You are on page 1of 18

-Nidrf;csrf;om,mum<u,f0aygrsm;NyD;MoZmtmPmowåd

cGeftm;jzifhjynfh0aomurÇmopftpDtpOfwpfcktwGif;odkY
uREkfyfwdkY0ifa&mufpjyKaeNyDavm/
odYk r[kwu f REkyf w
f Ykd onf,cifuwpfBudrw
f pfcgrQrawGUzl;?
rBuHKzl;cJh&aomt&IyftaxG;rsm;? upifhuvsm;ab;Oyg'f urÇmajrBuD;
rsm;ay:wGif ',drf;',dkifavQmufvrf;aeMuygovm;/ \
odkYr[kwftaumif;qkH;ESifhtqdk;qkH;ESpfrsKd;pvkH;udkBuHKawGU
ae&OD;rSmvm;/
aemufqkH;aeYrsm;

-]]urÇmajrBuD;\aemufqkH;aeY&ufrsm;}}pmapmifwGif
xdkar;cGef;rsm;tm;xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifazmfjyajzMum;xm;yg
a&S;,cifuAsm'dwfedrdwfrsm;
onf/ a&S;umvAsm'dwfedrdwfrsm;rSm,aeYrsufarSmuf
taxmuftxm;rsm;ESiv hf u
dk zf ufuukd n f rD KS &Sv
d aS Mumif;udck ikd f ,ckvufawGUtrSefjzpfay:ayNyD
vkaH omowif;rsm;rSazmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ xkt d axmuf
txm;rsm;aMumifo h mvQif,aeYuREkyf w f Ykd touf&iS af exdik f
aomumvonfor®musr;f pmtkyx f rJ yS nm&Syd a&m[dwrf sm;
u]]aemufqkH;aeYrsm;}}[kazmfjycJhonfhtwdkif;þpmapmif
rSwpfqifha&;om;azmfjy&jcif;jzpfygonf/ rdkufu,f&dGKif;

-þpmapmifwGifazmfjyxm;aomajyma[mcsufedrdwf
rsm;udkowdjyKrdyguoifonf,aeYumvwGifurÇmavm
uBuD;\atmufajcodrf;ajymif;vJjzpfay:aejcif;tay:
tjrifopfjzifjh cHKíMunf&h w
I wfayrnf/4if;tjyif&w
k w
f &uf
jzpfay:vmrnfhajymif;vJrSKrsm;twGufoifhtm;jyifqif
aqmif&Gufwwfap&eftoday;vrf;nTefjyoay;aompm
apmifwpfapmifjzpfygonf/

urÇmBuD;\aemufqkH;aeYrsm;
wwd,axmifpEk pS f umvydik ;f okYd csOf;eif;0ifa&muf vmonfEiS hf uREkyf w
f Ykd trsm;pkonf uREkyf w
f Ykd aexdik af om þpMu0VmN*dK[fBuD;
ESiw hf uG uREyfk w f Ykd\ tem*wfb0 toufwmonf rnfoYkd&v dS rd rhf nfukd od&edS m;vnfEikd jf cif; r&Sb d ?J tHMh oawG;awm aejcif;rSty
bmrQ rwwfEikd yf g/ Nidr;f csr;f om,mum <u,f0aygrsm;NyD; cGet f m;owåd Nynf0h aom urÇmopf twGi;f odYk uREyfk w f Ydk 0ifa&mufp jyKaeNyaD vm/
odYk r[kwf uREkyf w f Ykd onf ,cifu wpfBudrw f pfcgrQ rawGYb;l rBuHKbl;cJ&h aom t&Iyt f axG;rsm;? upifu h vsm;ab;Oyg'frsm;ay:wGif
',dr;f ',dik f avQmufvrS ;f aeMuyg ovm;/ odYk r[kwf taumif;qk;H ESihf tqd;k qk;H ESprf sK;d vk;H udk BuHKawGYae&OD;rSmvm;/
,aeYurÇmay:wGif jzpfay:aygufzmG ; vmBuaom tjcif;t&mrsm;ESihf ywfoufí a&;om; azmfjyxm;onfh þpmapmifyg
taMumif;t&mrsm;\ xl;jcm;xif&mS ; rSwo f m;avmufonfh tcsurf mS þtaMumif;jcif;&mrsm;udk vGecf o hJ nfh ESpaf xmifaygif; rsm;pGmuyif
a&;om;xm;cJ h N yD ; jcif ; jzpf y gonf / þa&;om;csuf rsm;wG i f yg0if a om ES p f a ygif ; ES p f a xmif r S ok H ; axmif t xd
Mumjrif h c J h N yD j zpf a omwif u l ; a[majymcsuf r sm;? ed r d w f r sm;uk d a ocsmpG m pD p pf o k H; oyf o G m ;rnf j zpf y gonf / xd k A sm'd w f e d r d w f
rsm;onfuREkfyfwdkYtouf&SifpOfumvtwGif;üyifjzpfay: BuHKawGU&NyD;ouJhodkYrMumrDxyfrHawGU&Sd&ayOD;rnfjzpfygonf/
uREkyf w f Ykd ,ckavhvmqifjcifo;Hk oyfomG ;rnf,h aeY tcsdeu f mvwGiaf cwfrw D ;kd wufjrefqefv f aS omydYk aqmifqufo, G af &;pHepfrsm;?
a&S;tcsdef,cifurBuHKawGUcJh&aom rsm;jym;us,fjyefYvmonfh urÇmhc&D;oGm;vmjcif;rsm;tjyif bufaygif;pkHrSr,kHEdkifavmufatmif
xGe;f um;wd;k wufvmaom todynmrsm;onf a&S;edrw d t f wdik ;f jzpfay:vmrSKrsm;om jzpfjcif;rSmrsufjrifoufaoyifjzpfygawmhonf/
wdk;wuf atmifjrifaeaom enf;ynmrsm; Oyrm-tDvufx&Gef;epfpHepfjzifhbPfvkyfief;aqmif&Gufjcif;ESifhrMumrDumvtwGif;
taumif t xnf a zmf oG m;awmh r nf h urÇ mtES H tok H ; jyKEd k if a om0,f , l a &;pH epf rsm;aqmif &G u f o G m ;rnf h t pD t pOf rsm;onfvnf;
wduspGmyifBudKwifa[mxm;jcif;rSmqef;us,fvSayonf/
,cif u mvuxuf , ck t cgwG i f u rÇ m ajrBuD ; \tyl & S d e f wd k ; jrif h v mjcif ; aMumif h j zpf a y:vmaomtusKd ; quf r sm;?
acwf o pf v l u d k a oapwwf a omattd k i f ' D t uf p f a &m*grsm; &k w f w &uf jzpf a y:ayguf v mjcif ; ES i f h uif q ma&m*grsm;
ysHUESHjzpfay:aeMujcif;rsm;onfvnf;a&S;,cifuedrdwfrsm;ESifh udkufnDaeayonf/
þpmapmif w G i f y g&S d a omed r d w f j ya[mud e f ; rsm;ud k od j rif o abmayguf j cif ; tm;jzif h , aeYatmuf a jcod r f ; rS
pí&kyfoGifajymif;vJaeaom urÇmBuD;\tjrifopfudk vufcHoGm;NyD; rMumrD&ifqdkif&awmhrnfhBuD;rm;aom&kwf w&ufajymif;vJjcif;
rsm;twGuf rdrdudk,fudkBudKwifjyifqifxm;Edkifayrnf/
ykpämBuD;wpfyk'f
cwfumvtqufqufüajrmufrsm;pGmaombmoma&;qdkif&moGefoifqkH;rMo0g'ay;cJhaomq&morm;rsm;onf
vnf ; aumif ; ? ynm&S d y a&m[d w f r sm;onf v nf ; aumif ; tem*wf t csd e f w G i f jzpf a y:vmrnf h t aMumif ; t&mtjzpf
tysufrsm;udkxl;jcm;pGm&lyg&kH&&SdNyD; xdk;xGif;odjrif cJhMuygonf/ vGefcJhaomESpf aygif; 2000 ua,&kqvifNrdKU ,cka*s&pk vifNrdKU
(tpöa&;Edik if )H a[mif;\tjyifbuf awmifuek ;f ay:üa[majymcsufonf,ckwikd f av;euf jynfph v Hk aS Mumif;udk vlrsm;tav;xm;
odjrifMuayonf/
xd k a e&müvl r sm;uomref o d a eMuaomb0ajymif ; vmol w &m;a[mq&mwpf O D ; jzpf v monf h e mZ&wf N rd K Uom;
a,&I o nf r G e f j rwf r S e f u ef a omw&m;a'oemrsm;a[majymcJ h a yonf / a,&I a [majym&mxd k a e&mod k Y trS e f w &m;&S m azG
onf h v l w pf p k o nf r d r d w d k Y \]]q&m}}xH 0 ef ; &H a &muf & S d v mNyD ; w&m;emumok H ; oyf q if j cif M uavonf / xd k w ynf h a wmf
rsm;a,&I u d k a r;jref ; cJ h a omar;cG e f ; tm;rzif h E G J a oma,&I \ ajzMum;csuf r sm;rS m &mpk E S p f a ygif ; rsm;pG m ul ; ajymif ; oG m ;NyD ;
,aeYuREkyf w f Ykd touf&iS o f nfu h mvtxdu;l ajymif;a&muf&v dS mayonf/ xdak r;cGe;f ykpmä rSmatmifyg"r®opfusrf;pmygtwdik ;f jzpfygonf/
]]xd k a emuf o H v G i f a wmif a y:rS m xd k i f a wmf r l p Of ? wynf h a wmf w d k Y onf t jcm;ol r ygbJ c sOf ; uyf í xd k t rS K t&mwk d Y onf
tb,f u mvrS j zpf r nf u d k 4 if ; ? ud k , f a wmf o nf < uvmí uyf u rÇ m uk e f a omyk y Ü e d r d w f o nf t b,f e d r d w f j zpf r nf u k d 4 if ;
trdefY&Sdawmfrlyg[kavQmufMu\/ (&SifróJ 24;3)
a,&I \ wynf h a wmf r sm;ua,&I t m;ar;jref ; cJ h a om ar;cG e f ; ud k r sm;aomtm;jzif h ] ]c&pf a wmf ' k w d , tBud r f < ujref ;
vmjcif;}}[lí&nfnTef;oabmaygufMuayonf/ xkd]]'kwd, tBud r f < ujref ; }}vmaomumvüc&pf a wmf o nf v l u d k , f w d k i f
&k w f w &uf a y:xG u f v mNyD ; þurÇ m avmuBuD ; wpf c k v k H ; ud k od r f ; yd k u f u majrBuD ; ay:übk & m;ocif \ Ed k i f i H a wmf u d k w nf
aqmuf o G m ;rnf j zpf y gonf / ]]urÇ m avmuBuD ; ysuf o k H ; NyD ; qk H ; jcif ; }}[l a oma0g[m&tok H ; tES K ef ; onf þ ae&müpMu
0|mN*d K [f B uD ; rsm;\ed * k H ; tqk H ; owf j cif ; [k t "d y Ü g ,f r ouf a &muf a poif h y g/ oabmayguf o d j rif & rnf r S m avmuüvuf & S d
rw&m;n§Of;yef;rSK?vlrqeftMuifemuif;rJhNyD;pmemaxmufxm; rSKr&SdaomvTrf;rdk;tkyfcsKyfjcif;rsm;csKyfNidrf;oGm;jcif;yifjzpf
onf[koabmayguf&rnfjzpfayonf/
a,&Iuwynfhawmfrsm;\ar;jref;csufykpämudkt&dyf t>rufwpfckwnf;jzifh]]aemufqkH;tcsdefumv}}\eD;uyfaejcif;
ud k a zmf n T e f ; jcif ; r[k w f b J a jrmuf r sm;pG m aom&S i f ; vif ; wd u sonf h t nT e f ; Oyrmyk H a qmif j cif ; rsm;jzif h w ynf h a wmf r sm;tpOf
owd j zif h j yif q if a exd k i f o G m ;&ef > ruf M um;cJ h y gonf / ajrmuf r sm;pG m aomtjcm;usrf ; jyKyk * ¾ d K vf r sm;\xl ; qef ; tH h M ozG , f
BudKwifa[majymcsufrsm;onfvnf;c&pfawmf\]]aemufqkH;tcsdefumv}} ESifhywfoufaomtqdktrdefYudkjynfh0rSeu f efapygonf/
þBudKwifa[mMum;cJah om]]edrw d v
f u©Pm}} rsm;udkyifuRefawmfwdkY,cktav;xm;tm&kHpdkufumokH;oyf oGm;ayrnf/

ydkí av;eufaumif;rGefaom ajzqdkcsufrsm;


a,&IajymaeonfrSm]]oifwdkYppfwdkufjcif;taMumif;udkvnf;aumif;??ppfwdkuftHhaomowif;pum;udkvnf;aumif;?
Mum;&vdrhrf nf/ odYak omfvnf;pd;k &drwf ek v
f yI jf cif;r&Sad pjcif;iSm owdjyKMuavmh/xdt
k rSKt&mrsm;onfjzpf&rnf/odYak omfvnf; tqk;H onfrjzpfao;/
vlwpfrsKd;ESifhwpfrsKd;wpf EdkifiHESifhwpf EdkifiH& ef buf j yKMuvd rf h rnf / t&yf &yf w d k Y ütpmacgif ;yg;jcif ;? umvemrsm;jym;jcif; ?
ajrBuD;vIyfjcif;wdkYonfjzpfMuvdrfhrnf/ xkdtrSKt&mwdkYonf'ku©qif;&Jjcif;\tptOD;omwnf;/ (róJ 24;6-8)
ES p f a xmif a ygif ; ajrmuf r sm;pG m yif v l o m;wd k Y o nf p pf r ufa b;'Pf ? iwf r G w f a cgif ; yg;jcif ; ? uyf a &m*ga0'emrsm;?
ivsif a b;'Pf t p&S d a omobm0ab;'k u © r sm;ud k B uH K awG U vmcJ h M u&ygonf / od k Y a omf x d k ' k u © r sm;onf ,ck y d k r d k q d k ; 0g;NyD ;
rMumcPxyfwvJvJjzpfumododomomwdk;yGm;vmaMumif;udkukefqkH;cJhaomESpfumvmrsm;twGif;ütHhMopGmawGYjrif&ayonf/
þpmapmif\yxrydkif;udkavhvmBuygpdkY/

ppfrufjzpfyGm;aeaomþurÇm
]]oifwYkd onfppfwu kd jf cif;taMumif;ud4k if;? ppfwu
kd t
f ahH omowif;pum;ud4k if; .... vl w pf r sKd ; ES i f h w pf r sKd ; wpf E d k i f i H
ESifhwpfEdkifiH&efbufjyKMuvdrfhrnf/}}

