Introduction PDH & SDH: On Job Training July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus

INTRODUCTION PDH &
SDH
On Job Training July 2006
PT Indonesia Comnets Plus
On Job Training, July 2006
Agenda
Pre SDH (PDH)
SDH
The SDH Frame
Frame Structure

Overhead and Payload
Analysis
Tributary Units
SDH Network
Protection
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
2 Mbps
8 Mbps
34 Mbps
140 Mbps
2 Mbps
8 Mbps
34 Mbps
Multiplexing hierarchy
The PDH high capacity transmission
networks are based on a hierarchy of
digital multiplexed signals: E.1 to E.4.
The basic building block is the primary
rate of 2.048 Mb/s (E.1). This could be
made up of 30 x 64 Kb/s voice channels.
This would then be multiplexed up to a
higher rate for high capacity transmisson.
Four signals at the primary rate can be
multiplexed up to the secondary rate,
E.2, of 8.448 Mb/s and so on up to a rate
of 139 Mb/s (E.4).
Thus the 139 Mb/s rate represents 64 x
2.048 Mb/s signals and 1920 multiplexed
voice channels.

Developing networks
The plesynchronous multiplexing
technology, often called PDH
(Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy), left
no room in the signal structures for
network management and maintenance
functions.
We are therefore left with no spare signal
capacity to provide improvements in the
signal transmission.
As networks developed inter-connection
became increasingly complex. It required
banks of multiplexers and large,
unreliable distribution frames.
It became clear that the original
standards, designed for point-to-point
links, were just not suitable.
Tributary access
We want to have easy access to an
individual tributary, in order that it may be
re-routed.
We cannot do this without having to
demultiplex the whole signal down to the
required tributary level.
Costs go up as we demultiplex, and they
then double because we have to re-
multiplex the signal back up again.

No commont standard
Before SDH there were no standards to ensure
that equipment from different vendors
interworked on the same system.
Vendors can have their own unique designs
which means we have to buy the same
vendors equipment for both ends of the line.
Ideally we would like to shop around for the
most suitable equipment, without having to
keep to the same supplier.
What we need
Network operating companies have to
provide faster, cost effective provisioning
of customer circuits and services, as well
as control of transmission bandwidth.

SDH Definition
SDH is a standard for high speed high
capacity optical telecommunication
networks ; more spesifically a
synchronous digital hierarchy.
It is a synchronous digital transport
system aimed at providing a more
simple, economic and flexible
telecommunications network
infrastructure.
Advantages of SDH
Designed for cost effective, flexible
telecoms networking based on direct
synchronous multiplexing.
Provides built-in signal capacity for
advanced network management and
maintenance capabilities.

Provides flexible signal transportation
capabilities designed for existing and
future signals.
Allows a single telecommunication
network infrastructure interconnects
network equipment from different
vendors
Where is SDH used ?
SDH can be used in all of the traditional
network application areas.
A single SDH network infrastructure is
therefore possible which provides an
efficient direct interconnection between
the three major telecommunication
networks.
Notes on SDH rates
The most common SDH line rates in use
today are 155.52 Mbps, 622.08 Mbps,
2.5 Gbps, 10 Gbps.
SDH is a structure that is designed for
the future, ensuring that higher line rates
can be added when required.
SDH signal structure
The SDH signal is transported as a
synchronous structure which comprises
a set of 8-bit bytes organised into a two
dimensional frame.
The Truck analogy is a popular way to
help us understand the contents of the
SDH frame.

SDH FRAME STRUCTURE
TRUCK ANALOGY
SDH FRAME STRUCTURE
TRUCK ANALOGY contd.
Virtual Container
Section
Overhead
Payload
Payload
OverHead
Multiplexer
Section
OverHead
Regenerator
Section
OverHead
The Payload
The contents of the container carried by
the truck represent the real value.
This Payload is analogous to customer
traffic, being carried by the container
within an SDH frame.
This Payload container supports the
transportation of spesific tributary
signals.

