Bi ging

K thut o lng

GV: TS.Nguy n th Lan H

ng

B mn: K thut o v THCN
H ni 08/2007

Ti liu tham kho

Gio trnh
, PGS. Nguyn Trng Qu,
Trng i hc Bch khoa H ni, 1996
, Ch bin PGS.TS. Phm
Thng Hn, Nh xut bn Gio dc, quyn 1,
, PGS. Nguyn
Trng Qu, Trng i hc Bch khoa H ni, 1996.

1.

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

Mc ch mn hc
Nghin cu c s k thut o lng v vic m bo c
s cho cc th nghim.
Nguyn tc hot ng ca cc phng tin o, cc
phng php o cc i lng vt l
Cc phng php nh gi sai s ca kt qu o, cc c
s tiu chun ho v chng thc.
Hnh thnh kinh nghim tin hnh th nghim o, kinh
nghim lm vic vi cc phng tin o c trnh nh
gi kt qu o v sai s php o.

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

Chng 1. Cc khi nim c bn ca k thut

o lng
o lng
nh ngha v phn loi php o
Khi nim v
v
Mt s c trng ca k thut o

Tn hiu o
Cc iu kin o.
n v o va chun mu
Phng php o va Phng ti n o
Ng i quan s t v nh gi k t qu

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

nh ngha v o lng
Theo php lnh O LNG ca nh nc CHXHCN
Vit nam
Chng 1- iu 1: o lng l vic xc nh gi tr ca i lng
cn o
Chnh xc hn: o lng l mt qu trnh nh gi nh lng ca
mt i lng cn o c kt qu bng s so vi n v o

i lng o c:
Vi mt i lng cn o l X ta c th tm c mt i
lng X cho
m.X >X v (m-1)X =X
hay ni cch khc
nh x c X vo tp s t nhin {N} vi o X
Nguyn Th Lan Hng

nh ngha v phn loi php o

Php o l qu trnh thc hin vic o lng.
Phn loi
o tr c ti p: L cch o m kt qu nhn c trc tip t mt php o
duy nht
o gin ti p: L cch o m kt qu c suy ra t s phi hp kt qu
ca nhiu php o dng cch o trc tip.
o h p b: L cch o gn ging nh php o gin tip nhng s lng
php o theo php o trc tip nhiu hn va kt qu o nhn c
thng phi thng qua gii mt phng trnh hay mt h phng trnh
m cc thng s a bit chnh l cc s liu o c.
o th ng k : m bo chnh xc ca php o nhiu khi ngi ta
phi s dng php o thng k. Tc l phi o nhiu ln sau o ly gia tr
trung bnh.

o lng hc: l ngnh khoa hc chuyn nghin cu v cc

phng php o cc i lng khc nhau, nghin cu v mu va
n v o.
Ky thut o lng: ngnh ky thut chuyn nghin cu p dng cc
thnh tu ca o lng hc vo phc v sn xut va i sng.

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

V d- Phng trnh c bn ca php o

Ax =

X
X

X = Ax X

X: i lng cn o.
X0: n v o.
Ax: Gi tr bng s ca i lng cn o.
Qu trnh so snh i lng cn o vi
mu cho ra kt qu bng s
C th o mt i lng
vt l bt k c
khng???
Nguyn Th Lan Hng

Khng, v khng phi

i lng no cng
c th so snh gi tr
ca n vi mu
c.
7

Phng trnh c bn
Mun o gi tr ca mt i lng vt l bt k phi
chuyn i i lng ny sang mt i lng vt l
khc c th so snh c gi tr ca n vi mu
Hai loi chuyn i:
i lng in
in
i lng khng in
in
Cng c: cm bin (sensor, chuyn i s cp)

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

V d : o ng su t c
h c c a m t d m b
tng ch i l c

R
l
= f

R
l
Nguyn Th Lan Hng

V d (2)
Khi P cha tc ng, cu cn bng

Ura = 0

Khi c P tc ng, Rtz thay i

mt lng R Ura thay i mt
lng U. o U R l

U =

R
R

R
l
= f
R
l
(R ) = f ( l )

R
= + KP + m
l

U??

R
R
=
Rtz R

CM??

KP : H s poisson.
m : H s t l.
i vi kim loi : KP = 0,24 4.
Nu th tch V=l.S khng thay i trong qu
tr nh bin dng th KP = 0,5 v b qua m.
Nguyn Th Lan Hng

10

Xc nh c tnh ca dy dn in

rt = r20 [ 1+(t - 20) + (t-20)2 ]

, cha bit.

o in tr nhit 200C, t1 v t2
H 2 phng tr nh 2 n v .

rt = r

r = r
t

[ + (t

[ + (t

) + (t

) + (t

Cc php o
trc tip???

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

11

1.2. Phng php o (1)

Qu trnh o bin i thng
kt qu
X= X0

NX
N0

N
N

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

12

Phng php o (2)

Qu trnh o kiu so snh

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

13

V d
C mt vnmt c khc nh sau:
150V tng ng 100 vch

Khi o in p Vnmt ch 120 vch, xc nh kt qu?

N0 =
So snh

Gi tr

Gi tr

100
vach / V
150

100
Nx
= 120 :

150
N0
X = 120

C=

150
= 120.1,5 = 180 V
1000

1
= 1,5 / vach
N0

gi l hng s ca volmt

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

14

1.3. c trng ca k thut o(1)

Tn hiu o & Cc iu kin o
Tn hiu o mang theo thng tin v i tng cn nghin
cu.
Tn hiu o th hin 2 phn : Phn i lng va phn
dng tn hiu.
Ph n i l
ng: thng tin v gia tr ca i tng o
Ph n D ng tn hi u: thng tin v s thay i tn hiu o

Gia cng tn hiu: l nghin cu cc quy lut bin i tn hiu, xc nh cc loi tn

hiu, chuyn cc tn hiu bt ky v cc tn hiu c quy lut nh gia chng,
chuyn i xa, dng vo vic iu khin hoc phc hi li tn hiu y khi cn thit
X ly tn hiu o lng: tc l p dng cc nguyn cng v o lng ln cc tn
hiu o, c nhng c im ring l vn bin cc tn hiu o thnh s vi mt
sai s xc nh, phn nh nh lng i lng cn o

Cc iu kin o:Khi tin hnh php o ta phi tnh n nh

hng ca mi trng n kt qu o va ngc li, khi s
dng dng c o phi khng c nh hng n i tng
o.
Nguyn Th Lan Hng

