Waste Tech. Vol. 2(1)2014:8-12, Mega Anggraeni et al.

Waste Technology (WasTech)

Journal homepage: http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/wastech
An International Journal
!uent treatment o" pharmaceutical industry #y
using su#sur"ace $ow wetland system
%ega Anggraeni& 'enna (ya )uno*o& 'adiyanto
%aster +rogram o" n,ironmental )cience& -iponegoro .ni,ersity
Jl. Imam /ardjo& )' 0o 1& )emarang 2 Indonesia
e2mail: m3456789yahoo.com : mega.anggraeni789gmail.com
Abstrack - Constructe !etlan is one o" the alternati#es to increase !ater $ualit% &e"ore it 'o!e into
!ater!a%s. (u& (ur"ace )lo! Wetlan (%ste* is one t%+e o" the constructe !etlan "or !aste !ater treat*ent
!hich is using s%*&iotic relation &et!een !ater +lants an *icroorganis* aroun rooting s%ste* (rhi,os+here)
in *eia. ;yperus alterni"olius an ;anna indica& <. as !ell as gra#el an san *eia are +lants an *eias
that can &e use in constructe !etlan. This research ai*e to anal%,e the e-ecti#eness o" +lant s+ecies
&et!een ;yperus alterni"olius an ;anna indica& <. as !ell as the e-ecti#eness o" gra#el an san *eia to
ecrease nitrite, a**onia, ./0, an C/0 concentrations. )our reactors (()-Wetlans !ith i*ension o" 120
c* 1 20 c* 1 30 c* !ere use in this research. The stu% !as conucte o#er 12 a%s "ollo!ing the
accli*ati,ation o" +lants "or 4 a%s. 0ata anal%sis !ere +er"or*e &% co*+aring the egraation coe5cient (6)
o" ./0, C/0, nitrite, an a**onia concentrations !ith retention ti*e o" the e7uent. The results sho!e that
the egraation coe5cient "or the reactor !ith gra#el *eia an C%+erus alterni"olius "or nitrite #aria&le !as
0.80, a**onia 0.49, ./0 0.43, an C/0 0.28. ;yperus alterni"olius ha#e a higher e-ecti#eness in reucing the
concentration o" nitrite, a**onia , ./0 an C/0 than ;anna indica & <. :eactors !ith gra#el *eia ha#e higher
e-ecti#eness in reucing ./0 , C/0 , a**onia an nitrite concentration than san *eia.
;e%!ors : ;anna indica. <. , ;yperus alterni"olius& (() - Wetlan, , WWT< e7uent o" +har*aceutical inustr%
Doi: http://dx.doi.org/7=.78>>>/wastech.8.7.8=75.?278
Citation: Anggraeni& %.& )uno*o& '. (.& and 'adiyanto& '. 8=75. !uent treatment o" pharmaceutical industry #y using
su#sur"ace $ow wetland system. Waste Technology 8(7):?278. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/7=.78>>>/wastech.8.7.8=75.?278
Introduction
The e@ort to manage the en,ironment has
#een implementing #y all parties& industries
included& as a way to promote sustaina#le
de,elopment. The sustaina#le de,elopment is a
mind"ul and planned e@ort which mixed
en,ironment aspect& social& and economy into
de,elopment strategy to ensure the integrity o"
en,ironment "or this generation and the next
(.. no 38& 8==A). Waste Water Treatment +lan
(WWT+) is a way to increace wastewater Buality
#e"ore it $owed into water ways. Chiatuddin
(8==3)& there were so many ad,antages that we
could get "rom waste water treatment. The
treatment waste water will #e a#le #e used to
water the plants and Dshery. It is use"ul to add
water reser,ed. To minimiEe and utiliEe the
e!uent "rom WWT+ o" pharmaceutical industry&
constructed wetland system can #e an
alternati,e to increace the e!eunt Buality.