þ urÇ m BuD ; onf p pf r uf a &;&m\ted X m&k H r sm;jzif h v k H ; 0vG w f u if ; aomumv[l í r&S d c J h a o;yg/ od k Y aomf o rd k i f ;
umvwpf a vQmuf v k H ; ürnf o nf h t csd e f u mvurQrBuH K zl ; ?rqk H z l ; cJ h a o;aomppf v uf e uf r sm;xk w f v k y f j cif ; ES i f h p pf r uf
zpf y G m ;rS K t&S d e f t [k e f w d k ; jrif h y G m ;rsm;vmjcif ; rsKd ; ud k , ck q,f & mpk E S p f a vmuf B uH K awG U &jcif ; r&S d c J h y g/tjynf j ynf q d k i f & m
Buuf a jceD t oif ; \cef Y rS e f ; wG u f c suf r S K t&þ&mpk E S p f O D ; ;yd k i f ; rS p wif c J h a omppf y G J r sm;aMumif h v l o ef ; aygif ; wpf & m
ausmfaoqkH;cJhonf[kazmfjyxm;ygonf/
1914-ckEpS rf wdik rf pD pfrufjzpfymG ;jcif;rsm;onfa'owpfct k wGi;f uGuí f omjzpfNyD;urÇmESit
hf 0ef;ul;pufjzpfymG ;jcif;rsKd;rBuHKcJ&h yg/
okdYaomfyxrESifh'kwd,urÇmppfrsm;onfurÇmtESHjzpfyGm;MuaomurÇmhppftppftrSefyifjzpfMuawmhonf/
urÇmppfESpfckteuf'kwd,urÇmppftwGif;üEdkifiHi,f 12EdkifiHomvQif ppfa&;t&aomfvnf;aumif;? tjcm; taMumif;t&mrsm;
t&aomfvnf;aumif; uif;vGwcf yhJ g onf/ ppfrufjzpfymG ;aom ESpOf ;D ESpzf uf Edik if rH sm;wGif vlaygif;93oef;rSm ppfwyfrsm;wGif
yg0iftrSKxrf;cJh Muygonf/ 4if;yg0iftrSKxrf;olrsm;teufval ygif;25oef; touf qk;H &I;H cJ&h ygonf/ t&yfom;rsm; aoqk;H rSKrmS
rBuHKzl;cJah om ta&twGu&f cdS yhJ gonf/ qdAk , D uf,el , D EH ikd if H wpfEikd if H wnf;wGit
f &yfom;aygif; oef;20rSm ppfab;'Pf aMumifh
aoaMucJ&h ygonf/ 0g&Siw f efyYkdpf owif;pmu atmufygtwdik ;f a0zefa&;om;cJyh gonf/
uREkfyfwdkY20&mpkppfyGJrsm;onfppfyGJ0ifolrsm;omru t&yfom;rsm;onfvnf;vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm;yg0ifMu&aom
ppfyGJrsm;yifjzpfonf/ a&S;&mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuvlBurf;rsm;\wdkufyGJrsm;onfusOf;ajrmif;aomae&mrsm;üomwdkuf
ckdufMuonfudkESdKif;,SOfMunfhEdkifygonf/
ppfyGJrsm;udktqkH;owfapaomppf[kxifjrif,lq&aom'kwd,urÇmppfrSpíppfyGJBuD;tBudrf150wdkufcdkufcJhjcif;
aMumifhESpfpOfaoaMuolwpfaxmifausmf&SdcJhonfhtjyifppfyGJi,frsm;vufeufudkifawmfvSefykefuefrSKESifhawmfvSefa&;rsm;
&maygif;rsm;pGmjzpfay:cJhygonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppfNyD;qkH;csdefrSpívufeufjzifhwdkufcdkufrSKrsm;aMumifhtoufaygif;
23142000aoaMucJh&ygonf/

wHwdkif;BuD;NydKuscsdefrSpí
1989-ck E S p f E d k 0 if b mvwG i f b mvif w H w d k i f ; BuD ; Nyd K usoG m ;jcif ; onf u rÇ m h x d y f o D ; Ed k i f i H r sm;\ppf a t;wd k u f y G J u d k N yD ;
qkH;apaomvu©Pmomruwpf urÇmvkH;Nidrf;csrf;onfhtopfa omumvtcsd e f y d k i f ; ud k B ud K qd k c J h o nf [ k , l q cJ h M uygonf /
ukvor*¾'ku©onfrsm;r[mrif;BuD;&kH;\ 1995ckESpfEdk0ifbmvxkwfjyefaomtpD&ifcHpmwGifppfyGJrsm;? &ufpuf,kwfrmrSKrsm;?
n§ O f ; qJ E S d y f p uf r S K rsm;aMumif h u rÇ m tEY S H w G i f v uf & S d v l a ygif ; oef ; 50rS m ,if ; wk d Y r d o m;pk a etd r f r sm;rS t wif ; t"r® p G e f Y c G m oG m ;&
onfudkrSwfwrf;wifxm;aMumif;od&Sd&ygonf/ xdkrSwfwrf;uyifatmufygtwdkif;aMumufcref;vdvdqufvufazmfjyonfrSm
ppfat;wdkufyGJed*kH;csKyfoGm;jcif;twGuf EdkifiHtoD;oD;&Sd'ku©onfrsm;\tajctaerSm wdk;wufaumif;rGefvmvdrfhrnf[krsm;pGm arQmfvifhxif jrifvm
&ygonf/ urÇmhxdyfoD;EdkifiHrsm;\zufNydKiftHwkrSKrsm; NyD;qkH;NyDjzpfí&ifqdkifwdkufckdufrSKrsm;pGmudk ajz&Sif;Edkifvdrfhrnf[kxifrSwfMuygonf/ ...
odkYaomfaocsmvkeD;yg;jzpfaeonfh trSefw&m;um;xdktm;wufzG,f&mrsm;\ qefYusifzufomvQifjzpfayNyD/

okawoeESifhpnf;&kH;a&;tzGJUwpfckjzpfaomtrsKd;om; umuG,fa&;aumifpDazmifa';&Sif;\ESpfpOftpD&ifcHpmt& 1995ckESpfü


ppfy7JG 1ck&cdS &hJ m xdtk zGUJ \ 1989ckEpS yf xrqk;H wGucf surf KS ta&twGux f uf 2-qckew f ufomG ;aMumif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/ xkad zmifa';&Si;f \
nTeMf um;a&;rSK;jzpf oltNidr;f pm;txl;wyfzUJG t&m&St d if'&l;rufpif;uppfat; umvaemufyikd ;f wGif EluvD;,m;ESiZhf 0D aA'vufeufrsm;
wd k ; csJ U xk w f v k y f j cif ; ? w&k w f j ynf o l U or® w Ed k i f i H \ ppf a &; zuf q d k i f & mBuD ; rm;wd k ; wuf v mjcif ; ES i f h r l ; ,pf a q;0g;ul ;
oef;a&mif;0,fjcif;rSqufpyfaomtMurf;zufrKS rsm;ysUH ESYH vTr;f rd;k vmjcif;rsm;onft"duab;tEÅ&m,frsm;yifjzpfaMumif;ajymMum;cJyh gonf/

vlrsKd;pka&;&maMumufrufzG,fjyóem
ESifh rsKd;EG,frsm;tm;&Sif;vif;okwfoifa&;
"r®opfusrf;wGif yxrqkH;azmfjyaom edrdwfwGif ]]wpfEdkifi H E S i f h w pf Ed k i f i H & ef b uf j yKMuvd r f h r nf } } [k a zmf j y&mü
]]Edik if }H }[laompum;onf*&da0g[m&jzpfNyD;*&dbmomjzifh tufEYkd(p)[kac:&mwduspmG bmomjyefqrkd nfqykd gu]]vlrsK;d }} odYkr[kw]f ]vlrsK;d pk}}
[kt"dygÜ ,f&ygonf/wpfenf;tm;jzifh qd&k aomf a,&IuvlrsK;d wpfrsK;d ESiw hf pfrsK;d &efzufjyKMuvdrhf rnf[q k v kd ykd gonf/ ylvpfwZf mqk&-
ordkif;a&;q&mBuD;tmom&SvDpif;um;u ]]tu,fí 20-&mpkESpfonf0g'a&;qdkif&mppfrufjzpfyGm;rSKrsm;jzifhjzpfcJhygu 21 &mpkonf
vlrsKd;pk tajccHaomppfjzifh pwif0ifaf &mufvmaeNyD}} [k owday;ajymMum;cJyh gonf/
atyD ( AP )owif ; wpf & yf w G i f a zmf j y&müþ&mpk E S p f twG i f ; Ed k i f i H r sm;urd r d E d k i f i H w G i f ; &S d v l r sm;tm;usL;vG e f c J h a om
owf j zwf r S K rsm;onf E d k i f i H r sm;\e,f e d r d w f j yif y &S d t jcm;Ek d i f i H r sm;&S d , if ; wd k Y \&ef z uf r sm;tm;owf j zwf j cif ; xuf t a&
twGufausmfvGefoGm;aMumif;azmfjyxm;ygonf/ qdkAD,uf ,leD,HEdkifiHrSpwmvif\ okwfoifowfjzwfrSKrsm;? w&kyfEdkifiH\
,Ofaus;rSKawmfvSefa&;? uarÁm'D;,m;EdkifiH\ vlowfwpjyif(vlowfuGif;)rsm;? t"dyÜg,ftESpfom&r&Sd aomabmhpeD;,m;EdkifiH\
vlrsKd;pkrsm;&Si;f vif;oefYpifa&;ESihf btGe'f gEdik if \ H ted|m&krH sm;udk ud;k um;vQufatmufygtwdik ;f azmfjyxm;ygonf/
uREkyf wf Ykd tem*wfa&SUa&;onf tm;wufz, G &f mr&Sd apumrl? þurÇmavmuBu;D ay:ü jzpfay:vQu&f adS otMurf;zufrSKrsm;?
ppfrufjzpfyGm;rSKrsm;udk bk&m;ocifukd,fawmfwdkif0ifa&mufjzefajzay;rnfhaeYonf rMumrDa&muf&Sdvmygawmhrnf/ or®musrf;pmu
c&pfawmfbk&m;þavmuokdY jyefvnf<ua&mufvmaomtcg ]]xm0&bk&m;onfvlrsKd;wdkYwGifw&m;pD&ifí rsm;jym;aom
vlwYkd uq kd ;Hk rawmfro l jzifh olwYkd um;? vufeufrsm;udx k eG o
f mG ;jzpfapjcif;iSg4if;? vSHrsm;udk wHpOfjzpfapjcif;iSg4if;? xkvyk Mf uvdrfrh nf/
wjynfuw kd jynfppfrwdu k ?f ppftwwfuvkd nf;aemufwzefroif&Mu/ (a[&Sm,- 2;4)
Nid r f ; csrf ; aomurÇ m BuD ; tm;tk y f p d k ; rnf h t em*wf u d k a&S Y wG i f q uf v uf a zmf j yygrnf / ,ck r l u m;vuf & S d b 0tajc
taerSerf sm;odYk jyefMuygOD;pdYk /

]]ararom;om;qmaeNyD}}
]]t&yf&yfwdkYü tpmacgif;yg;jcif;rsm;jzpfvdrfhrnf}}

iwf r G w f a cgif ; yg;jcif ; rsm;jym;vmaomtcsd e f u mv rS m uRef w mf w d k Y touf & S i f a eMuwmvm;/ 1996-ck E S p f


puf w if b mvtwG i f ; tpD & if c H & mwG i f urÇ m YbPf u -vl o ef ; aygif ; 800 onf a eYpOf q mavmif r G w f o d y f v Quf & S d
aeNyD ; ?oef ; aygif ; 500aomcav;rsm;onf t pma&pm0vif p G m rpm;&Muojzif h p d w f a &mcE¨ m ud k , f y gzG H U Nzd K ;wd k ; wuf r S K r&S d
aMumif ; ud k a zmf j yxm;ygonf / urÇ m h b Pf \ 'k w d , Ouú X jzpf o l t pö a r;pD & m*sJ v f ' if u ]]tpma&pm0vif p G m rpm;ok H ;
&jcif ; jzif h q uf E G , f a eaomtouf a oaysmuf o nf h v l a ygif ; 40000 cef Y &S d y gonf / xd k a oqk H ; &jcif ; rsm;ud k a us;vuf
a'orsm;ütrsm;qkH;awGU&onf}} [kxkwfazmfajymqdkcJhygon/0g&S i f w ef N rd K Uawmf w G i f vuf & S d u rÇ m h t ajctaet&yf & yf u d k
Munfh&IokH;oyftuJcwfaeaomawG;ac:arQmfjrifa&;tzGJYwpfckjzpfaom urÇmhapmifhMunfhrSKtzGJU \OuúXjzpfol vufpfwmba&mif;u
]],aeY urÇ m BuD ; onf t qif h j rif h twwf y nmrsm;od & S d x G e f ; um;aomacwf w pf c wf j zpf o nf r S m rS e f y gonf /
tmumopl;prf;&SmazGrSKrsm;xGef;um;atmifjrifvQuf&Sdygonf/ urÇmtESHYae&mwdkif;wGif &pfywfaESmifzGJUum qufoG,fa&;rsm;
tvGefaumif;rGefaeygonf/ xdkYjyifvlom;\cE¨mudk,ftpdwftydkif;rsm;udkyifjyKjyif ajymif;vJtpm;xdk;Edkifonftxd wdk;wufaeaom
tajctaejzpfygonf/odkYaomfwdk;wufatmifjrifrSKrsm;\ajymif;jyefjzpf&yfrSmum;wdk;wufatmifjrifjcif;ESifh,SOfwGJ&rnfh&v'f
tpm;tajctaerS m wpf j cm;jzpf a eayonf / txl ; ojzif h 1996-ck E S p f t wG i f ; vl o m;wd k Y onf a &S ; tusqk H ; pd e f a c:rS K
BuD;wpf&yfjzpfonfhaemufwpfBudrfaumuf&dwfodrf;jcif;onftusKd;&Sdatmifjrif&efrnfodkYaqmif&Guf&rnf[lí acgif;cJaeMu&ygonf/
þawG ; ac:qif j cif a &;tzG J U uyif 1995-ck E S p f w G i f o D ; ES H t xG u f usqif ; rS K yd k r d k r sm;jym;vmum enf ; yg;avsmh u saeaom
urÇmt h &Hpm;eyf&u d m© tajctae rsm;udt k xl;jyKazmfjyum]]uREykf w f Ykdonfxyd v f efYz, G tf ajctaeodYka&muf&v dS mNyD}} [kowday;xm;ygonf/
tjcm;uRr;f usio f rl sm;enf;wlurÇmv h o l m;wdYkBuHKawGYae&aomqmavmifrw G of yd jf cif;rSmurÇmBuD;ydrk ykd al EG;vmjcif;tay:tjypfzYkdxm;ygonf/
xd k t zG J U \]]1996-ta&;BuD ; vu© P mrsm;}}tpD & if c H p mwG i f t mrcH v k y f i ef ; rsm;u&moD O wk a zmuf j yef r S K aMumif h
oD;ESHysufpD;rSKrsm;twGufxkwfay;cJh&aomaiGaMu;rSm1990 jynfhESpfrsm;\yxrq,fpkESpf0ufwGifa':vmuka#aygif; 48 uka#&Scd NhJ yD;?
1980-jynfEh pS \ f q,fpEk pS t f m;vk;H twGuf yifo;D ESq H ;Hk &I;H rSKtwGux f w
k af y;cJ&h aomaiGrmS a':vm 16 uka#om&Sad Mumif; ESKid ;f ,SOcf suu f kd
tav;ay;azmfjycJhygonf/
ZvaA'ynm&SifwpfOD;ESifh ]]NAdwdefEdkifiHywf0ef;usif npfnrf;rSKawmf0ifaumfr&Sif}}\OuúXjzpfol qm*Refa[mfwef
u]]BuD;rm;aomysufpD;qkH;&IH;rSKrsm;tawmrowfawGY&vdrfhrnf/ opfawma&ajrrsm;cef;ajcmufysufpD;rnf? iSufzsm;uJhodkY
aoma&m*grsm;ul ; puf y sH U ES H U oG m ;? iwf r G w f a eaom'k u © r sm; e,f p yf w pf c k r S w pf c k o d k Y u l ; vl ; oG m ;vmpOf & moD O wk r S m vnf ;
qdk;0g;oxufqdk;0g;vmrnf}}[kowday;ajymMum;cJhygonf/
oifonfomrefEKS ef;jzifph mzwfwwfow l pfa,muf jzpfygu þpmapmifupkd wifzwf&pI OfrpS í ,cktcsed t f xd tenf;qk;H vl 200
cef Y tiwf a b;aMumif h aoqk H ; cJ h N yD ; jzpf ygonf / a&S ; qef N yD ; jyKjyif a jymif ; vJ j cif ; ud k r vd k v m;ol r sm; u
urÇ m ay:wG i f B uD ; rm;jyif ; xef p G m wd k ; wuf a jymif ; vJ j cif ; r&S d y gu ES p f p Of v l a ygif ; 4-oef ; aoqk H ; rnf [ k c ef Y rS e f ; csuf
rsm;wGifazmfjyxm;ygonf/
vl o m;wk d Y \ord k i f ; wG i f u rÇ m h v l O D ; a&wpf u k a #&S d v m&ef 1830 ckESpftxdMumjrifhcJhygonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm 1830ckESpf
a&mufro S mvQiu f rÇmvh Ol ;D a&onfwpfuak #txd&v dS mcJjh cif;jzpfonf/ urÇmv h Ol ;D a& ESpu
f ak #&Sv
d m&ef 1930ckEpS ftxdomMumjrifch yhJ gonf/
aemufxyfEpS af ygif;30Mumjrifv h maomtcg ok;H uka#&Sv d mNyD;? aemufxyf16ESpMf umaomtcg 4uka#jzpfvmygonf/ 1976ckEpS af &mufNyD;
11ESpfMumjrifhaomtcgurÇmhvlOD;a&rSmig;uka#&Sdvmygonf/ ouú&mZf 2030ckESpfwGif urÇmhvlOD;a&rSm 8.5uka#odkY
a&muf & S d v mrnf [ k c ef Y rS e f ; arQmf v if h x m;onf / vl O D ; a&wd k ; yG m ;vmonf E S i f h t rQpd k u f y sKd ; xk w f v k y f E d k i f a omajr{&d , mrS m
vnf;avsmhenf;oGm;&ygonf/

