Eclampsia

Is the presence of one or more convulsions in a pregnant woman who has pre-eclampsia.
Eclampsia is a frequent cause of maternal death in underdeveloped countries, and it is a
serious problem even in developed countries. Treatment is with antispasmodic medication,
notably magnesium sulphate.
Preeclampsia
Is a condition that is characterized by a sharp rise in blood pressure during the third
trimester of pregnancy. Hypertension may be accompanied by swollen ankles, irritability,
and kidney problems, as evidenced by protein in the urine. Although preeclampsia is
relatively common, occur-ring in about 5 percent of all pregnancies and more frequently in
first pregnancies than in others, it can be a sign of serious problems. It may indicate that the
placenta is detaching from the uterus, for example. In some cases, untreated preeclampsia
can progress to eclampsia, a life-threatening situation for both the mother and the foetus.
Treatment involves bed rest and sometimes medication. If treatment is ineffective, induced
birth or a C-section may have to be considered.
HELLP syndrome
A combination of the break-down of red blood cells (haemolysis; the H in the acronym),
elevated liver enzymes (EL), and low platelet count (LP) occurring in pregnancy. HELLP
syndrome has been considered to be a complication of preeclampsia and eclampsia
(toxaemia) of pregnancy, but the syndrome can also occur on its own. Common symptoms
include headache, nausea and/or vomiting, and pain in the upper abdomen. Increased fluid
in the tissues (oedema) is also common. Protein is often found in the urine. Blood pressure
may be elevated. Occasionally, coma can result from seriously low blood sugar
(hypoglycaemia). Treatment depends upon the stage of pregnancy, the severity of the
condition, and the overall health status of the patient and may include corticosteroid
medications, blood transfusions, antihypertensive medications, and anti-seizure
medications. Urgent delivery is required if the health of the foetus is com-promised or if the
mothers health is at serious risk. HELLP syndrome can be complicated by liver rupture,
anaemia, bleeding, and death. HELLP syndrome can also develop during the early period
after delivery of a baby. Women with a history of HELLP syndrome are considered at
increased risk for complications in future pregnancies.