15

c trng ca k thut o(2)

n v o v chun mu
Vic u tin ca o lng hc l xc nh n v o v
nhng t chc cn thit to mu m bo cho kt
qu o lng chnh xc, tin cy
Vic thnh lp n v , thng nht n v o lng l mt
qu trnh lu di, bin ng. Vic m bo n v, t chc
kim tra, xc nhn, mang tnh cht khoa hc, k thut va
t chc v php lnh
Vic thng nht h thng quc t v n v mang tnh cht
hip thng v quy c ->
-> h thng n v IS
(International Standard) ra i (1960) Do t chc quc t
v chun ph trch ISO(International Standard
Organisation) gm 7 i lng chnh

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

16

c trng ca k thut o(3)

Phng php o v Phng tin o
Qu trnh o c thc hin theo nhng bc nht nh,
thc hin cc thao tc o lng c bn.
Th tc ph i hp cc thao tc (nguyn cng) o lng l
phng php o.
Phng tin o th hin k thut ca mt phng php o
c th. ->nh ngha Phng tin o l tp hp cc phn
t, cc modul, cc dng c, cc h thng phc v cho vic
thu thp v x l s liu o lng
Phn loi phng tin o lng

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

17

c trng ca k thut o(4)

Ngi quan st
o l ngi o va gia cng kt qu o. Nhim v ca
ngi quan st khi o l phi nm c phng php o,
am hiu v thit b o m mnh s dng; kim tra iu kin
o; phn on v khong o chn thit b phu hp;
chn dng c o phu hp vi sai s yu cu va phu hp
vi iu kin mi trng xung quanh; bit iu khin qu
trnh o cho ra kt qu mong mun; nm c cc
phng php gia cng kt qu o tin hnh gia cng s
liu thu c sau khi o. Bit xt on kt qu o xem a
t yu cu hay cha, c cn o li hay khng, hoc phi
o li nhiu ln theo phng php o lng thng k.
Ngy nay vai tr ca ngi quan st gim nh v hu ht
cc phng tin u o t ng
Nguyn Th Lan Hng

18

c trng ca k thut o(5)

nh gi kt qu o
Xc nh tiu chun nh gia mt php.
Kt qu o mt mc no o c th coi l chnh xc. Mt gia
tr nh vy
c gi l gia tr c lng ca i lng o. o l gia tr c xc
nh bi thc nghim nh cc thit b o. Gia tr ny gn vi gia tr
thc m mt iu kin no o c th coi l thc.
nh gia gia gia tr c lng va gia tr thc, ngi ta s
dng khi nim sai s ca php o. Sai s ca php o l hiu gia
gia tr thc va gia tr c lng
X = Xthc - Xc lng
C rt nhiu nguyn nhn dn n sai s :
Do phng php o khng hon thin.
S bin ng ca cc iu kin bn ngoi vt ra ngoi nhng iu kin tiu
chun c quy nh cho dng c o m ta chn.

Do dng c o khng m bo chnh xc, do cch c ca ngi

quan st, do cch t dng c o khng ng quy nh v.v...
Nguyn Th Lan Hng

19

1.3. Cc nguyn cng o lng c bn(1)

Qu trnh o l thc hin cc nguyn cng o lng, cc
nguyn cng c th thc hn t ng trong thit b hoc do
ngi thc hin.
Xc nh n v o, thnh lp mu, to mu v truyn
mu:
xc nh n v, to ra chun mu l nhng i lng vt ly c tnh bt
bin cao va l hin thn ca n v o lng.
lng t hoa chun va t hp thnh i lng chun c th thay i gia
tr, to thun li cho vic xc nh gia tr ca i lng o, ta gi l truyn
chun.

Nguyn cng bin i: Thc hin php bin i trn cc

tn hiu o lng, t i lng ny sang i lng khc,
t dng ny sang dng th hin khc
Nguyn Th Lan Hng

20

Cc nguyn cng o lng c bn (2)

Nguyn cng so snh:
so snh c th thc hin trong khng gian s bng mt thut
ton chia (phng php o bin i trc tip)
trong khng gian cc i lng vt ly, thc hin bng mt php
tr trong b so snh (comparator) X - Xk (phng php o
kiu so snh)

Nguyn cng giao tip.

Giao tip ngi va my (HMI) trong y vic hin thi, trao i,
theo di gim st l mt dch v kha ln trong h thng thng
tin o lng iu khin.
Giao tip vi h thng (tc vi mng) th hin chu yu dch
v truyn thng.

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

21

1.4. Thit b o (1)

Xc nh tiu chun nh gi mt thit b o:
Tiu chun c th l tiu chun quc gia do c quan php quyn ca
mt Nha nc quyt nh va thnh php lnh.
Tiu chun quc t l tiu chun do hi ng cc nha bc hc nghin
cu, xc nh va khuyn co cc quc gia p dng.
ISO va IEC l nhng tiu chun quc t c ng dng rng ri trong
rt nhiu lnh vc sn xut

T chc kim nh v xc nhn thit b o:

Thit b o lng l thit b phi m bo cc tiu chun v cht lng
v vy nh ky phi c kim nh va cp giy lu hnh
y l cng vic ca cc trung tm kim chun tc l so snh thit b
do vi chun va nh gia li thit b o.
Ch c nhng thit b o a kim chun va a c cp giy chng
nhn mi c coi l thit b o hp php, c th lu hnh.
Nguyn Th Lan Hng

22

Thit b o (2)
T chc qun l m bo o lng
Thit b o l mt thit b c bit, n c qun ly theo php lnh
Nha nc. Nha nc ra nhng quy nh v qun ly thit b o, nh
,
t tiu chun hay khng t tiu chun, c
lu hnh hp php hay khng. Phi m bo vic truyn chun c th
xung n nhng ni cn thit m bo cho vic nng cao cht lng
ca cc sn phm cng nghip vi yu cu ngy cng cao.
Cc tiu chun chung nht ca mt thit b o

Gia tr o va khong o
Sai s v chnh xc
Cc tiu chun khc
Ngoai hai tiu chun v nhay, chnh xc cua thit b o con phai xt
n c tnh ng, tn hao cua thit b v cc ch tiu c bit i vi tng
thit b.
Cc ch tiu chuan nay l nhng ch tiu ph nhng co nhng lc tr
thanh ch tiu quan trong.
Nguyn Th Lan Hng

23

Chng 2. H n v, chun, mu, to mu v

chuyn mu
n v v h n v
Chun v mu
To ra mu cng tc v mu bin i
T chc quc t v quc gia v h thng chun.

