Chng 1 - Tng quan v my vi tnh

1. Lich s ca my tnh c nhn

S ra i ca my tnh c nhn
Nm 1975 cng ty MITS ( M ) gii thiu chic my tnh c
nhn Altair u tin trn th gii, chic my ny s dng b vi
x l 8080 ca Intel, chic my tnh u tin khng c mn
hnh m ch hin kt qu thng qua cc n Led

My tnh PC u tin trn th gii Altair
Nm 1977 cng ty Apple a ra th trng my tnh AppleII
c mn hnh v bn phm

My tnh PC hng Apple sn xut nm 1977
Nm 1981 cng ty IBM sn xut my tnh PC c h thng m,
tc l my c nhiu khe cm m rng c th cm thm cc
th khc vo , sau ny thit k ny pht trin thnh tiu
chun ca my tnh ngy nay.
Cng ty IBM ( mt cng ty khng l lc ) tm n mt
cng ty nh c tn l Microsoft thu vit phn mm cho
my tnh PC ca mnh , l c hi ngn nm c mt cho
Microsoft tr thnh cng ty phn mm ln nht th gii hin
nay .

My tnh PC ca hng IBM sn xut nm 1981
thu cng ty Microsoft vit h iu hnh MS - DOS
Chic my ny c tc 5MHz
Sau khi pht minh ra chun PC m rng, IBM cho php cc
nh sn xut PC trn th gii nhi theo chun ca IBM v
chun my tnh IBM PC nhanh chng pht trin thnh h
thng sn xut my PC khng l trn ton th gii .
IBM khng c tho thun c quyn vi MS DOS cho nn
Microsoft c th bn phn mm MS DOS cho bt c ai, v vy
m Microsoft nhanh chng tr thnh mt cng ty ln mnh.

Billgate nm 1981 ng lm vic sut ngy hon thnh h iu
hnh MS DOS cho cng ty IBM, hp ng ca ng ch ng gi
bng 5 pht thu nhp hin nay, nhng ng mun c th gii bit
n sn phm , ri mt ngy khng xa ng s lm ch th
gii trong lnh vc phn mm, l tm nhn ca mt ...t ph .
Ai kim sot phn mm PC
Phn mm my tnh PC c Microsoft kim sot v thng
tr trong sut qu trnh pht trin ca my tnh c nhn .
+ T nm 1981 n 1990 l h iu hnh MS DOS pht trin
qua nhiu phin bn v c trn 80% my tnh PC trn th
gii s dng h iu hnh ny .
+ Nm 1991 Microsoft cho ra i h iu hnh Window 3.1 v
c trn 90% my tnh PC trn Th gii s dng .
+ Nm 1995 Microsoft cho ra i h iu hnh Window 95 v
c khong 95% my tnh PC trn Th gii s dng.
+ Nm 1998 Microsoft cho ra i h iu hnh Window 98 v
c trn 95% my tnh PC trn Th gii s dng.
+ Nm 2000 Microsoft cho ra i h iu hnh Window 2000
+ Nm 2002 Microsoft cho ra i h iu hnh Window XP vi
khong 97% my tnh PC s dng .

Billgate ng hong trong th gii phn mm
Mt iu c bit quan trng l c trn 95% my tnh PC
trn Th gii s dng cc sn phm Windows ca Microsoft, v
vy cc cng ty sn xut thit b ngoi vi mun bn c ra th
trng th phi c trnh iu khin do Microsoft cung cp hoc
mt tho thun vi Microsoft sn phm y c Windows
h tr
+ Mt thit b my tnh m khng c Window h tr th coi
nh khng bn cho ai c => l l do lm cho Microsoft
tr thnh khng nhng l nh thng tr phn mm m cn ng
vai tr iu khin s pht trin phn cng PC .
Ai kim sot phn cng PC
IBM l nh pht minh v pht trin h thng my tnh PC
nhng h ch lm c quyn kim sot trong 7 nm t 1981
n 1987, sau quyn kim sot thuc v cng ty Intel .
Intel c thnh lp nm 1968 vi mc tiu sn xut cc chip
nh
+ Nm 1971 Intel pht minh ra Vi x l u tin c tn 4004
c tc l 0,1 MHz


