 9.10 9.40 8.40
Highlighter 3.70 3.60 3.30
Permanent
Marker
3.70 3.10 4.00
Card Indexing 14.90 15.20 16.20
Total Price 31.40 31.30 31.90
Grand Total 86.20 86.90 86.40





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Part 1(c):
Create at least two suitable graphical representations (the use of ICT is encouraged) to compare
contrast the price of the item chosen.
Answer :



0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Food Detergent Stationery
Tesco
Giant
The Store
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Food Detergent Stationery
Tesco
Giant
The Store
10


















Grand Total
Tesco
Giant
The Store
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Part 1 (d):
Based on the graphical representations that you have constructed in part 1(c), interpret, discuss
and draw consclusion. Comment on your findings.
Answer :
Based on the graphical representations that I have constructed in Part 1(c), it is shown that there
are large and small differences among the prices of items in each category between the shops.In
the food category, the smallest price difference are of those of sugar, while the highest is the
price of eggs. Besides food, detergent also shows a large price difference between its items.
Among them is the price of liquid dishwasher and clothes detergent. On the other hand,stationery
items doesnt have any obvious price difference. The graph also show that most of the items that
are high priced comes from the Boulevard Supermarket, while the lowest price items come from
the Discount Store.The graph 1(d) will show the conclusion of the difference among the shops
based upon the shops grand total.






0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Food Detergent Stationery
Tesco
Giant
The Store
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Part 1(e):
The item that has a large price difference = washing powder
Mean , X =

= 21.17 (2dp)
Standard deviation =

=20.678( 3 dp )

Reason of difference in price :
Sales and discount offer by the supermarket.
Supermarket own brand are much cheaper thean the top brands
























13


Part 2(a):
Every year SMK Indah organises a carnival to raise funds for the school. This year the school
plans to install air conditioners in school libary. Last year, during the carnival, your class made
and sold butter cakes. Because of the popularity of butter cakes, your class has decided to carry
out the same project for this yera carnival.
(a) Suggest a shop from Part 1 which you would go to purchase the ingredients for the butter
cakes. State and discuss your reasons for purchasing from the shop you suggested.

Answer :

Tesco will be the choice.offer the cheapest pricer and has more discount.





























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Part 2(b) :

I. Complete Table 2 with the prices of items found in the shop/supermarket that you have
chosen.

Answer :

Ingredient Quantity per cake Price in 2009
(Rm)
Price in 2010
(RM)
Price index 2010
based 2009
P

Self-raising flour 250g 0.90 1.40

Sugar 200g 0.35 0.28

Butter 250g 3.30 3.70

Eggs (Grade A) 5eggs(300g) 1.25 1.85

II. Composite index =

= 127.32

III. 109.797 =



=

Thus,

15


Part 2(c) :
i. Find out from reliable sources how to determine suitable capacity of air-conditioner to be
installed based on volume/size of a room.
ii. Work in group to estimate the volume of yout school libary. Explain how you arrive at your
answer. Hence, determine the number of air conditioners with the appropriate capacity
required for your libary.
iii. If your class intends to sponsor one air conditioner for the school libary, how many butter
cakes must your class sell in order to buy the air conditioner?

Answer :

How to Calculate :
Reliable sources from the internet
from the technician (electrical/home suppliance)
Volume = Area of the libary Height of the libary
determine the shape of the libary from plan of the libary
determine how to find the area according to yhe shape of the libary.
determine the height.
determine the average number of student enter the libary at yhe peak hour
check with the data from (a), estimate the number of air conditioner needed























16


Part 3
As a commite member for the carnivel, you are required to prepared an estimate budget to
organise this years carnival. The commite has take into consideration the increase in expenditure
from the privious year due to inflation. The price of food, trasportation and tents has increased by
15%. The cost of games, prizes and decorations remains the same, where as the cost of
miscellaneous items has increased by 30%.
a) Complete Table 3 based on the information given above.

Answer:

Expenditure Amount
in 2009
(RM)
Amount in 2010
(RM)
Price
Index
Weight
Food 1200.00 1.15 1200 = 1380 115 12
Games 500.00 1 500 = 500 100 5
Transportation 300.00 1.15 300 = 345 115 9
Decorations 200.00 1 200 = 200 100 2
Prizes 600.00 1 600 = 600 100 6
Tents 800.00 1.15 800 = 920 115 8
Miscellaneous 400.00 1.3 400 = 520 130 4

b) Calculate the composite index for the estimated budget of the carnival in the year 2010
based on the year 2009. Comment on your answer.

Answer :

c) The change in the composite index for the estimated budget for the carnival from the year
2009 to the year 2010 is the same as the change from the year 2010 to the year 2011.
Determine the composite index of the budget for the year 2011 based on the year 2009.

