Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OF
PAKISATAN
By:
Maliha Shahnawaz
(SP06-BW-0006)
Anila Irum
(SP06-BW-0002)
OUTLINE
Introduction Ancillary Textile Industry
Importance Reforms
History Target Markets
Global overview Textile training
Textile industry in Pakistan Industry support program
Distorted Economic Growth Cluster Development
Processes – value chain Globalization and WTO
Exports and Imports
Trade Policy 2007-08
Future Prospects
Investment and FDIs
Budget and Policies
Factor of Production Incentives
Linkages SWOT analysis
Special Organizations Environmental Hazards
Textile Vision 2005 Problems and Challenges
Textile City Conclusion and Recommendations
INTRODUCTION
The textile industry is one of the most important sectors of Pakistan. It
contributes to the country’s GDP, exports as well as employment. It is, in
fact, the backbone of the Pakistani economy.
Textile industry has the largest potential for boosting exports from Pakistan.
Apart from its basic contribution of clothing the nation and at the same time
earning largest foreign exchange through exportable items.
The textile industry holds the key to the growth and expansion of the
country's cotton economy, which continues to be the main cash crop.
In the late fifties PIDC came into being which had the main objective of industrializing the country in
inauguration of the Valika Textile Mill at Karachi.
In 1959, the 9 largest industrial houses accounted for 50 percent of the total production.
The period between 1958 to1968, economy, especially industry experienced a relatively higher growth rate
during the Ayub Regime.
By the mid sixties there were about 180units of textile bleaching, printing, and processing units, mostly
situated in Karachi and Punjab. A number of spinning units ( comprising of only 12,500 spindles) were set-up.
Newly established mills were based upon imported technology but there was lack of technical staff and
shortages of capital.
Cont…
Between 1960 and 1970 Pakistan’s textile industry enjoyed over 11 percent of the
world market share but today the corresponding figure is only slightly over 2 percent.
By 1970-71 there was 113 units and the industry has 2,065 thousand spindles and 30
thousand looms. After the separation of East Pakistan Cotton Export Corporation of
Pakistan was established which meant the most of the private sector work was taken
over by the state. The textile industry suffered heavy losses because the export of
cotton was controlled by the CEC. And the import of the machinery was made
difficult due to shortages of foreign exchanges.
The decade of development was followed by the Bhutto years from 1971 to 1977. His
regime was characterized by the nationalization of the large scale manufacturing
sector, insurance companies and banks.
Cont…
The eighties brought a relief to the textile industry due to the industry friendly policies
of the government. There was a rapid growth in spinning sector. Till 1980-81 spinning
continued to expand to 4033 thousand spindles in 203 spinning units, and working
capacity amounted to 2833 thousand spindles.
During the nineties a combination of factors adversely effected the industry, mainly:
1. Removal of export duty on raw cotton, increasing domestic prices to international levels
and beyond.
2. Infestation of the cotton crop by leaf curl virus, reducing supply sharply and increasing
prices.
3. Frequent changes in governments creating inconsistency in policies of the Government
and Financial Institutions.
4. Rapid expansion of the installed industry in the hands of new entrants who did not have
the managerial skills or the liquidity base to succeed.
5. Rapidly changing global markets, especially the shift towards man made fibers.
World demand for good quality, wide width fabrics grew and replacement
and modernization process started. With these developments, production
and export value added items such as bed sheets and home furnishing
started.
In the nineties and the early 2000s a textile manufacturers were making
large profits by merely trading quotas rather that diversifying into higher
value-added products where quotas were not required.
“Textile vision 2005” has identified the present status and opportunities
TEXTILE INDUSTRY
IN PAKISTAN
The nation is characterized as the single crop economy that includes cotton and
textile and they contribute immensely in the Pakistan national economy.
The textile industry in Pakistan has tremendous potential to grow, provided its
comparative advantages are maintained.
Pakistan has gradually emerged as world’s largest supplier of yarn, with china
as one of the major buyers.
