Principles of Motors and Drives

Induction motor
Fan
Bearings
& seal (s)
Rotor
Stator
Stator Construction
Two-Pole Stator Winding
Rotating Stator Field
Two Pole Rotating Stator Field
Stator
Squirrel Cage Rotor
Rotor Slip
Rotor
Stator
Left Hand Motor Rule
Induced Currents in the Rotor
Current Vs. Speed
20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Motor Speed
Starting
Current
Motor
Current
No-Load
Current
600%
400%
300%
500%
200%
100%
Rotor Cages
Standard rotor cage
Deep rotor cage Double rotor cage
High slip rotor cage
T
S
1.5
T
S
1.5
T
S
1.5
T
S
1.5
Torque Vs. Speed
20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Motor Speed
Starting
Torque
Motor
Torque
No-Load
Slip
250%
200%
150%
100%
50%
Pull out
Torque
Full Load Speed
Motor Speed Control
1) Pole Changing Motor
2) Alter the Slip
3) Vary the Frequency
Synchronous Speed =
Frequency x 120
Poles
Motor Base Speed
Motor Poles Base (Synchronous)
Speed at 50 Hz

2 3000 Rpm
4 1500 Rpm
6 1000 Rpm
8 750 Rpm
Slip Ring Motor Speed Torque
Curves
200%
150%
100%
50%
20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Motor Speed
Motor
Torque
Torque Vs. Speed at Multiple
Frequencies
% Of
Rated
Torque
Motor Speed
250%
Typical
100%
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Single Phase Equivalent Circuit
L
IS

Leakage
Inductance
Stator
L
M

Magnetising
Inductance
I
T
I
M
V
S
L
Ir

Leakage
Inductance
Rotor
R
r
R
S
I
R
Load Resistance
Varies With Slip
1 - S
S
R
r
STATOR ROTOR
R
L
Simplified Single Phase
Equivalent Circuit
L
M

Magnetising
Inductance
I
T
I
M
V
S
R
S
I
R
Load Resistance
Varies With Slip
1 - S
S
R
r
STATOR ROTOR
R
L
Current with Varying Load
Full Load
Half Load
I
M

I
R

I
M

I
R

Cos = Power Factor
V.V.V.F. Motor Controller
100%
Amount
of Boost
Field Weakening
Region
O
u
t
p
u
t

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

50Hz
Output Frequency
Power Electronics Block Diagram
Rectifier Diode
Rectifier and Filter
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors
Switching Losses
Inverter
Pulse Width Modulation
Modulation of Waveform
Mains Phase Rotation
Space Vector Modulation
Space Vector Modulation
230 VAC Input
Connections for 230/400 v Motors
400v
230v
STAR DELTA
230 v Motor on a 400 v VSD
Field Weakening at
400 volts
Field Weakening at
230 volts
230
400
50 87
Frequency
in Hertz
Volts
Full torque at 87 Hertz
Electrical Proof
Example motor is 1 Kw in 400 Volt Star
Star connected motor
Power = 3 x V
line
x I
line
I
line
= Power / 3 x V
line
I
line
= 1 Kw / 3 x 400
I
line
= 1.4 Amps

I
line
= I
phase
I
phase
= 1.4 Amps

VSD minimum rating
1.4 amps


Net heating effecting
in a phase
Power = I
2
x R
phase

Power = 1.4
2
x R
phase
Delta connected motor
At 87 Hertz will achieve 3
more power
Power = 3 x V
line
x I
line
I
line
= Power / 3 x V
line
I
line
= 1.73 Kw / 3 x 400
I
line
= 2.5 Amps
I
line
= 3 x I
phase
I
line
= 3 x I
phase

I
phase
= I
line
/ 3
I
phase
= I
line
/ 3
I
phase
= 2.5 / 3
I
phase
= 1.4 Amps

VSD minimum rating
2.5 Amps
Regeneration
High Inertia
load
Brake
Resistor
Voltage Activated
Switch
Supply
Regeneration
Synchronous Speed
(Rotating Field Speed)
Voltage
Current
Braking Region Motoring Region Regenerating Region
+
V
e

T
o
r
q
u
e

-
V
e

T
o
r
q
u
e

Motoring
Regenerating
Torque Derating Due to
Motor Cooling
50 100
200%
100%
63%
Field weakening region
Peak torque capability
provided that the AC
drive has adequate
overload capability
T
o
r
q
u
e

(
T
y
p
i
c
a
l
)

Continuous torque
capability limited
by motor cooling
Speed in Hertz
Constant Power Load
50 100
200%
100%
63%
Field weakening region
Peak torque capability
provided that the AC
drive has adequate
overload capability
T
o
r
q
u
e

(
T
y
p
i
c
a
l
)

Continuous torque
capability limited
by motor cooling
Speed in Hertz
Region of continuous
operation
Region of intermittent
operation
Load torque
requirement
Constant Torque Load
50 100
200%
100%
63%
T
o
r
q
u
e

(
T
y
p
i
c
a
l
)

Continuous torque
capability
Speed in Hertz
Region of continuous
operation
Region of intermittent
operation
Load torque
requirement
Region of intermittent
operation
Peak torque
capability
Load Torque Proportional To
Speed
50 100
200%
100%
63%
T
o
r
q
u
e

(
T
y
p
i
c
a
l
)

Continuous torque
capability
Speed in Hertz
Region of continuous
operation
Region of intermittent
operation
Peak torque
capability
Load Torque Proportional To The
Square of Speed
50 100
200%
100%
63%
T
o
r
q
u
e

(
T
y
p
i
c
a
l
)

Continuous torque
capability
Speed in Hertz
Region of continuous
operation
Region of intermittent
operation
Peak torque
capability
Load torque
Requirement
6 pole Motor In A 4 pole
Application
1500
75
1000
50
75
T
o
r
q
u
e

N
m

RPM
Hertz
Field
weakening
1500
50
1000
33
50
T
o
r
q
u
e

N
m

RPM
Hertz
Load torque
requirement
Field
weakening
Continuous torque
capability
Multiple Motors

Input

O/Ls O/Ls O/Ls
V
S
D