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SEISMIK REFRAKSI SEISMIK REFRAKSI
Dosen :
Bambang Wijatmoko, M.Si
Program Studi Geofisika
Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmi Pengetahuan Alam
Universitas Padjadjaran
Bambang Wijatmoko, M.Si
Seismik eksplorasi diklasifikasikan menjadi
metode seismik refraksi dan seismik refleksi
Metode seismik bias (refraksi) memanfaatkan Metode seismik bias (refraksi) memanfaatkan
gelombang seismik yang dibiaskan di sepanjang
bidang batas. Metode ini terutama digunakan untuk
mendukung kegiatan teknik sipil.
Metode seismik pantul (refleksi) memanfaatkan
gelombang yang dipantulkan oleh bidang batas.
Metode ini terutama digunakan untuk keperluan
Bambang Wijatmoko 2 Seismik Eksplorasi
Metode ini terutama digunakan untuk keperluan
eksplorasi minyak dan gasbumi.
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Hukum Snellius
f
i
V
1
r
V
2
2 1
sin
sin
v
r
v
i
Apa yang terjadi jika r = 90
o
i
1
V
1
V
2
r
Bidang Batas
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Pembiasan kritis
Jika r = 90
o
Maka sin i
c
= V
1
/V
2
i
V
1
r
V
2
Seimik Refraksi
Memanfaatkan gelombang seismik yang terbiaskan secara kritis.
Near Offset
Interval
Geophone
V
1
i
c
G
1
G
2
G
3
Sumber
Near Offset Geophone
V
2
HEADWAVES
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Mengukur waktu kedatangan pertama getaran tanah yang
dibangkitkan oleh sumber dan direkam pada interval jarak tertentu.
Refraction Seismology :
Seismik Refraksi
Sekali pukulan untuk beberapa posisi geophone
Refraction Seismology
Seismik Refraksi
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Getaran tanah yang datang belakangan pada rekaman, tidak kita
hiraukan.
Refraction Seismology
Seismik Refraksi
hiraukan.
Jadi, data-data yang dikumpulkan adalah sederetan waktu
kedatangan pertama energi gelombang.
FIRST BREAK TIME
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First Break Time
Travel Time Curve
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Refraction Seismology Objective
Tujuan Seismik Refraksi
Menafsirkan kedalaman bidang batas bawah
permukaan dan kecepatan seismik untuk setiap
lapisan batuan.
Direct Arrivals
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Reflected Arrivals
Refracted Arrivals
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Critical distance?
Crossover distance?
T
i
m
e
Distance
Model Calculation
Simple, Horizontal Two Layers
Perhitungan Model
Simple, Horizontal Two Layers
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Travel Time Calculations for Two-Layer Case
1 2 1
/( cos ) ( 2 tan ) / /( cos )
:
SG c c c
T z V i x z i V z V i
which simplifies to
Travel Time Calculations for Two-Layer Case
1
2
/( cos )
( 2 tan ) /
SG SA AB BG
SA BG c
AB c
T T T T
where
T T z V i
T x z i V
2 1
:
(1/ ) 2 (cos ) /
SG c
which simplifies to
T V x z i V
Slope-Intercept Form of a Line
2 1
(1/ ) 2 (cos ) /
SG c
T V x z i V
2 1
(1/ ) 2 (cos ) /
SG c
T V x z i V
Slope-Intercept Form of a Line
Y = mx + b
Plot T vs. X
Slope of Line = 1/V
2
Y Intercept = 2z(cos i
c
)/V
1
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1 2
2 2 1/ 2 2 2
1 2
Re sin / ( ' ), :
cos (1 / ) sin cos 1
c
c
member that i V V Snell s Law and hence
i V V from
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1 2
2
1
2
2
2
2
v v
v v h
V
x
t
T
The Use of Crossover Distance to Calculate
Refractor Depth
Travel time of direct ray at the crossover Travel time of direct ray at the crossover
distance is x
cross
/V
1
Travel time of critically refracted ray at the
crossover distance is given by:
2 / 1 2
1
2
2
) ( 2 v v z x
T
cross
2 1
1 2
2
) ( 2
V V
v v z
v
x
T
cross
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Model Calculation
Simple, Horizontal Two Layers
Model Calculation
Simple, Horizontal Two Layers
Direct Wave?
Model Calculation
Simple, Horizontal Two Layers
Model Calculation
Simple, Horizontal Two Layers
Reflected Wave?