There are two types o" constructed wetland&
they are )ur"ace Flow and )u# )ur"ace Flow. )u#
)ur"ace Flow )ystem is one o" the constructed
wetland "or waste water treatment which used
sym#iotic relation #etween water plants and
microorganism around rooting system
((hiEosphere) in media. Grganic material in
waste water will #e re"ormed #y the
microorganism to #ecome simpler compound
and it will #e used #y plant as their nutrient&
whereas water plant rooting system will produce
oxygen which will #e used as energy/catalyst in
meta#olism process "or microorganismHs li"e
()upradata& 8==1).
))F2wetland is one o" alternati,e to treat
waste water with low operational and
maintenance cost ()aeed& Tan,eer and )un&
Iuangshi& 8=78). There are many components in
constructed wetlands include water& su#strate&
plants& and microorganism. The processes that
a@ect remo,al and retention o" nitrogen during
wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands
are mani"old and incluce 0'3 ,olatiliEation&
nitriDcation& denitriDcation& nitrogen Dxation&
plant and micro#ial upta*e& mineraliEation
(ammoniDcation)& nitrate reduction to
ammonium (nitrate2ammoniDcation)& anaero#ic
ammonia oxidation (A0A%%GJ)& "ragmentation&
sorption& desorption& #urial& and leaching
(KymaEal& 8==>).
?
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Waste Tech. Vol. 2(1)2014:8-12, Mega Anggraeni et al.
The plant that can #e used as wetland such
as ;yperus alterni"olius and ;anna indica& <..
Those plant can #e used as ornamental plants
"or waste water treatment #y constructed
wetland. According to the research that
)upradata done in 8==1 "or treating domestic
waste water& ;yperus alterni"olius is a#le to
decreas /G- and ;G- concentration.
This research aims to analyse which media
and plant that more e@ecti,e in WWT+ e!uent
treatment "rom pharmaceutical industry "or /G-&
;G-& ammonia& and nitrite o" water Buality.
Ienerally& the result hope"ully can #e used as
study material "or continual waste water
treatment system #y using constructed wetland
system& primarily ))F2wetland& and also can #e
made as an alternati,e o" WWT+ e!uent
treatment "rom pharmacy industry in order to
minimiEe waste water disposal to waterways& as
a way to impro,e water Buality as clean water
"rom WWT+ e!uent.
Experimental Methods
The research stage is di,ided into three
steps& they are preparation& execution& and data
analysis. 5 reactors o" ))F2Wetlands were
prepared with dimension 78= cm x 3= cm x 1=
cm were used in this research. The reactors was
made o" wood structure which co,ered with
plastic. Two e,aporated reactors contained
gra,el and sand in each reactor&with 4= cm x 3=
cm x 1= cm& pipe& hose& ,al,e& 4==ml plastic
#ottle. The 3 months age o" ;yperus alterni"olius
and ;anna indica&<.& the e!uent o" WWT+
pharmaceutical industry& gra,el and sand were
used as material. The a,erage diameter o" the
sands was 721 mm ()upradata& 8==1) and gra,el
7=281 mm (CamarudEaman& 'aDE& AEiE& Jalil&
8=77).
The next step is plant acclimatiEation. The
plant acclimatiEation was done in se,en days #y
Dlling water tap to reactor. Water sample ta*ing
"rom reactor outlet was done in e,ery two or
three days. The water sample was Dlled into
plastic #ottle and then was analysed the /G-&
;G-& nitrite and ammonia. The ,olume o" the
WWT+ e!uent was $owed into the gra,el
reactor was 5? litres/reactor and "or sand media
was 8= litres. This di@erences was according to
porosity di@erences #etween sand and gra,el.
The independent ,aria#le consisted o" the
type o" the plant that #e used& ;yperus
alterni"olius and ;anna indica& < and also sand
and gra,el as media. The dependent ,aria#les
were the concentration o" ;G-& /G-& nitrite and
ammonia "rom ))F wetlands reactor #atch
system. This research was done in la#oratory
scale with water Buality analysis was done in
la#oratory n,ironmental ngineering %ajor o"
-iponegoro .ni,ersity.
