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by Timothy Sandow

Scott Foresman Science 3.14


Genre Comprehension Skill Text Features Science Content
Nonction Compare and
Contrast
Captions
Labels
Diagram
Glossary
Sound
ISBN 0-328-13847-9
<(sk$m)=bdieha< +^--U--U
Physical Science
13847_CVR_FSD Cover1 05/14/2005 09:36:44
by Timothy Sandow
Scott Foresman Science 3.14
Genre Comprehension Skill Text Features Science Content
Nonction Compare and
Contrast
Captions
Labels
Diagram
Glossary
Sound
ISBN 0-328-13847-9
<(sk$m)=bdieha< +^--U--U
Physical Science
13847_CVR_FSD Cover1 05/14/2005 09:36:44
Vocabulary
compression wave
pitch
vibration
What did you learn?
1. How is sound made?
2. Describe the two ways stringed instruments
are played.
3. Explain how your ears help you hear.
4. In this book you have read
about vocal cords and the pitch of your voice.
Write to explain how their relationship works.
Use details from the book.
5. Compare and Contrast How do people
make sounds? How do animals make sounds?
Compare and contrast the ways people and
animals make sounds.
Illustrations: 7, 14 Jeff Mangiat
Photographs: Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for
photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its
attention in subsequent editions. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott
Foresman, a division of Pearson Education. Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom
(B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd)
Opener: Jake Rajs/Getty Images; Title Page: DK Images; Lynn Stone/Index Stock Imagery; 2
Joseph Sohm/ChromoSohm Inc./Corbis; 4 (CL, BR) DK Images; 5 Getty Images; 6 Getty Images,
8 Getty Images; 9 (CL, CC, BL) Getty Images; 11 Robert Brenner/PhotoEdit; 12 P. Freytag/Zefa/
Masterfile Corporation; 13 Scott Tysick/Masterfile Corporation; 15 (CL) Mark Tomalty/Masterfile
Corporation, (CC) Christiana Carvalho-Frank Lane Picture Agency/Corbis, (BR) DK Images, (BL)
Stone/Getty Images
ISBN: 0-328-13847-9
Copyright Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is
protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior
to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any
form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For
information regarding permissions, write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman,
1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025.
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13847_CVR_FSD Sec1:2 05/14/2005 09:36:59
Sound
by Timothy Sandow
13847_01-16_FSD 1 05/14/2005 09:38:21
What causes sounds?
Take a walk in the city. Cities are noisy. Car horns
honk. Buses and garbage trucks roar by. People talk
on the street. It is much quieter in the country. Birds
chirp. Cows moo. Water trickles in a creek.
2
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3
Sounds are everywhere. Some sounds you hear
may hurt your ears. You may like other sounds. Each
sound you hear is different. Sounds are also alike in
some ways.
Noisemakers are sometimes
used on New Years Eve.
Do you like the sounds they
make?
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4
The Causes of Sound
Sound happens when matter moves back and forth
very quickly. This movement is called a vibration.
There must be movement to make sound.
The instruments pictured make sounds. They can
make high sounds. They can make low sounds. Pitch
is how high or low a sound is. Objects that vibrate
slowly make a low-pitched sound. Objects that vibrate
quickly make sounds that have a higher pitch.
You must hit or shake
a tambourine to make
a sound.
These drums are different shapes
and sizes. Each one makes a
sound with a different pitch
when struck.
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5
Hitting or Plucking to Make Sound
Some instruments make sounds when you hit them.
They are called percussion instruments. Drums are
percussion instruments. Drums are played with rubber
hammers, wooden sticks, brushes, or your hands. If
you tap a drum lightly, you hear a soft sound. Hitting
the drum harder makes a stronger vibration. This
makes a louder sound.
The blocks on this
instrument vibrate
when they are hit with
a rubber hammer.
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6
Stringed instruments are played in two ways. You
can pluck the strings. Or you can rub a bow across
them. Both ways make sounds. The strings are
different sizes. They can be long or short and thick
or thin. Some are stretched tighter than others. Long,
thick strings make a lower-pitched sound. Short,
thin, tight strings make faster vibrations. They make
higher-pitched sounds.
Have you ever heard a
harp before? The strings
of this harp must be
plucked to vibrate.
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7
Using Air to Make Sound
The sound of your voice is made by vibrations in
your windpipes. When air from your lungs passes
between your vocal cords, they vibrate. You can speak
and sing because your vocal cords vibrate. When you
speak, your cords tighten. The tighter they get, the
higher the pitch of your voice.
Your vocal cords are
two pairs of thin tissue
in your windpipe.
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8
A wind instruments sound comes from vibrating air
inside it. Blow into a trumpet. Your lips vibrate against
the mouthpiece as you blow. This makes the air inside
the trumpet vibrate. It also makes sound.
You can change the pitch of the trumpets sound
in two ways. Change how your lips vibrate. Or
press on the valves of the trumpet. Pressing on the
valves changes how long the air column is inside
the trumpet.
Do you know how to
play a trumpet?
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Some wind instruments use reeds. A reed is a thin
piece of wood. It is attached to the mouthpiece. When
a person blows on a reed, it vibrates. The vibration
makes the air inside the wind instrument vibrate.