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

24

2.1.n v v h n v chun(1)
H n v SI gm 7 i lng chnh

102 n v dn xut v 72 i lng vt l

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

25

n v v h n v (2)
Bi s v c s ca n v

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

26

nh ngha 7 n v c bn
a. Chiu di:

b. Khi lng:

c.Thi gian: l thi gian ca 9.192.631.770 chu k ca

my pht sng nguyn t Sedi 133(Cs-133).
d. Dng in: Ampe l cng dng in to ra mt lc y
l 2x10-7 N trn n v chiu di gia hai dy dn di v cc
t cch nhau 1m.
Nguyn Th Lan Hng

27

nh ngha 7 n v c bn (2)
e. Nhit (nhit ng): l
im ba ca nc nguyn cht.

1
273,16

nhit nhit ng ca

f. Lng vt cht (mol) l lng vt cht ca s nguyn t

ca vt cht y, bng s nguyn t c trong 0,012 kg cacbon 12
(C12).
g.Cng sng hay quang : candela (Cd) l cng ca
mt ngun sng pht ra nh sng n sc tn s 540.1012 Hz,
vi cng sut 1 Watt trong mt Steradian (Sr).
683

h. Hai n v ph l Radian (Rad) v Steradian.

Radian l gc phng c cung bng bn knh.
Sterradian l gc khi nm trong hinh cu gi hn bi vng
trn cu c ng knh bng ng knh ca qua cu.
Nguyn Th Lan Hng

28

Bng cc n v dn xut

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

29

Mt s n v ngoi n v hp php m vn s
dng
n v

Quy i ra SI

Quy i ra SI

n v

Inch

2,54. 10-2m

Fynt

4,536 . 10-1kg

Foot (pht)

3,048. 10-1m

Tonne

1,0161. 103kg

Yard (Yat)

9,144 . 10-1m

Fynt/foot2

4,882kg/m2

Mille (d m)

1,609km0

Fynt/foot3

1,6018510 kg/m3

Mille (h i l)

1,852km

Bari

1.106 N/m2

"Inch vung

6,4516.10-4m2

Torr

1,332. 102 N/m2

Foot vuong

9,290.10-2m

Kilogam l c

9,8066N

Calo

4,1868J
7,457.102 W

Inch kh i

1,6384.

Foot kh i

2,832 . 10-2m3

M l c

Galon (M )

3,785. 10-3m3

Kilowatt gi

Galon (Anh)

4,5 10-3m3

Thermie

1,0551 . 103J

Electron volt (ev)

1,602 . 102J

Gauss

1.10-4 T

Maxwell

1.10-8Wb

10-5m3

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

3,60 . 106J

30

2.2.Chun v mu
thng nht c n v th ngi ta phi to c mu
ca n v y, phi truyn c cc mu y cho cc thit
b o
thng nht qun l o lng, m bo o lng cho
cng nghip, thng mi, v i sng, mi quc gia u t
chc h thng mu chun v truyn chun ca quc gia
.
Cc hng s vt l dng lm chun
Chun mu mt
Chun mu v khi lng
Chun mu v thi gian v tn s.
Chun mu v cc i lng in.
Nguyn Th Lan Hng

31

nh ngha - chun
Theo tiu chun Vit Nam (TCVN) 6165 -1996 chun o
lng (measurement standard) hay vn tt l chun, c
nh ngha nh sau: Chu n

Phn loi
Chun u (Primary standard)
Chun th (Secondary standard):
Chun bc I:
Chun bc II:

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

Theo cng
mt i lng

32

Phn loi (2)

Chun u (Primary standard): L chun c ch nh hay
tha nhn rng ri l c cht lng v mt o lng cao
nht v cc gi tr ca n c chp nhn khng da vo
cc chun khc ca cng i lng.
Chun th (Secondary standard): L chun m gi tr ca
n c n nh bng cch so snh vi chun u ca
cng i lng.
Chun bc I: l chun m gi tr ca n c n nh bng
cch so snh vi chun th ca cng i lng.
Chun bc I: l chun m gi tr ca n c n nh bng
cch so snh vi chun th ca cng i lng.

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

33

Phn loi (3)

Trn phm vi quc t
Chun quc t (International standard):
L chun c mt hip nh quc t cng nhn lm c s n nh gi tr
cho cc chun khc ca i lng c lin quan trn phm vi quc t.
Chun quc gia (National Standard):
L chun c mt quyt nh c tnh cht quc gia cng nhn lm c s
n nh gi tr cho cc chun khc c lin quan trong mt nc.
Chun chnh (Reference standard):
L chun thng c cht lng cao nht v mt o lng c th c mt a
phng hoc mt t chc xc nh m cc php o u c dn xut
t chun ny.
Chun cng tc (Working standard):
L chun c dng thng xuyn hiu chun hoc kim tra vt o,
phng tin o hoc mu chun.
Chun so snh (Transfer standard):
L chun c s dng nh l mt phng tin so snh cc chun.
Nguyn Th Lan Hng

34

Mt s hng s vt l dng lm chun

i lng

K
hiu

Tc nh sng
trong chn khng

299.792.458 m/s(chnh xc)

1,60217733 . 10- (0,3ppm)

in p, dng
in

Kj-90

483.587,96 Hz/v (0,4 ppm)

in p

RJ-90

25,812807 K (0,2 ppm)

in tr

4.10-7 N/A2 (chnh xc)

in dung

in tch electron

Hng s Jozepson"

Hng s Von klitzing

H s dn t
chn khng

trong

Gi tr (vi khng chc

chn 1)

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

ng dng

Thi gian, tn s
chiu di

35

Mt s chun mu v cc i lng in
Chun dng in
Chun in p
Chun in tr
Chun in dung
Chun tn s

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

36

Mt s n v ngoi n v hp php m vn s
dng
n v

Quy i ra SI

Quy i ra SI

n v

Inch

2,54. 10-2m

Fynt

4,536 . 10-1kg

Foot (pht)

3,048. 10-1m

Tonne

1,0161. 103kg

Yard (Yat)

9,144 . 10-1m

Fynt/foot2

4,882kg/m2

Mille (d m)

1,609km0

Fynt/foot3

1,6018510 kg/m3

Mille (h i l)

1,852km

Bari

1.106 N/m2

"Inch vung

6,4516.10-4m2

Torr

1,332. 102 N/m2

Foot vuong

9,290.10-2m

Kilogam l c

9,8066N

Inch kh i

1,6384. 10-5m3

Calo

4,1868J

Foot kh i

2,832 .