-ata analysis was per"ormed using microso"t
excel to create a graph o" the relationship o"
each ,aria#le concentrations (nitrite& ammonia&
/G- and ;G-) o" the wastewater residence time
in the reactor with an exponential eBuation.
y M ;
=
e
2 *t
The analysis was done #y comparing the
degradation constanta (*) in the exponential
eBuation #etween reactors with Canna inica, =.
and C%+erus alterni"olius as well as sand and
gra,el media. +urwanto (8==5)& degradation
constanta (*) illustrates the magnitude o" the
degradation rate o" organic matter.
Results and Discussion
Nitrite Concentration
Figure 7 shows nitrite concentration
degradation in reactor with Canna inica, =. and
C%+erus alterni"olius as well as gra,el and sand
media. <ine eBuation that shows the "unction o"
nitrite degradation in each reactor as presented
on Ta#le 7.
Figure 1. 0itrite ;oncentration at Karious
(eactors
able 1
xponential Buations o" 0itrite -egradation
!o Reactor Exponential
E"uation
Degradation
Constanta
#ra$el
Media
7. C%+erus
alterni"olius
y M =.>17e
2=.4=x
(
8
M =.?A3
=.4=
8. Canna
inica, =.
y M =.>17e
2=.1=x
(
8
M =.A77
=.1=
%and Media
3. C%+erus
alterni"olius
y M =.>17e
2=.51x
(
8
M =.4A?
=.51
5. Canna
inica, =.
y M =.>17e
2=.8Ax
(
8
M =.?41
=.8A
Ta#le 7 shows exponential eBuation o" nitrite
degradation rate o" reactor with C%+erus
alterni"olius is higher than Canna inica, =. #oth
in reactor with gra,el and sand media.
-egradation constanta (*) "or reactor with gra,el
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and sand media shows that C%+erus alterni"olius
has a higer result than Canna inica, =. In reactor
with gra,el media& degradation constanta o"
reactor with C%+erus alterni"olius is =.4 and
Canna inica, =. is =.1. %eanwhile& in the reactor
with sand media& degradation constanta o"
reactor with C%+erus alterni"olius is =.51 and
Canna inica, =. is =.8A.
These results show that the degradation rate
o" nitrite concentration in reactor with C%+erus
alterni"olius is "aster than Canna inica, =.
-egradation constanta (*) in exponential
eBuation shows the degradation rate o" organic
matter (+urwanto& 8==5).
According to Chiatuddin (8==3)& plants can
a#sor# ammonium and nitrate ions in solution&
#ut nitrite can not #e a#sor#ed #y root& e,en
dangerous. According to ;ui& Guyang& Nang&
;hen& Ohou& and <ou (8=7=)& nitrogen
degradation in the constructed wetland is due to
the contact and interaction #etween nutrients&
su#strates& and plant roots.
+lants canPt a#sor# nitrite. There"ore&
nitriDcation and denitriDcation processes play a
role in nitrite degradation in ))F wetland reactor.
0itriDcation is the #iological oxidation o"
ammonium to nitrate with nitrite as a
intermediates reaction (KymaEal& 8==>). There
are two processes in nitriDcation. The Drst
reaction is oxidation o" ammonium to nitrite #y
0itrosomonas chemolithotropic& 0itrosocossus&
and 0itrosospira #acteria. The second stage is
the oxidation o" nitrite to nitrate #y 0itro#acter
and 0itrospira #acteria ()aeed and )un& 8=78).
Gptimum p' "or nitriDcation process is 4.42?
(;ooper& et al& 7AA4 in KymEal& 8==>).
-enitriDcation process is nitrate con,erted to
nitrogen gas (0
8
)& nitrous oxide (0
8
G)& and nitric
oxide (0G) with "acultati,e #acteria /acillus&
+seudomonas& ntero#acter& %icrococcus& and
)pirillim (Cadlec and Cnight& 7AA4 in )aeed and
)un& 8=78).
From the nitriDcation process& nitrate is
"ormed "rom nitrite oxidation #y 0itro#acater
#acteria so that the plants can a#sor# nitrate.
0itrite concentration can decrease. C%+erus
alterni"olius has a higher eQciency than Canna
inica, =.& #ecause the sur"ace area o" C%+erus
alterni"olius roots to a#sor# nitrogen is greater
than Canna inica, =. .