&Sif;vif;aomtajz
urÇmhtajctaetrSefudkavhvmMunfhrnfqdkygu ajymif;jyeftaetxm;ü&SdaeaMumif;udk&ifeifhzG,f&mjrif&ayrnf/
tb,faMumifhqdkaomftrSeftm;jzifhwdk;yGm;vm aomvlOD;a&ukdþurÇmBuD;uauR;arG;EdkifaomtajctaewGif&Sdjcif;aMumifhyifwnf;/
tcsKYd aomiwfrw G af cgif;yg;jcif;ab;'Pfrsm;rSmrd;k acgifjcif;? a&&Sm;yg;jcif;rsm;aMumifhjzpfap obm0ab;uyfrsm;aMumifjh zpfapay:aygufwwf
aomfvnf; ,aeYurÇmay:ü awGUjrifae&aom iwfrGwf acgif;yg;jcif;rsm;onf vlom;wkdY\ twåqefvGef;rSKESifh vlom;jcif;
pmemaxmufxm;rSK uif;rJhjcif;rsm;aBumifhjzpfaeayonf/ ppfyGJrsm;ydwfqdkYwm;qD;rSKrsm;? tkyfcsKyfol tpdk;&Xmersm;\
t*wdvu kd pf m;rSKrsm;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;zdEydS f csKyfcs,rf KS rsm;tm;vk;H wdYkonf ,aeYtrSejf zpfay:aeaom jyóem\t&dyv f u©Pmrsm;yifjzpfonf/
tjypfru hJ av;i,f rsm;qmavmifiwfrw G af eMupOftcsKYdaomcsr;f om<u,f0onfh Edik if rH sm;onfaumufyJoD;ESHpm;eyf&du©mrsm;\aps;ESKef;rsm;
trSefr[kwfbJazmif;yGjrifhrm;aeap&efpm;eyf&du©mwefaygif;oef;ESifhcsDízsufqD;vQuf&SdaeMuygonf/
atyD o wif ; aqmif ; yg;wpf c k w G i f u Rrf ; usif y d k i f E d k i f r S K &S d a omurÇ m h p m;eyf & d u © m tzG J U onf 4 if ; \yOö r tBud r f a jrmuf
ESpfpOftpD&ifcHpmüatmufygtwdkif;pdwfvIyf&Sm;zG,f&m rsm;jzifha&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf/
]] urÇmhiwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;onfvlvljcif;pmemaxmufxm;rSK u&kkPmw&m;rsm; avsmhenf;&jcif;tay:tajccHayonf/}}
xkdurÇmtwGufpm;eyf&du©mtzGJUonf qif;&JEGrf;yg;rSKqefYusifa&;rsm;BuD;rm;us,fjyefYpGm&SdvmEdkifa&;twGufpnf;&kH;vIHaqmfvsuf&Sd\/
xdktzGJU\ tpD&ifcHpmwGif tMurf;zufrSK? EdkifiHa&; tmPmrsm;uif;rJhrSK? qif;&JEGrf;yg;jcif;? tom;ta&mif cGJjcm;jcif;ESifh
ywf0ef;usifnpfnrf;rGe;f Muyfjcif;rsm;onf tm[m&csKdYwrhJ KS \ t"dutaMumif;&if;rsm;jzpfaMumif;udk xkwaf zmf&iS ;f vif;jyocJyh gonf/
uREk f y f w d k Y t m;vk H ; onf o r® m usrf ; pmyga&T p nf ; rsOf ; rsm; tm;vd k u f e mae&k H j zif h wpf y g;ol t m;rd r d u d k j yKusif h a pvd k
onft h wdik ;f usiMhf uHjyKral exdik rf nfqydk guurÇmih wfrw G af cgif;yg;jcif;uJo h Ykad omacsmufveS Yfaeonfjh yóemrsm;udzk ,f&mS ;ypfEikd rf nfjzpfayonf/

]] ppf }}-jzKef;wD;zsufqD;olBuD;
iwfrGwfacgif;yg;rSKrsm;onf ppfrufjzpfyGm;jcif;rsm;ESifhqufEG,fvsuf&SdMu\/ ydkírSefuefwduspGmajym&rnfqdkygu
ppfonfiwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;udkydkrdkjzpfay:vmaponf/ ,ciftar&duefor®wAdkvfcsKyfBuD; 'dGKuf'D?tdkufpifa [mif 0 gu
ppf r uf j zpf y G m ;jcif ; aMumif h t ysuf t ysuf E S i f h q k H ; &I H ; &jcif ; rsm;tjzpf u d k t av;ay;umtwd t vif ; xk w f a zmf a jymqd k c J h y gonf /
Ad k v f c sKyf B uD ; uxk w f v k y f v d k u f w J h aoewfwpfvufpD? a&csvdkufwJhppfoabmFwpfpD;pD? ypfvTwfv d k u f w J h ' k H ; usnf w pf p D ; pD o nf
wu,fawmhqmavmifNyD;tpma&pmrpm;aomuf&olrsm;? csrf;at;aom'PfcHae&ygvQuft0wftxnf0wfqif&olrsm;xHrS
ckd;0Suf&,lonfht"dygÜ ,frsKd ;azmfneT ;f aeygonf/ vufeufrsm;jynf0h aeaomurÇmBuD;onfvufeufjyKvkyf&efaiGaMu;wpfckwnf;udkom
okH;pGJaejcif;r[kwfyg/ vufeufypönf;rsm;xkwfvkyfjcif;twGufurÇmhtESHtjym;tvkyform;rsm;\vkyftm;ESifhaoG;acR;rsm;udk
okH;jyKaeouJhodkY odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;\OmPfynmESifhuav;oli,frsm;\arQmfvifhjcif;rsm;udkvnf;tokH;jyKvQuf&Sdaeayonf/
ppfab;ppf'Pf\t&dyfatmufwGifvlom;wdkY\tjzpfrSmoHvuf0g;uyfwdkifay:üwGJavmif;csdwfcHxm;&ouJhodkY&Sdaeygonf/
urÇmv h o l m;rsm;aexdik t f ouf&Sif&eftwGuftjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;r&Sdawmhaybl;vm;/
atmufwiG af zmfjyxm;aomacwfNydKijf zpfay:vmonfh taMumif;t&mrsm;rSm tdkufqifa[mif0g&IjrifokH;oyfcJhtwdkif;yifjzpfonf/
1991 ckESpfujzpfyGm;cJhaomyifv,fauGYppfyGJonfr[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;twGufwpfaeYvQifa':vmbDvsHwpf0uf odkYr[kwf
wpfred pfaomtcsed u f mvav;twGuf a':vm 350000 ukeu f sygonf/ wdu k af v,mOfwpfp;D vQif a':vm 25oef;cefYuek u f sygonf/
wdrk ma[mhcw f u kd 'f ;Hk ysH wpfp;D vQif a':vm 1.3oef;ukeu f sygonf/ a0[ifraS 0[ifypf
'kH;usnfonfa':vm 800000ukefus\/
vlom;twGuftusKd;&Sdaomukefusp&dwfrsm;tjzpfvSnfhajymif; wGufcsufMunfhygu a&'gxdef; ]]py,f&dk}} 'kH;usnfwpfvuf\
ukefusaomwefbdk;rSm qmavmifae aomausmif;om;rsm;jzifhjynfhESufaeaomausmif;wpfausmif; twGufausmif;om;rsm;\
aeYvnfpmudk ig;ESpw f wd ad eYpOf &ufqufum auR;arG;Edik af yrnf/
txuf a zmf j yygqmavmif a omausmif ; om;rsm;twG u f i g;ES p f w mauR;arG ; aomuk e f u sp&d w f o nf p pf r uf a &;
&mESiphf pfvufeuftwGuu f ek uf saomaiGaMu;wefz;kd ude;f *Pmef;rsm;ESiEhf KdS i;f ,SOMf unfyh gu y&Guq f w
d Ef iS q
hf ifBuD;uJo h YkdumG jcm;vSayonf/
tb,faMumifhqdkaomfvlom;touf&Sifa&;xufppfvufeufu&d,mrsm;ESifhppfrufa&;&mudpörsm;twGuf uka#aygif;rsm;pGm
oGefíokH;pGJaejcif;aMumifhjzpfygonf/ qDG'ifEdkifiH? pawmh[krf;NrdKUawmf&Sdtjynfjynfqdkif&m Nidr;f csr;f a&;okawoeXmeu urÇmph pfruf
a&;&mukeu f sp&dwrf sm;onf ESppf OfyQrf;rQa':vmuka# 900rS1000 txduek u f svQuf&adS Mumif;azmfjyxm;ygonf/ okH;uka#rQaom
udef;*Pmef;udktajccHNyD; wGufcsufrnf qdkyguppfa&;twGuf tvGefrsm;jym;aom aMu;aiGtm; rdepfwdkif;okH;pGJvQuf
&So
d nfuakd wGU&SEd ikd af yrnf/ zGUH NzdK;qJ urÇm&Sq d if;&JaomEkid if rH sm;twGuaf ':vmuka#aygif;ok;H q,f ukeu f srnfah &oefY&&Sjd zefYjzL;ay;a&;
(10)ESppf rD u H ed ;f BuD; twGuu f ek u
f sp&dwo
f nfppfrufa&;&mtwGu(f 10)&ufpm tok;H p&dwo f m jzpfavonf/ ppfa&;twGuf (18)&ufpm
ukefusp&dwfonf wpfurÇmvkH;&Sdt[m&csKdYwJhrSKudkyaysmuf aponfhtokH;p&dwfESifhnDayonf/ uRr;f usio f rl sm;ua':vm oef;ESpf&m
od k Y r[k w f p pf r uf a &;&mtwG u f ok H ; em&D t ok H ; jyKaomaiG a Mu;onf ES p f p Of u av;ol i ,f 4oef ; aoaMu
ysuf p D ; apaomqkHqdkYemacsmif;acsmufqdk;jcif;? ar;cdkifa&m*g? 0ufoufa&m*gESifh t&dk;aysmha&m*grsm;ukd vkH;0aysmufuif;
atmifaqmif&GufapEdik o f nf[k ,kMH unfaMumif; xkwaf zmf ajymqdyk gonf/

a&m*EÅ&m uyfqdkufaeaom urÇm


]]xdktcgyvdyfa&m*gqdk;rsm;jzpfay:ayvdrfhrnf}}

ppfrufjzpfymG ;jcif;ESiihf wfrw


G af cgif;yg;jcif;rsm;aMumifh jzpfymG ;vmaom qd;k &Gm;rSK tBudrBf udrx
f yfaeouJo
h Ykd ul;pufwwfaom
yvdyfa&m*gqdk;rsm;onfvnf; pdk;&drfxdyfvefYzG,f&mjzpfyGm;vQuf&Sdaeayonf/
ESpaf ygif;20rjynfah o;rDumvurSaq;ynmavmu taejzifh bufw;D &D;,m;a&m*gyd;k aygif; ajrmufrsm;pGmESihf vluakd oapwwfaom
a&m*gtrsKd;rsKd;udkwdkufzsufESdrfESif; vdkufNyDjzpfaMumif;tcdkiftrmajymMum;cJhygonf/ 1979 ckESpfwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpkcGJpdwfuk
q&m0efcsKyBf uD; 0Dv, D pH wl;0yfu ul;pufwwfaom a&m*grsm; þurÇmay: ü r&Sad wmhí ,if;twGuf aqmif&u G cf surf sm; ed*;Hk csKycf sed f
usa&mufNyD[kaMunmcJhygonf/
rMumao;aom 1983ckESpfüaq;ynmusrf; wpfapmifu ul;pufwwfaoma&m*grsm;onftjcm; aomBuD;us,fonfh
emrusef;jzpfyGm;jcif;rsm; xufydkí vG,fulpGmukoEdkifayonf[kcdkifrmpGmazmfjyxm;ygonf/
odkYaomfxdkuJhodkYr[kwfbJ ul;pufa&m*grsm;rSm wjznf;jznf; yaysmufoGm;&rnfhtpm;90jynfhvGefESpfrsm; twGif; jzpfyGm;rSKrsm;
wd k ; wuf r sm;jym;vmonf u d k a wG U & ayonf / a'guf w m&S m 0rf E k v ef \ ta&mif ; &toG u f q k H ;
pmtk y f j zpf a om]]uREk f y f w d k Y a oMu&yk H } }pmtk y f w G i f u l ; puf a &m*g ud k a tmif j rif t Ed k i f , l v d k u f N yD q d k a omaq;ynm\qd k v d k c suf
tmabmfrSmvSnfhpm;jcif;wpf&yfomjzpfonf[ka&SUa&;twGuf aomuruif;ylaqG;rSKjzifha&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonfaq;0g;
wefcdk;tmedoifudkwGef;vSefwdkufzsufEdkifaombufwD;&D;,m; ydk;rTm;tkyfpkrsm;onf ,cktcgwGifjyefvnfay:aygufaeNyD
jzpf & mþa&m*gyd k ; rT m ;tEÅ & m,f r sm;onf a ttd k i f ' D t uf p f a &m*g xuf y if t ouf t EÅ & m,f u d k N cd r f ; ajcmuf v Quf & S d a Mumif ;
q&m0efrsm;uowday;aeygonf/
atyDowif;t& atmufygtwdik ;f od&ygonf/ rsm;jym;vSaom vuf&SdbufwD;&D;,m;a&m*gydk;wkdufzsufaom aq;0g;rsm;jzifh
aysmuf u if ; atmif rpG r f ; aqmif E d k i f a ombuf w D ; &D ; ,m;a&m*gyd k ; tk y f p k r sm;ay:ayguf v Quf & S d &m 4if ; buf w D ; &D ; ,m;
a&m*gyd;k rsm;onfattdik 'f t D ufpx f ufyif vlx\ k use;f rma&;udNk cdr;f ajcmufvQu&f adS Mumif; uRr;f usio f rl sm;uowday;ajymMum;ygonf/
ESrd ef if;yaysmufomG ;Ny[
D k ,lqxm;&aom (wDb)D tqkwef ma&m*g? tqkwaf &mifa&m*g?OD;aESmuftajr;§ yg;a&m*gESichf w H iG ;f a&m*grsm;onf
,cktcgr&yfrem;jzpfay:vQuf&Sdae\/ omrefydk;rTm;rsm;onfvrf;avQmufwwfpuav; t&G,frsm;\ em;&GufwGi fjzpfay:aom
a&m*grStptqkwfa&mifa&m*gtxdjzpfyGm;apaom]]r[mydk;rTm;rsm;}} jzpfEdkifNyD; AifudkrdkifZifESifhtjcm;aq;0g;rsm;udkwGef;vSefEdkifpGrf;&Sd
aoma&m*gydk;BuD;rsm;jzpfaeacsNyD/

a&m*gydk;rTm;wkdufzsufaq;rsm;\'PfjyeftEÅ&,f

tb,faMumifw h pfcsed w
f pfcguarS;rSed o
f mG ;Nyo
D Yrdk [kwvf ;Hk 0aysmufysuv
f ek ;D NyD[,
k q
l cJ&h aoma&m*gb,rsm;jyefvnfay:aygufvm&ygoenf;/
uRr;f usio
f rl sm;taejzifrh l tqdyk g a&m*gyd;k rTm;wdu k zf su&f rnfh aq;0g;rsm;udk ae&m tESt H jym;ü wvGw
J acsmf rSm;,Gi;f pGm ok;H pGMJ ujcif;aMumifh
a&m*gyd k ; rT m ;rsm;tm; azsmuzsuf & ef a zmf p yf x m;aom aq;0g;rsm; rS m tvG e f o ef p G r f ; aom a&m*gyd k ; tk y f p k o pf r sm;
tjzpfay:aygufvmapavNyD[k aighawmhawmh ajymqkd vmMuygonf/

vlowfydk;rTm;rsm;
aq;0g;avmuwwfodem;vnfNyD;wm0ef&Sdolrsm; taejzifh,cktcgwGifa&m*gydk;rTm;uyfa&m*grsm;wdk;yGm;vm aeonfomru?
vludkaoapEdkifaomul;pufa&m*grsm; jzpfonfhattdkif'DtufpfESifhtDbdkvma&m*grsm;onf,cif uxufydkí jzpfay:vQuf&Sdaeonf[k
owday;aeygonf/