The initial stage of textile manufacturing involves the production of the raw
material either by farmers who raise cotton, sheep, silkworms, or flax or by
chemists who produce fiber from various basic substances by chemical processes.
The fiber is spun into yarn, which is then processed into fabric in a weaving or
knitting mill.
After dyeing and finishing, the woven material is ready for delivery either directly
to a manufacturer of textile products or to a retailer, who sells it to individuals for
use in the making of clothes and such household articles as draperies, upholstery,
and curtains.
TEXTILE INDUSTRY'S
ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION
2007-2008
Exports 53.8%
Manufacturing 46%
Employment 39%
GDP 8.5%
Textile Export $6.3 billion
Investment $7.0 billion
Import during the first ten months (July-April) of the current fiscal year
(2007-08) grew by 28.3 % compared with the same period of last
year,reaching to $32.06.
Import of Textile Machinery
Year Million US $ % Change
1999-2000 210.9 28.6
2000-01 370.2 75.5
2001-02 406.2 9.9
2002-03 531.9 30.7
2003-04 597.9 12.4
2004-05 928.6 55.3
2005-06 771.5 -17.0
2006-07 503.0 -36.7
2007-08 (Jul– 318.2
Mar)
Total 4638.3
Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics
INVESTMENT
Textile industry has made
an investment of about
$7.0 billion during the last
six years. This investment
includes both investments
through bank loans as
well as own sources. This
investment has been made
in the form of BMR
expansion and new
capacity.
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
57% FDI comes from 3 countries namely UAE , US, and
UK.
2007-08 2006-07
Source: SBP
FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
Raw Cotton
Cotton is a natural vegetable fibre used primarily as a
raw material for textiles.
The share index of cotton and other textiles was up by 11.6% and its market
capitalization by 13% during July-April 2007-08.
The profit before taxes of this sector was also reduced to Rs. 8.2billion in 2007
when compared to Rs. 9.3 billion in 2006.
SPECIAL ORGANIZATION
All Pakistan Textile Mills Association is the chief organization that
determines the rules and regulations in the Pakistan textile industry.
APTMA represents 391 textile mills out of which 309 are spinning, 45
weaving and 37 composite units.
On the basis of initial survey of Textile Engineering Units (Not complete yet),
approximately 500 units are engaged all over Pakistan, employing
approximately 50000 work force which is mostly skilled. Even under the
present conditions and without any support, Pakistan Textile Engineering
Industry is providing import substitution worth around one billion US dollars.
This sector also exports to small and medium Textile Units in Bangladesh, Iran,
SriLanka,etc.
MAJOR COMPETITORS
The Pakistan textile industry is facing tough competition from the Indian,
Bangladeshi and Chinese textile industries. The cost of power in Pakistan is high as
compared to that in other countries.
Bangladesh, India and China enjoy comparatively low interest rates than Pakistan.
The prevailing rates are as following, 8.5 to 9.0 per cent in Bangladesh, 5.25 per
cent in India (market rate is 10.25 per cent, however exemption of 5 percent is
provided to the textile industry) and 5.58 per cent in China. Meanwhile, in Pakistan,
the last three to four years has seen the interest rates to have risen more than 150
percent, to 13.25 percent.
China has expanded textile exports from $ 39.5 billions in 1998 to $ 80.0 billions in
2003.
Buyers are watching the global supply position & if Pakistani Entrepreneurs are not
willing to change, the buyers will shift to China which has developed a large supply
base for Textile Products.
TEXTILE VISION 2005
An Open, Market Driven, Innovative & Dynamic Textile
Sector Which is
Internationally Integrated
Globally Competitive
“Textile City”.
PROJECTS - TEXTILE INDUSTRY DIVISION
Name & Status of the Scheme Cost (Million Rupees)
S.No.