Grganic matter degradation in the wetland
reactors is a@ected #y microorgnism acti,ity and
decomposition o" organic matter #y plants.
A#iotic processes (physical and chemical) or
#iotic (micro#ial and plant) and a com#ination o"
#oth processes play a role in the artiDcial
wetland system (.)-A and IT(; in )upradata&
8==1). According to Wood in Tangahu and
Warmadewanthi (8==7)& decreasing
concentration o" organic matter in the wetland
system is due to the mechanism o" the
microorganisms acti,ity and plants& through the
process o" oxidation #y aero#ic #acteria that
grow around the plant rhiEosphere and the
presence o" heterotrophic #acteria in the
wastewater. According Chiatuddin (8==3)&
nitrogen is a important element in the "ormation
o" amino acids which in turn "orm a complex
protein compounds that are important on #ody
structure o" li,ing things& including plants. +lants
can only a#sor# ammonium and nitrate ions in
solution& #ut nitrite can not #e a#sor#ed #y plant
roots& e,en dangerous. There"ore& the nitrite
degradation process is in$uenced #y nitriDcation
process in the reactor.
Figure 7 shows that nitrite concentration
degradation #y gra,el media has a higher
eQciency than sand media. This is due to the
porosity o" the media will a@ect the per"ormance
o" ))F2wetland (Wi#isono and %asre,aniah&
8==?). +orosity will a@ect the oxygen supply into
the reactor. In the process o" organic materials
decomposition in the ))F wetland reactor&
aero#ic #acteria play a role in outlining the
existing organic matter. There"ore& the presence
o" oxygen in the reactor must #e considered.
Ammonia Concentration
Figure 8 shows the ammonia concentration
degradation in ,arious types o" reactor. Function
o" ammonia degradation in each reactor as
presented on Ta#le 8.
Figure &. Ammonia ;oncentration at Karious
(eactors
abel &. xponential Buations o" Ammonia -egradation
!o Reactor Exponential
E"uation
Degradatio
n
Constanta
#ra$el
Media
7. C%+erus
alterni"olius
yM 3.8A8e
2=.5Ax
(
8
M=.>48
=.5A
8. Canna
inica, =.
yM 3.8A8e
2=.55x
(
8
M=.A53
=.55
%and Media
3. C%+erus
alterni"olius
yM 3.8A8e
2=.8=x
(
8
M=.>34
=.8=
5. Canna
inica, =.
yM 3.8A8e
2=.7Ax
(
8
M=.?>4
=.7A
7=
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The a#o,e eBuation shows the same result
that reactor with gra,el media has a higher
degradation canstanta (*) than sand media #oth
in reactor with C%+erus alterni"olius and Canna
inica, =. /oth reactor with sand and gra,el
media shows that degradation rate o" C%+erus
alterni"olius is higher than Canna inica, =. In
reactor with gra,el media& constanta
degradation (*) o" reactor with C%+erus
alterni"olius is =.5A and Canna inica , =. is =.55.
In the reactor with sand media& degradation
constanta o" reactor with C%+erus alterni"olius is
=.8= and Canna inica , =. is =.7A. These results
indicate the degradation rate o" ammonia with
C%+erus alterni"olius is "aster than the reactor
with Canna inica , =.
Ammonia degradation in ))F wetland
reactor is a@ected #y a#sorption #y plant roots
and nitriDcation process. In the nitriDcation
process& ammonia is oxidiEed to nitrate.
Ammonia and nitrate can #e a#sor#ed #y plants
(Chiatuddin& 8==3). /oth reactor with sand and
gra,el media shows that C%+erus alterni"olius
ha,e higher degradation rate than Canna inica,
=. )ur"ace root area o" C%+erus alterni"olius is
greater than Canna inica, =. that will a@ect the
a,aila#ility o" oxygen "or ammonia and nitrate
upta*e area #y plant roots.
0itrogen degradation in wetland system
occurs due to the a#sorption o" nitrogen
compounds #y plants directly (Iers#erg& 7A?1 in
A#dulghani& 8=73). Ammonia degradation can
occur due to direct a#sorption #y the plant as
well as the processes o" nitriDcation and
denitriDcation #y microorganisms. Ira,el media
has a higher e@ecti,eness than sand media. This
is due to the a#sorption o" ammonia directly #y
the plant as well as the nitriDcation process that
oxidiEes ammonium to nitrate. 0itrate can also
#e a#sor#ed #y plants.