10-2m3

M l c

7,457.102 W

Galon (M )

3,785. 10-3m3

Kilowatt gi

Galon (Anh)

4,5 10-3m3

Thermie

1,0551 . 103J

Electron volt (ev)

1,602 . 102J

Gauss

1.10-4 T

Nguyn Th Maxwell
Lan Hng

3,60 . 106J

1.10-8Wb

37

a.Chun dng in

Chun bng cn AgNO3 in phn

Nm 1960 chun c thc hin thng qua cn dng
in tc l o lc y in t gia hai dy dn di v
cc thng qua cn c chnh xc cao ( t n 4.10-6
A).
Gn y th ngi ta c xut vic xc nh dng in
thng qua t trng
Xc nh dng in chun rt phc tp v vy trong thc
t ngi ta s dng chun v in p.
Nguyn Th Lan Hng

38

Pht in p mt chiu
chun

Dung dch

in phn CdSO4

Tinh th
h

Pin mu Weston

Thy ngn

Sc in ng Pin mu 200C cho bi Cng thc:

E20=

1.018636-0.6.10-4

Almangan Hg
(12,5%Cd)
Dy Pt

N-5.0.10-5N

N=0.04-0.08
Sc in ng ca Pin mu li thay i theo nhit theo Cng
thc:
Et = E20-4.610-5(t-20) 9.510-4(t-20)2 +1.0 10-5(t-20)3+..
Tri sc t ng hng nm l 1V/nm (microVolt)
Mu n p Quc gia c ly l gi tr trung bnh ca 20 (hoc
10) pin mu bo ho ny.
Nguyn Th Lan Hng

39

Phn t Jozepson (1)

V =n

h
f
e

n- S cp chuyn tip Siu dn; h- Hng s Plank, ein tch Electron; f tn s sng in t cc ngn dng
ln lp chuyn tip siu dn ch-oxit ch tinh khit.
Lp chuyn tip trong bnh cch nhit nhit (24)K. Tn s sng in t cc ngn l 9 GHz.
in p trn mt lp chuyn tip (4-5) mV c tnh n
nh rt cao: c truyn so snh vi pin mu thng
qua mt phn p chnh xc (3.10-8) v tng hp c th
thit lp in p vo khong 1V ( so vi Pin mu) h
s khng n nh thp hn 5.10-8V.

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

40

Lp chuyn tip

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

41

Pht tn s chun
Nguyn l ca my pht thi gian hay tn s chun u da trn cng thc:

h = E E

h- hng s Plank; - l tn s;E1v E2 l hai mc nng lng trong khi chuyn mc.
Hin nay dng 3 loi mu nguyn t v thi gian: Xedi, Hitro, Rubidi
Bng tm tt cc c tnh ca cc mu thi gian hay s dng
c tnh

Xedi

Hitro

Tnh lp li

3.10-12

2.10-12

n nh(trung binh trong 1 sec)

5.10-12

Tri

Rubidi

Thch anh

5.10-13

5.10-12

5.10-12

Rt nh

Rt nh

1.10-13

5.10-10

Tn s cng hng

9.192.631.770

1420405.751

Trng lng my (khoang)

30kg

400

Nhit lm vic

-20 +600C

0 500 C

S ln cng hng nguyn t trong

mt giy
Nhit cng hng

106

1012

3600K

3000K
Nguyn Th Lan Hng

6.834.682.608
15

10

0 500 C

0 500 C

1012
3300K
42

S my pht tn s mu kiu Xedi

Ch c cc nguyn t x di c
nng lng F = 4. mf = 0 mi i
vo bung chn khng, y
n qua 1 in trng u v
c nung nng ln bng tia
sng cc ngn, c tn s
9.162.631.770 Hz.

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

43

V d: Mt s i pht tn s trn th gii

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

44

Chun in tr
T lu, in tr mu l mt b gm 10 cun dy manganin c
in tr nh mc 1 trong hp kn 2 lp y khng kh nn,
c gi tr 1,0000002 vi phng sai = 1.10-7.
Truyn in tr mu cho cc in tr khc bng cu 1 chiu.
T nm 1990, in tr mu c xc nh thng qua hiu ng
Hall lng t t (QHE), nh c hng s vt l von Klitzing.
Hng s von Klitzing c xc nh Rk-90 = 25,81280 vi sai
s 0,2.10-6. Phn t c b n ca mt QHE l mt planar
MOSFET mng trong mt mi trng nhit thp. 1-2K (2710C). T trng c t vung gc vi l mng bn dn c
cng t c m mt vi Tesla.
Nguyn Th Lan Hng

45

Hiu ng Hall
in p cm ng Hall t l vi
cng t cm B v dng in
i qua tm QHE

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

Dng in

Dn
in t
T cm

46

Chun in tr

Uh = Rk-90 I/i
Phn
t
QHE

in tr
truyn
chun

Rh =

Uh
= R k 90 / i
I

Uh: in p Hall, Rh = in tr Hall lng t .

I dng in chy trong mng bn dn MOSFET.
i con s nguyn ch s o Hall trong mng bn
dn lc xc nh Rh.
Rk-90: hng s von Klitzing.

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

47

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

48

V d

Chun in dung
Chun in dung c thc hin bng t in tnh theo l thuyt Thompson Lambard. T gm 4 thanh thp ng knh 50mm di 500mm c trc song song v
nm trn nh hinh vung, gi a chng c 1 thanh mn chn tnh in t ngay
tm ca h nh vung: S thay i in dung ca t in (ca tng cp in cc) thay
i theo kho ng di chuyn ca thanh mn chn.
C =

1
1
ln 2L =
ln 2 L
2
2 0C 2

0: t dn ca khng k h, C = tc nh sng.
L o bng phng php giao thoa vi L = 100mm sai s 10-7. C=
0,4002443 pF, sai s khng qu 5.10-7.
in dung mu c truyn sang cc in dung khc bng cu xoay chiu.
T cc mu ny ta c th suy ra cc i lng in khc thng qua cc hp in
tr v hp in dung chnh xc cao.

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

49

2.3.To ra mu cng tc v mu bin i

Sau khi to mu quc gia, phi t chc mng li quc t
v quc gia truyn chun n nhng phng th nghim
tiu chun khu vc. Nhng chun ny phi t chnh
xc yu cu: cch b tr, quy lut bin i ph hp vi tn
hiu kim tra v thit b so snh.

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

50

To ra mu cng tc v mu bin i (2)

Cc vn to mu cng tc (mu bin i):
Lng t ho chun mu:
Sau khi a xc nh n v, cn c cch phn chia mu thnh nhng bi s
va c s ca n v.
n v nho nht ca chun mu gi l lng t.
Sai s lng t
q
= K =
X K mu
N K bin i
T hp cc lng t ca mu thnh
Cc lng t ca mu c t hp vi nhau thnh nhng i lng mu
bin thin.T hp cc quy tc gi va biu din cc con s c gia tr xc nh
gi l h thng m.