CPU u tin do Intel sn xut nm
1971 c tc 0,1MHz

+ Nm 1972 Intel gii thiu chp 8008 c tc 0,2 MHz
+ Nm 1979 Intel gii thiu chp 8088 c tc 5 MHz
hng IBM s dng chp 8088 lp cho chic PC u tin
ca mnh .
+ Nm 1988 Intel gii thiu chp 386 c tc 75 MHz
+ Nm 1990 Intel gii thiu chp 486 c tc 100 -133 MHz
+ Nm 1993 - 1996 Intel gii thiu chp 586 c tc 166 -
200MHz
+ Nm 1997-1998 Intel gii thiu chp Pentiun 2 c tc 233
- 450 MHz
+ Nm 1999 - 2000 Intel gii thiu chp Pentium 3 c tc
500- 1200 MHz
+ T nm 2001 - nay Intel gii thiu chp Pentium 4 c tc
t 1500 MHz n 3800MHz (v cha c gii hn )


CPU Pentium 4 sn xut nm 2006 vi tc 3,2GHz
tc ny nhanh gp 32.000 ln tc CPU ban u

Intel khng nhng dn u trong lnh vc sn sut CPU m cn
l nh cung cp hng u v Chipset v Mainboard k t nm
1994 n nay .
2. Cc thnh phn trong my vi tnh
Bn a tr chut vo s xem ch thch

S h thng my tnh
My tnh l mt h thng gm nhiu thit b c lin kt vi
nhau thng qua mt bo mch ch, s lin kt ny c iu
khin bi CPU v h thng phn mm hng dn, mi thit b
trong h thng c mt chc nng ring bit trong c ba thit
b quan trng nht l CPU, Mainboard v b nh RAM .
3. Nhim v ca cc thit b trong h thng my tnh .
1) Mainboard ( Bo mch ch )

Mainboard ng vai tr lin kt tt c cc thnh phn ca h
thng li vi nhau to thnh mt b my thng nht
+ Cc thnh phn khc nhau chng c tc lm vic, cch
thc hot ng khc nhau nhng chng vn giao tip c vi
nhau l nh c h thng Chipset trn Mainboard iu khin .
2) CPU ( Central Processing Unit ) - Vi x l

CPU l thnh phn quan trng nht ca my tnh, thc hin cc
lnh ca chng trnh khi phn mm no chy, tc x l
ca my tnh ph thuc ch yu vo linh kin ny, CPU l linh
kin nh nhng t nht trong my vi tnh .
3) RAM ( Radom Access Memory ) - B nh truy cp
ngu nhin

RAM l b nh tm thi, lu cc chng trnh phc v trc
tip cho CPU x l, tt c cc chng trnh trc v sau khi x
l u c np vo RAM, v vy dung lng v tc truy
cp RAM c nh hng trc tip n tc chung ca my .
4) Case v b ngun

Case : L hp my gn cc thnh phn nh Mainboard, cc
a, cc Card m rng .
Ngun : Thng i theo Case, c nhim v cung cp in p
cho Mainboard v cc a hot ng .
5) a cng HDD ( Hard Disk Drive )

L thit b lu tr chnh ca h thng, cng c dung lng
ln v tc truy cp kh nhanh, v vy chng c s dng
ci t h iu hnh v cc chng trnh ng dng, ng
thi n c s dng lu tr ti liu , tuy nhin cng l
c nh, khng thun tin cho vic di chuyn d liu i xa .
6) a CD ROM ( Hard Disk Drive )

L a lu tr quang hc vi dung lng kh ln khong
640MB, a CD Rom gn nh d rng di chuyn i xa, tuy
nhin a s cc a CD Rom ch cho php ghi c 1 ln, a
CD Rom c s dng ci t phn mm my tnh, nghe
nhc, xem phim v v...
7) a mm FDD

a mm c th c v ghi nhiu ln v d rng di chuyn i
xa, tuy nhin do dung lng hn ch ch c 1,44MB v nhanh
hng nn ngy nay a mm t c s dng m thay vo l
cc USB c nhiu u im vt tri .
8) Bn phm - Keyboard .