Answer :

Given that

Thus,

17


=

= 124.61 (2 d.p)























18


FURTHER EXPLONATION
Index numbers are being used in many different daily situations, for example air pollution index,
stock market index, gold index and property index.
Obtain information from the Internet or other reliable sources on the importance of two different
types of index numbers of your choice. Elaborate the use and the importance of these index
numbers in daily life situations.
Answer :
Air Polution Index
The Air Pollution Index (API) is used in to measure the quality of air in Malaysia, based on
several sets of air pollution data.
A scale is used to show the health classifications used by the Malaysian government to determine
the API in a specific area:
0-50 Good
51-100 Moderate
101-200 Unhealthy
201-300 Very unhealthy
>300 Hazardous
If the API exceeds 500, a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area. This usually
means that non-essential government services are suspended, and all ports in the affected area
are closed. There may also be a prohibition of commercial and industrial activities which are
under the private sector in the reporting area excluding the food sector.













19


Body mass index


A graph of body mass index is shown above. The dashed lines represent subdivisions within a
major class. For instance the "Underweight" classification is further divided into "severe",
"moderate", and "mild" subclasses.
Based on World Health Organization data here.
The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a statistical measure of body weight based
on a person's weight and height. Though it does not actually measure the percentage of body fat,
it is used to estimate a healthy body weight based on a person's height. Due to its ease of
measurement and calculation, it is the most widely used diagnostic tool to identify weight
problems within a population, usually whether individuals are underweight, overweightor obese.
It was invented between 1830 and 1850 by the Belgianpolymath Adolphe Quetelet during the
course of developing "social physics".Body mass index is defined as the individual's body weight
divided by the square of his or her height. The formulae universally used in medicine produce
a unit of measure of kg/m
2
. BMI can also be determined using a BMI chart. which displays BMI
as a function of weight (horizontal axis) and height (vertical axis) using contour lines for
different values of BMI or colours for different BMI categories.
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SI units

Imperial units



Usage
While the formula previously called the Quetelet Index for BMI dates to the 19th century, the
new term "body mass index" for the ratio and its popularity date to a paper published in the
July edition of 1972 in the Journal of Chronic Diseases by Ancel Keys, which found the BMI to
be the best proxy for body fat percentage among ratios of weight and height; the interest in
measuring body fat being due to obesity becoming a discernible issue in prosperous Western
societies. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and
inappropriate for individual diagnosis. Nevertheless, due to its simplicity, it came to be widely
used for individual diagnosis, despite its inappropriateness.
BMI provided a simple numeric measure of a person's "fatness" or "thinness", allowing health
professionals to discuss over- and under-weight problems more objectively with their patients.
However, BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come
to rely on its apparent numerical authority for medical diagnosis, but that was never the BMI's
purpose; it is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary (physically inactive)
individuals with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings
are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight; a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests
the person is underweightwhile a number above 25 may indicate the person is overweight; a BMI
below 17.5 may indicate the person has anorexia nervosa or a related disorder; a number above
30 suggests the person is obese (over 40, morbidly obese).
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For a given height, BMI is proportional to weight. However, for a given weight, BMI is inversely
proportional to the square of the height. So, if all body dimensions double, and weight scales
naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same. This
results in taller people having a reported BMI that is uncharacteristically high compared to their
actual body fat levels. In comparison, thePonderal index is based on this natural scaling of
weight with the third power of the height. However, many taller people are not just "scaled up"
short people, but tend to have narrower frames in proportion to their height. It has been
suggested that instead of squaring the body height (as the BMI does) or cubing the body height
(as the Ponderal index does), it would be more appropriate to use an exponent of between 2.3
and 2.7.


















22


CONCLUSION

After doing research, answering questions, drawing graphs and some problem solving, I
saw that the usage of index number is important in daily life. It is not just widely used in
markets but also in interpreting the condition of the surrounding like the air or the water.
Especially in conducting an air-pollution survey. In conclusion, statistics is a daily life
essecities. Without it, surveys cant be conducted, the stock market cant be interpret and
many more. So ,we should be thankful of the people who contribute in the idea of statistics.



















23


REFLECTION


After spending countless hours, days and night to finish this project and also sacrificing
my time video games and magazine in this month , there are several things that I can say...

Additional maths
You are like a very bright star..
Smiling at me..
Every time teacher teaches me bout you

Additional maths
Who says you so difficult?
Who says you kill them off?
Who says you hurt parents feeling?
You, one of the greatest creature of God..
You, open my eyes..
Telling me little by little bout The Knower of All
Know, I feel so grateful
That He has given me the chance to get to know you

Additional Maths,
I love you