GAIRUS JOHN C.

BOTEJA
VAL DE GUZMAN

GAST N05


Group: 1
Section: H2














TITLE: EXPERIMENT 1: The Determination of the Density of a Number of Liquids and Solids

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE: To identify physical property of matter or substance by determining the
density of the following liquids; Water, Methanol, Glycerol, and the density of the following solids;
Sodium Acetate, Sucrose, Sand.

DATA/OBSERVATION

PART A: LIQUIDS
It was observed that in liquids glycerol has the highest mass than water and methanol.

Sample Water (g) Methanol (g) Glycerol (g)
Mass of empty cylinder 39.5142 g 39.5142 g 39.5142 g
Mass of cylinder + liquid 49.4991 g 47.3927 g 52.2178 g
Mass of liquid 9.9849 g 7.8785 g 12.7036 g


Calculations: Density of liquid = mass/volume = g/mL

Density of water: 9.9849 g = 0.99845 g/mL (1.000 g/ml book value)
10 mL
Density of methanol: 7.8785g = 0.78785 g/mL (0.7930 g/ml book value)
10 mL
Density of glycerol: 12.7036g = 1.27036 g/mL (1.2610 g/ml book value)
10 mL

PART B: SOLIDS
It was observed that in solids sodium acetate has lesser volume than the sucrose and sand.

SAMPLE Sodium Acetate Sucrose Sand (Silica)
SiO2
Mass of solid (g) 2g 5g 8g
Volume of Water (50mL) 50mL 50mL 50mL
Volume of Water + solid (mL) 51.5mL 53mL 53mL
Volume of Solid (mL) 1.5mL 3mL 3mL


Calculations: Density of solid = mass/volume = g/cm

Density of sodium acetate: 2 grams = 1.3333 g/cm
3
(1.450 g/cm
3
book value)
1.5 cm
3

Density of sucrose: 5 grams = 1.6667 g/cm
3
(1.587 g/cm
3
book value)
3 cm
3

Density of sand: 8 grams = 2.6667 g/cm
3
(2.6500 g/cm
3
book value)
3 cm
3


DISCUSSION: During the experiment it was determined that the density of each liquid and solid is
different from each other. In liquids, methanol has a density of 0.78785 g/mL that is closer to the
original or book value, 0.7930 g/mL. Water has different density. The density of the water obtained
in the experiment was 9.9849 g/mL. It was also obtained that the density of Glycerol is 12.7036
g/mL. The densities of these liquids are different from each other because of their different physical
properties. Glycerol has a colorless and odorless thick syrupy liquid. Its syrupy and thick liquid
feature makes the glycerols density more than the methanol and water. Methanol is also known as
methyl alcohol that its properties at the first glance resemble that of the water. That makes its
density less than the glycerol. Water has colorless, odorless, and tasteless properties that dissolve
nearly in everything. It does not have a thick syrupy feature that the glycerol has, and that makes it
less dense than methanol and glycerol.
On the other hand, it was found out that each solid on the second part of the experiment also
have different densities. Each of the weighed solid was in the water with the volume of 50 mL and
the volume of the water increases due to the volume of the solid that was added. Sodium acetate
has 2g, sucrose has 5g and sand has 8g. The resulting densities of the following solids are; sodium
acetate = 1.3333 g/cm
3
, sucrose = 1.6667 g/cm
3
and sand = 2.6667 g/cm
3
. Sodium acetates
result is lower than the ideal density because too little amount of water is added. For sucrose, the
result is higher than the book value because maybe not all 5 grams of sucrose was added into the
water. Some could have got stuck onto the side of the cylinder.


CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the in liquids glycerol is has more density, followed by
methanol, and the last is water. In solids, sand has more density, followed by sucrose, and last is
acetate.

QUESTIONS: Discuss the following phenomena:
1. Salad oil rises on the top of the vinegar in the salad dressing.
2. You are given a sample of three immiscible liquids (not capable of mixing): cotton seed oil,
water, and carbon tetrachloride (an organic solvent). The liquids are thoroughly mixed
together by shaking a 5mL sample of each liquid in a measuring cylinder for about 2
minutes. The measuring cylinder is then laid to rest for about 10 minutes after which it was
observed that the cottonseed oil settled at the top and the carbon tetrachloride settled at
the bottom and the water forming a layer in between the other two distinct layers. What
can you deduce from this observation?
3. A shopping bag of feathers is a much lighter burden than the shopping bag of nails.

