TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN

KHOA HA HC
--------***--------

BI TP C NHN
MN: CNG NGH TI CH V TI S DNG CHT THI RN

TI:
THIT K CHO TI CH TI S DNG L VI SNG

Ging vin: PGS.TS. Quang Trung

TS. Nguyn V Giang
Hc vin:

Nguyn Th Xuyn

Lp:

Cao hc K23 Ha hc

Chuyn ngnh: Ha Mi trng

H Ni 2014

MC LC
M U...........................................................................3
1. Nhng li thng gp l vi sng............................................4
1.1. Li in...........................................................................................................4

1.2. Li c khi........................................................................................................4
2. Thay i thit k cho ti ch, ti s dng l vi sng..........................4
2.1. Thit k cho ti ch........................................................................................4
2.2. n gian hoa bang iu khin......................................................................5
2.3. S dng cc c vit cng loi..........................................................................6
2.4. D tip cn vi cc b phn bn trong..........................................................7
2.5. Chng r st....................................................................................................8
2.6. Thay ng dn song bng nha......................................................................8
2.7. Thay i thit k ca cc loi cp in v phich cm..................................9
2.8. Giam s lng cc thit k khc nhau ca cc b phn c khi................10
3 . Li ch x hi v mi trng................................................11
KT LUN......................................................................12
Ti liu tham kho...............................................................13

M U
Thit b in t b loi b l mt trong cc loi rc thai tng trng nhanh
nht chu u. Chi tinh ring vng quc Anh, gn mt triu tn cht thai in
t c to ra mi nm v trn ton th gii khi lng c tinh khoang t 20 n
50 triu tn, v c pht trin vi mt tc 4% mi nm. Bi v cht thai in
t cha nhiu cht c hi, tng trng t do nh vy t ra mt mi e da
nghim trng i vi mi trng.
Nghin cu v cht thai in t tng ng k trong hai thp k qua.
Nhng mc du nhng thu c tinh c ban c i mi trong thi gian ngn v tui
th san phm ngn, thm vo o co it hiu bit v cht thai in t. C th hn,
hiu bit cht lng ph phm v mc m xc nh tim nng ti s dng ca
chung l rt it. Do o cn thm nhiu nghin cu x ly cht thai i n t l v cung
cn thit nh gi tim nng ti s dng ca cc san phm in t.
Lo vi song l m t trong nhng m t hng i n t, hng nm co rt nhiu lo
vi song b loi b v nhiu ly do, co th do hng hoc, co th do li thi. Vi c ti
ch cc lo vi song cu co nhiu tc dng: va bao v mi trng, va co th giam
thiu chi phi khi mua my mi. Co rt nhiu phng n ti ch c a ra, nhng
co mt phng n n gian, co hiu qua ln i vi ti ch v ti s dng l thay
i thit k. Vi mong mun nghin cu, tm hiu cc phng n thay i thit k
phu hp ti ch, ti s dng lo vi song, trong bi tiu lun ny em trnh by
ti: Thit k cho ti ch, ti s dng l vi sng.

1. Nhng li thng gp l vi sng

1.1. Li in
Phn ln cc li in l do lo vi song b mt phich cm v dy dn. Theo
iu tra, ngi dung thng ct dy dn trc khi vt b lo vi song nh mnh n
cc trung tm ti ch. Li th hai l do lo vi song b qu tai ho c b nhiu ln
nn h thng in b hng v li con li l do t i n .
1.2. Li c khi
Li c khi thng hay gp nht l thiu tm kinh hoc bong mt tm tinh.
Ngoi ra co th do b chy hay h hng lp ph bn trong cung nh thit hi v
bn ngoi khi x ly v vn chuyn.
Tom li, cht lng ca loi b lo vi song l cao v chi phi thay th cc b
phn in thp , kha nng ti s dng v , do o , m rng tui th san phm l tt
2. Thay i thit k cho ti ch, ti s dng l vi sng
2.1. Thit k cho ti ch

Hnh 1: Chui cung ng khp kn mt sn phm

Trn y l s th hin cc khu san xut ra mt san phm, trong o thit
k l khu u tin, v no rt quan trng i vi khu ti ch, nu thit k phu hp
th hiu qua ti ch, ti s dng cung cao hn hn.

Thit k cho ti ch l mt lnh vc nghin cu ti ch nhn c s quan

tm ln trong nhng nm gn y do s tha nhn rng thit k ban u ca mt
san phm co th co tc dng hiu qua ti qu trnh ti ch
2.2. n gian hoa bang iu khin
Bang iu khin in trong lo vi song c cc nh san xut thay i ng
. Cc nh san xut s dng c vit (cc kich c khc nhau) v cc v bc phu
hp to ra cc bang iu khin in.
Mt s cc bang iu khin in c tm thy trong mt s cc lo vi song
hng rt phc tp, khng th sa cha hay ti s dng c, m i khi sa cha
con tn km hn l thay th.
Tom li, vic thay th bang iu khin in l rt tn km, vy cn n gian
hoa cc bang iu khin in, sao cho d dng sa cha, thay th v ti s dng.
Di y l mu hai bang iu khin in d ti s dng.