Bn phm l thit b chnh gip ngi s dng giao tip v iu
khin h thng, trnh iu khin bn phm do BIOS trn
Mainboard iu khin .
9) Chut - Mouse.

L thit b nhp bng cc giao din ho nh h iu hnh
Window v mt s phn mm khc, trnh iu khin chut do
h iu hnh Window nm gi .
10) Card Video

Card Video l thit b trung gian gia my tnh v mn hnh,
trn Card Video c bn thnh phn chnh .
+ Ram : Lu d liu video trc khi hin th trn mn hnh, b
nh Ram ca Card Video cng ln th cho hnh nh c phn
gii cng cao .
+ IC : DAC ( Digital Analog Conveter ) y l IC i tn hiu
nh t dng s ca my tnh sang thnh tn hiu tng t .
+ IC gii m Video
+ BIOS : L trnh iu khin Card Video khi Window cha
khi ng .
Card Video c th c tch hp trc tip trn Mainboard
11) Mn hnh Monitor

Monitor CRT Monitor LCD
Mn hnh Monitor hin th cc thng tin v hnh nh, k t gip
cho ngi s dng nhn c cc kt qu x l ca my tnh ,
ng thi thng qua mn hnh ngi s dng giao tip vi my
tnh a ra cc iu khin tng ng.
Hin nay c hai loi mn hnh ph bin l CRT v mn hnh
LCD

4. Khi nim v phn mm
Phn mm l tp hp ca tt c cc cu lnh do cc nh lp
trnh vit ra hng my tnh lm mt s vic c th no ,
khng nh cc thit b in t khc, my vi tnh m khng c
phn mm th n khng hot ng g c .
c c phn mm, cc nh lp trnh phi s dng cc ngn
ng lp trnh vit, ngn ng lp trnh l ngn ng trung gian
gia ngn ng giao tip ca con ngi vi ngn ng my, ngn
ng cng gn vi ngn ng con ngi th gi l ngn ng bc
cao, cng gn ngn ng my gi l ngn ng bc thp .

S dng ngn ng lp trnh iu khin my tnh
Th d : Bn hy lp trnh mt on m to dng ch chy nh
sau
Bn khi ng Notepad
Vo Start / Programs / Accessories / Notepad
Nhp vo on m sau :

<html>
<body>
<p>
<marquee style= "font-size : 16pt">
Toi da dieu khien duoc dong chu chay
</marquee>
</p>
</body>
</html>

Sau Save As vo mt file abc.html
Trong mc File name g abc.html
Trong mc 'Save as Type' chn kiu 'All files'
=> Sau khi Save xong bn cho chy th File trn xem kt
qu
5. Cc chng trnh phn mm
Trong my tnh phn mm c chia thnh nhiu lp
Chng trnh iu khin thit b ( Drive ) :
y l cc chng trnh lm vic trc tip vi thit b phn
cng, chng l lp trung gian gia h iu hnh v thit b phn
cng, cc chng trnh ny thng c np vo trong b nh
ROM trn Mainboard v trn cc Card m rng, hoc c tch
hp trong h iu hnh v c ti vo b nh lc my khi
ng .
Operation System - H iu hnh
L tp hp ca rt nhiu chng trnh c nhim v qun l ti
nguyn my tnh, lm cu ni gia ngi s dng vi thit b
phn cng, ngoi ra h iu hnh cn cho php cc nh lp
trnh xy dng cc chng trnh ng dng chy trn n .
Chng trnh ng dng .
L cc chng trnh chy trn mt h iu hnh c th, lm
cng c cho ngi s dng khai thc ti nguyn my tnh .
Th d : Chng trnh Word : gip ta son tho vn bn
Chng trnh PhotoShop gip ta s l nh v v...