COD Concentration
Figure 3 shows that reactor with C%+erus
alterni"olius has a higher a#ility on ;G-
degradation than Canna inica,=. #oth on gra,el
and sand media. Ira,el media has a higher
a#ility to reduce ;G- concentration than sand
media. 'ere is the eBuation that shows the
degradation o" ;G- in wastewater residence
time in each reactor.
Figure '. ;G- ;oncentration at Karious
(eactors
abel (.'
xponential Buations o" ;G- -egradation
!
o
Reactor Exponential
E"uation
Degradatio
n
Constanta
#ra$el
Media
7. C%+erus
alterni"olius
yM >1.81e
2=.34x
(
8
M=.?=5
=.34
8. Canna inica,
=.
yM >1.81e
2=.75x
(
8
M=.>43
=.75
%and Media
3. C%+erus
alterni"olius
yM >1.81e
2=.=Ax
(
8
M=.45=
=.=A
5. Canna inica,
=.
yM >1.81e
2=.=Ax
(
8
M=.?1?
=.=A
The results a#o,e show the degradation rate
o" C%+erus alterni"olius =.34 (gra,el media) and
=.=A (sand media) is higher than Canna inica, =.
These results indicate that the rate o" ;G-
degradation in the reactor with C%+erus
alterni"olius is "aster than Canna inica, =.
The a#o,e eBuation also shows the same result&
gra,el media has higher degradation coeQcient
than sand media =.34 (;yperus) and =.75
(;anna). The e@ecti,eness is indicated #y the
eQciency o" ;G- concentration remo,al #ased
on the type o" plant. Ira,el media has #etter
eQciency than the reactor with sand media. The
process o" organic matter degradation in ))F2
wetland in$uenced #y mechanisms within
wetland and acti,ity o" microorganisms. The
degradation is in$uenced #y the a,aila#ility o"
oxygen "or #iological processes. The a,aila#ility
o" oxygen in the root ma*e the num#er o"
microorganisms which act to degrade the
wastewater greater (0urul and Aditya& 8=7=).
BOD Concentration
Figure 5 shows that reactor with C%+erus
alterni"olius and gra,el media has a higher
e@ecti,eness in reducing /G- concentration
than Canna inica , =. and sand media. 'ere are
the eBuation that shows the relationship
#etween /G- concentration in the reactor and
residence time o" wastewater.
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Waste Tech. Vol. 2(1)2014:8-12, Mega Anggraeni et al.
Figure (. /G- ;oncentration at Karious
(eactors
abel (.(
xponential Buations o" /G- -egradation
!o Reactor Exponential
E"uation
Degradation
Constanta
#ra$el
Media
7. C%+erus
alterni"olius
yM 55.74e
2=.51x
(
8
M=.A38
=.51
8. Canna
inica, =.
yM 55.74e
2=.8>x
(
8
M=.A58
=.8>
%and
Media
3. C%+erus
alterni"olius
yM 55.74e
2=.74x
(
8
M=.>>?
=.74
5. Canna
inica, =.
yM 55.74e
2=.=>x
(
8
M=.1?7
=.=>
From the a#o,e eBuations were compared
degradation coeQcient (*) #y classi"ying reactor
#ased on the media. /oth reactors with sand and
gra,el media shows that C%+erus alterni"olius
has a higher degradation coeQcient than Canna
inica , =. is eBual to =.51 (gra,el media) and
=.74 ( sand media). (egression coeQcient ((
8
)
"or the ;yperus reactor is =.A38 (gra,el media)
and =.>>? (sand media). It shows there is a
correlation #etween /G- reduction and
wastewater residence time in the reactor.
xponential eBuation o" /G- degradation shows
/G- degradation rate o" reactor with gra,el
media is "aster than sand media #oth in reactor
with C%+erus alterni"olius and Canna inica, =.
pH
+' measurement is done while ta*ing water
samples "rom the reactor ))F2Wetland.
