Airport Planning Guidelines

1
Strategic Airport Management Programme

9-13 April 2007
Airport Planning and Airport Planning and
Terminal Design Terminal Design
presented by
Eleen Poh
Assstcnt 0rector (lCAD A]]crs)
9-13 April 2007
Major Terminal Design Considerations Major Terminal Design Considerations
Major Design Major Design
Considerations Considerations
Passenger Terminal Passenger Terminal
Configuration Configuration
Passenger
Terminal
Concepts
Passenger Passenger
Terminal Terminal
Concepts Concepts
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9-13 April 2007
Centralised Centralised processing building connected by processing building connected by
people mover system to satellites people mover system to satellites
People mover system
Satellite
Buildings
Terminal
Terminal Configuration Terminal Configuration
9-13 April 2007
Terminal Building Terminal Building
Satellite Buildings Satellite Buildings
People Mover System People Mover System
Denver International Airport Denver International Airport
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Heathrow Airport Alternatives Heathrow Airport Alternatives
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Centralised Centralised passenger processing terminal passenger processing terminal
building with finger piers building with finger piers
Terminal
Finger Piers
Terminal Configurations Terminal Configurations
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HONG KONG HONG KONG
INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL
AIRPORT AIRPORT
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SCHIPOL SCHIPOL
INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL
AIRPORT AIRPORT
Finger Piers Finger Piers
Finger Piers Finger Piers
Terminal Building Terminal Building
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CHANGI AIRPORT CHANGI AIRPORT
Finger piers Finger piers
Finger piers Finger piers
9-13 April 2007
Basic Basic
Planning Planning
Criteria in Criteria in
Development Development
of Passenger of Passenger
Terminals Terminals
Easy orientation Easy orientation
Simplicity Simplicity
Minimise Minimise walking distances walking distances
Minimise Minimise level changes level changes
Minimise Minimise pax pax cross cross- -flows flows
Compatibility of facilities with Compatibility of facilities with
aircraft characteristics aircraft characteristics
Built Built- -in flexibility to accommodate in flexibility to accommodate
future changes in dynamic future changes in dynamic
industry industry
Traffic peaking characteristics Traffic peaking characteristics
Transfer volume and connecting Transfer volume and connecting
times times
Passenger Terminal Concepts Passenger Terminal Concepts
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5 Common
Terminal
Concepts
1. Pier/Finger
2. Linear
3. Transporter
4. Satellite
5. 5. Compact Module Compact Module
Unit Terminal Unit Terminal
9-13 April 2007
1. Pier/Finger
Nashville Baltimore - Washington
P
7
9-13 April 2007
1. Pier/Finger
Centralized resources,
economies of scale (human,
facilities, amenities)
Facilitates pax management
Economical to build
Efficient use of land
Advantages
Disadvantages
Long walking distances
Kerbside congestion
Limited expansion capability
Reduced aircraft circulation &
manoeuvrability
Limited compatibility of future
aircraft design development
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2. Linear
P
P
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2. Linear
Shortest walking distances
Clear orientation
Simple construction
Adequate kerb length
Shorter close-out times
Lower baggage systems costs
(conveying/sorting) using
decentralized system
Advantages Disadvantages
Duplication of terminal
facilities/amenities
Longer minimum connecting
time
Longer walking distances for
transfer pax
Special logistics for handling
of transfer bags
Less flexibility in terminal and
apron for future changes in
operations eg aircraft design,
airlines
9-13 April 2007
3. Transporter
P
Dulles
International
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3. Transporter
Easy compatibility of terminal/
apron geometry and future
aircraft design development
Ease of aircraft manoeuvrability
Ease of expansion capability for
aircraft stands
Simple and smaller central
terminal
Cost savings
Higher instances of pax delays
Early closed-out times
High capital, maintenance &
operating costs
Susceptible to industrial
disputes with vehicle drivers
Increased vehicular movements