aygufuGJysHUESHaeaomattdkif'Dtufpfa&m*g
urÇmtESHYt&Sdeft[kefjzifhul;pufysHUyGm;vQuf&Sdaeaom attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*g jzpfyGm;rSKta&twGuf pm&if;tif; rsm;rSm
tH h M oavmuf a tmif BuD ; rm;aeygonf / uk v or*¾ ud k , f c H tm;usqif ; rS K Xme (UNAIDS) \ td y f c sf t d k i f A D E S i f h
attdik 'f t D ufpq f ikd &f mukvor*¾y;l wGt
J pDtpOf\1996ckEpS 'f ZD ifbmvwGix f w
k jf yefaomESpcf sKyfcefYreS ;f csufwiG t f yd cf sf tdik Af aD &m*gyd;k &So
d l
oef;aygif; 3.1 wd;k wufrsm;jym;vm aMumif;azmfjyyg&Syd gonf/ 1996ckEpS w f iG f attdik 'f t D ufpf a&m*gaMumifah oaMuolaygif; 1.5
oef;&S&d mattdik 'f t D ufpf a&m*gESifh4if;ESifhqufEG,faoma&m*grsm;aMumifh,aeYxd vlpkpkaygif; 6.4oef;aoqkH;&aMumif;azmfjyygonf/
,ck þpma&;om;aecsdefumvwGifvlaygif;24oef;rSmattdkif 'Dtufpfa&m*gtaMumif;pwifawGYjrifod&Sd&aom 1981ckESpf
rSpí,aeYtxdvlaygif;oef; 30þa&m*gqdk;udkul;puf &&SdcJhNyD;jzpfaMumif;ay:vGifaeygonf/
urÇmhusef;rma&;tzGJY\azmfjycsuft&urÇmtESHYwGif aeYpOfvlaygif;ajcmufaxmifausmftdyfcsftdkifADa&m*gydk;rsm; ul;pufvQuf&SdNyD;
a&m*gul;pufysHYyGm;rSKtajctaerSmwpfaeY xufwpfaeYBuD;xGm;qkd;0g;vmjcif;&SdaMumif;yg&Sdygonf/ vdifqufqHjcif;aMumifh
tdycf sftikd Af aD &m*gyd;k &&Srd KS onf 75% cefY&ydS gonf/ urÇmuh sef;rma&;tzGYJ \ajyma&;qkcd iG hf &So d cl &pfpwdzk myd0k v
J uf ouú&mZf 2000wGif
tdyfcsftdkifAD a&m*gydk;&Sdol oef;aygif; 40txda&muf&dS oGm;vdrrhf nf[k wifu;l a[mxm;ygonf/
txufwGifazmfjycJhaomuyfa&m*grsm;tjyiful;pufjcif; r&S d [ k , l q &aomuif q ma&m*gvnf ; usef & S d a eygao;onf /
od y Ü H y nm&S i f r sm;uuif q ma&m*gjzpf y G m ;&aomtaMumif ; &if ; \ 80%rS m ywf 0 ef ; usif z ef w D ; rS K rsm;aMumif h j zpf o nf
[kcefYrSef;ajymqdkygonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifah q;vdyaf omufjcif;aMumifu h ifqm a&m*gjzpfEikd af pygonf/ rdru d ,
kd wf idk af q;vdyrf aomuf onfw h ikd f aq;vdyaf iGU
&I&Iduf&jcif;aMumifh a&m*g&&SdEdkif ayonf/ xdkYjyif,aeY uREkfyfwdkYpm;okH;vQuf&SdaomacwfrD pm;aomufp&mrsm;onf
ab;Oyg'fjzpfwwfaom"gwkypönf; rsm;yg0ifjcif;aMumifhvnf;uifqma&m*gjzpfyGm;apygonf/ trSeftm;jzifhuREkfyfwdkY\
bd;k bGm;rsm;vufxufwikd af tmif rMum;bl;? rBuHKb;l cJah omuifqma&m*grsK;d pkaH Mumifh ,ck acwfwiG Ef pS pf Ofvl 6oef;cefYaoqk;H &ygonf/
&kwfw&uf wdk;yGm;ysHUESHUvmaomvludkaoapEdkifonfhrDvdkEdkrmac:ta&jym;uifqmonfaerSxkwfvTifhvdkufonfhc&rf;a&mifa&mifjcnf
udkumuG,fonfhurÇmajrBuD;\tdkZkef;vTmjyKef;wD;jcif;aMumifhjzpfay:vm&jcif;jzpfygonf/
a,&I u ol j yef < uvmcgeD ; csd e f w G i f þ avmuützsm;temyvd y f u yf a &m*gqd k ; rsm;ajrmuf r sm;pG m jzpf a y:aeayrnf /
[kred Yf Mum;cJyh gonf/ þuyfa&m*gqd;k rsm;usa&mufaeonfw h ikd af tmifb&k m;ocifurdru d ,kd MHk unfMuolrsm;tm;umuG,af pmifah &SmufNyD;
aysmuf u if ; aprnf [ k o r® m usrf ; pmuazmf j yxm;ygonf / ]]ig\emrawmf u d k a Mumuf & G H a om oif w d k Y üum;?
w&m;awmfaerif;onftemaysmufapaom tawmifawmfwdkYESifhay:xGef;awmfrlrnf/}} (rmvcd 4;2)

{&mrajymif;vJrSKBuD;
]]ae&mtESHYtjym;üajrivsifrsm;vSKyfvdrfhrnf/}}

urÇmEh pS cf sKyrf w
S w
f rf;pmtkyu
f c&pfEpS f 1000ESihf ESpf 1800 twGi;f üBuD;rm;aomajrivsif 2Budro f mjzpf ay:cJah Mumif;azmfjyygonf/
1800 ESihf 1900 ESprf sm;twGi;f ajrivsiBf uD; (18)Budrv f KS yfcNhJ yD; aemufEpS af ygif;50 Mumaom 1900 ESihf 1950 ESprf sm;twGi;f
ivsifBuD;(33) Budrfjzpfay:cJh&m NyD;cJhaomESpf 850eD;yg;cefYtwGif; vIyfcJhonfhtBudrfESifhnDrQonf[kqdk\/
1950 ESifh 1991ckESpfrsm;twGif;ivsifBuD; 93BudrfjzpfyGm;cJh&m ukefvGefcJhaom&mpkESpf0ufxuftBudrf (3)q&Sdayonf/
þ(41)ES p f t wG i f ; jzpf a y:cJ h a omivsif ' Pf a Mumif h u rÇ m tES H Y vl 1.3oef ; aoqk H ; cJ h y gonf / þuJ h o d k Y
&k w f c snf ; wd k ; yG m ;vmaomivsif v S K yf j cif ; rsm;aMumif h o d y Ü H y nm&S i f r sm;uuREk f y f w d k Y onf i vsif v S K yf j cif ; ES i f h y wf o uf
qufEG,faeaomuyfumvtwGif;okdYcsOf;eif;0ifa&mufae NyD[kBudKwifedrdwfxkwfajymMum;aeayNyD/
1995-ck E S p f w G i f u sif ; ycJ h a ombl r d a A'ES i f h a jrivsif E S i f h rD ; awmif y nm&S i f r sm;\xd y f o D ; nD v mcH w G i f ynm&S i f
rsm;uajrivsifaMumay:üNrdKUBuD;rsm;wdk;yGm;vmjcif;rsm;onf rMumrDumvtwGif;a&S;,cifurBuHKzl;rawGYzl;cJhaomuyfab;'ku©rsm;
jzpfay:apvdrfhrnf[k owday;cJhygonf/
ya&mzufa[&S,uvnf; þurÇmavmuBuD;\aemufqkH;aeYrsm;wGif tvGefBuD;rm;aom ajrivsifrsm; vSKyfvdrfhrnf[k
BudKwifodjrifajymMum;jcif;udk atmufyg or®musrf;csufwGifzwf&Iod&SdEdkifygonf/
]]aMumufvefYbG,faomt&mrSajy;aomolonfajrwGi;f odYk usvrd rhf nf? ajrwGi;f rSvw G af omolonfausmu h iG ;f üausmhrdvdrfhrnf/
aumif;uif>yef0yGifhvQuf&Sdí? ajrBuD;tjrpfvnf;vSKyf&Sm;avNyD/ jynfawmfonfwjynfvkH;jyKwf avNyD/ jynfawmfonf
tuket f pifNydKysuaf vNyD/ jynfawmf onf tvGew f ek v
f KS yfvQu&f adS v\/ jynfawmfonf ,pfr;l aomoluo hJ Ykd wvl;vnfvnf&\ dS /
ykcufuo hJ YkdvKS yf&mS ;\/ rdrt
d jypfonf rdrad y:rSmav;ojzifh jynfawmfonfvv J rd hf rnf? aemufwzefrx&/(a[&Sm, - 24;18-20?
30;25)

t"r® tMurf;zufrSK zkH;vGrf;aeaom þurÇm


c&pfawmfa,&Iu rdro
d nf þurÇmavmuodYk 'kw,
d tBudrf jyefvnfr<uvmrD xde;f odr;f ír&aom t"r®aqmif tMurf;zufrKS
rsm;jym;aom tajctaewpfckvnf;jzpfay: aeayrnf[k rdefYMum;cJhygonf/ or®musrf;pmwGif ]]vlom;onf <uvmaomtcg
aem{vufxufü jzpfouJo h Ykd jzpfvrd rhf nf}} [kazmfjyxm;ygonf/ (róJ 24;37)
aem{vufxufü tajctaersm; rnfodkY&SdcJhygoenf;/ urÇmOD;usrf;u uREfkyfwdkYudk þuJhodkY od&Sdapygonf/
]]xkt
d cgajrBuD;onfb&k m;ocifa&SUrSm ykypf yfvsuf&\ dS / ajrBuD;onf t"r®trSKESihf jynfph aHk v\}} (urÇmOD; 6;11)
,cktcg uREykf w f Ukd onf aeYpOfEiS t hf rQ aMuuGzJ , G &f m t"dygÜ ,fuif;rJah om taMumif;t&mrsm; ygonfh owif; acgif;BuD;ydik ;f rsm;udk
aMumufrufxdyfvefYzG,fjzifh zwf&Iae&ygonf/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk wpfckwnf;üyif tMurf;zuf trSKtcif;rsm; pm&if;ta&twGufrSm tHhtm;oifhavmuf ayonf/
tar&duefEikd if H pkpH rf;ppfaq;a&;tzGUJ wpfzUJG jzpfaom tufzb f t
D ikd u
f tar&duefEikd if w
H iG f yQr;f rQjcif;tm;jzifh 22rdepf wdik ;f wGif vlwpfO;D
towfc&H um? 4rdepfwikd ;f wGif trsK;d orD; wpfO;D t"r®jyKusijhf cif;cH&NyD;? 26puúeYfwikd ;f wGif vk,ufrKS wpfcu k sL;vGev
f suf &Sad eaMumif;
azmfjyxm;ygonf/
rSKcif;uRr;f usio f rl sm; aumfr&Si\ f tpD&ifcpH mudk ud;k um;vQuf &ku d w f mowif;pOfu tar&duefEikd if \ H rSKcif;tajctaersm;rSm
ydí
k yifjrifrh m;vsuf &Sad Mumif; atmufygtwdik ;f azmfjyxm;ygonf/
abmhpwefNrdKU&Sd ta&SUajrmuf wuúov dk rf S vlrKS a&;ynm ygarmu©*sufvDAifu vuf&t dS csed u
f mvwGif 14ESpf 15ESpf t&G,f
uav;vl i ,f r sm;rS vl i ,f r sm;onf þacwf u mvtyd k i f ; tjcm;wG i f arG ; zG m ;vmaom uav;rsm;jzpf a omf v nf ;
'kwd,urÇmppfNyD;qkH;NyD;aemuf arG;zGm;olrsm;xufyif vlowfrSK? 'kp&kdufusL;vGef&mü omvGefxufjrufvQuf &SdMuonf/
usL;vGefwwfMuaom touf 18ESpfrS 24ESpf oufwef;tkyfpk t&G,frsm;\ touft&G,fodkYyif ra&muf&Sdao;ay/
]]þuav;oli,frsm;onf touft&G,f r&Muao;apumrl vlowfrKS usL;vGew f wfMuayNyD? aemufqufí olwYdb k mrsm; vkyMf uOD;rSmvJ}}
[kvDAif uar;xm;ygonf/

tJ'gvm; azsmfajzrSKqdkwm
,aeYvil ,frsm; twGi;f rSm bmaMumifrh BuHKpzl; tMurf;zufrKS awG wd;k yGm;ae&'gvJ/ vlrKS oyd yHÜ nm&Sirf sm; taejzifh azsmaf jzrSKonf
t"duw&m;cHjzpfonf[k ,lq xm;ygonf/ txl;ojzifh vlwikd ;f &J{h nfch ef;twGi;f odYk &kyo f iG o
f P²mefrsm; ,laqmifvmaom &kyjf rifoMH um;
,Ofaus;rSK yifjzpfawmhonf/ ,ckawmh r[kwaf wmhyg/ tar&duef uav;oli,frsm;onf yQr;f rQtouf 15ESpf&adS omtcg 4if;wdYk onf
tMurf;zufrSKaMumifh aoaMuysufpD;olaygif; 35000 udkomru &ufpufMurf;MuKwfrSKaygif; 200000 udk4if; awGYjrifxm;NyD;
jzpfayvdrrhf nf/ aemifacwf umvtcsdeüf yif ,©KuREfyk w f Ykd &ifqikd af wGUBuHKae&aom tMurf;zufrKS rsm;avmuf BuD;xGm;jcif;r&Sad y/
&kyfjrifoHMum;zefom;ay:ü awGUjrif&aom tMurf;zufrSKrsm;onf vrf;rsm;ay:ü awGUjrif&aom tMurf;zufrSKrsm;ESifh
qufpyfrSKr&Sd[lí uREkfwdkY jiif;qdkEdkifrnf r[kwfay/ ,lyDtdkif owif;wpf&yfwGif tzGJU0ifOD;a& 40000 &Sdaom NAdwdefEdkifiH
toufarG;0rf;aMumif; twwfynm&Sirf sm; (q&mrsm;) toif;\ wdik ;f wmpDppfrKS wpfcw k iG f xdt
k zGUJ u atmufygtwdik ;f ,lqzGiq hf kd
xm;ygonf/
&Su
D mudNk rKd U tDvED KGd i;f wuúov kd ?f pdwyf nm ygarmu© wpfO;D jzpfol a'gufwm vD,ekd wf't D ufzzf &Geo
f nf &kyjf rifoMH um;
Munf&h oI l 400ausmf\ tusifph &ku d u
f kd ESpaf ygif;22-ESpw f ikd af tmif avhvm ok;H oyfcyhJ gonf/ &kyjf rifoMH um;wGif tMurf;zufrKS rsm;
tvGeftuRH jyoaejcif;aMumifh vlYtzGJUtpnf;wGif Murf;MuKwf t"r®qefaom tjyKtrlrsm;? rSKcif;rsm;ESifh tMurf;zufrSK
jzpfay:vm&onfukd oHo,&Sd &efrvdak y[k a'gufwmtufzzf &Geu f rdr\ d xifjrifcsufukd ajymMum;cJyh gonf/
&kyjf rifoMH um;wGif tMurf;zufrKS rsm; jyo&mrS jyifywGif jzpfay:vmaom tusK;d oufa&mufrKS rsm;ESihf ywfoufí tajctwif
ajymqdtk jiif;yGm; aeMuonfrmS pD;u&ufaomufjcif;ESihf uifqma&m*gjzpfonfh taMumif;t&if;uJo h Ykd yif&adS eygonf/
]]vsijf refpmG ajymif;vJaeaom rdrw d Ykd urÇmBuD;ESihf ywfoufí vli,frsm;\ cHpm;csu}f } udo k &d EdS ikd &f ef twGuf e,l;pf0dcfr*¾Zif;ESifh
vli,frsm;\ umuG,fa&; &HykHaiGtzGJYu touf(10)ESpfrS(17)ESpftwGif;&Sd tar&duef oli,frsm;\ oabmxm;udk od&Sd&ef
ppfwrf;aumuf,l cJyh gonf/ e,l;pf0cd rf *¾Zif;rS xdt k zGUJ \awGU&Scd suf tay: atmufygtwdik ;f tusOf;csKyf azmfjyvdu k yf gonf/
urÇmBuD;onf t"r®qef Murf;MuKwfae apumrl uREyfk w f Ykdonf pd;k &draf MumifMh urSKrsm;jzifh aexdik &f ef rvdyk g/ or®musr;f ü
a,&Itm; ]]Nidro f ufjcif;t&Si}f } (a,&Sm, 9;6)[k azmfneT ;f xm;NyD; xdt k &Sio
f nf rdru d kd tm;ud;k qnf;uyfol tm;vk;H udk Nird o f ufjcif;
ay;oem;&ef uwdawmfjyKxm;ygonf/
]]Nidro
f ufjcif;udk oifwYdkü ygxm;cJ\ h / ig\ Nidro f ufjcif;udk oifwYkdtm; igay;\/ avmuDom;wdYk ay;ouJo h Ykd igay;onfr[kw/f
oifwYkd pdwEf vS ;Hk ylyefjcif;? pd;k &drf wkevf yI jf cif; r&Sad pESi/hf (a,m? 14;27)

igrSig[lí twåqefvGef;aom rsKd;qufacwf


]]rw&m;aomtrSKwdYk onf rsm;jym;ojzift
h rsm;aom olwYkd\cspjf cif;arwåmonf acgif;yg;vdrrhf nf/ (róJ 24;12)

txufygusr;f csurf mS c&pfawmfu rdrd þurÇmavmuodYkaemufwpfBudrf jyef<uvmcsed w f iG f vlom;rsm;\ pdww f iG f tMuifemw&m;


