BINARY TREE AND

SPANNING OF TREE
Department of
Information Technology
Institute of Computing
Bahauddin Zakariya
University
Multan Pakistan
Prepared by
 Mr. Ali Asad Sahu
 Mr. Shuja Ahmad

 Mr. Haroon Tariq

 Mr. Shoaib Shera

 Mr. Samiullah

 Mr. Amjad Rahim

 Mr. Jamshed Ahmad

Motivation
 What ?
 Why ?
 How ?
Tree (Data structure)
 Used to represent hierarchal relationship
between data elements.
 Tree as a data structure is used to
organize our data in an specific order
and has great importance in computer
science.
Simple Tree
 Tree
 Nodes

 Each node can have 0 or more children

 A node can have at most one parent

 Binary tree
 Tree with 0–2 children per node

Tree Binary Tree

 Terminology
 Root ⇒ no parent
 Leaf ⇒ no child

 Interior ⇒ non-leaf

 Height ⇒ distance from root to leaf

 Siblings ⇒ Nodes with same parents

Root node

Interior nodes Height

Leaf nodes
Binary Tree
 A binary tree is either empty, or it consists of
a node called the root together with two binary
trees called the left sub-tree and the right sub-
tree of the root.
 A node cannot have more than two sub-trees

but less than two.

 If a new node is greater than its parent it goes

to right side and if less to left side.

A Binary Tree Model
Memory Model of Binary
Tree
 In the implementation of binary trees the
child’s of a node are pointed by two
pointers and data is stored in the object
itself.
Binary Search Trees
 Key property
 Value at node
 Smaller values in left subtree
 Larger values in right subtree

 Example
X >Y X
X < Z

Y Z
 Examples
5
10 10
2 45
5 30 5 45
30
2 25 45 2 25 30
10

25
Binary search Not a binary
trees search tree
Importance of Trees
 Representing Algebraic formulas
 Searching large and dynamic lists
 Supports Very effective searching
technique using binary search.
 Implemented using linked lists.
 Trees are used to organize databases and
file systems.
 Unix or DOS/Windows file system
Spanning of Trees
 The process of inserting new data elements
in tree data structure is called spanning of
tree.
 How to build & maintain binary trees?
 Insertion
 Deletion

 Maintain key property (invariant)

 Smaller values in left subtree
 Larger values in right subtree
Binary Search Tree –
Insertion
 Algorithm
1. Perform search for value X
2. Search will end at node Y (if X not in tree)
3. If X < Y, insert new leaf X as new left
subtree for Y
4. If X > Y, insert new leaf X as new right
subtree for Y
Example Insertion
 Insert ( 20 )
10 10 < 20, right
30 > 20, left
5 30
25 > 20, left
2 25 45 Insert 20 on left

20
28,8,4,36,85,9,23,41,30 3
2
3
6
9
2 8
4
8 8
4 5
1
3
0
Binary Search Tree –
Deletion
 Algorithm
1. Perform search for value X
2. If X is a leaf, delete X
3. Else
a) Replace with largest value Y on left subtree
OR smallest value Z on right
subtree
b) Delete replacement value (Y or Z) from
subtree
Example Deletion (Leaf)
 Delete ( 25 )
10 10
10 < 25, right
5 30 30 > 25, left 5 30
25 = 25, delete
2 25 45 2 45
Example Deletion (Internal
Node)
 Delete ( 10 ) Delete ( 5 ) Delete ( 5 )
10 5 5

5 30 5 30 2 30

2 25 45 2 25 45 2 25 45

Replacing 10 Replacing 5 Deleting leaf

with largest with largest
value in left value in left
subtree subtree
Binary Tree Traversal
 How to reach our required node.
 Standard Traversal Orders

1. Preorder NLR
2. Inorder LNR

3. Postorder LRN
 Very Easy by using recursion. We have to

follow three steps recursively for each node.

PreOrder Traversal
 The algorithm of PreOrder traversal is
following:
 Recursive Definition

1. Process the root R

2. Traverse the left subtree of R in Preorder

3. Traverse the right subtree of R in

Preorder
PreOrder Traversal

A A

B E B E

C D F C D F

Walking order
A B C D E F

Processing order
InOrder Traversal
 The algorithm of InOrder traversal is
following:
 Recursive Definition

1. Traverse the left subtree of R in Inorder

2. Process the root R

3. Traverse the right subtree of R in Inorder

InOrder Traversal

A A

B E B E

C D F C D F

Walking order
C B D A E F

Processing order
PostOrder Traversal
 The algorithm of PostOrder traversal is following:
 Recursive Definition

1. Traverse the left subtree of R in Postorder

2. Traverse the right subtree of R in Postorder

3. Process the root R

PostOrder Traversal

A A

B E B E

C D F C D F

Walking order
C D B F E A

Processing order
Example
Whatever the mind can conceive
and believe, the mind can
achieve.