Thut ton bin i trong qu trnh ra mu

Trong qu trnh so snh vi i lng cn o, mu cn phi thay i c
gi tr ca n. Thay i theo mt chin lc nh th no ti u theo mt
mc tiu nht nh, l thut ton bin i mu.

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

51

2.3. Lin kt chun

T chc chun th gii
T chc m bo o lng ca Vit nam
Theo s t chc quc t v cng c mt Vit nam c
Tng cc tiu chun o lng cht lng trc thuc hi
ng b trng chu trch nhim v vic xy dng cc tiu
chun, qun l cc phng tin o lng m bo cht
lng cc sn phm sn xut ti Vit nam.
V vic m bo o lng, trc thuc Tng cc TC-L-CL c
cc trung tm o lng
Trung tm o lng nh nc
Trung tm o lng 1, trung tm o lng 2..
Cc phng th nghim chun chuyn ngnh Vilas

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

52

Cu trc m bo o lng Vit nam

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

53

Trung tm o lng Vit nam

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

54

T chc quc t v chun ISO31-1992

ISO 31-0: Nguyn tc chung
ISO 31-1: Khng gian v thi gian
ISO 31-2: Hin tng tun hon v cc phn lin quan
ISO 31-3: C
ISO 31-4: Nhit
ISO 31-5: n v t
ISO 31-6: nh sng v bc x n c lin quan
ISO 31-7:m
ISO 31-8: Ho hc v vt l phn t
ISO 31-9: Vt l nguyn t v ht nhn
ISO 31-10: Phn ng ht nhn v bc x ion ho
ISO 31-11: Du hiu v k hiu ton hc dng trong khoa hc vt l v
cng ngh
ISO 31-12: S c trng
ISO 31-13: Vt l trng thi rn
Nguyn Th Lan Hng

55

T chc quc t v chun

Chu u EUROMET

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

56

T chc quc t v chun

Chu u EUROMET (2)

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

57

V d: T chc truyn mu quc t (1)

nh ngha cc n v c bn

Meter
m

Kilogram Second
k
s

Ampere
A

CIPM xc nh hng s
Josephson

KJ-90

Phng th nghim quc gia

Thc hin cc nh ngha SI

Newton
N
Joule
J
Watt
W
Volt
V

Gi tr ca cc hng s vt l
i din quc gia v Volt ( mu 10V)
Nguyn Th Lan Hng

2e/h
J-Array
58

T chc truyn mu quc t (2)

J-A rray

P hng th nghim a phng

Truyn chun s cp (dng M A P )

732B

M u u V olt nhn to ti a phng

(T heo M A P )

734A

M u 10V
S o snh vi m ng J-A rray
thng qua M A P .

732B

M u phn p (10:1 v 100:1)

752A

i din c lp
ca in p V

5700A

M u lm vic
D ng c o s dng (dch v cho R & D )

8842A

K h iu
= nh ngha
= T hit b thc nghim
= T hit b s dng v thng m i

= thit b thng m i
Nguyn Th Lan Hng

59

Chng 3. Thit b o v nh gi thit b o

Phn loi phng tin o lng
c tnh k thut ca thit b o
M rng khong o
Nng cao c tnh k thut ca thit b o
Kim nh phng tin o lng
Xy dng mt thit b o

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

60

Tnh hnh pht trin ca thit b o v h thng

o
S ho
Thng minh ho
p dng cho phng php o hin i
T ng x l thao tc o
T ng x l kt qu o
Thng tin vi h thng

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

61

Phn loi phng tin

o lng

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

62

Kt ni h thng cng nghip-PLC

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

63

Phn loi thit b o lng (2)

Dng c o lng in : Gia cng cc thng tin o lng, tc l
cc tn hiu in c quan h hm vi cc i lng vt l cn o.
Cc dng c n l thc hin cc php o trc tip
Dng c o tng t : Gi tr ca kt qu o thu c c
biu din bng mt hm lin tc theo thi gian (gm cc
loi dng c o kim ch v dng c t ghi )
Dng c o s : Kt qu o c th hin bng s
Thit b o: bao trm ln tt c dng c o tng t v dng c
o s, c th phn loi theo phng php o gm 2 loi thit b
o :
Thit b o bin i thng.
Thit b o kiu so snh hay b.
Ngoi ra, c th phn loi dng c o theo i lng o nh:
Ampemet, Volmet, Hecmet (o tn s), p k (o p sut), tc
k (o tc ), lu tc k (o lu tc) v.v...
Nguyn Th Lan Hng

64

M
RO
P
AY
PL D OL
DIS ANNTR
CO

A/D

Co

D/A

nd
it

ion

Tim

SO
R

th
MaP

MO
ME
BU
S

RY
8P
48

Thit b o lng trn c s my tnh

PC

Thit b o lng n l

PR
OC
ES

Te

m pe

T
OR

ratu

re

Flow
Con
Pres
su

re

Alar
m

ing

Con

ditio

tro

l Pa
ne

ns

ST

O
DI/
O
TI/

OP

ing

Ngi s dng quyt nh

c tnh my

Nh sn xut quyt nh
c tnh my

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

65

Tch hp h thng
Hardware & Driver Software
Acquisition and Control

PC or
Workstation

Te

mp

era

tur

Flo

w
Co

Pre

ssu

re

Ala

rm

Co

nd

itio

ns

ST
OP

SCX
I-100
1

ntr

ol

Pa

nel

LabVIEW
Software
Analysis and
Presentation

SCXI
1140
SCXI
1140

SCXI
1140

SC

XI
1140

SC

XI
1100

SCX
I

AINFRA

ME

DAQ Products
Serial Instruments
Process

GPIB Instruments

NATIO
INS
TRUME
NAL
NTS

bus

Unit Under Test

Other
networked
computers

VXI Instruments

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

66

Thit b o v nh gi thit b o
Cm
bin

Mch o

Ch th

H thng thng tin

o lng

H thng o lng

H thng kim tra

H thng nhn dng

H thng chun on

H thng o, kim tra, bo

ng

H thng o, kim tra, nhn

dng

H thng o lng, iu khin

H thng o, kim tra, chun on

Phn loi cc phng tin o lng

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

67

Thit b o v nh gi thit b o
H thng o lng : o v ghi li cc i lng o.
H thng kim tra t ng : Thc hin kim tra cc i lng o.
Cho ra kt qu ln hn, nh hn hay bng chun.
H thng chun on k thut : Kim tra s lm vic ca i tng
ch ra s hng hc cn sa cha.
H thng nhn dng : Kt hp vic o lng, kim tra phn loi
i tng tng ng vi mu cho. VD: My kim tra phn loi
sn phm.
T hp o lng tnh ton : S pht trin ca k thut tnh ton
cho ra i mt thit b mi l t hp o lng tnh ton vi chc
nng c th bao qut ton b thit b trn. l s ghp ni h
thng thng tin o lng vi my tnh. N c th tin hnh o,
kim tra, nhn dng, tnh ton v c iu khin i tng na.