on airside with aircraft
Kerbside congestion
Increased minimum connecting
times
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4. Satellite
P
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9-13 April 2007
4. Satellite
Centralized resources (human,
facilities and amenities)
Facilitates pax management
Additional satellites can be
designed to accommodate future
aircraft design developments
Requires high technology,
underground transportation
system
High capital, maintenance &
operating cost
Kerbside congestion
Limited expansion capability
at main terminal
Increases minimum
connecting times
Early closed-out times
9-13 April 2007
5. Compact Module Unit Terminal
P P
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9-13 April 2007
5. Compact Module Unit Terminal
Short walking distances
Late closed-out times
Longer kerb length than
conventional central terminal
Capital investment is
commensurate with demand
Simple pax & baggage
transportation/sorting
systems within each module
Low baggage mishandling
potential
Advantages
Disadvantages
Multi-compact module units
require pax and bag transfer
systems between terminals
Duplication of facilities,
higher operating costs
9-13 April 2007
Hybrid Concept Hybrid Concept
Permit centralization of facilities and amenities
Permit centralization of facilities and amenities Permit centralization of facilities and amenities
Provide large passengers processing capacity
Provide large passengers processing capacity Provide large passengers processing capacity
Facilitate flow and orientation of passengers
Facilitate flow and orientation of passengers Facilitate flow and orientation of passengers
Manpower saving in the centralization system
Manpower saving in the centralization system Manpower saving in the centralization system
Reasonable check-in and close-out times
Reasonable check Reasonable check- -in and close in and close- -out times out times
Higher level of service
Higher level of service Higher level of service
Changi Changi Airport Terminal Concept Airport Terminal Concept
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T
E
R
M
I
N
A
L

1
T
E
R
M
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A
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1
TERMINAL 2 TERMINAL 2
TERMINAL 3 TERMINAL 3
RUNWAY 1 RUNWAY 1
RUNWAY 2 RUNWAY 2
LOCATION OF LOCATION OF
MRT STATION MRT STATION
NEW PEOPLE NEW PEOPLE
MOVER SYSTEMS MOVER SYSTEMS
PROPOSED RAPID PROPOSED RAPID
EXIT TAXIWAY EXIT TAXIWAY
RELOCATED RELOCATED
TAXIWAY TAXIWAY
NEW PEOPLE NEW PEOPLE
MOVER SYSTEMS MOVER SYSTEMS
EXISTING EXISTING
SOUTH SOUTH
CROSS CROSS
TAXIWAY TAXIWAY
PROPOSED PROPOSED
2 2
ND ND
SOUTH SOUTH
CROSS CROSS
TAXIWAY TAXIWAY
NORTH NORTH
CROSS 2 CROSS 2
TAXIWAY TAXIWAY
NORTH NORTH
CROSS 1 CROSS 1
TAXIWAY TAXIWAY
Changi Changi Airport Airport Terminal 3 Terminal 3
9-13 April 2007
Type of airport operations: hub, point Type of airport operations: hub, point- -to to- -
point, low cost, charters, general aviation point, low cost, charters, general aviation
Demographics of Demographics of pax pax: :
international/domestic, business/tourists international/domestic, business/tourists
Level of service Level of service
Establish key design criteria/parameters = Establish key design criteria/parameters =
design brief: simplicity, clarity, efficiency, design brief: simplicity, clarity, efficiency,
minimum change in level, comfort, ambience, minimum change in level, comfort, ambience,
architectural statement/icon, state architectural statement/icon, state- -of of- -the the- -art art
technology, low operating costs technology, low operating costs
Prioritise Prioritise design criteria/parameters design criteria/parameters
Key for Management to first define its objectives Key for Management to first define its objectives
Major Considerations Major Considerations
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9-13 April 2007
Passenger Flow Passenger Flow
Walking Distance Walking Distance
Level of service for passengers Level of service for passengers
Performance standards Performance standards
Traffic peaking characteristics Traffic peaking characteristics
Future growth Future growth
Sophisticated and costly airport systems Sophisticated and costly airport systems
Ease of Ease of wayfinding wayfinding
Processing times Processing times
Retail Retail
What factors contribute towards a good terminal What factors contribute towards a good terminal
building design? building design?