Ongoing
1 Pakistan Textile City Karachi 1000.000 Billion (Share of
Federal Government)
2 Lahore Garment City 497.640
3 Karachi Garment City 1291.000
4 Faisalabad Garment City 498.82
New
1 Implementation of Export Plan 22000.000
2 Establishment of Fibre Testing 68.860
Laboratory Phase II
3 Up-gradation of Cotton Fibre Testing 28.656
Laboratories
4 Providing & Laying Delicated 48 inch 636.585
Diameter mild Steel Water main for
Textile City Karachi
TEXTILE CITY
The concept of textile city is based on supply of industrial infrastructure like natural
gas, water, electricity, sewerage and waste disposal mechanism to prospective investors,
through one-window operation, so that they are facilitated to focus on investment and
production without having to worry about arranging the infrastructure requirements.
Pakistan Textile City is an industrial zone dedicated to the textile processing and related
industry. Comprising of a total area of 1250 acres, the estate is located in the Eastern
Industrial Zone of Port Qasim Karachi, 6 km from the National Highway.
Pakistan Textile City will offer the textile processing industry the desired state-of-the-
art environment to achieve cost effective high productivity. The facility will provide
uninterrupted power, clean and continuous water supply, natural gas, effluent treatment
and efficient transportation systems. Services will be streamlined as a one window
operation and managed in a highly efficient and professional manner.
Cont…
The forecast is that 30 millions jobs will be put on hold.
Pakistan employs four million in textile and clothing sector that could rise
to 15 million in the absence of quotas.
These components are being produced both in the large scale organized
sector as well as in unorganized cottage / small and medium units.
i) COTTON GINNING
SECTOR
Leading producers of cotton include USA, china, India, Pakistan,
Uzbekistan and turkey. The current market share of cotton in 56 percent in
all fibers. Textile fibers are divided into three basic types according to their
sources such as cotton fiber, man made fiber and wool. In last ten years the
percentage share of cotton has shrunk from 48 percent to 39 percent in the
total fibre consumption. there are 1221 ginning factories in the country.
Ginning industry has installed capacity of more than one million bales on a
single shift basis and total capacity of around 20million bales on three shift
bases.
ii) COTTON SPINNING
SECTOR
Spinning is the process of converting fiber into yarn.
Pakistan has the third largest spinning capacity in Asia with a spinning
capacity of 5% of the total world and 7.6% of the capacity in Asia.
Pakistan growth rate in this sector has been 6.2% per annum.
However, the performance of cloth sector remained far better than last year
and charted a growth of 12.6 % during July – March 2007-08 .
Installed and Capacity Worked in Weaving Sector (Nos.)
The sub sector remained under pressure form its competitors during the
year amend tough competition emerging from the newly inducted members
to the European union belonging to the former east European bloc.
b. READYMADE GARMETS
INDUSTRY
The garment industry provides highest value addition in textile sector. This
industry is distributed in small, medium and large scale units most of them
having 50 machines and below;
The industry enjoys the facilities of duty free import of machinery and
income tax exemption during the year under review the sector recorded a
healthy growth in exports (7.3%) as compare to last year.
c. TOWEL INDUSTRY
There are about 7500 towel looms in the country in both organized and un
organized sector.
Being the highest raw cotton consuming sector its production capacity is
more than 100 million square meters. Around 60% of its production is
exported while 40% is consumed locally by armed forces food
department. During( July-march) 2007-08 canvas exports showed a decline
of 3.1%.
e. SYNTHETIC YARN
MANUFACTURING
SECTOR
It registered vigorous export growth of 41.0% during July – March 2007-
08.
In order to prepare textile industry for post quota scenario the government
in Sept, 2000 set up FTB.
It has been tasked with clean cotton program, labor , social and
environmental laws , modernization of ginners, rationalization of tariff,
facilitation in sales tax issues and to develop packages to promote garments
sector by improving their competitiveness in global market.
Progress Made by the Board
Changes in Labour Laws
Seminar on Cotton
Clean Cotton Programme
Inclusion of weaving sector in long term financing scheme
Exemption from Sales Tax on import
Textile Skill Development Board
It was set up in the Ministry of Textile Industry in pursuance of the Trade Policy
2005-06 initiative for support to the textile garment sector wherein garment
manufacturing units were to be declared as skill development training institutes.