The Section Overhead
What actually gets the contentsof the truck
to its destination is the tractor unit.
This analogous to the network
maintenance and management capability
carried by the SDH frame, known as its
Section OverHead, or SOH.
The Section Overhead (SOH) provides
facilities that are required to support and
maintain the transportation of customer
traffic Safely across the network.
THE SOH is split into Multiplexer Section
Overhead (MSOH) and Regenerator
Section Overhead (RSOH).
The Virtual Container
Even if the container is loaded on to a
different truck, there is a portion of
overhead that always remains with it.
This is known as the Path OverHead, or
POH.
The Path Overhead is directly associated
with the payload capacity area, and
together they form whats known as the
Virtual Container.
SDH FRAME STRUCTURE
STM-N FRAME STRUCTURE
270 x N Columns
261 x N Columns
9 x N Columns
9

R
o
w
s

= 8 bits/byte
SDH FRAME STRUCTURE
signal frame transmission
The principle for SDH signal frame transmission is: the bytes (8-bit)
within the frame structure is transmitted byte-by-byte (bit-by-bit) from
left to right and from top to bottom. After one row is transmitted, the
next row will follow. After one frame is completed, the next frame will
start
SDH FRAME STRUCTURE
SDH Rate
ITU-T defines the frequency to be 8000 frames per second for all
levels in STM hierarchy
STM-1 Rate :
9 rows x 270 columns x 8 bits/byte x 8000 frames per second
= 155.52 Mb/s
STM-4 Rate :
9 rows x (270 x 4) columns x 8 bits/byte x 8000 frames per second
= 622 Mb/s
OVERHEAD ANALYSIS
SDH
TERMINAL
MULTIPLEXER
SDH
TERMINAL
MULTIPLEXER
SDH
SDH DIGITAL
X-CONNECT
Multiplexer Section
Regenerator Section
Path
MSOH MSOH RSOH
RSOH
RSOH
POH
OVERHEAD ANALYSIS
PATH OVERHEAD
Path Trace message
Parity check
VC structure
Alarm & performance info
User channel
Multiframe indication for TUs
Path protection switching
OVERHEAD ANALYSIS
PATH OVERHEAD contd.
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
VC4
1
1
261
9
11
11
J1 : Path Trace byte
B3: Path BIP8 Code
C2: Signal label byte
G1: Path status byte
F2, F3: Path user channels
bytes
H4: TU position indicator byte
K3: Spare byte
N1: Network operator byte
SDH Multiplexing Structure
STM-1 AU-4
TU-3
AUG-1
TUG-3
VC-3 C-3
VC-4 C-4
TU-12 VC-12 C-12
TUG-2
1 1
3
1
7
3
139264 kbit/s
34368 kbit/s
2048 kbit/s
Pointer processing
Multiplexing
Mapping
Aligning
AUG-4
AUG-16
AUG-64
STM-4
STM-16
STM-64
1
1
1
4
4
4
Go to glossary
SDH Tributary Multiplexing (34M)
34 Mbit/s to STM-N
34M
Rate
Adaptation
Add POH
1
C3
1
84
9
125s
1
1
9
VC3
P
O
H
125s
1 85
Next
page
Packing
Mapping
1st
align
Fill
gap
1
86
1
9
H1
H2
H3