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

68

Phn loi thit b o

Nm trong h thng:
Transmitter v transducer:
o in
o nhit v p sut
Phn tch nng vt cht

Thit b ri:Phn theo nhm thit b c bn xy dng h

Multimt:
My m vn nng: (tn s k)
My hin sng, Monitor cng cc thit b t ghi
Thit b dng P(vi x l Micro Processor):
Thit b thu thp s liu
intelligent transmitter
Analyser

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

69

2.2. Thng s k thut ca thit b

nhy
Khong o, ngng nhy v kh nng phn ly
Sai s hay chnh xc
Cp chnh xc
Tnh tuyn tnh ca thit b
c tnh ng
Mt s thng s khc nh: cng sut tiu th, kch thc,
trng lng ca thit b

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

70

A. M hnh thit b o

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

71

B. nhy
Phng trinh c bn
Y= F(X,a,b,c...)
S =

f
X

F/X - nhy vi X hay

F/a - nhy ca yu t anh hng a hay nhiu
Nu khng xt ti nhiu u vo
Khi K=(S)=const -> X,Y l tuyn tnh.
K=f(X) -> X, Y l khng tuyn tnh - > sai s phi tuyn.
Vic xc nh K bng thc nghim gi l khc thit b o. Vi
mt gi tr ca X c th c cc gi tr Y khc nhau, hay K khc
nhau.
Sai s v nhy:

S =

dS
S

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

Sai s nhn tnh

72

V d
Cn trng lng c nhy cu 1,5 mV/V
Khi cung cp cho cu 1V
ng cho cu l 1,5mV.
X l i lng no??
Y l i lng no ??
X l in p cung cp cho cu
Y in p ra ca ng cho cu

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

73

V d
Cm bin o nhit LM35 c nhy 10mV/0C
Tnh in p ra ca cm bin khi nhit 00C v 1000C

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

74

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

75

C. H s phi tuyn ca thit b

nh gi tnh phi tuyn ca thit b o ta xc nh h s phi
tuyn ca n.
H s phi tuyn xc nh theo cng thc sau:

. Xmax- l sai lch ln nht

Ta thng dng khu b phi tuy n
Scb.Sb= K

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

76

D. Khong o, ngng nhy

v kh nng phn ly
Khong o ( Range/Full Scale/Span):
Dx = Xmax Xmin
Ngng nhy, kh nng phn ly (Resolution):
Khi gi m X m Y cng gi m theo, nhng vi X X khi khng th phn
bit c Y, X c gi l ngng nhy ca thit b o.
Thng thng : dng c tng t Y=1/5 vch chia
dng c s : X =Xn/Nn tc gi tr mt lng t o
Kh n ng phn ly ca thit b o
-Thit b tng t

-Thit b s:

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

77

V d
phn gii ca mt Volmt l

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

78

E. chnh xc v sai s - Phn loi

Sai s thit b o
Theo cch
th hin

Tuyt i

Nguyn nhn

H thng

Quan h
vi X

Cng tnh

Theo iu
kin k thut
kim tra
Ch

Quy i

Tng i

Ngu nhin

Nhn tnh

Phi tuyn

C bn

Ph thm

Tnh

ng
Nguyn Th Lan Hng

79

chnh xc v sai s (2)

Sai s tuyt i (thit b o, php o)
X = X - Xth
X: Gi tr ch bi thit b o ti mt gi tr trong khong o.
Xth: Gi tr thc ca i lng o, thng Xth c o dng c o cp
cao hn.

Sai s tng i (php o)

X

x =
X th

Sai s tng i quy i (thit b o): nh gi thit b o

n =

X
DX

hay

n =

X
Xn

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

80

 chnh xc v sai s (3)

Sai s h thng :
Nguyn nhn do ch to v lp rp
C gi tr khng i (khc thang o, do hiu chnh dng c o
khng chnh xc (chnh im "0" khng ng), do nhiu)
Thay i c quy lut: do nh hng ca trng in t
Nu tm ra nguyn nhn c th loi tr c.
C th tm ra sai s h thng khi kim tra nh k thit b o (loi
tr theo mt cng thc hiu chnh hay mt bng hiu chnh).
Sai s ngu nhin :
Xut hin do mt nguyn nhn khng bit, theo quy lut ngu
nhin.
Nu tng s ln o n v cng (n ) th Xng 0.
Nguyn Th Lan Hng

81

chnh xc v sai s (4)

+ c tnh thng k ca mt bin ngu nhin X.
Gi thit ta c mt bin ngu nhin X, mt phn b xc sut
ca X l f(x)
+

M men bc k ca X : mk(x)

m k x = x k f x dx

K vng ton hc : M men bc 1 ca X.

E x = m

x = xf x dx

Cc tnh cht E(X): E(X) = E(X)

E(X + Y) = E(X) + E(Y).
Nguyn Th Lan Hng

82

 chnh xc v sai s (4)

Gi tr trung bnh ca mt bin ngu nhin X chnh bng k vng
ton hc ca n.
x= E x = m x

E x =x=

Nu X ri rc :

lch trung bnh :

xi x

i=

: c lng gi tr trung bnh

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

83

Sai s (5)
Sai s cng tnh : a khng ph thuc vo gi tr ca i lng o
(gy ra do hin tng tr, ma st )
Sai s nhn tnh : m t l vi gi tr o : m = mX (gy ra do s
thay i nhy ca thit b o)
X
m
Sai s tuyt i ca thit b o:
a +
X = a + m = a + mX

Sai s tng i ca thit b o

= a +m
X
X
= a +m
nh nht

x =
Khi X=Xn

X =

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

84

F. Cp chnh xc ca dng c o

nh gi chnh xc ca thit b o
Cp chnh xc ca thit b o c quy nh cht ch theo
php lnh nh nc v sai s c bn ca thit b, sai s ph,
cng thc tnh ton sai s, cc quy nh kim nh
Cc c quan nghin cu, ch to v qun l phi tun th
php lnh ny