Hnh 2: Bng iu khin

2.3. S dng cc c vit cng loi

Khi mun tip c n vi cc thnh phn bn trong, th cn phai loi b m t s
c vit (thng l su n tm). c vit nhiu loi v nhiu kich c khc nhau th cn
thay i cng c, tn thi gian, i khi nu lo vi song cu th c vit ri st v b n
mon. Trong hnh l m t s loi c vit thu th p c trong m t lo vi song

Hnh 3: Cc loi c vt c trong l vi sng

Co hai giai php cho vn ny. u tin l thit k san phm s dng tt ca
cc c vit co cung kich thc. Th hai trnh hi n tng ri st, co th dung c
vit bng nha.
2.4. D tip cn vi cc b phn bn trong
Magnetron li ph bin v in th hai m cc lo vi song hay gp phai, chi
co mt s nh san xut co th to ra magnetron nn h lun u tin cho vic ti s
dng.
Tuy nhin ly ra cc magnetron kh phc tp, v magnetron nm bn
trong, cn phai loi b cc loi c vit ly ra. Hn na, i vi mt s cc lo vi
song hin i th vic ly ra magnetron l cc k kho khn.

Vic thay i trong thit k lo vi song, to iu kin cho vic tip cn cc b

phn hoc thay i cc magnetron co it c vit.
2.5. Chng r st
Li c khi hay gp nht lo vi song l b gi, do khoang bn trong v b mt
tip xuc b oxi hoa. iu ny do hot ng ca lo vi song, do thc n b ri ra hoc
do bn xoay b mon khi nng ln h xung mt sn. giam li ny nh san xut
cn thay i thit k ai khuy v bnh xe, co th thay i vt liu hoc thay i
mu sc bn trong bn xoay. Ngoi ra co th cai thin loi sn khoang bn trong
hoc s dng thp khng gi.

Hnh 4: L vi sng b r st
2.6. Thay ng dn song bng nha
Gn y, c bi t l cp thp, cc lo vi song s dng m t loi giy co th
tho ri thay cho ng dn song bng nha. Nu dung giy th thu n li khi co du
m thc phm, nhng khi nung nong th li b h hi. Trong khi o ng dn song
bng nha co tui th lu hn. Hnh anh minh ha ca giy dn song v ng dn
song.

Hnh 5: ng dn sng bng nha v bng giy

2.7. Thay i thit k ca cc loi cp in v phich cm
Ngi tiu dung thng xuyn vt b lo vi song v dy cp b li, m c du
gi ca phai chng nhng khng thay c. iu ny co th khc phc bng cch
thay i thit k n gian, c th l lm cho dy cp co th tho ri (nh m un
nc). Khi o nu hng ngi tiu dung co th mua m t dy cp thay th.

Hnh 6: Dy cm

2.8. Giam s lng cc thit k khc nhau ca cc b phn c khi

Cc li c khi gm: ca ra vo, khoa, bang iu khin, nhng thit k ca
cc b phn ny khc nhau c trng tng loi thng hiu. V th nu b hng
rt kho co th tm c b phn thay th. Thng thng phai tm ung nh san
xut v thay th ung b phn, ch kho co th tm c cc b phn tng t m
phu hp.
Cch giai quyt cho vn ny l hn ch s khc nhau ca cc b phn c
khi trn lo vi song ca cc hng khc nhau.
3 . Li ch x hi v mi trng
Tng tui th v ti s dng cho lo vi song, lo nng s co anh hng n
ca s pht trin kinh t - x hi v bao v mi trng . i vi pht trin kinh t x hi vi, ti ch l mt hot ng lao ng, to ra nhiu cng n vic lm.
Hn na, o l tim nng ca ca no cha c cha c khai thc y ,
ngha l thm nhiu vic lm nu cc chinh ph v cc nh san xut lm vic vi
nhau h tr ti s dng. Hn na, hng nm ngnh cng nghip ti ch san xut
san phm tr gi 5 t bang.
Ti s dng v ko di tui th ca lo vi song cung lm giam lng cht thai
in t cn phai c x ly. Cht thai in t tr thnh mt mi quan tm ngy
cng nghim trng ti Vng quc Anh ch yu l do nng lc hn ch ca cc bi
chn lp v mi quan tm v vic pht hnh cc vt liu c hi.

KT LUN
Lo vi song l mt trong cc mt hng in t, cc lo vi song b hng nu
khng c x ly ung cch co th gy nhim mi trng do cc san phm in
t cha nhiu kim loi nng.
Vic nghin cu phng php lm tng tui th ca cc lo vi song hoc cch
ti ch cc lo vi song cu v hng hoc gop phn giam thiu lng cht thai in t.
Vn tip theo l lm sao cc nh san xut v ngi tiu dung thy
c tc dng ca vic ti ch lo vi song i vi kinh t v x hi. Lm th no
ngi tiu dung sn sng b tin cho cc san phm ti ch v cc nh san xut sn
sng tham gia vo qu trnh ti ch cc san phm ca mnh.
Mun tng cng kha nng ti s dng thit b in t cc bc cng ngh
cn thc hin:
- Thay i thit k dnh cho ti ch
- Hn ch s khc bit vgia cc hng thit b in t khc nhau
- Hn ch s khc bit v vt liu cc b phn cung nh cc hng san
xut

TI LIU THAM KHO

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Electronic product returns and potential reuse opportunities: a
microwavecase study in the United Kingdom, Journal of Cleaner
Production.