R

3
86
TU-3
1
H1
H2
H3
1
9
P
O
H

R

R

VC-4
9
1
1
261
Aligning Stuffing
TUG-3
Multiplexing
3
Same as
for C4
Multiplexing route: 1X34M 1XTU-3 3XTUG-3 1XAU-4---One STM-1 can load three
34Mbit/s signals
2 Mbit/s to STM-N
2M
Next
page
125s
POH
1 4
C12
1
9
VC12
1 4
1
9
TU12
1 4
1
9
TU-PTR
Rate
Adaptation
Add
POH
Packing
Add
Pointer
Mapping Aligning
3
1 12
TUG-2
1
9
7
R R
TUG-3
1
86
Multiplexing
1
9
Multiplexing
Same
as for
C3
Multiplexing route: 1X2M 3XTU12 7XTUG-2
3XTUG-3 1XSTM-1--- One STM-1 can load 3X7X3
= 63X2M Signals
Multiplexing structure: 3-7-3 structure
SDH Network protection
Bidirectional Traffic
Traffic flow direction
along the ring
Clockwise or counter-
clockwis
T1516670-94
The traffic shares the same
equipment and link
B
A
a) Uniformly routed
B
b) Diversely routed
The traffic is on
different equipment
and links
A
Unidirectional Traffic
Traffic flow direction along the ring
Clockwise and counter-clockwise
T1516670-94
The traffic shares the same
equipment and link
B
A
a) Uniformly routed
B
b) Diversely routed
The traffic is on
different equipment
and links
A
Difference between Path and
Multiplex Section
1+1 Linear MS Protection
Protection mechanism of 1+1linear MS
protection system:
Concurrent sending is permanent bridging
Selective receiving is switching
1:N Linear MS Protection
Structure of 1:N Linear MS Protection
A B
Bridging
Selector
Protectionsection(Transmit)
Workingsection1(Transmit)
Protectionsection(Receive)
Workingsection1(Receive)
Workingsection2(Transmit)
Workingsection2(Receive)
Workingsection N(Transmit)
Workingsection N(Receive)
Selector
Bridging
1:1 Linear MS Protection
Protection mechanism of 1:1 linear MS
protection system:
Traffic flow after protection switching
switch
switch
TUtraffic TUtraffic
Working
Protection
Two-fiber uni-directional path
protection ring
Protection switching mechanism:
Switching criteria
Transmission quality of each individual channel
Usually TU-AIS, TU-LOP alarms
A
B
C
D
switch
S1
P1
Traffic flow when network is broken:
Working channels=1-N/2 AU4
Protection channesl=N/2-N AU4
Two-fiber bidirectional Multiplex
Section Shared Protection Ring
A
B
C
D
Protection channels
Worki ng channels
APS controller:
Transition of APS controller status:
Two-fiber bidirectional Multiplex

S Switching
P Pass-through
I Idle
WTR Wait to Restore
I
I I
I
S
S
P
P
WT
R
WTR P
P
APS Controller Status
Structure:
Four fibers
Working channels--S1,S2, carry normal traffic
Protection channels--P1,P2, protect normal
traffic
Four-fiber bidirectional Multiplex
SubNetwork Connection
Protection
Description:
Protection one SubNetwork Connection
Can be adapted to all networks
SNC
Starting
Node
SNC
Termination
Node
Protection
SNC
Working
SNC
Sub-network
1
Sub-network
2
NEA NEB
Selector
123
123
Normal condition for unidirectional SNCP:
Concurrent sending (transmit end)
Selective receiving (receive end)
Switch Bridge
Traffic out Traffic in
a) Normal condition Transmitted traffic bridged
a) to working and protection paths
a) Received traffic switch selects working channel
Protection
Failure
b) Failure in working channel of incoming traffic
a) Receiver switch selects protection path
Working
Switch Bridge
Protection
Working
Protection
Working
Protection
Working
Protection
Failure in working channels for unidirectional SNCP:
Concurrent sending (transmit end)
Selective receiving (receive end)
Protection
Switch Bridge
a) Normal condition Transmitted traffic bridged
a) to working and protection paths
a) Received traffic switch selects working channel
Protection
Failure
b) Failure in working channel of incoming traffic
a) Receiver switch selects protection path
Working
Switch Bridge
Protection
Working
Protection
Working
Protection
Working
Protection Restoration:
Restoration time - 10 minutes (5-12 minutes)
A
B
C
D
switch
S1
P1
A
B
C
D
S1
P1
Protection

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