The vibrating air makes a sound. If you press the keys
of the wind instrument, you can change the pitch of
the sound.
Clarinet
All three of these wind
instruments use reeds.
Saxophone
Harmonica
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Wavelength
10
How does sound travel?
What are sound waves?
A bell rings. Its vibrations move in the air. Some air
particles are spread out. Others are squeezed together.
The particles take turns doing this. This allows the
bells vibrations to move between these particles. This
movement makes a wave called a compression
wave. Sound waves are compression waves.
Sound travels as
waves in the air.
13847_01-16_FSD 10 6/2/05 10:27:06 AM
11
Sound waves travel through matter. Some of the
particles that make up matter get squeezed. Other
particles are spread apart. The particles of matter take
turns being squeezed and spread out. The length of a
sound wave can be measured. We measure from the
center of one squeezed area to the center of the next.
Sound waves from a jackhammer have lots
of energy. If you were standing nearby, you
would hear a very loud sound. Sound waves
lose energy as they move away. Farther
away, the sound would not be as loud.
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12
Sound and Matter
You hear sound only when it travels through matter.
Sound can travel through solids, liquids, and gases.
The speed of a sound wave is different in each kind
of matter.
The gases of air have particles that are far
apart. Sound travels slowly through gases. Liquid
particles are closer together. Sound travels more
quickly through a liquid than a gas. Solid particles
are closer together than gases or liquids. Sound travels
fastest through solids.
Light travels faster than sound.
That is why you may see fireworks
before you hear them.
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Material Speed
(meters per second)
Speed of Sound
SolidSteel
LiquidSeawater
GasAir
5,200
1,530
340
13
Echoes are sound waves that hit something and
bounce back. Scientists use sound waves and echoes
to study the ocean. A ship sends out a sound wave.
When the sound wave hits the bottom of the ocean, it
bounces back. Scientists measure how long the sound
wave takes to bounce back. Then they can figure out
how deep the ocean is at that spot.
Sound travels at about
1,530 meters per second
in water. Some whales
can make sounds that
can be heard up to 160
kilometers away.
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14
The Ear
We hear sounds with our ears. The outer ear catches
sound waves. The waves travel inside the ear to the
eardrum. When the sound waves hit the eardrum,
they make it vibrate. The vibrating eardrum makes
little bones vibrate. The little bones touch the shell-like
inner ear. It is filled with liquid and tiny hairs. The
vibrating little bones make the tiny hairs move. The
hairs are connected to nerves. The nerves carry signals
to the brain. The brain recognizes the signals. Then we
know what we are hearing.
Eardrum
Little bones
Inner ear
Outer ear
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15
Many animals have vocal cords like people do.
They make sounds when their vocal cords vibrate.
Dogs bark. Cows moo. Some animals make sounds
that do not use vocal cords. Bees and mosquitoes
make buzzing sounds when their wings vibrate.
Bats send out sounds people cannot hear. The
sounds are high-pitched and bounce off insects.
The sounds return to the bats ears. This helps the
bats find their food.
Many insects make sounds by
rubbing body parts together.
Chimpanzees grunt,
bark, squeak, scream,
and even laugh.
Zebras make sounds
by vibrating their vocal
cords, lips, and nostrils.
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16
Glossary
compression wave the wavelike movement of
particles squeezing together
and spreading out again
pitch how high or low a sound is
vibration the back-and-forth movement
of matter
13847_01-16_FSD 16 05/14/2005 09:39:35
Vocabulary
compression wave
pitch
vibration
What did you learn?
1. How is sound made?
2. Describe the two ways stringed instruments
are played.
3. Explain how your ears help you hear.
4. In this book you have read
about vocal cords and the pitch of your voice.
Write to explain how their relationship works.
Use details from the book.
5. Compare and Contrast How do people
make sounds? How do animals make sounds?
Compare and contrast the ways people and
animals make sounds.
Illustrations: 7, 14 Jeff Mangiat
Photographs: Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for
photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its
attention in subsequent editions. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott
Foresman, a division of Pearson Education. Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom
(B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd)
Opener: Jake Rajs/Getty Images; Title Page: DK Images; Lynn Stone/Index Stock Imagery; 2
Joseph Sohm/ChromoSohm Inc./Corbis; 4 (CL, BR) DK Images; 5 Getty Images; 6 Getty Images,
8 Getty Images; 9 (CL, CC, BL) Getty Images; 11 Robert Brenner/PhotoEdit; 12 P. Freytag/Zefa/
Masterfile Corporation; 13 Scott Tysick/Masterfile Corporation; 15 (CL) Mark Tomalty/Masterfile
Corporation, (CC) Christiana Carvalho-Frank Lane Picture Agency/Corbis, (BR) DK Images, (BL)
Stone/Getty Images
ISBN: 0-328-13847-9
Copyright Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is
protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior
to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any
form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For
information regarding permissions, write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman,
1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025.
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
13847_CVR_FSD Sec1:2 05/14/2005 09:36:59

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