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

85

Phn loi cp chnh xc(1):

a) i vi nhng thit b m tnh chnh xc c quy nh bng sai
s tuyt i ca n. Ngi ta phn thnh cp 0, cp 1, cp 2, cp3.
VD : i vi cc pin mu : Pin mu cp1, cp 2, cp 3. bin ng
ca pin mu cp 1 khng qu 50 V/1nm; cp 2 < 100 V/1nm; cp 3
< 300 V/1nm. Tnh theo gi tr tuyt i.
b) i vi thit b o m sai s ch yu l sai s cng tnh th cp
chnh xc ca thit b o c sp xp theo sai s tng i quy i
tnh theo phn trm khong o ca thit b o.
VD: n%
1%
cp chnh xc ca thit b o c xp vo cp 1.
i vi dng c o c in, sai s ch yu do ma st trc tr; sai
s ch yu l sai s cng tnh, ngi ta phn thnh 8 cp chnh xc
0.05; 0.1; 0.2; 0.5; 1; 1.5; 2.5; 4

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

86

Phn loi (2):

c) i vi thit b o m sai s ch yu l sai s nhn tnh th cp
chnh xc ca thit b o c sp xp theo sai s tng i ca thit
b o tnh theo phn trm.
VD: K hiu cp chnh xc ca loi thit b ny c ng khung
bi mt vng trn. VD : cp chnh xc sai s tng i 1%.
d) i vi thit b o m sai s cng tnh v sai s nhn tnh cng
c vi nhau, sai s c bn gm 2 thnh phn v ph thuc vo gi tr
o.
X

Cp chnh xc c ghi bng t s c/d.

= c + d n
X

Vi c = a + m ; d = a
VD : Cp : 0,02/0,01 a + m = 0,02 v a = 0,01 m= 0,01

Cc nc phng ty: %FS+%Rdg(reading)

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

87

V d
Vonmt thang o 200V
Sai s thit b o c vit: 1%FS+0,5%Rdg
c kt qu trn thit b l 100V -> Sai s php o bng
bao nhiu?
X= 1%.200V+ 0.5%100V=2,5V

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

88

Bi tp:
1, Mt thit b o c thang o cc i 100
A, c sai s tng i
quy i 1%. Tnh cc gii hn trn v gii hn di ca dng cn
o v sai s theo phn trm trong php o i vi :
a, lch cc i.
b, 0,5 lch cc i.
c, 0,1 lch cc i.
2, Mt thit b o ch 250
A vi lch ton thang o v sai s
tng i quy i 2%. Tnh chnh xc ca php o khi dng l
200
A v 100
A.
3, Mt thit b o c thang o cc i 100
A, c sai s tng i
quy i 3%. Hy tnh sai s kh d khi dng c ch :
a, 50
A.
b, 10
A.
4, Dng 25
A o c dng c c thang o cc i 40
A. Nu
phi o 25
A chnh xc trong khong 5%. Hy tnh chnh xc
cn thit ca dng c o.
Nguyn Th Lan Hng

89

G. c tnh ng ca thit b (1)

Hm truyn c bn :
Y(p)=K(p).X(p)
c tnh ng:
+ c tnh qu
+ c tnh tn
+ c tnh xung

h(t)

(t)

a. c tnh xung:
Nu i lng vo c dng
xung hp: x(t)= (t-)
i lng ra y(t) = h(t-) gi l
c tnh xung ca thit b

ngha ca c tnh xung???

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

Phn t c bn cho
php tnh p ng ra
ca thit b
90

c tnh ng ca thit b (2)

g(t)

b. c tnh qu
Nu tn hiu vo c dng xung n v:
x(t) = u(t-)
i lng ra y(t) = g(t-) [= h(t-)] gi
l c tnh qu ca thit b

Xt

c. c tnh tn s
Nu tn hiu vo c dng sin: x(t) = ejt
i lng ra y(t) = H().x(t) vi H() gi l c tnh tn s ca
thit b
c tnh tn s c phn tch thnh hai thnh phn: c tnh
mun A() v c tnh pha (). (L thuyt mch 1)
u im c bn khi s dng c
tnh tn s ca thit b???
Nguyn Th Lan Hng

91

c tnh ng ca thit b (3)

d. Hm truyn t ca thit b o
Phng trnh biu din quan h gia tn hiu ra/tn hiu vo
ca mt thit b o:
M (t )
(t )
N x (t )
x (t )

y (t ) = b x (t ) + b

+ + aM
+a
+ + bN
t M
t
t N
t
Y ( ) = b X ( ) + b j X ( ) + + bN j N X ( ) + a j Y ( ) + + a M j

Y ( ) b + b j + + b N j
=
X ( )
a j a M j

H ( ) =

Y ( )

: gi tr thc. Thay j bng s phc p = + j

Hm truyn t ca thit b o H(p)
b + b p + + bN p
a p + aM p M

H (p ) =

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

Cch xc nh im
cc v im khng ca h
thng??
92

c tnh ng (4)
N

bN p zi

bN p z p z
aM p p p p

H p =

p zN
=
p pN

i=
M

aM p pi

i=

T cc v tr ca im cc (p) v im khng (z) trn

mt phng p (hay s) c th nhn bit c tnh cht ca
thi t b o/h thng o

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

93

H. Tn hao cng sut, in tr vo ca thit b o

Thit b o khi ni vo i tng o, mun c p ng phi thu
mt t nng lng t pha i tng o ta gi l tn hao cng
sut.
Trng hp thit b o mc ni tip vi ti:
Tn hao: pa= RA.I2

RA: in tr vo ca TB, RA: cng nh th

sai s do tn hao cng t.

Yu cu sai s phng php

ff

pa
R
= A <
pt
Rt

yc

Trng hp thit b o mc // vi ti:

Tn hao:

RV: in tr vo ca TB, RV cng ln th sai

s do tn hao cng t.

Yu cu sai s phng
php

<

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

94

Gii thiu mt s chun thit b trong cng nghip

Theo tiu chun ANSI Y32.20.1975 hay ISA - S5.1 ca vin tiu
chun Hoa K (American National Stardard Institute) ngi ta quy
nh k hiu thit b o cng chnh l i lng l i lng c th
c ghi trn vng trn v trn s cng ngh
A = thit b phn tch
B = i lng lin quan n vi t v ngn la (Burner)
C = in dn, nhit dn.
D = t trng, trng lng ring.
E = in p, sc in ng, i lng in ni chung.
F = Lu tc (flow).

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

95

Chun thit b trong cng nghip (tip)

G = nh lng (theo loi).

I = dng in

J = cng sut

K = thi gian, nh thi gian.

L = Mc (level)

M = m (Moistrure).

N, O = ngi dng t chn.

P = p sut (Presure).

Q = Lng hay tch ly

R = Phng x (Radio activity).

