Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By
Prof. S. G. Bhate,
B. K. P. S. College of Architecture, PUNE
Introduction
1
Why Eco-Sanitation?
• It is very essential to find out average cost per person/ family for
treatment of sewage.
• Water conveyance system is possibly the costliest of all the
treatments as it is totally dependent on water which is going to be
in tremendously short supply in near future.
• It also hampers the natural cycle of waste generation, treatment
and treated excreta going back to the soil as very rich manure and
soil conditioner.
• All major cities are enjoying the benefits of water conveyance
system at the cost of NO SANITATION FACILITIES in rural areas.
• This causes tremendous imbalance in the working of nature and
results in pollution of all the underground water resources.
Some global sanitation facts
Worldwide, 5.3% of all deaths and 6.8% of all disabilities are caused by poor
sanitation hygiene, and water.
Some diseases that are caused (or supported) by unhygienic sanitation & faecal
contaminated drinking water:
Cholera, Typhoid Fevers, Diarrhoea, Dysentery,
Infectious Hepatitis, Malaria, Polio, Schistosomiasis
Chlorine by-products, used to reduce the risk of infectious disease, are associated
with a substantial portion of the cancer cases (bladder, rectal, colorectal and liver
cancer) from drinking water supplies.
900 million rural Chinese people excrete about 450 million tons of organic fertilizer
each year - worth 2.6 Billion US$!
The global human waste output (excrements) in the year 2000, is estimated to be
8.5 million tons each day ~ 49 million US$.
Breaking the pathogen cycle
To prevent illness pathogens must be blocked, so that
humans are not exposed to them by inhalation and
ingestion.
Sanitation is the first and most effective point for blocking pathogens
from faeces - when faeces are sanitized at the place of defecation
almost no pathogens will enter the environment.
The nutrient cycle
The fertilizing equivalent of excreta - nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K)
each of us produces, is nearly sufficient for a person to grow his own food!
Nutrients in excrements
The mineral plant nutrients per person and year (in kg) are:
Urine:
• comprises 90% of the volume of human waste
• it also contains about 80% all the mineral plant nutirents (N, P, K)
Faeces:
• contain most of the carbonaceous (C) organic matter in our excrements
• carbon increases the water holding capacity and nurtures healthy soil
• organic matter serves as a soil conditioner and humus replenisher , an
asset not shared by chemical fertilizers!
Closing the nutrient cycle
• Urine:
• is a good natural mineral (N, P, K) fertilizer
• contains only few pathogens and heavy metals – thus urine is a clean fertilizer
• mixed with water (5–10 litre water / 1 litre urine) it can be used for crop irrigation
• Faeces:
• contain less minerals (N, P, K) than urine
• contain the most carbon (C) in our excrements
• contain a lot of pathogens
• they must be sanitized prior to usage
• sanitized faeces can be safely composted together with other garden & kitchen
organic wastes
• applying the resulting compost to the soil restores the soil’s humus layer
Sanitizing urine
• Sanitizing urine is not necessarily required, since urine from healthy people is also healthy:
• In a healthy individual the urine is sterile in the bladder.
• Some people drink their morning urine as a preemptive health care
measure (to be more resistant against diseases).
• However, in areas where diseases like bilharzia, typhus, cholera, hepatitis A & B, tuberculosis or
HIV/AIDS are endemic, urine should be sanitized prior to usage!
• Sanitizing urine by storing it in tanks:
• nitrogen in stored urine converts to ammonia, and the pH rises to about 9
• a low dilution with water should be sought – this will help to kill pathogens
• temperatures should tend toward a warmer environment (20°C or more)
• Necessary storage time (at 20°C):
• 6 months, when cross-contaminated with faeces
• 1 month for clean urine (no faecal contaminations)
Sanitizing faeces
2. Microorganisms:
• The microorganisms produce heat and transform organic matter into compost.
• Good sources of microorganisms are soil and finished compost.
3. Air:
• Composting bacteria are aerobic, which means they need air and cannot live in water,
so air is necessary because they need a lot of oxygen (O2) to do their job.
4. Water:
• Water is needed in a compost pile to keep the pile moist, but not wet.
5. Temperature:
• When the ground is frozen the bacteria are inactive – temperatures above 20°C are nice.
6. Time:
• If the previous 5 are present, compost is generated - whether within a month or a year.
Composting
Since most of the job of composting is done by microorganisms the compost pile has to offer them a
balanced diet of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) to be attractive for them.
Unfortunately the C-N ratio of our faeces and urine is not a good diet!
Carbonaceous organic matter must be added to the compost pile, such as:
wood shavings, grain husks, straw, ashes, soil, paper, …
Earthworms:
Vermiculture - adding earthworms for composting - is a very satisfactory method for obtaining a stable
compost of high quality, with nutrients readily available for plant assimilation.
Humus:
During composting, the volume of the material is reduced by about 90% - the remaining 10% is
humus, filled with the minerals that were withdrawn from the soil where the food was grown.
2
Advantages of Eco Sanitation
+ Breaks the pathogen cycle by flushing + Breaks pathogen cycle by storing and
sanitizing excrements.
away excrements.
+ Conserves water: uses either minimal
– Needs a lot of water to flush away water or even better: no water at all!
faeces and urine.
+ Excrements are processed near to the
– Excrements, flushing water, household point of ‚production‘ without industrial
greywaters and indus-trial wastewaters contaminants.
are mixed.
+ Sanitized and co-composted faeces
– The output of modern wastewater enrich soil‘s humus layer and nutrients
treatment plant cannot be safely used in urine are returned to the soil as
as agricultural fertilizer – their effluents fertilizer – nothing is contaminated.
even contaminate rivers and the sea
Designing an Eco friendly Toilet
Both urine and faeces accumulate in the shallow pit together with
wood ash, soil and organic plant matter, which is used cover
excrements after defecation.
When the first pit is nearly full:
• Slab and structure are moved to the second pit
• the contents of the used chamber are covered
with topsoil between 15 and 30 cm deep and
left to decompose
When the second pit is nearly full:
• the mature contents of the first pit are removed
• they can be easily removed, without any offensive
smells – else decomposition is not totally finished
• they should look, feel and smell like rich compost
Alternative designs of Eco
Toilets
Alternative designs of Eco
Toilets
Alternative designs of Eco
Toilets
Urine separator pans
Design Solutions
3
Our proposal
4
Non-Eco Sanitation problems
Therefore it has a
double effect on
people’s health by:
1. reducing disease
2. improving the
nutrient intake
Social benefits of Eco-Sanitation
• Healthy family contributes substantially to national income.
• Social recognition in the society for adopting better sanitation
practice.
• Overall clean and green environment which is soothing, serene and
spiritual in nature.
• Increased revenue generation due to more inflow of people, tourists
etc.
• Overall improvement in rural scenario in the form of more greenery,
water bodies, increase in agricultural production and more
employment opportunities for the educated unemployed youths.
Tangible results of using
Eco- San Toilets
5
How to covert waste in to GOLD?
Two points plan of action:
• Education of masses.
• Creating self sufficient house
Education of masses
THANK YOU
Brief Bio-Data of Prof. S. G. Bhate
Contact: shrikantbhate@rediffmail.com
Mobile: 98920440648
Presentation Compiled By Sachin Borkar, Final Yr., BKPSCOA