uif;rJvh suf &Sad ernfh tajctaeudk azmfjyvdu k jf cif;yif jzpfonf/ þtaMumif;ESihf qufpyfaeaom tjcm;usr;f yd'k f wpfy'kd u f -
]]aemifumvonf cJ,Of;aom umvjzpfrnf[k odrw S af vmh? tb,foYked nf;[lru l m; vlwYko d nf ud, k u
hf u
kd ,kd f cspaf omol? aiGrufaomol?
0g<um;aomol? axmifvmT ; apmfum;aomol? oefY&iS ;f jcif; r&Sad omol? yuwd MuifempkrH ufjcif;ESihf uif;aomol? &efNidK;zGYJ aomol?
acsmpm;wwfaomol? ud, k £
f ajE´ukd rcsKyfw;D Edik af omol? jyif;xefaomol? olawmfaumif;udk rke;f aomol? opömudk zsuw f wfo?l
bk&m;ocifukd ESpo f ufonfxufumr *kPu f okd mí ESpo f ufaomol? bk&m;xHü arGYavsmf a,mifaqmifí? arGUavsmjf cif;wefc;kd udk
jiif;y,faomol jzpfMuvdrrhf nf/}} (2wdarmao 3;1-4)
uREkyf w
f Ykd onf wpfu, kd af umif;qefjcif;? cspfjcif; arwåmtMuifemw&m; uif;rJjh cif;ponfwYkd wpfaeYwpfjcm; wd;k yGm;vsuf
&Sdaeonfudk ae&mwdkif;ü awGYjrif&ojzifh pdwfqif;&JzG,f aumif;vSayonf/ NAdwdefEdkifiHrS owif;pmjzwfydkif; wpfcku
atmufygpmaMumif;rsm;onf Edik if t H awmf rsm;rsm;ü bmjzpfaeMuonfukd xif[yfvsuf &Sad yonf/
rMumao;rDu qef;ppfcsuf wpfcw k iG f NAdwed Ef ikd if H om;wdYk onf ud,
k uf siw
hf &m;rsm; ,dr;f ,dik u f sqif;vm MuNyD; vlrsm;onf
wpfu, kd af umif; ydq k efvmMuum trsm;jynfov l x l k tusK;d udk vdv k m; aqmif&u G af y;vdak om pdw"f gwfrsm; enf;yg;oGm;onf[k
azmfjyxm;ygonf/

aysmufqkH;aeaom uav;i,frsm;

urÇmwpf0ef;vk;H wGif rdom;pkt&G,f yrmPrsm; usKUH oGm;&jcif;rSm Edik if t H awmfrsm;rsm;&Sd trsK;d orD;rsm;onf uav;tenf;i,fom
vdkcsifMujcif;aMumifh [kukvor*¾ tzGJUBuD;\ avhvmrSK wpf&yfu aumufcsuf qGJxm;ygonf/ rdom;pk t&G,fyrmP
ao;i,fomG ;apjcif;wGif rMumao;rD ESprf sm;twGi;f ud, k 0f efzsucf srKS rsm; wd;k jrifv
h mjcif;onfvnf; taMumif;wpfck jzpfayonf/
acwfrD oaE¨om;qdik &f m ynm&yfu vlom;\ toufonf oaE¨wnfpu pwifchJ onf[k taxmuftxm;jzifh azmfjyxm;aomfvnf;?
,ck tcgwGif urÇmwpf0ef;ü rarG;zGm;ao;aom uav;oef; (30) \ZD0ed rf sm;csKyfNidr;f jcif; cH&ayonf/
or®musrf;pmu-
]]xkrd w
S yg; tEdik t
hf xuf jyKonfukd oifrawGU tjypfr&S?d qif;&Jom;wdYkukd taoowfí oGe;f aomtaoG;onf oif\ t0wfpeG ;f ü
xif&mS ;\/}} (a,&rd 2;34) ü azmfjyxm;ygonf/
]]rdrud av;i,f tay:xm;&Sad om rdcif\ cspjf cif;arwåmonf trSew f u,f pifMu,fNyD; trSeyf if obm0us vSygonf/}}
[k,MHk unf owfrw S xf m;ygonf/ &du k wf m owif;wpf&yfwiG f urÇmwpf0ef;&Sd trsK;d orD;rsm;onf uav;rsm; avsmeh nf;í &Sv d mMuum
ud, k 0f efaqmif rdcifrsm; tm;vk;H wGif av;ykw H pfyx Hk uf ydak om ud, k 0f efrsm;rSm ysufp;D oGm;jcif;jzifh tqk;H owf&ygonf/
,aeY tar&duefjynfaxmifpw k iG f ud, k 0f efzsufjcif; ESppf Of 1.6oef;&S\ d / qdv k okd nfrmS tar&duefjynfaxmifpük aeYpOf
rD;rzGm;&ao;aom uav;i,faygif; 4300 towfcH ae&\/ tar&duefjynfaxmifp\ k 46%aom trsK;d orD;rsm;onf touf(45)ESpf
t&G,fra&mufrD udk,f0efwpfBudrf zsufqD;Muonf/
,cifacwfumvu vlrsm;taejzifh þrQavmuf udk,f0efzsufcsjcif;twGuf tvGefxdyfvefYrnf jzpfaomfvnf; vuf&Sd
rsKd;qufE, G u f rl bmrQ rjzpfMuay/ omrefupd ö &yfwpfcu k ohJ Ydk om oabmxm;Muygonf/ rSeyf g\/ESv;Hk om;rsm;ü arwåmuif;rJNh yD;
obm0 cspfcifw, G wf mrSKrsm;vnf; n§Kd ;rSed yf aysmufomG ;rnfqakd om edrw d zf wf a[majymcsufEiS hf udu k nf v
D aS yonf/

aom'kHESifh a*garm&wdkY wpfacwfjyefvnf qef;opfjcif;

]]xdek nf;wlavmw vufxufü vlrsm;wkYdonf pm;aomuf a&mif;0,fvsu?f pdu k yf sK;d vsuf ... vltaygif;wdYkukd okwo
f if y,f&iS ;f
ouJo
h Ykd4if;? vlom; ay:xGe;f aomaeYü jzpfvrd rhf nf/}} (&Siv
f u
k m - 17;28-30)

,aeY rsufarSmuf umvwGif c&pfawmfa,&I BudKwif a[majymxm;onft h wdik ;f awGUjrif&aom tjcm;taMumif; t&yfwpfcrk mS
]]arwåmppf? arwåmrSef}} acgif;yg; aejcif;jzpfayonf/ tcsppf pftcsprf eS rf [kw[ f k qd&k mü ,aeYvYlabmif todkif;t0dkif;twGif;
jzpfay:vufcHaeaom rdef;rvsmrsm; b0onfvnf; yg0ifayonf// rdef;rvsmudk wpfenf;tm;jzif ha,musfm;jcif;?
vdiw f q
l ufqaH ygif;oif;olrsm;udk qdv
k ydk gonf/ 4if; tusiphf &ku d o f nf a&S;a[mif; acwfumv tjypfrsm; zk;H vTr;f aeaom aom
'kHNrdKYüvnf; jzpfay:cJh&m uREkfyfwdkYtaejzifh urÇmOD;usrf; (19;4-5)udk zwf&Iygu-]]aom'kHNrdKYom; a,musfm;tBuD;ti,f?
t&yf&yfuvmaom oltaygif;wdYkonf tdru f 0kd ikd ;f í ... xko
d w
l YkdEiS ihf gwdYkonf qufqv H o
kd nf jzpfí}} [kazmfjycsuw
f iG f vlrsK;d pkacgif;
aqmif t mNAH [ H \ wl j zpf a omavmw\td r f o d k Y {nf h o nf t jzpf a &muf v mMuaoma,musf m ;aumif ; uif w ref r sm;ES i f h
a,musmf ;jcif;qufqv H Mkd uygaMumif;aom'kNH rdKYom;a,musmf ; rsm;uaom'kNH rdKUrysupf ;D rDnuavmwudak wmif;qdak eMujcif; jzpfygonf/
(urÇmOD; 19;4-5),aeYrsufarSmufacwfwGif awGYjrifae&aom rdef;rvsmrsm;\ vdifwlqufqHjcif; tjyKtrlrsm;onfaom'kHNrdKUü
jzpfymG ;cJo
h uJo h Ydk rsm;jym;vsuf&Sdaeygonf/
þonfyif acwfumvqdk;\ edrdwfrsm;ESifhtnD a,musfm;jcif; umroH0oqufqHjcif;tjyKtrlrSmurÇm w0ef
;t&Sdeft[kefjzifhysHUESHYvsuf&Sdaeygonf/ ,cktcg EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;u rdef;rvsmrsm;udkvdkufavsmaeMuonfomru
tcsKdYEdkifiHrsm;wGifwGuf<upGmtm;ay;vsuf&Sdayonf/ ajrmufrsm;vSaom &kyf&SifZmwfvrff;rsm;toHoGif;xm;aom wdwfacGrsm;ESifh
azsmfajzrSKrsm;jyo a&mif;cs jcif;jzifhrdef;rvsmrsm;\trltusifhrsm;udktm;ay;tm;ajrmuf vsuf&Sdayonf/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkvdifudpö ynmay;a&;ESifhjyefMum;a&;aumifpo D nf 1992ckEpS u f tar&duefjynfaxmifpk twGif;&SdEdkifiHydkif
ausmif;rsm;wGifvdifudpöESifh ywfoufaom todynmqdkif&mvrf;nTefrSKrsm;udkcsrSwfay;cJhygonf/ þvrf;nTefrSKrsm;udk
csrSwfay;onfhtar&duefEdkifiH\ *kPfodu©m BuD;rm;vSaom trsm;ESifh roufqdkifonfh ynmay;a&;tzGJUudk,fwdkifuyif
,cktcgürnfoYkad om oifah wmfavsuyf wfonfv h id uf pd rö sK;d yifjzpfap? rnfoYkad om rdom;pkypHk rH sK;d yifjzpfap? wpfcEk iS w
hf pfctk usio hf u
d m© ydik ;f qdik f
&mwG i f w pf c k x uf w pf c k o mvG e f j rif h j rwf j cif ; r&S d a Mumif ; ud k o if M um;jyoaeayonf / þuJ h o d k Y t ar&d u ef j ynf & S d u av;ol
i,f r sm;tm;vd i f w l q uf q H j cif ; ud k E S p f o uf v uf c H v map&ef t wG u f a qmif & G u f o if M um;aeonf h a jcvS r f ; tm;tar&d u ef
q&m0efrsm;toif;\oabmwlaxmufcHcsufudk&&Sdayonf/
atmufygowif;jzwfyikd ;f rsm;onfuREyfk w f Ykdtouf&iS af eaomumvonf]]avmwtouf&iS pf Oftcsed t f cguJo h Ydk}} tajctaersK;d ü
trSefyif&SdaeaMumif;o&kyfazmfjyoaeayonf/

urÇmtEHSYa&mufaeaomowif;aumif;
]]vlrsKd;taygif;wdkYtm;oufaojzpfrnfhtaMumif;?
EkdifiHawmfESifh,SOfaom{0Ha*vdw&m;udk
avmuDt&yf&yf&SdorQwdkYüa[m&vdrfhrnf?
odkYNyD;rStqkH;onfjzpfvwåH/ (róJ 14;19)

ppfrufjzpfymG ;jcif;rsm;? iwfrw


G af cgif;yg;jcif;rsm;?a&m*ga0'em? uyfab;qdu
k jf cif;rsm;? ajrivsiv
f yI jf cif;rsm; tp&So
d nfwYkduo
hJ Ykd
vu©Pmonfum; 0rf;enf;aMuuGJjcif; rsm;udk azmfnTef;csufoufoufr[kwfbJ ed*kH;umvtppf trSefudk azmfnTef;onfh
wdusaomedrdwfwpfckom jzpfayonf/ 4if;wdusaomedrdwfonfum; ]]c&pfawmf\'kwd,tBudrfjyefvnf<uvmjcif;}}[laom
þavmuodkYc&pfawmfwpfzefjyefvnf<uvmrnfhtaMumif;yifjzpfygonf/
]]c&pf,mefavmuESpcf sKyfrw S wf rf;}} pmtky\ f azmfjycsut f & ,cktcgEdik if w H ikd ;f ü c&pf,mefrsm;ESichf &pf,mef bk&m;&Scd ;kd ausmif;rsm;
ay:aygufvsuf&Sdaeonf/þEdkifiH rsm;twGif;&Sd vlOD;a& 4uka#ausmfwdkYtm;{0Ha*vdw&m; udka[mMum;cJhNyD;jzpfygonf/
or®usr;f pmtkyo f ef; 50 omru "r®opfusr;f pmtkyo f ef;80udk Edik if w H ikd ;f üjzefYa0 xm;NyD;jzpfonf/ {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfEiS hf ygwfoufaom
pm&Gufpmwrf;aygif; 4uka#tm; ESpfpOf&dkufESdyfxkwfa0vsuf&Sdygonf/
or® u srf ; pmwpf t k y f v k H ; ? od k Y r [k w f w pf p d w f w pf y d k i f ; tm;urÇ m h v l O D ; a&\ 98%twG u f & &S d E d k i f a yNyD / xk d o r® u srf ;
pmtkyEf iS t hf pdwt
f ydik ;f rsm;rSm tjynft h 0jzpfap? wpfcsKYdwpf 0ufjzpfapaomf4if;? bmompum; 2092rsK;d odYkbmomjyef qdx k m;NyD;jzpfygonf/
tjcm;c&pf,mef pmtayrsm;onfvnf; wd;k yGm; vmvsu&f dSaeayNyD/ ESppf OfpmykEH ydS w f u
kd rf sm;ESihf pmtkyx
f w
k f a0olaygif;1500
wdkYonfc&pf,mefpmayESifhywfoufaom pmtkyf 3uka#ykHESdyfxkwfa0vsuf&Sdygonf/ {0Ha*vdw&m; awmftm;c&pf,mef
a&'D,dkESifh&kyfjrifoHMum;Xmeaygif; 2160rSaeía[majymay;aeNyD; bmoma&;jyZmwfaxmifaygif; rsm;pGmudkavmuDa&;&m
a&'D,dkESifh&kyfjrifoHMum;Xmersm;uvnf; xkwfvGifhjyovsuf&Sdonf/
urÇmhordkif;wpfavsmufvkH;wGif,cktcsdefumvavmuf{ 0H a *vd w &m;awmf t m;wpf u rÇ m vk H ; od k Y wd k i f ; Ed k i f i H r sm;tm;vk H ;
od k Y a [majymouf a ocH c J h j cif ; rsm;r&S d c J h a y/ omoemjyKrsm;ud k , f w d k i f a[majymjcif ; r[k w f o nf h w d k i f - acwf r D q uf o G , f
a&;enf;vrf;rsm;jzpfaoma&'D,dk&kyfjrifoHMum;ESifhaMu;eef; qufoG,fa&;pepfrsm;jzifh a[majymydkYcsEdkifygonf/ þ tcsufonfyif
wdusjywfom;aom c&pfawmf\edrdwf a[mMum;csufESifh tnDuREkfyfwdkYonf aemufqkH;aeYumv odkYa&muf&SdaeNyDjzpfaMumif;udk
jyovsuf&Sd\/

urÇmwpf0ef; ul;vl;oGm;vm aeMuolrsm;


]]vlwYkd onf acgufwUHk acgufjyef oGm;vmaeMuvdrrhf nf}} ('Ha,v 12;4)

urÇmhEdkifiHwdkif;odkY {0Ha*vd w&m;awmf ysHUESHUa&muf&Sd Edkifatmif zefwD;ay;aeaom acwfrD o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;ESifh?