Major Considerations Major Considerations
9-13 April 2007
DEPARTURES FLOW
DEPARTURES GATE LOUNGE
ARRIVALS CORRIDOR
ARRIVALS FLOW
TYPICAL PIER SECTION
Minimise Minimise level changes level changes
Segregation of screened Segregation of screened pax pax
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9-13 April 2007
ARRIVALS FLOW
ARRIVALS
IMMIGRATION
BAGGAGE RECLAIM
CARPARK
TAXI
PICK-UP
CUSTOMS
9-13 April 2007
A major quantifiable factor that A major quantifiable factor that
takes into account the psychology takes into account the psychology
of users and proportions of buildings of users and proportions of buildings
relative to human scale relative to human scale
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9-13 April 2007
Aided and Unaided Aided and Unaided
w walking distances alking distances
9-13 April 2007
Industry norms for walking distances Industry norms for walking distances : :
IATA : IATA : < 300m unaided < 300m unaided
AdP AdP : : < 300m unaided; < 300m unaided;
< 900m with < 900m with travellators travellators
BAA : BAA : < 250m unaided; < 250m unaided;
< 650m with moving sidewalks < 650m with moving sidewalks
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9-13 April 2007
Capacity is a function of Level Of
Service
- A facility can operate at varying
degrees of congestion and delay
depending on level of service
intended
Level of Service for Level of Service for Pax Pax
9-13 April 2007
Established design norms : Established design norms :
IATA IATA s s Level of Service (LOS) Framework Level of Service (LOS) Framework
consisting of six categories, consisting of six categories, ie ie. from LOS . from LOS
A A to to F F
Excellent LOS, free
flow, no delays and
excellent level of
comfort
Unacceptable LOS, cross
flow, system breakdown
and long delays and
unacceptable level of
comfort
LOS LOS C C LOS LOS A A LOS LOS F F
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9-13 April 2007
LOS LOS A A
LOS LOS C C
LOS LOS F F
9-13 April 2007
IATA Level of Service Space Standards for Airport
Passenger Terminals
Level of Service Standards (sq. m per
occupant)
A B C D E F
Check-in queue area 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 -
Wait/circulate 2.7 2.3 1.9 1.5 1.0 -
Hold room 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 -
Bag claim area 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 -
(excluding claim device)
Government inspection 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6
-
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9-13 April 2007
Translate expectations of service standards Translate expectations of service standards
into quantifiable measures, differs from into quantifiable measures, differs from
airport to airport airport to airport
Processing speed Processing speed
- - check check- -in process in process
- - immigration/customs clearance immigration/customs clearance
- - pax pax and baggage security and baggage security
screening screening
- - baggage delivery baggage delivery
Functionality standards Functionality standards
- - Minimum connecting time Minimum connecting time
Availability Availability
- - Key operating systems Key operating systems eg eg flight flight
monitor, escalators, trolleys etc monitor, escalators, trolleys etc
Performance Standards Performance Standards
9-13 April 2007
Pax Pax
Traffic Traffic
Time Time
(Hour) (Hour)
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
Peaks
Valleys
Peaky Peaky
Pattern Pattern
Flat Flat
Pattern Pattern
Traffic Peaking Characteristics Traffic Peaking Characteristics
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9-13 April 2007
Over or premature investment? Over or premature investment?
Support modular expansion? Support modular expansion?
Flexibility and constraints? Flexibility and constraints?
Lead time needed to add capacity? Lead time needed to add capacity?
Disruptions to existing operations? Disruptions to existing operations?
Future Growth Future Growth - - Expandability Expandability
9-13 April 2007
Baggage Claim Hall
Baggage Sorting Area
A380 holdroom
designed to IATA
Level of Service 'A'
Arrival Greeters Hall
Arrival
Immigration
Hall
Arrival
Immigration
Hall
Future Growth Future Growth
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9-13 April 2007
People mover
system
Baggage handling
and sorting
system
Operating Costs Operating Costs - - Maintenance Maintenance
9-13 April 2007
Complex or convoluted paths? Complex or convoluted paths?
No clear line of sight to facilities? No clear line of sight to facilities?
Poor accessibility to commercial areas? Poor accessibility to commercial areas?
Multiple decision points? Multiple decision points?
Back Back- -tracking? tracking?
Ease of Ease of Wayfinding Wayfinding
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9-13 April 2007
Centralised Centralised or or decentralised decentralised? ?