The objective of board was to train of 10,000 to 12,000 operators in one year.
The scheme has been launched 34 garments unit have joined the stitching machine
operators training (SMOT).
In which 15 units in Karachi, 11 units in lahore,7 units in Faisalabad and one unit
in Rawalpindi.
About 3800trainees have been trained of which 2700 are females and 1100 males.
Textile Training Institute
Management Board (TTIB)
Pakistan's human resource development profile needs major reforms since
there is an acute shortage of skilled manpower in country thus TTIB was
created.
The service will include all kinds of facilitation required to help increase
the Chinese exports to the Middle East and South Asian markets.
INDUSTRY SUPPORT
PROGRAM
(Textile Sector Pakistan)
SMEDA and JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) have
initiated an Industry Support Program in Pakistan.
An Industry Support Cell (ISC) has also been established at SMEDA. This
cell comprises of textile professionals who have worked closely with
Japanese Experts and acquired a first hand knowledge transfer and
technical expertise.
In 2005-6 the country was the fifth largest producer and second largest
exporter of cotton yarn in the world. It was also the fifth largest exporter of
woven fabrics in the world.
The textile industry world over has experienced highly significant and
irreversible changes as a result of globalization of both manufacturing and
trade in the recent years. Though the demand concentrated in developed
countries the manufacturing has been shifting to the developing countries.
In addition, with the appreciation of dollar, or devaluation of local currency the standard of
living of an American may increase as the Pakistani goods become cheaper from him or her, but
for Pakistan this devaluation hits directly the purchasing power of a common man burring into
the cycle of poverty.
The developed world has also introduced new forms of barrier like the countervailing duty, anti-
dumping duties, social, labor, and security issues. Pakistani industry will have to strive hard to
reach the requirement levels of social compliance.
FUTURE PROSPECTS
Bright prospects ahead
FUTURE of the textile industry in Pakistan seems bright as lots of opportunities are
available in the wake of rising world demand for textiles.
The rise in demand is estimated at around 2.5 per cent. Thus creating greater
opportunities for the fourth biggest cotton producer country of the world.
There are number of other factors which can contribute to the growth of industry
for instance the ban on cotton import from India has been lifted and spinners would
be allowed cotton import from India.
It does not need to import cotton from other parts of the world which helps
decrease the cost of production as compared to other countries.
Moreover, the textile ministry was giving training to the workers and giving
Rs2500 stipend per month to each worker and this programme was going on
successfully.
'Pakistan's New Textile Policy
Targets 40% Increase in
Exports'
The proposed new Textile Policy (NTP) of Pakistan will help increase the
output of textile products, improve global competitiveness and generate
employment in the industry.
The new policy targets a 40 percent increase in exports and meet the
growing domestic demand. It will help create 3.5 million new jobs.
The first important step is to increase domestic cotton production.
Five new model garment factories will be established. A textile park will be
set up to serve as a special economic zone for tax free production and
export. A weaving city will be established.
Cont…
The financing facilities include subsidized credit and refinance facilities provided by SPB through the
commercial banks, Export Finance Facility (EFF) for textiles. The SBP has allowed swapping of costly long
term bank credit, obtained previously by the industry, with cheaper Long Term Finance for Export Oriented
Projects (LTF-EOP) for machinery and equipment.
Pakistan plans to raise its overall exports to $ 40-45 billion by 2013, by expanding industrial, agricultural and
services sectors, including textiles.
The proposed Textile Industry Development Policy 2007 is expected to offer four tax incentives to attract
foreign direct investment (FDI) in upcoming textile and garment cities in Karachi, Lahore and Faisalabad.
At present, tax authorities are charging a minimum of five percent custom duty on the import of machinery.