S = tc , tn s (Speed)

T = Nhit

U = nhiu bin s (php o gin tip).

V = nht (Viscosity).

W = trng lng v lc

Y = T chn

Z = v tr.

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

96

V d

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

97

V d s cng ngh

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

98

3.3. Mt s bin php nng cao cp chnh xc ca thit b o

Phng php nng cao tnh
chnh xc ca thit b o

Loi tr nguyn nhn

gy sai s

Kt cu v
cng ngh

Bo v chng
nh hng

Gim bt mc nh hng
ca nguyn nhn gy sai
s

Hiu chnh. Ti thiu

ho nh hng sai s

Ti thiu ho sai
s bng bin
php thng k

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

99

Phng php hiu chnh

Bin php hiu chnh sai s

C ngi tham gia

Hiu chnh
do ngi o
thc hin

T ng (Khng c ngi )
Hiu chnh
thng qua s
ch ca dng c

Dng cm
bin o yu
t lin quan

Phn theo
khng
gian

Cng tnh

To nn i
lng t l vi
yu t lin
quan

Phn theo
thi gian

Nhn tnh
Nguyn Th Lan Hng

Phn theo
khng
gian

Phn theo
thi gian

Logomet
(t s)
100

4.4. Kim nh phng tin o lng

Kim tra giy php sn xut v lu hnh
y l kim tra dng t vn cho c quan nh nc cp giy php sn
xut, cp giy chng nhn thng hiu
Ni dung kim tra ng theo ch dn ca tiu chun nh nc
Thit b nhp ngoi cng phi kim nh trc khi a ra lu hnh.

Kim tra xut xng

Hi ng kim tra cht lng sn phm nh tiu chun c th cho tng
c tnh k thut ca thit b o c sn xut.
Mu ca bin bn th nghim phi c hi ng duyt. Bin bn ny
coi nh mt phn ca cng tc bo hnh.
C quan qun l o lng, theo chu k hoc t xut , tin hnh kim tra
sn xut v xt tnh trung thc ca bng th nghim.

Kim tra nh k
Mi ln kim tra nh k, thit b c cp mt chng ch v kt qu o
bi dng c y c coi c gi tr php nhn.
Hi ng tiu chun nh nc t chc cc trung tm o lng c u
quyn thc hin cc php kim tra cp giy chng ch lu hnh.
Nguyn Th Lan Hng

101

Chng 4. T chc php o v gia cng kt qu

o lng
Thit k mt php o hay mt bng th nghim
Xc nh nhim v: gm cc qui trnh (1) xc nh mc tiu; (2) Yu cu k
thut; (3) M t qu trnh o; (4) yu cu v dch v; (5) yu cu v thng
tin
Lp s o: gm cc quyi trnh (1) Chn phng php o; (2) Chn loi
thit b o; (3) Chn thang o; (4) M rng thang o; (5) Chn sai s ca
dng c o; (6) Chn tc hay c tnh ng ca thit b; (7) Thit b v
kt qu o
T chc php o: gm cc khu (1) thu thp s liu o lng; (2) qun l
s liu thu thp

Gia cng s liu o lng:

Chnh l li s liu
Tnh ton ra kt qu
B cc yu t nh hng
Tnh ton sai s
Trnh by kt qu
Nguyn Th Lan Hng

102

Gia cng s liu o

Sai s h thng v sai s ngu nhin
L thuyt v sai s ngu nhin
Tnh ton sai s ngu nhin bng thc nghim
Sai s ca thit b t cc khu t hp
Tnh ton khng m bo o

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

103

Gia cng s liu o

Sai s h thng v sai s ngu nhin
L thuyt v sai s ngu nhin
Tnh ton sai s ngu nhin bng thc nghim
Sai s ca thit b t cc khu t hp
Tnh ton khng m bo o ( LVN 131:2004)
Trn c s nh ng kt qua o lng bng nh ng dng c c th , xc
nh gi tr ng ca kt qua o v sai s ca php o. Kt qua s
c vit:
X=X X
Dng c o no cng c sai s v nguyn nhn sai s rt khc nhau, vi
vy cch xc nh sai s phai tu theo thit b o m xc nh

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

104

 khng m bo o
Thng s gn vi kt qu ca php o, c trng cho s phn tn ca
cc gi tr c th quy cho i lng o mt cch hp l.
khng m bo o c th phn thnh hai thnh phn:
nh gi c lng bng phn b thng k c trng bng
lch chun thc nghim.( loi A)
c c lng t cc phn b xc sut m phng trn c s
thc nghim hoc cc thng tin khc.(loi B)
khng m bo tng hp(cc php nh gi c lp)

uc = u A + uB
khng m bo o m rng
U=k.
H s ph k ( ly theo phn b student)

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

105

Tnh ton sai s ngu nhin (nh gi

khng m bo loi A)
Ngi ta cng li chng minh rng vi nh ng phn b xc sut khc
nhau, sai s ngu nhin ca thit b o c tnh theo cng thc
=k
k ph thuc vo phn b xc sut ca sai s ngu nhin ca loi
dng c o c xt.
lch qun phng tr thnh -c lng lch binh qun phng
n

sX =

Xi X

n n

Sai s ngu nhin c tnh theo cng thc:

tst l h s student

= tst s X

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

106

V d

TT

Kt qu

i = X i X

100,5

+0,34

0,0576

100,4

+0,14

0,0196

100,6

+0,34

0,1156

100,2

-0,06

0,0036

100,2

-0,06

0,0036

99,91

-0,36

0,1296

100,4

+0,14

0,0196

100,4

+0,14

0,0196

100,1

-0,16

0,0256

10

99,9

-0,36

2 = X i X

SX =

n ( n 1)

S X = 0, 076
Chn: P = 0,99.
Tra bng Student:
(n = 10, P = 0,99)
Kst = 3,25

ng = 2,35.0,076 = 0,247

11

10

X=

12

X
1

=
10

10

100,26

0,1296
n

SX =

2
i

Kt qu
2
i

n ( n 1)

100,013V<X<100,507V
vi xc sut tin cy P = 0,99

0,00
Nguyn Th Lan Hng

107

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

108

Sai s ca php o gin tip, sai s t cc khu

t hp ( nhm khng m bo loi B)
Sai s tuyt i Y

Hm Y

Sai s tng i
=

X1+X2

X + X

X1.X2

X X

+ X X

+ X

X +X

X X

+

X X

( X )

Y
Y

X
X

X X

+ X X

Xn

X X

+

X X

x(X/X)

nX n X

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

109

i vi mt hm s

i vi hm s Y=f(X1, X2, X3,...Xn)

Nguyn Th Lan Hng

110