qufoG,fa&;rsm;udk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh urÇmhavmu\ aemufqkH;aeY&ufrsm;\ tajctaeESifh ywfoufí wdusonfh
edrwd af [majymcsufukd owdjyKrad yrnf/ ouú&mZfbpD 5D 34wGif ya&mzuf 'Ha,vonf xl;jcm;aom edrw d &f yl g&kw
H pfck zGi[
hf xkwjf yefjcif;udk
&&Sd cHpm;&ygonf/ xdak emuf bk&m;ocifu 'Ha,vtm; xdek rd w d t
f m; em;rvnfEidk jf cif;twGuf ylyifaomur&S&d efEiS hf xdAk sm'dwo f nf
rdrdtm;ay;tyfvdkufjcif;jzpfaomfvnf; rdrdtwGufr[kwfaMumif; ajymMum;ygonf/ 'Ha,v\pmtkyfudk zGifhvSpf avhvmcJhonfrSm
rMumao;rD ESpfumvav;rsm; twGif;uom jzpfygonf/ bk&m;ocifu 'Ha,vtm; ]]oif'Ha,vrlum;-trSKukef&onfh
umvwdik af tmif þpum;awmfwYkdukd ydwí f pmapmifukd wHqyd cf wfxm;avmh/ trsm;aomolwYkd onf xkpd mudk Munf&h jI cif;tm;jzifh
ynmwd;k yGm; vdrrhf nf[k ajymqd\ k / ('Ha,v 12;4)
acgufwYHkacgufjyef a&mufwwf&m&m ajy;vTm;aejcif;udk touf&iS af eaom or®usr;f pmu ]]c&D;oGm;vmjcif;rsm; vGepf mG rsm;jym;
vmavrnf/}} [k t"dymÜ ,f oufa&mufcsufjzifh azmfjyxm;ygonf/ vlom;rsm;twGuf o,f,yl Ykdaqmifa&; rsm;onfjrif;? Am*D&xm;?
&xm;vHk;? ukvm;tkyfESifh &GufavS tp&Sdaom t&mrsm; jzpfcJhMuygonf/ xkdtajctaeudk pOf;pm;qifjcifMunfhygu
ydYk aqmifqufo, G af &;onf ESpaf xmifaygif; rsm;pGmtwGi;f odoo
d mom ajymif;vJ wd;k wufjcif; r&SdaMumif; od&EdS ikd yf gonf/ xdo
k Ykdaom
tajctae &Scd jhJ cif;aMumifh 'H,av &&Scd ahJ om edrw
d of nf tvGetf a&;ygvSaMumif; tav;teuf ajymMum; Edik af yonf/

tHhcref; qef;Mu,favmufaom vsifjrefrSKrsm;


1789-ckEpS w f iG f a*sm0h g&Siw
f efonf or®wusr;f opöm used q f ykd o
JG Ykd wufa&muf&ef twGuf rdrad exdik &f mNrKd UESihf rdik (f 200) uGma0;aom
e,l;a,mufNrdKUodYk oGm;a&muf&ef (8)&ufMumcJhygonf/ (8)&ufMumjrif&h onf [laomtcsuo f nf ta&;yg vSonfr[kw?f rSwo f m;xduk af om
tcsuo f nfum;- *sL;vD ,ufqZD monfvnf; ouú&mZfbpD D 50u a*sm0h g&Siw f ef oGm;cJah om rdik f 200c&D;rsK;d udk xdek nf;twdik ;f yif vsijf refpmG
oGm;vmEkid cf ahJ yrnf/ *sL;vD,ufqZD mESihf a*smh0g&Siw f ef touf&iS cf MhJ uonfh &mpkEpS af ygif;rsm;pGm twGi;f ü ydYk aqmif qufo, G af &;rSm
odood mom wd;k wuf aumif;rGev f mjcif; r&Scd ahJ y/ odYkaomf ukev f eG cf ahJ om &mpkEpS t f wGi;f ü vlom;wdYk\ vrf;yef;qufo, G af &;onf
odoo d momwd;k wuf aumif;rGev f matmif zefw;D aqmif&u G Ef ikd cf o
hJ nfukd awGU&Sd &ygonf/
,aeYtcsdeu f mvwGif uREkyf w f Ykd onf vsifjrefvaS om t&Sed Ef KS ef;rsm;jzifh c&D;tuGmta0;rdik af ygif; rsm;pGm armfawmfum; jzifh
armif;ESif oGm;vm Edik yf gonf/ odYkaomf *suaf v,mOf wpfp;D onf 24em&DtwGi;f urÇmudk wpfywfywfEikd Nf yD;? tmumo,mOf
wpfp;D onf uREkyf w f Ykd aexdik af om N*dK[fBuD;tm; rdepf(80)twGi;f ywfEikd af yNyD/

c&D;oGm;a&m*g
,aeY c&D;oGm;vmaeMuaom c&D;onfrsm; OD;a&onf ,cifu vk;H 0(vk;H 0) rBuHKz;l cJah om ta&twGuo f Ykd a&muf&adS eygonf/
puFmylEikd if w H iG f 1995-ckEpS üf usi;f yaom urÇmch &D;oGm;ESihf vSnv hf nfomG ;vma&; aumifpo D nf ESppf Of usi;f yjyKvyk af om tpnf;ta0;
usif;ycJh&m xdktpnf;ta0;odkY c&D;oGm;vkyfief;rsm;rS trSKaqmift&m&Sdrsm; wufa&mufcJhygonf/ tpnf;ta0;ü trSKaqmif
t&m&Sw d pfO;D vnf; jzpfp;D yGm;a&; vkyif ef;rsm;tay: BudKwifcefYreS ;f olvnf;jzpf?]]vrf;oef;aygif;rsm;pGm ouú&mZf 2000rSm}} trnf&adS om
pmtkyu f akd &;om;ol *Reaf e;pfbwfu-urÇmtBuD;qk;H vkyif ef;jzpfaom c&D;oGm;vkyif ef;onf vlwYkdtm;acgufwUHk acgufjyefomG ;vmEdik &f ef
twGuftaxmuftuljyKaeaMumif;tav;xm;ajymMum;cJhygonf/ 4if;u]]c&D;oGm;ESifh urÇmvSnfhvnfoGm;vma&;vkyfief;onf
urÇ m ay:ü tBuD ; qk H ; ES i f h o G u f v uf c suf c smrS K t&S d q k H ; vk y f i ef ; wpf c k jzpf a Mumif ; ajymMum;ygonf / þc&D ; oG m ;ES i f h
urÇmhvSnfhvnfoGm;vma&; vkyfief;onfjyefMum;a&;? enf;ynmESifh aMu;eef;qufoG,fa&;wnf;[laom omvGefxl;uJvSonfh
vkyfief;BuD;okH;&yfESifhtwlvmrnfh&mpkESpf\ pD;yGm;a&;wGif ,SOfwGJwdk;wufaomomvGefxl;uJonfh vkyfief;wpfckjzpfayrnf}}
[l í ajymMum;cJ h y gonf / 4if f ; uquf v uf í ]],ck E S p f w G i f c &D ; oG m ;ES i f h u rÇ m h v S n f h v nf o G m ;vma&;vk y f i ef ; taejzif h
0ifaiGpkpkaygif;tar&duefa':vm 3.4uka#&&Sdaprnf[k BudKwifcefYrSef;ygonf/ þ0ifaiGyrmPonf wpfurÇmvk;H \pD;yGm;a&;vkyf
ief;rsm;rS0ifaiG? pm;ok;H olrsm;ok;H pGrJ KS wefz;kd ESihf &if;ES;D jrKyfErHS KS wefz;kd pkpak ygif;\ wpfq,f&mcdik Ef KS ef;&Sad yonf/}} [kajymMum;cJyh gonf/
EdkifiHwumavaMumif;ydkYaqmifa&; toif; (tdkifatwDat) toif;0if;ukrP Ü rD sm;rS av,mOfrsm;onf c&D;onfppk ak ygif; 1.2uka#udk
1995ckEpS t f wGi;f ü o,f,yl Ykdaqmifay;cJ&h m 4if;ude;f *Pef;onfwpfurÇmvk;H &Sv d Ol ;D a&t& vlig;a,mufvQiw f pfa,mufrmS c&D;oGm;ae
onfhtcsKd;ESifh nDrQavonf[k ajymMum;cJhygonf/
pydeEf ikd if rH 'J &pfNrdKUwGit f ajccsxm;aomurÇmch &D;oGm;vma&;tzGUJ u urÇmtESYH vuf&dS c&D;oGm;vmaeonfu h ed ;f *Pef;twdik ;f
quf v uf w uf v S r f ; aeyguouú & mZf 2 020wG i f v uf & S d t a&twG u f \ ES p f q jzpf o G m ;rnf [ k c ef Y rS e f ; ae ygonf /
xdktzGJU\taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSK;csKyf tefwdkeD ,dkpmADeufu ]]ouú&mZf2010wGif EdkifiHwumc&D;oGm;vma&mufolOD;a&
wpfuka#eD;yg;&Sdayrnf/ odkYaomfxkdarQmfvifh&aom ta&twGufonf? a&cJawmif\xdyfpGef; ydkif;avmufrQom-tpGef;xGuf
ude;f *Pef;rQomvQif jzpfygonf/ NynfwiG ;f c&D;oGm;vma&;vkyif ef;wGif rdrEd ikd if t H wGi;f üyifvn
S vhf nS o f mG ;vmrSKonf,ckxuf(10)qydk
aeayrnf}} [kajymMum;cJhygonf/
rsufarSmufumvwGif vltrsm;tjym; txl;ojzifh vli,fvl&G,frsm;wdkYonf a0;vHaoma'orsm;odkYc&D;oGm;vmMujcif;\
taMumif;&if;wpf&yfrSm þolonfrdrdwkdY EdkifiHtay: odkYr[kwfrdrdwdkY\,Ofaus;rSKESifhudk;uG,fonfh bmomw&m;tay:
auseyfrSKr&SdMuaomaMumifh ajz&Sif;&ef enf;vrf;ESifh tajzrsm;udk tjcm;wpfae&modkY oGm;a&muf &SmazGMujcif;yifjzpfayonf/
trSew f &m;ud&k mS azGaeolrsm;ESihf bk&m;zl;oGm;vmMuolrsm;udMk unfjh cif;tm;jzifh urÇmajrBuD;\ aemufq;Hk aeY&ufrsm;ESihf ywfoufí
"r®a[mif;usrf;wGif ya&mzuftmrkw\ f edrw d af [mMum;csufukd owd&qifjcifrd ygonf/ ya&mzuftmrkwu f ]]t&Six f m0&bk&m;
rdeYfawmf rlonfum;? rGwo f yd jf cif;ab;udw k pfjynfv;Hk ü igjzpfapaom umva&mufvrd rhf nf/ tpmacgif;yg;í rGwo f yd jf cif;ab; r[kw?f
xm0&bk&m;\trdefYawmfudkrMum;&aom rGwfodyfjcif; ab;jzpfvdrfhrnf/ vlwdkYonf xm0&bk&m;\ trdefYawmfudk &Smvsuf
yifv,fwpfyg;rSonf yifv,fwpfyg; wdik af tmif vSnv hf nf íawmifajrmufajy;oGm;Muaomfvnf;rawGU&Mu/ (tmrkwf 8;11-
12)[kazmfjyxm;ygonf/ urÇmo h rdik ;f wpfavQmufv;Hk wGirf sufarSmufacwfumvavmuf uka#uk#mESichf sDí vlwYkd onf tvGeaf 0;vHvS
aomae&mrsm;odYk tvGev f sijf refaomESKef;rsm;jzifh tBudrf aygif;ajrmufrsm;pGm c&D;oGm;vmjcif;rsK;d r&Scd yhJ g/ bk&m; ocifred Yf awmfro l nfh
twdik ;f uyfurÇmukeq
f ;Hk aeaom umvü vlwYkd onf acgufwYHk acgufjyef oGm;vmaeMuonfrmS trSeyf ifjzpfaeawmh\/

urÇmwpf0ef;tqrwefysHUESHUaeaom

owif;taMumif;&if;rsm;
]]......trsm;aomolwdkYonfxdkpmudkMunfh&Iaomtm;jzifhynmwdk;yGm;vdrfhrnf[kajymqkd\/}} ('Ha,v 12;4)

rMumao;rDaom ESpfumvtwGif;u ]]owif;tcsuf tvuf r wef w q pk y k H j cif ; }} [l a oma0g[m&ud k wD x G i f


ajymqd k a &;om;aeMujcif ; ü aumif ; aom&nf & G , f c suf tay: t&if ;cHayonf/ uREk f y f w d k Y r sKd ; quf o uf w rf ; ü tod y nm
twwfynmwdk;yGm;rSKonf rpOf;pm;wwfavmufatmif yifwdk;wuf rsm;jym;vsuf &Sdayonf/ þtaMumif;ESifh ywfoufí
atmufygtcsuftvuf tenf;i,fwdkYonf tHhtm;oifhzG,f&mrsm;jzpfayonf/
ay:ayguf c J h a om od y Ü H y nm&S i f r sm; tm;vk H ; teuf 80%onf ,aeYwd k i f t ouf x if & S m ; vsuf y if & S d a o;\/
þod y Ü H y nm&S i f r sm;onf v l o m;wd k Y o d y Ü H y nmwk d ; yG m ;a&;twG u f w pf r d e pf w d k i f ; wG i f t aMumif ; t&mopf r sm;pmrsuf E S m tm;jzif h
2000&Sad omtodynmrsm;udak y;vsuf&\ dS / okYdqykd gvQif 24em&DMumwkid ;f þodyyHÜ nm&Sirf sm;awGY&dS xkwfazmfaom taMumif;t&mrsm;ukd
zwf&Irnf qdkygu vlwpfa,muftwGuf(5)ESpfMumtcsdef,l&ayrnf/
aeYpOfaeYwdkif;pmrsufESmoef;(300)ESifhnDrQaompm rlrsm;tifwmeufrSwqifhay;ydkYvsuf&Sdayonf/ wpfBudrfu
tar&duefq&m0efrsm; toif;\OuúX jzpfcJhol a'gufwmrmvfuGrfawmhuaq;0g;ynmrsm;onf 10-ESpfMumjrifhvmwdkif;
acwfaemufusoGm;onf[k ajymqdkcJhygonf/
ESpfpOfodyÜH*sme,fpmtkyrf sm; 15000ykEH ydS x f wk af 0NyD; pmtkyf 1000ausmf aeYpOfxw k af 0vsu&f adS Mumif; cefYreS ;f xm;ygonf/
1970ckESpfu tmumotwGif;tydkvdktmumo,mOf trS w f (13)aysmuf q k H ;cJ h pOf u tar&d u ef j ynf a xmifp kav,mOf
ysH o ef ; rS K ES i f h t mumopD r H c ef Y c G J a &;tzG J U (emqm)rS uG e f y sLwm rsm;xd k t mumo,mOf \ vrf ; aMumif ; ay:ok d Y j yef w nf h r wf
ay;&ef r d e pf ( 90)Mum&S m azG a qmif & G u f c J h y gonf / þxl ; jcm;vS a omaqmif & G u f c suf u d k pm&G u f ^ cJ w ef r sm;jzif h o mod y Ü H
ynm&Siw f pfO;D uvkyu f ikd af ernfqydk gu ESpaf ygif;wpfoef;ausmfMumjrifhonftxdaqmif&GufrSNyD;pD;Edkifrnfjzpfonf/
uGefysLwmenf;ynm\ tajccHtusqkH; wDxGifatmifjrifrSKonf 1948ckESpfu bJvf"gwfcGJcef;üwDxGif xkwfvkyfcJhaom
x&ef p pf w myif j zpf onf / 1994ck E S p f ü uG e f y sLwmwcsyf o nf x &ef p pf w m3.1;oef ; ud k x d e f ; csKyf E d k i f N yD ; 4if ; ta&twG u f
yrmPrSm,cifESpfujyKvkyfaomuGefysLwm ykHpHrSxdef;csKyfEdkifonfxuf(2)qomvGefayonf/ 1996-ckESpfwGif enf;ynmopfaMumifh
vlom;qHcsn\ f 1^600 tykx H ufao;i,faomx&efppfwm125oef;-udu k eG yf sLwm tcsyfwcsyfwnf;wGif xnfo h iG ;f Edik cf ahJ yonf/
ouú&mZf 2000wGiu f eG yf sLwmwpfcsyw f iG x
f &efppfwmwpfuak #yg0ifaom uGefysLwmtcsyfrsm;&Edkifayawmhrnf/
rMumao;rD u wd k ; wuf a eaomuG e f y sLwmenf ; ynm&yf r sm;ES i f h y wf o uf í a0zef a jymMum;cJ h & mwG i f N Ad w d o QaMu;eef ;
qufoG,fa&;qkdif&m "gwfcGJcef;rsm;\ tqifhjrifhtokH;csXmerSa'gufwmyDwmaumhu&def;u ]],cktcgwGifvufywfem&Drsm;onf
70jynfhvGefESpfrsm;twGif;utcsKdUaomem&Drsm; xuf uGefysLwmpGrf;&nfrsm; ydkrdkyg&Sdaeygonf/ ,aeY omrefarmfawmf,mOfrsm;onf
ESpfaygif;(30)cefYuvay: qif;oufcJhaomarmfawmf,mOfxuf]]OmPfaumif;tuif;yg;}} ayonf[kajymMum;cJhygonf/
avh v mawG Y &S d c suf r sm;t&vl o m;\tod O mPf o nf rsuf a rS m uf a cwf u mvwG i f & S p f E S p f M umwd k i f ; ES p f q eD ; eD ; wd k ; yG m ;
vmaMumif;od&Sd&ygonf/ pma&;q&m tdyfcsft,fvf0D;vf rifwefu ]],aeYarG;zGm;vmaom uav;wpfa,mufonf
wuúov kd rf bS UJG &&Sv d maomtcgurÇmt h odOmPfynmonf av;qwk;d wufvmayrnf/ xku d av;onftoufig;q,f jynfo h mG ;aomtcg
urÇmhvlom;rsm;\ todOmPf(32)qyGm;rsm;oGm;ayrnf/ urÇmay:&Sdtodynm[lorQ\97% udkxkduav;arG;zGm;pOfuyif
oif,lrSwfom;NyD;om;jzpfaeygrnf}} [kqdkonf/
uREkfyfwdkYonfodyÜHESifhenf;ynm&yfu@wGifxdyfvefY tHhMozG,f&m aumif;aom ajcvSrf;rsm;jzifh atmifjrifpGm a&SYodkY
vSr;f wufapEdik u f mrl uREyfk w f Ykd\a&SUuaexdik o f mG ; Muaomolrsm;xuf pdwjf ynfph aHk useyfrKS EiS hf aysm&f iT rf KS rsm; aum&&Syd g&Jv
h m;/ uREyfk w f Yk\
d
todynmrsm;onf jywf om; pGmwdk;yGm;vsuf&Sdayonf/ odkYaomfuREkfyfwdkYwwfajrmufxm; aomod yÜ H ynm&yfE Si fhqdki faom
ynm?yg&rDwdkYudkqkH;&IH;ysufpD; rSKBuD;rsm;udkjzpfay:vmaprnfh\ppfrufud&d,mESifhvufeuf cJ,rf; rD;ausmufrsm;twGuf
jzKef;wD;vQu&f adS eMuygonf/ tqifjh rifh enf;ynmaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom taxGaxG ud&, d mypön;f rsm;ESihf Zdrcf yH pön;f rsm;twGuf
uREkfyfwdkY&&Sd okH;pGJaexdkifMuaom vlom;tcsif;csif;wdkYrSmiwfrGwfacgif;yg; rSK twGif;ü qmavmifrGwfodyfvsuf cdkudk;&mrJhb0rsm;ü
&SdaeMuygonf/
]]wdkif;rfpf}}r*¾Zif;u 4if;\1995-ckESpfrsufESmzkH;yg taMumif;t&mwGif ]]pdwfysuf0rf;enf;rSKrsm; ajymif;vJ
wdk;yGm;jcif;}} [laomacgif;pOfjzifh trSefw&m;udkxkwfazmfcJhayonf/