Cng mt h thng phn cng, cng mt ngi s dng nhng
c th chy hai h iu hnh khc nhau vi cc chng trnh
ng dng khc nhau v cc trnh iu khin thit b khc nhau
6. Vai tr ca phn mm trong my vi tnh
My tnh vi linh kin ch cht l CPU - l mt thit b in t
c bit, n lm vic theo cc cu lnh m chng ta lp trnh ,
v c bn CPU ch lm vic mt cch my mc theo nhng
dng lnh c sn vi mt tc cc nhanh khong vi trm
triu lnh / giy , v vy s hot ng ca my tnh hon ton
ph thuc vo cc cu lnh .
Phn mm my tnh l tt c nhng cu lnh ni chung bao
gm :
+ Cc lnh np vo BIOS hng dn my tnh khi ng v
kim tra thit b .
+ H iu hnh c ci t trn cng nh h iu hnh MS
DOS, h iu hnh Window
+ Cc chng trnh ci t trn cng hay trn CD Rom
Khi ta kch hot vo mt nt lnh v thc cht ta yu cu
CPU thc hin mt on chng trnh ca nt lnh .
Virut thc cht l mt on lnh iu khin CPU thc thi cc
vic vi su : Th d n lnh cho CPU Copy v Paste
nhn bn mt file no ra y cng, hay t ng kch hot
mt chng trnh no chy khng theo mun ngi dng .
=> Virut cng l phn mm nhng n l phn mm c hi do
nhng tin tc c su vit ra, nu ta khng hiu c bn
cht phn mm th ta cng khng tr c cc bnh v Virut .

7. K thut s trong my tnh :
Ngi ta c th ni rng : Th k 21 l k nguyn k thut s,
k thut s n su vo mi lnh vc ca i sng x hi, t
thit b nh nh chi tr em n nhng thit b ti tn u
c s ho tng phn .

Vy k thu s l g ?

Cu hi ny xem ra kh c th gii thch trong mt vi dng
nhng bn hy tm hiu :
=> K thut s l s dng h thng s nh phn biu din
hay x l d liu, h thng s nh phn n rt n gin v n
ch c hai mc 0 v 1 .
Nh vy k thut s chnh l k thut x l, lu tr hoc truyn
d liu bng cc tn hiu ch c hai mc 0 v 1 ( hay khng c
in v c in )
8. Tn hiu s ( Digital ) v tn hiu tng t ( Alalog )
Tn hiu s ( Digital )
L tn hiu ch c hai mc duy nht l
Khng c in v C in , biu din hai trng thi ny
ngi ta dng h thng s nh phn tc l ch c hai con s 0 v
1
0 Biu din cho trng thi : Khng c in
1 Biu din cho trng thi : C in


Tn hiu s ch c hai mc in p 0 v 1
Tn hiu tng t ( Analog )
Tn hiu tng t c trng thi bin i dn dn, tng dn hoc
gim dn => v vy chng c dng hnh Sin
Hu ht cc tn hiu trong t nhin u l tn hiu tng t
nh :
+ Tn hiu m tn ( L tn hiu m thanh i ra tn hiu in )
+ Tn hiu Video ( L tn hiu hnh nh i ra tn hiu in



Tn hiu Analog l tn hiu dng hnh Sin

+ Tn hiu tng t ( Analog ) c v s cc mc in p khc
nhau, v vy chng khng th biu din bng hai con s c
m ta phi biu din chng bng c s 10 ( l c s ta ang
dng )
9. Cc h thng s
H thp phn :
y l h c s 10 m ta vn quen s dng , h ny gm cc
con s 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

Th d cc s 40 , 90, 115, 200 v v.. l cc s t nhin c
biu din bng c s 10 .



Tn hiu Analog c rt nhiu mc in p nn
phi s dng c s 10 mi biu din c n .

+ Gi s nu ta phi lu tr on tn hiu trn th ta phi lu li
tt c cc gi tr ca chng ln lt theo cc im A,B,C,D,E l :