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Model Calculation
Simple, Horizontal Two Layers
Model Calculation
Simple, Horizontal Two Layers
Head Wave or Critically Refracted?
All Three Arrivals
All Three Arrivals
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T
i
m
e
?
Distance
?
T
i
m
e
Direct
Distance
Direct
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?
Time
Distance
Reflected
Time
Distance
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T
i
m
e
?
T
i
m
e
Distance
Refracted or Head Wave
T
i
m
e
Distance
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T
i
m
e
Reflected
Refracted or Head Wave
T
i
m
e
Direct
Refracted or Head Wave
Distance
Direct
T
i
m
e
Refracted or Head Wave
?
T
i
m
e
Direct
Refracted or Head Wave
Distance
Direct
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Reflected
Refracted or Head Wave
Crossover distance
T
i
m
e
Direct
Refracted or Head Wave
Distance
Direct
Refracted Arrivals
2 1
(1/ ) 2 (cos ) /
SG c
T V x z i V
Refracted Arrivals
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Slope-Intercept Form of a Line
Y = mx + b
where
2 1
(1/ ) 2 (cos ) /
SG c
T V x z i V
where
Slope of Head Wave Line = 1/V
2
Y Intercept or t
i
= 2z(cos i
c
)/V
1
Using Snells Law and Trig. Identity
Using Snells Law and Trig. Identity
2 2
2 1
2 2 1
2
T
z V V
x
t
V V V
2 2 1
V V V
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Setting x = 0
2 2
( 2 v v z
Setting x = 0
2 1
2 1
2
1
2
2
( 2
v v t
z
v v
v v z
t
i
i
2
1
2
2
2 1
( 2 v v
z
i
Reflected
Refracted or Head Wave
Reflected
Crossover distance?
Time
Direct
Refracted or Head Wave
t
i
Distance
Direct
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What is relationship of direct and head
wave at crossover distance?
T
direct
= T
head
What is relationship of direct and head
wave at crossover distance?
For direct wave at crossover distance
T = x
cross
/V
1
For critically refracted wave at crossover distance
T
direct
= T
head
For critically refracted wave at crossover distance
T = x
cross
/V
2
+ 2z(V
2
2
- V
1
2
)
1/2
/ V
2
2
V
1
2
x
cross
/V
1
= x
cross
/V
2
+ 2z(V
2
2
- V
1
2
)
1/2
/ V
2
2
x
cross
/V
1
= x
cross
/V
2
+ 2z(V
2
2
- V
1
2
)
1/2
/ V
2
2
V
1
2
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Santa Teresa Hills Experiment
T = 0.0705x + 18.367
R
2
= 0.9849
T = 0.0954x + 10.985
R
2
= 0.9913
50.0
Interpreted Plot
T = 0.332x
R
2
= 0.8731
R
2
= 0.9849 R
2
= 0.9913
T = 0.3033x
R
2
= 0.9792
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
T
r
a
v
e
l
t
i
m
e

(
m
i
l
l
i
s
e
c
o
n
d
s
)
Direct Wave Forw ard
Head Wave Forw ard
Direct Wave Reverse
Head Wave Reverse
Linear (Direct Wave Forw ard)
Linear (Head Wave Forw ard)
Linear (Head Wave Reverse)
Linear (Direct Wave Reverse)
0.0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Distance (feet)
Include T intercepts and crossover distances
Determine Slopes and Intercept Values
y = 0.0954x + 10.985
R
2
= 0.9913
45.0
50.0
R
2
= 0.9913
y = 0.3187x
R
2
= 0.975
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
0.0
5.0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
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Multiple Dipping Layer Case
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53
Record Time
t = 0 (ms)
Record Time Record Time
(ms)
7,4
14,9
29,8
59,7
119,5
t = record time (ms)
239
478
717
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Perekaman Digital
Geophone menangkap
sinyal analog
Data direkamsecara
digital
Sinyal display merupakan
hasil rekonstruksi
Interval Sampling
Data direkam secara digital dengan interval sampling tertentu
t = 0 (ms)
Interval sampling
Jumlah data dalam satu trace
hanya 239.
n = 1
Interval sampling akan Interval sampling akan
bergantung pada record time
yang dipilih.
Record Time
(mili s)
Int. Sampling
(mikro s)
7,4 31
14,9 62
29,8 125
t = record time (ms) n = 239
59,7 250
119,5 500
239 1000
478 2000
717 3000