Figure ). p'
G,erall& p' o" the water in each reactor "ulDll
water Buality standards according to the ++. ?8&
8==7& ie at p' 42A. p' "or all reactors ranged
"rom 4.1> to >.4A. With the neutral p' ,alue o"
wastewater& process o" photosynthesis can run
well (A#dulghani & 8=73). +hotosynthesis process
#y plants o"ten create high p' ,alue during the
day. The p' o" shallow $ood water is greatly
a@ected #y the total respiration acti,ity o" all the
heterotropis organisms and photosynthesis o"
the species present (KymaEal& 8==>). The
"ormation o" ammonium ions (0'
5
R
) o" ammonia
(0'
3
) can increase the p' ,alue (;amp#ell and
(eece& 8=7=). According to Faulwetter& Iagnon&
)un#er& ;haEarenc& /urr& /risson& ;amper& and
)tein (8==A)& n,ironmental "actors a@ecting
micro#ial growth and 0 and ) cycles are
temperature& p'& salinity& the species& and the
a,aila#ility o" organic car#on.
According to Cadlec and Cnight in Ohang&
regal& and meney (8==A)& e,ery wetland plants
can ha,e di@erent capacities in the assimilation
o" nutrients in the wastewater. -i@erences o"
nutrients accumulation #etween species
indicated #y the di@erence in the stages and the
eQciency o" a#sorption as well as utiliEation o"
nutrients. Ohang& regal& and meney (8==A)&
nutrient a#sorption capacity related to ha#itat
and in$uenced #y roots and riEhom. 'a#itat
di@erences also relate to other "actors& there are
temperature& aeration& p'& sulDde & and nutrient
composition in solution& plant growth stage& "orm
sym#iotic capacity with #acteria or "ungi.
Canna inica, =. and C%+erus alterni"olius
are monocotyl plants. The di@erence a#sorption
capa#ility o" nitrite& ammonia& /G-& and ;G- is
due to the di@erences in the a#ility o" the roots.
+lant roots also play a role in the oxygen supply
in the reactor that used #y microorganisms to
degrade the wastewater.
To ensure the li"e o" microorganisms can
grow well& then oxygen trans"er "rom the roots o"
the plant must #e a#le to meet the need "or the
li"e o" microorganisms. The a,aila#ility o" oxygen
in the media will #e supplied #y the plant roots&
which is a #yproduct o" photosynthesis process
o" plants. Aero#ic conditions in the root system
area (rhiEosphere) and aero#ic microorganisms
are depend on the oxygen supply o" the root
system o" plants in the ))FLWetlands
()upradata& 8==1)
+orosity o" the media a@ects the
per"ormance o" wetland plants. According to
research conducted #y Wi#isono and
%asre,aniah in 8==? which showed that the
artiDcial wetland system with a water garden
plants (TTA) with mixed o" gra,el media and
plastic glasses that ha,e a higher porosity&
produces #etter per"ormance compared to TTA
with gra,el media which ha,e lower porosity.
Ira,el media has a greater porosity than sand
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media. The porosity o" the media will a@ect to
the a,aila#ility o" oxygen in the reactor. Thus&
the a,aila#ility o" oxygen in the reactor through
a medium porosity will a@ect the per"ormance o"
))F wetland.
Conclusion
C%+erus alterni"olius ha,e a higher e@ecti,eness
in reducing the concentration o" nitrite&
ammonia& /G-& and ;G- than Canna inica, =.
(eactors with gra,el media ha,e higher
e@ecti,eness in reducing /G-& ;G-& ammonia&
and nitrite concentration than sand media .