The proposed incentives include a general sales tax exemption on utilities to those investing in upcoming
textile and garment cities. The government has already allowed general sales tax at zero rating on electricity
and gas consumed in the production process of the textile sector.
The exports of textile products have increased by 5.27 percent at $10.757 billion in 2006-07. The government
has fixed a growth target of 12 percent for textile exports for the current fiscal year 2007-08.
INDUSTRY POLICY
Pakistan has shown appreciable progress in policy frame work.
Policy and Revival of Sick Mills with the sole objective to accelerate the production
and exports.
Efforts are in progress to pursue further structural changes in line with resources.
The new ‘Industrial Policy’ lays emphasis on ‘Foreign Investment’ in ‘Value Added
Textiles’ especially from developed countries who had been the major textile
players and still hold larger market share in international market.
Evidence shows that a sustainable textile industry base can exist, but through
private, for-profit initiatives and investment based on economic self interest and
genuine competitive advantages.
Incentives for foreign
Investment in Textile.
Investment in all sub-sector of Textile Industry is permissible without any Government
permission/sanction/intervention.
No permission of provincial Government is required for locating the unit in any area.
Foreign Investment is permissible at 100% equity or Joint Venture with agreed terms.
Duty free import of Machinery for high technology – value added Export Industries.
SWOT ANALYSIS
Strengths Weaknesses
• Availability of Local Cotton • Lack of a Strategic Plan
• Availability of labor • Lack of Professional Manpower
• Domestic Market • Old Plant and Equipment
• High Cost of Operation
• High Cost of Financing
• Inferior Quality
Opportunities Threats
• Growing Demand of Textile • Lack of Strategic Planning.
Products. • High Cost of Operation.
• Share in the international textile trade • Multiplicity and high rate of
is less than 1%. As such, Pakistan taxation.
has an enormous opportunity to • High Cost of Financing.
increase its market share in the global• Lack of Project Financing.
market. • Inferior Quality.
• Lack of effective support from the
Government.
IMPACT OF CLIMATE
CHANGES IN PAKISTAN
Climate change raises serious concerns for developing countries like
Pakistan, with its tremendous social , environmental and economic impacts.
Although Pakistan has ideal climate condition for the growth of cotton
providing a factor advantage to the textile industry, but it is also quite
vulnerable to pesticides that can lower the yield per hector.
The facilities of sanitation and hygiene are available to limited urban population.
An estimated amount of 17.5 million tons of solid waste is generated every year in
Pakistan.
The untreated water flows into stream rivers and irrigation canals.
Byssinosis
Textile processing is a water intensive process. Almost 1.08-0.15 m3of water is consumed to
produce one kilogram of finished fabric, translating into 1,000-3,000 million cube of wastewater
generation per day against a production of 12-20 ton/day of finished fabric.
Currently the wastewater generated by the industry is discharged into the local environment
without any treatment that serious negative effect on the environment.
A wide range of chemicals are used by the processing industry for dyeing and printing
operations. These include bleaching agents, vat dyes, azo dyes, sulphur dyes, disperse dyes and
color pigments, which are manufactured by using chemicals such as formaldehydes, hydrochloric
acid, ammonia, chromium salt, soda ash, caustic soda, sodium sulphate, sulphuric acid, etc.
Extensive usage of these chemicals by the processing industry results in discharge of toxic
elements as effluents, which if not treated properly have the potential to cause significant
environmental degradation.
working in a car garage or textile factory can expose a person to hazardous chemicals, dusts, and
fibers that may lead to a lifetime of lung problems if not properly diagnosed and treated.
PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES
Lack of Infrastructure
Under-developed weaving sector and
Lack of R & D and Training. unorganized processing units.
Inefficient industry
Lack of international marketing
Frequent fashion changes
efforts.
Need to improve the quality of product.
Anti dumping policies imposed by major importers. Higher rate of interest on loans for
Comparatively poor image of Pakistani brands aboard.
modernization and expansion.
Low productivity
Less awareness in acquiring
international quality certifications.