ES v k H ; om;rsm;[mvm[if ; vif ; ES i f h p d w f w nf N id r f o uf j cif ; uif ; rJ h a eygu tod y nmrsm;jynf h p k H < u,f 0 aeapumrl
t"dyÜg,fuif;rJhaomb0ü touf&Sifaejcif;omjzpfayvdrfhrnf/
ewfqdk;BuD;tay: udk,fcsif;pmemrdjcif;
]]0dOmOfawmfonf twnft h vif;Asm'dwx f m;awmfrl onfum;? aemifumvü MowåypÜ w d w
f iG f oHyEl iS chf wfjcif; udck NH yD;vQif
rkom;pum;udak jymwwfaomolwYkd\vQKUd 0Sujf cif;tm;jzifvh t l csKYd wYkdonf ,kMH unfjcif;udpk eG Yf y,fívSnjhf zm;wwfaom pdw0f Od mOfwYkdü4if;?
ewfbk&m;wdkYESifhpyfqdkifaomMo0g'wdkYü4if;rSD0Jqnf;uyfMuvdrfhrnf/}} (1wd? 4;1-2)

urÇmajrBuD;\ aemufq;Hk umvrsm;ESiyhf wfoufí wifBudKa[majymxm;csurf sm;ü,aeYurÇmay:wGiaf wGYjrifae&aomarSmt f wwf?


pd w f E S i f h p yf q k d i f a omxl ; jcm;aom tjzpf t ysuf r sm;? 0d n Of E S i f h o uf q d k i f a om t,l 0 g'? ewf 0d Z Æ m rsm;ud k u d k ; uG , f a om
t,l0g'rsm;ESifhpkef;ua0ynmrsm; udkvlwdkYu pdwfyg0ifpm;rSKjzifhwuf<upGmvdkufpm;udk;uG,faeMurnfudkwduspGmazmfjyxm;ygonf/

a,&I\ oGeo f ifa[majymcsuw f iG f ol\wpfzef<uvmawmfrljcif;\a&SUajy;tjzpfedrdwfrsm;taMumif;udka[majymcJhygonf/


rd r d \ wynf h a wmf r sm;tm;ajrmuf j rm;vS p G m aom ya&m[d w f t wk t a,mif r sm;onf u rÇ m h j rif u G i f ; wG i f a y:
ayguf v mNyD ; BuD ; rm;vS a omaemuf v d k u f a emuf y grsm;ud k qG J a qmif E d k i f p G r f ; &S d a yrnf / ]]rd p ä m ya&mzuf t rsm;wk d Y onf
ay:vmívltrsm;wkdYudkvSnfhpm;jzm;a,mif;Muvdrfhrnf/}} (róJ 24;11) [krdefYrSmcJhygonf/
or®musr;f pmuvlwYkdonf bk&m;ocif\ rSeu f efjcif;w&m;udk wrifoufouf jiif;y,fygu ysupf ;D jcif;okYd a&mufaomolwYdkwiG f
rw&m;aom vSnjhf zm;jcif;trsKd;rsKd;ESiv hf mvdrrhf nf/ taMumif;rlum; xdo k w l Ykd onf u,fwif jcif;okYd a&muftaH omiSg or®mw&m;ü
arGYavsmfaompdwf udrk cH,Ml u/ xdYk aMumifo h r®w&m;udrk ,kb H ?J rw&m;aom trSKü arGUavsmfaomoltaygif;wdYk onf w&m;&I;H jcif;okYd
a&mufrnftaMumif;}} rlom;pum;udk ,kpH rd ahf omiSm rdpmä 'dXjd yKjyif tm;xkwjf cif;tcGiu hf kd olwYdkü bk&m;ocif vTwaf wmfrv l rd rhf nf/(2
ouf? 2;10-11)[líor®usr;f pmü azmfjyxm;ygonf/ uREyfk w f Yko
d nf trSewf &m;udjk iif;y,f ygu trSm;ud, k MHk unf&efom useaf wmhonf/
xdkYaMumifh ,aeYumvü urÇmay:wGifvlvdrfrsm;ESifh ya&m[dwftwk ta,mifrsm;onf rsm;pGmtcGifhtvrf;yGifhvsuf&SdaeMuonf
ud k a wG U &ayrnf / ppf r S e f a om,k H M unf r S Kud k p G e f Y y ,f j cif ;onf vS n f h j zm;vd rf v nf a om ewf q d k ;o&J rsm;\oifMum;jyorSK
udkvdkufemonfha&SUajy;oabmyifjzpfygonf/
trSeftm;jzihfrm&fewfonfrdrdudk,fudkqdk;oGrf;,kwfnHhaom? zsufqD;wwfaom 0dnOfowåd&Sdolwpfa,muftjzpftpOf
xkwfazmfjyoaejcif;r[kwfyg/ qefYusifvsuf&Sd aeygonfrm&fewfESifh4if;\aemufvdkufudk,fpm;vS,frsm; urdrdwdkYudk,frdrdwdkY
tvif;w&m;ESiahf umif;jrwfjcif;arwåm w&m;wdkY\oHwrefqufom;rsm;tjzpfrMumcPo&kyfoP²efazmfaqmifwwfMuayonf/
]]þtrSKonftHhMobG,fjzpfonfr[kwf? pmwefyifvQifxGef;vif;aom aumif;uifwreftjzpfa,mifaqmif wwf\/ okdYjzpfí
ol \ q&mwd k Y onf v nf ; ajzmif h r wf j cif ; w&m;ud k a [maomq&mjzpf a ,mif a qmif v Qif t b,f q d k b G , f &S d o enf ; /
olwYkdonfu, kd uf siahf omtusit hf wdik ;f aemufq;Hk ü tusK;dtjypfuckd &H Muvwå/H }}(2aum 11;14-15) [kziG q hf kd xm;ygonf/
vl t rsm;onf r od v k d u f b J E S i f h rm&f e wf \ vS n f h j zm;rS K aemuf o d k Y ygoG m ;Mujcif ; omru? BuD ; rm;wd k ; wuf v m
aomta&twGujf zifrh m&fewf\qd;k 0g;,kwrf maomvrf;pOftm;tqifjh rifjh rifx h m;umjrwfE;kd ,kMH unfMuayonf/ e,l;a,mufjynfe,f?
bwfzvdNk rdKU&Sb d &kid v f if;aq;&k\ H "gwkaq;0g;rS0D o J ;Hk aqmifaomvlBuD;ESihf t&G,af &mufpvli,frsm;twGuf twGi;f vlemukoa&;Xme\
nTefMum;a&;rSL;jzpfol&pf[ufzD;vfu qdk;0g;,kwfrmaomrm&fewfqkd;\vrf;pOf0g'onfuav;oli,frsm;twGuftBuD;rm;
qk H ; ES i f h t jrif h q k H ; Ncd r f ; ajcmuf r S K wpf & yf y if j zpf a Mumif ; owd a y;ygonf / tar&d u ef j ynf a xmif p k w pf 0 ef ; vk H ; wG i f a q;0g;uk
oa&;tpD t pOf v k y f i ef ; &yf r sm;wG i f y g0if v k y f u d k i f a qmif & G u f c J h o l [ uf z D ; vf u vG e f c J h o nf h 6ES p f w mumv twG i f ; u
qd k ; 0g;aomrm&f e wf v rf ; pOf x J o k d Y vS n f h p m;jzm;a,mif ; jcif ; cH & oonf h t &G , f a &muf p vl i ,f a v;rsm;\ta&twG u f
rSmtHhMoavmufatmifyif&kwfw&ufwdk;yGm;vmonfudkawGUjrif&aMumif;ajymMum;cJhygonf/
ajrmufrsm;vSpmG aomvlwYkdonfraumif;qk;d 0g;rsm;xHcsn;f uyfu;kd uG,Mf uaom]]tarSmifavmu}}twGi;f odYk us a&mufaeMujcif;\
t"dutaMumif;&if;wpfckrSma&S;xkH;pOfvmbmomw&m;rsm;\rSefuefaom0dnOfa&;&mudpörsm;
&SifoefpGmusifhokH;&eftxift&Sm;ysufuGufaeMuonfhtjzpf rS&kef;uefxGufajy;Mujcif;omjzpfaMumif;udk0rf;enf;pGmawGUjrif&onf/
rm&f e wf q d k ; rsm;ud k , k H M unf o nf h 0 g'qd k i f & m uRrf ; usif o l awmif t mz&d u Ed k i f i H o m;wpf O D ; uvl i ,f r sm;
pk e f ; ua0arS m f t wwf w d k Y üyg0if v I y f & S m ;&jcif ; ud k 0 d n Of a &;&m csKyf N id r f ; aeaom c&pf , mef b momoif ; awmf rsm;tay:
tjypfwifajymqkdcJhygonf/
&dkufwmowif;wpf&yfudkatmufygtwdkif;awGU&Sd&ygonf/ ]]rm&fewf\qkd;0g;aomp&kdufrsm;jyKusifhrSKrsm;onf wpfaeYwpfjcm;
yGm;rsm;vmayonf/ txl;ojzifq h ;dk 0g;vS aomjyóemrSKcif;rsm;? vlowfrKS ESix hf yd g;usL;ausmw f u kd f cdu k jf cif;rsm;udk awGUBuHK&ayonf}}
[k&JwyfzGJU\arSmfynm pkHprf;ppfaq;a&;wyfpkrSwyfpkrSK;AdkvfrSL;BuD;udkbwfpf*RefumuajymMum;cJhygonf/
*Refumuqufvufívli,frsm;taejzifharSmfynmusifhokH;a&;udkrawmufwacgufvdkufpm;&efpdwfnTwfoGm;&jcif;rSm
awmiftmz&duEdik if w H iG w f nfaxmifxm;Muaom c&pf,meftoif;awmfrsm;taejzifh 0dnOfa&;uif;rJah jcmufcef;oGm;jcif;aMumifjh zpfonf
[kc&pf,meftoif;awmfrsm;tay:jypfwif a0zefcJhygonf/ ]]uREkfyfwdkYtoif;awmfrsm; ü0dnOfa&;csKyfNidrf;vsuf&SdaeNyDudk
trSeyf ifo&d cdS pH m;&ayonf/ bmrQwk;d wufajymif;vJaejcif;r&Syd g/ tJovdt k oif; awmfrsKd;&Jb h &k m;&Scd ;dk ausmif;udv k nf;uRefawmfrwuf
csifyg}}[k*RefumuajymMum;ygonf/
pk e f ; ua0twwf o nf v nf ; xG e f ; um;vQuf & S d a eygonf / t*F v ef E d k i f i H ? ref c suf p wmtaxmuf a wmf t ywf p Of
owif ; pmud k o wif ; ay;yd k Y &mwG i f v G e f c J h a omig;ES p f u NAd w d e f E d k i f i H w G i f p k e f ; 60000&S d c J h o nf [ k x if r S w f & ygonf / ,aeY
tcsd e f t cgwG i f r l p k e f ; OD ; a&rS m 80000txd B uD ; xG m ;rsm;jym; vmonf [ k c ef Y r S e f ; &ygonf / þod k Y w d k ; yG m ;vmjcif ; ud k ] ]pk e f ;
ynmjyef v nf q ef ; opf v mjcif ; }}[k u if y G e f ; wyf a jymqd k M uygonf / 4if ; tjyif p d w f c k c H u muG , f j cif ; ES i f h p k e f ; ynm\
ordkif;wGifyg0ifaompkef;twwfbmom&yfudkausmif;rsm;üay:ay:xifxifoifMum;vsuf&SdaeayNyD/
] ] r d p ä m ' d X d p rG f; t m ; onf t a r & du e f jy n f a x m i f p ük v n f; B u ;D r m; vmygonf/
atyDowif;w&yfuatmufygtwdik ;f azmfjyxm;ygonf/ or®musrf;pmzwfjcif;ESihf qkawmif;jcif;rsm;udk tar&duefEdkifiH&SdEdkifiHawmfykdif
ausmif;rsm;rS 1962ckESpf upíw&m;0ifydwfyif wm;jrpfcJhygonf/ odkYaomf þwm;jrpfjcif; cH&aomausmif;rsm;üyif
ausmif;om;rsm;tm;pkef;twwfESifh arSmfynm&yfrsm;udkoifMum;ay;aeygonf/
pke;f ua0twwfEiS rhf m&fewf\ qd;k oGr;f aome,fy,f twGi;f odYk tHMh oxdyv f efYz, G f 0ifa&muf&mvrf;rsm;onf vlBudKurf sm;vSaom
aw;*Dwvkyfief;rSyifjzpfayonf/
"gwfjym;oDcsif;ESihf AD', D wkd w
d af cG tzk;H rsm;udok m Munfv h u
kd Mf uygpkYd ? 4if;wdYk onf pke;f ua0arSmyf nm&yfrsm; ESiq hf idk af om &kyyf ?Hk
oauFwrsm;? ud;k uG,af eMuykrH sm;ESihf usifeh nf;ygo&kyu f kd azmfaqmifxm;ygonf/ rm&fewfEiS hf ajratmufu;kd uG,f jyKusiehf nf;rsm;udk
vltrsm;wdYk onf ay:ay:xifxif jyKrlaqmif&u G af eMuygonf/ i&J\jzm; a,mif; ac:&maemufoYkd ra&rwGuEf ikd af om vlwYkdonf
ygoG m ;Muygonf / xk d o l w d k Y o nf rl ; ,pf a q;0g;?obm0 jzpf & yf r S e f E S i f h q ef Y u sif a omvk y f & yf r sm;? tMurf ; zuf j cif ; ES i h f
wpf c gwpf & H r d r d u d k , f u d k o wf a ojcif ; paomqd k ; oG r f ; ,k w f r m onf h b 0rsKd ; od k Y a &muf & S d o G m ;Muygonf / od u © m orm"d E S i f h
t&S u f t uif ; rJ h q k H ; vk y f & yf r sm;jzpf o nf h a us;Zl ; uef ; jcif ; ? jrif h j rwf j cif ; uk d E S d r f h c svd k u f j cif ; paomtjyKtrl r sm;rS m ,ck t cg
wG i f v l r S K a&;e,f y ,f w G i f ; ü &k y f j rif o H M um;azsmf a jzrS K jzif h ]]vG w f v yf p G m ajymqd k x k w f a zmf j cif ; tp&S d o nf h t aMumif ; jy
csufrsm;jzifhvufcHvsuf&Sdayonf/}}

om;&JBuD;vmOD;rnf
]]c&pfawmf\&efow
l nf;[laom tEÅcd &pfay:vm aMumif;udo
k ifwYkd Mum;&onft
h wdik ;f ? ,©KyiftEÅcd &pftrsm;&SMd u\}} (1 a,m?
2;18)

urÇmajrBuD;\ aemufqkH;aomtcsdefESifh ywfoufí or®musrf;pmu oD;oefY owfrSwfí azmfjyaom edrdwf