Re*erences
A#dulgani& 'amdani. 8=73. >*+ro#e*ent ?ualit% o" Crac6ers
>nustrial Waste Water !ith (u&sur"ace )lo! Wetlan
(%ste* @sing T%+ha angusti"olia. Thesis o" %aster
+rogam o" n,ironmental )cience& -iponegoro
.ni,ersity& )emarang
;amp#ell& 0eil A.& and (eece& Jane /. 8=7=. .iolog% Aighth
Aition Volu*e 1. +u#lisher rlangga : Ja*arta
;ui& <ihua: Guyang& ying: <ou& Siyan: Nang& Fengle: ;hen&
Ning: Ohu& Wenlig: dan <uo& )himing. 8=7=. :e*o#al o"
nutrients "ro* !aste!ater !ith ;anna indica <. uner
i-erent #ertical-'o! constructe !etlan conitions.
www.else,ier.com/locate/ecoleng
Faulwetter& Jenni"er <.: Iagnon& Kincent: )u#erg& ;arina:
;haEarenc& Florent: /urr& %ar* -.: /risson& JaBues:
;amper& Anne C.: and )tein& Gtto (. 8==A. Micro&ial
<rocesses >n'uencing <er"or*ance o" Treat*ent
Wetlans : A :e#ie!. www.else,ier.com/locate/ecoleng.
cological ngineering A?>27==5.
Io,ernment (egulation 0o. ?8/8==7 on Water Suality and
Water +ollution ;ontrol
Io,ernment (egulation 0o 38 /8==A on n,ironmental
+rotection and %anagement
CamarudEaman& 0ihla: 'aDE A#d: A#dul& (oslaili& and FaiEal&
%ohd. 8=77. (tu% Accu*ulation o" Butrients an Cea#%
Metals in the <lant Tissue o" =i*nocharis 'a#a <lante in
.oth Vertical an Cori,ontal (u&sur"ace )lo!
Constructe Wetlan. IA;)IT <ress& )ingapore
Chiatuddin& %aulida. 8==3. <reser#ing o" Water :esources
!ith ArtiDcial (!a*+ Technolog%. Iadjah %ada
.ni,ersity +res& Nogya*arta.
0urul& uis 'idayat& and Aditya& Wahyu. 8=7=. <lant <otential
an A-ects on 0o*estic Waste!ater Treat*ent &%
Constructe Wetlan (%ste*. Journal o" n,ironmental
ngineering Kol.8 T 8 .ni,ersity o" 0ational
-e,elopment UKeteranU ast Ja,a& )ura#aya
+urwanto. 8==5. An#iron*ental Angineering Moeling.
-iponegoro .ni,ersity & )emarang
)aeed& Tan,eer and )un& IuangEhi. 8=78. A :e#ie! on
Bitrogen an /rganics :e*o#al Mechanis*s in
(u&sur"ace )lo! Constructe Wetlans: 0e+enenc% on
An#iron*ental <ara*eters, /+erating Conitions an
(u++orting Meia. www. lse,ier.com/locate/jen,man
)upradata. 8==1. 0o*ectic Waste Water Treat*ent &% using
C%+erus alterni"olius,=. !ith (u& (ur"ace )lo! Wetlan
(%ste* ((()-Wetlans). %aster +rogam o" n,ironmental
)cience& -iponegoro .ni,ersity& )emarang
Tangahu& /.K. and Warmadewanthi& I.-.A.A. 8==7. 0o*estic
Waste Water Treat*ent &% using Cattail <lant (T%+ha
angusti"olia) on Constructe Wetlan (%ste*. IT)&
)ura#aya
KymaEal& Jan. 8==>. :e*o#al o" Butrients in Various T%+es o"
Constructe Wetlans.
www.else,ier.com/locate/scitoten,. )cience o" Total
n,ironment 3?=(8==>) 5?241. Accessed on 84 Agustus
8=73
Wi#isono& Iunawan& and %asre,aniah& Anie*. 8==?.
A++earance o" Water <lant on Cos+ital Waste Water
Treat*ent &% using Constructe Wetlan (%ste*.
Agrite* Journal Kol. 74 0o 77 I))0. =?1821584. Accessed
on Januari& 88
nd
8=73
Ohang& Ohenhua: (engel& Oed: and %eney& Cathy. 8==A.
;inetics o" a**oniu*, nitrate, an +hos+horus u+ta6e
&% ;anna indica an )choenoplectus ,alidus
www.else,ier.com/locate/aBua#ot
73
Waste Technology& Kol 8(7)8=75 L I))0 : 833?248=>