Required number of units for each facility? Required number of units for each facility?
Accommodating changes in processing Accommodating changes in processing
methodology? methodology?
Use of technology Use of technology vs vs resources? resources?
Reliability and redundancy? Reliability and redundancy?
Facilitating Processes Facilitating Processes
9-13 April 2007
Airside or landside? Airside or landside?
Prime location Prime location vs vs operational needs? operational needs?
Increase dwell time Increase dwell time vs vs efficiency? efficiency?
Creativity Creativity vs vs clarity? clarity?
$$ Returns? $$ Returns?
Retail Retail
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9-13 April 2007
Is there a practical limit
to how large a
terminal building can be?
9-13 April 2007
ASIA ASIA
27mppa 27mppa
Chek Chek Lap Lap Kok Kok
30mppa 30mppa
25mppa 25mppa
42 42mppa mppa
Changi Changi Airport Airport
21mppa (T1) 21mppa (T1)
23mppa (T2) 23mppa (T2)
Sepang Sepang Airport Airport
Suvarnabhumi Suvarnabhumi Airport Airport
30 30mppa mppa
Seoul Inchon Seoul Inchon
Kansai Airport Kansai Airport
Shanghai Shanghai Pudong Pudong
20mppa 20mppa
Guangzhou Guangzhou Baiyun Baiyun
21mppa 21mppa
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9-13 April 2007
EUROPE EUROPE
32mppa 32mppa
30mppa 30mppa
30mppa 30mppa
Schipol Schipol
Frankfurt T1 Frankfurt T1
Heathrow T5 Heathrow T5
9-13 April 2007
Centralised Centralised terminal with finger piers terminal with finger piers
Optimal Geometry Optimal Geometry
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9-13 April 2007
9-13 April 2007
Optimal Number of Piers = Gates Optimal Number of Piers = Gates
[Reference: [Reference: Bandara Bandara & & Wirasinghe Wirasinghe 1992] 1992]
For 6 piers, For 6 piers,
Number of Gates = 32 to 42 Number of Gates = 32 to 42
Use of Use of
Planning Norms Planning Norms
20 to 25 million 20 to 25 million pax pax a year a year
Establishing Optimal Size Establishing Optimal Size
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9-13 April 2007
Travellators Travellators
KERBSIDE KERBSIDE
CHECK CHECK- -IN IN
ISLAND ISLAND
Check walking Check walking
distances for distances for
departing departing
passenger passenger
travelling to the travelling to the
nearest and nearest and
furthest gate furthest gate
departing passenger departing passenger
travelling from travelling from
kerbside kerbside to the to the
furthest check furthest check- -in in
island island
9-13 April 2007
Travellators Travellators
KERBSIDE KERBSIDE
CHECK CHECK- -IN IN
ISLAND ISLAND
transfer transfer
passenger passenger
travelling travelling
between the between the
furthest gates furthest gates
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9-13 April 2007
Table 1 : Unaided Walking Distances Table 1 : Unaided Walking Distances
20 20 mppa mppa
Kerbside Kerbside to to
furthest check furthest check- -in island in island
22 22 mppa mppa 25 25 mppa mppa
Furthest check Furthest check- -in in
island to nearest gate island to nearest gate
195 m 195 m
265 m 265 m
205 m 205 m
275 m 275 m
235 m 235 m
300 m 300 m
Table 2 : Aided Walking Distances Table 2 : Aided Walking Distances
20 20 mppa mppa
Furthest check Furthest check- -in island in island
to furthest gate to furthest gate
22 22 mppa mppa 25 25 mppa mppa
Furthest gate to gate Furthest gate to gate
distance distance
495 m 495 m
790 m 790 m
515 m 515 m
840 m 840 m
550 m 550 m
1,000 m 1,000 m
9-13 April 2007
Based on current technology, it Based on current technology, it
appears that a appears that a centralised centralised passenger passenger
terminal building with six finger piers terminal building with six finger piers
handling 25 million passengers per is handling 25 million passengers per is
the optimum size the optimum size
Optimal Terminal Size Optimal Terminal Size

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Airport Planning Guidelines

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Strategic Airport Management Programme

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