ANSWERS:

1. Oil floats on top of the vinegar because of the difference of density. Oil is less dense.
Same thing as with oil and water. The density of the vinegar is 1.01 g/mL which is very
close the waters density 1.000 g/mL. Oils have low density as compare to water, and
oils are non-polar organic compounds while water is a polar compound; therefore, oil
cannot mix with water and floats on water surface. Because water molecules are
electrically charged, they get attracted to other water molecules and exclude the oil
molecules. This eventually causes the oil molecules, or lipids, to clump together, and
that is the reason why oil floats on a top of vinegar in a salad dressing.

2. It was observed that the cottonseed oil settled at the top and the carbon tetrachloride
settled at the bottom and the water forming a layer in between the other two distinct
layers after the liquids are thoroughly mixed together by shaking a 5mL sample of
each liquid in a measuring cylinder for about 2 minutes, and it was laid rest in 10
minutes. This phenomena happens because first of all, this three samples of liquids
are immiscible or do not have a capability of mixing together. Water is a polar molecule
(negative hydrogen side and a positive charged oxygen side because of the share of
electrons in a covalent bond) and oil has non-polar carbon and hydrogen bonds. Water
is only able to dissolve compounds that are polar. Since oils have no polar ends, water
cannot dissolve it, as well as with carbon tetrachloride which is also nonpolar. Water
has a density of 1.00 g/mL. Cottonseed oil has density less than that of the water.
Therefore, it will float on top of water. Carbon tetrachloride has a density of 1.59 g/cm
more than that of the water and thats why it settles down the water.


3. A shopping bag of feathers is a much lighter burden than the shopping bag of nails
because of the difference of the density between the two. The mass of the feather is
less than the mass of a nail. Therefore, more gravity will pull on a shopping bag of a
nail than a shopping bag of the feather because of the greater mass of nails than
feathers.

REFERENCES:

Seager, S., & Slabaugh, M. (2011). Introductory chemistry for today. (7th ed.). Massachusetts:
Cengage learning.

Density od a liquid. (1999). Retrieved from
http://www.edinformatics.com/math_science/dens_liquid.htm


























GAIRUS JOHN C. BOTEJA
VAL DE GUZMAN

GAST N05


Group: 1
Section: H2







TITLE: EXPERIMENT 3: The Determination of the Boiling Point of a Liquid by the Process of
Distillation

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE: To determine the boiling point of methanol by the process of distillation (a
combined process of evaporation and condensation).

DATA/OBSERVATION
It was observed that the temperature reading in every trial is consistent or remains unchanged.

Time (minutes) Temperature Reading C
0 (1
st
drop) 64.5 C
2 64.5 C
4 64.5 C
6 64.5 C
8 64.5 C
10 64.5 C
12 64.5 C

Calculations: N/A

DISCUSSIONS: During the course of the experiment, it was found out through the process of
distillation that the boiling point of the liquid or water is 64.5 degrees Celsius. Distillation is the
process in which a liquid is being heated until it boils, then condensing and collecting the resultant
hot vapors. In other words, distillation is a combined process of evaporation and condensation.
Boiling point is the temperature in which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the external
pressure above the liquid. In this experiment, we determined the boiling point of the liquid as we
heat the liquid. The boiling was measured on a thermometer while performing a distillation. The
distillation method determining the boiling point measures the temperature of the vapors above the
liquid. Since these vapors are in equilibrium with the boiling liquid, they are the same temperature
as the boiling liquid. The temperature of the vapor instead of the pot temperature is measured
because if the thermometer is actually placed in the boiling liquid, the temperature reading will be
higher than vapors temperature. This is because the liquid can be superheated or contaminated
with other substances, and therefore its temperature is not an accurate measurement of the boiling
temperature. That is also why it is necessary to use the boiling chips while boiling the liquid to
prevent over heating and irregular boiling. The boiling point was determined when the vapor
condenses and consistently drops to the Erlenmeyer flask. The temperature was consistent
throughout the whole time the liquid is dropping and the boiling point was determined.


CONCLUSION: It was concluded and determined that the boiling point of a liquid by a process of
distillation is 64.5 C.

QUESTIONS
1. What is the boiling range of as liquid that you distilled?
2. How would your results compare with those of someone carrying out this experiment on the
top of the Rockies?

ANSWERS

1. The boiling range of the liquid that was distilled has no range because it has affixed
temperature (or boiling point).
2. The boiling point of liquids especially water is dependent on the atmospheric pressure, which
changes according to elevation. The boiling point of water is 100C or 212 F at 1
atmosphere of pressure or the sea level, but water boils at a lower temperature as you
increase altitude (especially on mountains) and boils at a higher temperature if you
increase atmospheric pressure (below sea level). The boiling point of water is also
dependent on the purity of the water. Water that contains impurities boils at a higher
temperature than pure water. This phenomenon is called boiling point elevation, which is
one of the common properties of matter. So, if you compare the results of this experiment
to those of someone carrying out the same experiment on Rockies, it will take longer time
to heat because of less pressure and it is dependent on the altitude.


REFERENCES:

Seager, S., & Slabaugh, M. (2011). Introductory chemistry for today. (7th ed.). Massachusetts:
Cengage learning.

Organic chemistry. (2012, August 14). Retrieved from
http://orgchem.colorado.edu/Technique/Procedures/Distillation/Distillation.html



























GAIRUS JOHN C. BOTEJA
VAL DE GUZMAN

GAST N05


Group: 1
Section: H2







TITLE: EXPERIMENT 5: The Displacement of the Copper in the Copper Sulphate by the Iron in
Steel Wool

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE: To displace the copper in copper sulphate by the iron in steel wool.


DATA/OBSERVATION:

Data Obtained Mass (g)
Mass of copper sulphate 8 g (8.0072 g)
Mass of Steel Wool 1.5 g (1.5023 g)
Mass of Fast Filter 1.5724 g
Mass of Fast Filter + Copper 3.3966 g
Mass of Copper 1.8242 g


CALCULATIONS: Calculate the moles of iron used and the moles of copper produced from the
masses as recorded in the data table.


1 mole of iron = 55.845 g
The moles of iron used: 1.5023 g = 0.0269 mol
55.845 g
1 mole of copper = 63.546 g
The moles of copper produced: 1.8242 g = 0.0287 mol
63.546 g

DISCUSSIONS: During the course of the experiment, it was found out that when the iron steel
wool was transferred to the copper (II) sulphate solution, the color of the solution turned into
greenish blue. Originally, the color of the copper (II) solution is blue (CuSO4 and 100 mL water in
250 mL beaker). The color change into greenish blue when the steel wool was added into the
solution because of the iron displaces the copper (II). The displacement occurs as the still wool and
the solution is being stirred. As it was being stirred, brownish solid forms and the copper is
produced and settled at the bottom of the beaker. The solution is now ready to be filtered using the
pre-weighed filter paper. The brownish solid (which is the copper) is filtered and dried overnight.
The mass of the copper was determined the following day. (The copper (II) sulphate and the iron
steel wool are all pre-weighed).

CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the copper (II) sulphate is displaced by the iron forming iron
(II) sulphate and producing copper using the copper (II) sulphate solution and the iron steel wool.

QUESTIONS:
1. Account for the color change that occurred in the copper sulphate solution
2. Assume that it was necessary to produce 8g of copper. How much iron would you have to
use?

ANSWERS:

1. The blue color of the copper (II) sulphate solution was changed into greenish blue when both
are stirred on the beaker.

2. 8 g of copper= 8 g/63.546 g= 0.1259 mol of copper produced. Based on the equation, 1 mol
of iron displaces 1 mol of copper. Therefore, 0.1259 mol of iron must be used to displace
0.1259 mol of copper. 0.1259 mol of iron= 55.845 g x 0.1259= 7 g of iron is needed.