vu©Pmrsm;teufwpfurÇmvkH;udkcsKyfudkifEkdifaom tpdk;&rsKd;jzpfNyD;xdktpdk;&rSmvnf; rm&fewfucsKyfudkifaomEdkifvdkrif;
xufjyKwwfaomtpd;k &rif;rsK;d jzpfNyD;xdrk if;tm;c&pfawmf udq k efYusio f ol Ykdr[kwf rm&fewfq;kd BuD;[k ac:wGiaf omyk*K¾ v d f yifjzpfayonf/
Asm'dwu f srf;tcef;BuD; 13üurÇmavmu BuD;onfrm&fewfrif;tm;trSew f u,fyi u f ;kd uG,rf nfjzpf aMumif;? xkrd m&fewfrif;rSmvnf;
vlrqef&ufpufMurf;MuKwfaom þavmuü vlqefaom yk*Kd¾ vfaumif;wpfa,muf tjzpfxifay:ayrnf/ ]]xko d m;&Jü tmPmpufukd
ay;tyfaome*g; udu k ;kd uG,Mf u\/ om;&Juv kd nf; ud;k uG,í f tb,fol onf om;&JEiS w hf ol enf;/ tb,foo l nf olYupkd pfNydKiEf ikd f
oenf;[kajymqkMd u\/}}(Asm'dw1f 3;4)wpfurÇmvk;H udOk ;D aqmif Edik o f nfah cgif;aqmifrKS t&nftcsif;&So d t
l m; acgif;aqmif tjzpfvufc&H ef
Zmwfct Hk m; vQifjrefpmG aqmufwnfxm;NyD; jzpfonf/ eHrnfausmfMum;aom NAdwo d Q ordik ;f a&;q&m tmEd;k wdKG if;bD;(1889-1975)u
atmufygpum;rsm; ajym Mum;cJh&mürSefuefvSayonf/ 4if;u]]urÇmhEdkifiH toD;oD; wdkYonf urÇmht&Iyfjyóemrsm;tm;
ajz&Sif;EdkifolwpfOD; tm;rdrdwdkYwdkif;EdkifiHrsm;tm; ay;tyfqufuyf&ef toifh&Sdonf}} [kajymMum;cJhygonf/
urÇmuh vk or*¾taxGaxGnv D mcH \ yxrqk;H OuúXjzpfco hJ al ygvf[eG &f pD ywfuof nf b,fv*f s, D EH ikd if \
H 0efBuD;csKyv
f nf;jzpfcNhJ yD;
Oa&mybkHaps;tzGJUwnfaxmif&ef ueOD;pDpOfolwpfOD;vnf; jzpfygonf/ olonf (aewdk;tzGJU) \taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf
vnf;jzpfygonf/ 4if;u tcdik t f rmajymqd&k mü ]]uREyfk wf Ydk aemufxyfaumfrwDwpfck rvdt k yfawmhyg/ aumfrwDawGrsm;jym;vGe;f aeNyD;
uRefawmfwdkYvdktyfaewmuawmh vltm;vkH;\ opömapmifhodrSKudk &&SdNyD; pGrf;&nftqifhtwef;jynfh0aomol? uREkfyfwdkYuRHusaeaom
pD;yGm;a&;EGxH rJ S qGx
J wk Ef ikd pf rG ;f &So
d ul okd m vdv
k m;aeygonf/ xdv k v kd o l m;wpfO;D om vTwv f ukd yf g/ bk&m;bJjzpfjzpf ewfq;kd BuD;bJjzpfjzpf
uREkfyfwdkYBudKqdkvufcHygrnf}} [kajymMum;xm;ygonf/

urÇmopftaetxm;
]]urÇmopftaetxm;}}odkYr[kwf]]urÇmtodkif;t0dkif;}} qd k a omtok H ; tES K ef ; rsm;ud k M um;oxuf M um;aeMu&avNyD /
yif v ,f a uG U ppf y G J t wG i f ; ütar&d u ef u G e f u &uf v T w f a wmf wG i f t ar&d u ef o r® w a*smh ( *s)bk & S f u þa0g[m&rsm;ud k 4 if ;
\rdefYcGef;üxnfhokH;cJhjcif;jzifh ]]urÇmopftaetxm;}}]]urÇmt odkif;t0dkif;}}[laom a0g[m&rsm;tm; vlodrsm;apcJhygonf/
or®wa*sm(h *s)bk&u fS ]],aeYuREyfk w f Ykdonf vlrsK;d bmomxl; jcm;aomtcsed u f mvü touf&iS af eMuygonf/ þcufcJ usyw f nf;onfh
tcsdeftcgrsKd;ü urÇmopftaetxm;wpfckxGufay:vmEdkifygonf/ ,aeYxdk urÇmopf taetxm;onfarG;zGm;xGufay:vm&ef
twGuf&kef;uefvsuf &SdaeNyD}} [kajymMum;cJhygonf/

a,&k&SvrfNidrf;csrf;a&;oabmwlnDcsuf
,ck a y:ayguf v mrnf h urÇ m h a cgif ; aqmif B uD ; onf wpf u rÇ m vk H ; auseyf t m;&arG U avsmf a erS K rsm;jzif h ol o nf
wefcdk;tmPmrsm;udk&&Sdvmrnfjzpf ygonf/ xkdacgif;aqmifonfwpfurÇmvkH;BuHKawGUae&aompD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;rsm;?
ppfa&;ESifhEdkifiHa&;tcufcJ 'ku©aomursm; Mum;xJrSurÇmavmuBuD;udk acwå,m,Du,fq,f&efxGufay:vmayrnf/ rm&fewfonf
tvif;wHcg;zGifhay;aomolawmfpifwpfyg;uJhodkY rdrdukd,frdrdjyowwfouJhodkY ,ckay:ayguf vmrnfh]]acgif;aqmifBuD;}}onfvnf;
wpfurÇmvk;H u4if; tm;Nidr;f csr;f a&; yk*Kd¾ vfx;l yk*Kd¾ vfjrwfwpfO;D uJoh Ykdxifrw
S f vm&efvn S jhf zm;ayvdrrhf nf/ ya&mzuf'aH ,vu tqdyk g
c&pfawmfuq kd efYusifotl m;]]olonfvrd m® pGmjyKojzifrh o k m; vnf; atmifjrifvrd rhf nf/ pdwaf xmifvmT ;jcif;ESiwhf uG rdó[m,zGUJ aom
tm;jzifv
h rl sm;wkYd uzkd sufq;D íocifwYkd \ocifuq kd efYusifbufjyKvdrrhf nf/odYk aomfvnf;vlvuf jzif'h PfrcwfbJ usKd;yJyh sufp;D jcif;okYd
a&mufvdrfhrnf/ ]]xdkolt&müvnf; rif;pnf;pdrfudkcHxdkufaomolr[kwf? ,kwrf maomol tjzpfay:vmvdrrhf nf/ olonftEdik t hf xuf
rjyK? acsmharmhjcif;tm;jzifEh ikd if u
H &kd vdrrhf nf}} [kazmfjyxm; ygonf/('Ha,v 8;25? 11;21)
tjypf u if ; pif a omck E S p f E S p f u umvNid r f ; csrf ; a&;oabmwl n D c suf ( od k Y r[k w f ) y#d O mOf p mcsKyf B uD ; onf x d k o l
urÇ m h a cgif ; aqmif B uD ; jzpf v m&ef t xl ; ta&;ygaomtcsuf wpf c suf j zpf r nf h t aMumif ; or® m usrf ; pmunT e f j yxm;ygonf /
þpmcsKyfonfurÇmhta&SYtv,fydkif;jyóemrsm;udk,m,D ajz&Sif;ay;Edkifvdrfhrnf/ tqdkygpmcsKyfaMumifh a,&k&SvifNrdKU tygt0if
tjcm;aom oefY&Sif;&mXmersm;[k ,lqvufcHxm;aom ae&mXmersm;ESifh ywfoufí &[l'D(*sL;)vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh tm&yfvlrsKd;rsm;
wpfbufEiS w hf pfbuf tavsmah y; Muayvdrrhf nf/ ta&;ygvSaom tcsut f csmusonfah e&mum; a,&k&v S ifNrdKU&Sd rd;k &D;,m awmifuek ;f yif
jzpfonf/ xdak wmifuek ;f ay:ü &[l'w D Ykd \ 0wfausmif;(bk&m;&Scd ;dk ausmif;) a&mrvlrsKd;rsm;at'D 70ckEpS u f rzsufq;D rD umvü
wnf&cdS yhJ gonf/ xkad wmifuek ;f onfyif tm&yfvrl sKd;rsm; twGuf tjrwfoEd;k ud;k uG,&f m 4if;wkYd\ oefY&iS ;f aom ae&mXme jzpfc\ hJ /
tm&yfvlrsKd;rsm; twGufvnf; toefY&Sif;qkH; tjrwfEdk;qkH; udk;uG,fonfh trdk;vkH;ausmufwkH;BuD;onf a,&k&SvifNrdKUwGif;
xdrk ;kd &D;,m;awmifuek ;f ay:ü wnf&adS e ygonf/ or®musrf;pmyg usrf;csufrsm;u c&pfawmfukd qefYusifaom y#dOmOfpmcsKyfonf
&[l'D(*sL;)vlrsKd;rsm;tm; rdrdwdkY\bk&m;0wfjyKausmif;awmfudkjyefvnfwnfaqmufEdkifa&; twGuf taxmuftul jzpfapygrnf[k
azmfjyxm;ygonf/ xko d Ykd aqmufvyk f NyD;pD;ygu a&S;usvSaom wd&pd mä efrsm; tm;,Zfyal Zmfjcif; tavhtusifEh iS hf ud;k uG,jf cif;rsm;
jyefvnf &Sio f efapayrnf/ ('Ha,v 8;23-25.9;27;2 ESihf 2 ouf? 2;1-4 udMk unfyh g/)

&k&S0ifvmNcif;
ya&mzufa,Zausvu c&pfawmfqefYusifot l m; ra*g*jynf&dS a&m&Srif;om; jzpfo]l ]a*g*}}[kac:\/ (a,Zausv 38;2)
pmayavhvmvdu k pf m;olrsm;u a&S;,cifu rma**[k ac:wGicf ahJ om wdik ;f jynfonf tvGew f efc;kd BuD;aom Edik if (H odYk r[kw)f a'o
wckjzpfNyD; 4if;onf tpöa&;Edik if \
H ajrmufbufü &So d nf[k wnDwnGww f nf; vufcMH uonf/
]]a&m&S } }qd k a oma0g[m&rS m ,aeY&k & S m ;vl r sKd ; rsm;ud k & nf n T e f ; jcif ; jzpf o nf [ k ,k H M unf v uf c H x m;ygonf /
þtcsuftvufrsm;aMumihf usrf;pmoif ausmif;om;rsm;uc&pfawmfudkqefYusifaomolonf ,cifqdkAD,uf,leD,H EdkifiHrS
,cktcgupifhuvsm;cGJxGufNyD; rNidrfroufjzpfae&mrSay:xGufvmrnf[k,kHMunf\/
or®musrf;pmtaejzifhOa&myxdyfoD;EdkifiHrsm;onf c&pfawmfqefYusifonfhavmuDtpdk;&rsm;tm; jc,fvS,fol rsm;jzpfvmrnf/
c&pf a wmf q ef Y usif o l \ aemuf ü xd k O a&my \acgif ; aqmif r sm;u pnf ; vk H ; pG m axmuf c H aeayrnf / xd k o l w d k Y onf
oabmwlírdrdwdkYwefcdk;tmPmpufudkokH;&ef tyfayMuvdrfhrnf/(Asm'dwf 17;13)

&ufpufqdk;oGrf;rSKodkYajymif;oGm;aomu,fwif&Sif
ajrmufjrm;pGmaom urÇmhEdkifiHrsm;u tpydkif;wGif ]]om;&JBuD;}}tm; EdkifiHa&; u,fwif&Siftjzpf vufcHumcsD;rGrf;
Mobmay;Muvdrrhf nf/ ]]ckEpS Ef pS w f m y#dOmOftm;jyXgef; twnfjyKNy;D 3ESpcf t JG MumwGio f &JBu;D onfNird ;f csr;f a&; oabmwlncD suf pmcsKyt f m;
&k y f o d r f ; zsuf q D ; NyD ; rd r d \ o&k y f oP² m ef t ppf u d k x k w f a zmf j yovd r f h rnf/ þtcsdefüom;&J B uD ; onf tpö a &;Ed k i f i H t m;
0ifa&mufusL;ausmfodrf;ydkufNyD; a,&k&SvifNrdKUtm;rdrdurÇmhNrdKUtjzpfwnfaxmifvdrfhrnf/
om;&JBuD;onfbmomw&m;[lonfurkd w&m;toif; tzGUJ rsm;tjzpfaMunmayvdrrhf nf/ rdru d , kd u f rkd u
l ;kd uG,f &mtjzpfowfrw S Nf yD;
om;&J\&kyw f u
k kd pum;ajymEdik rf nfh taMumif;ESirhf rd u
d rkd ud;k uG,af omol&o dS rQwYkduo kd wfjzwf jcif;iSgjyKEikd rf nfh taMumif;&kyw f ük toufukd
oGi;f ay;&aom tcGiu hf v
kd nf;&\/ a,&Iu þ&kyw f u k kd jrif&aomtcg ya&mzuf'aH ,v a[monft h wdik ;f ? zsuqf ;D wwfaom
&GH&SmzG,ft&monfoefY&Sif;aomt&yfüpkdufaeonfudkoifwdkYjrif&vQif usrf;pmudkMunfhaomolonfem;vnfygap/taMumif;rlum;
urÇmOD;rS,ckwikd af tmif rjzpfz;l ? aemifvnf;rjzpfvwåHaomBuD;pGmaom'ku©onfxkdumvüjzpfvdrfhrnf/ (róJ24;15-21) xdktcsdef
umvonf um;om;&J B uD ; ES i f h ol Y tk y f c sKyf y k H p H e pf t & bk & m;ocif u d k ,k H M unf o l w d k Y tm; &uf p uf M urf ; MuKwf p G m
zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fNyD;ñOf;yef;ESdyfpufonfh tcsdeftcgrsKd;jzpfayonf/ ('Ha,&; 21ç15?8-23-24ç11;31-35ç12;10? Asm'dwf 13;5-7
udkvnf;Munfhyg/)
þtcsdeu f mvonfum;c&pfawmfuq kd efYusifaom om;&JBuD;onf owif;qd;k jzifh ausmMf um;vSaom ]]666}} (ajcmufo;Hk vk;H )
wnf;[laom,kHMunftyfonfhwpfckwnf;aomurÇmBuD;pepfudkcsrSwfxlaxmifoGm;&efjzpfonf/

om;&JBuD;\trSwftom;
]]aiG&wwfaomol? qif;&Jaomol? uRefcH&aomol vGwfaomol? tBuD;ti,f&SdorQwdkYonf vusfmvufüjzpfap?
ezl;üjzpfapwHqdyfvufrSwfudkcHapjcif;iSgvnf;aumif;? xdkwHqdyfvufrSwfwnf;[laom om;&J\emrjzpfap?emr \ta&twGuf
jzpfapwpfckckudk rcHaomolwpfa,mufrQ ra&mif;0,fapcsif;iSgvnf;aumif;pD&if\/þt&müynm&Sd\OmPf&Sdaomolonf
om;&J\ta&twGuf udak &wGuaf p/ vl\ta&twGujf zpf\/ajcmuf&majcmufq,fajcmufvnf; jzpf\/(Asm'dwf 13;16-18)

þAsm'dwfonf trSefyif xl;jcm;rSwfom;avmuf ayonf/ þt&mudk pOf;pm;okH;oyf Munfhyg/ vGefcJhaom ESpf


aygif;ESpaf xmife;D yg;u wrefawmf a,m[efonf a,&IEiS hf rawGUrDu wHigonf wOD;rQom jzpfygonf/ wrefawmf a,m[efonf
urÇmph ;D yGm;a&;ESihf ywfo
f ufí edrwd zf wfc&hJ mwGif wpfaeYwiG f urÇmph ;D yGm;a&; tajctaeonf vlwikd ;f onf rjzpfrae]]eHygwf}} jzifoh m
0,f,jl cif;? a&mif;csjcif; wdYk ukd jyKvkyEf ikd rf nfh pD;yGm;a&; pHepfukd wnfaxmif oGm;vdrrhf nf/ uGeyf sLwmrsm;ESihf tDvufx&Ge;f epf
bPfvyk if ef;pHepf pwifay:ayguf vmaom tcsed t f cgü omvQif þedrw d f zwfajymMum;csuo
f nf rSeu
f efaMumif;udk awGU&S&d ygonf/
rsuaf rSmuf acwfumvwGif ypön;f rsm; 0,f,&l ef twGuf vlo;Hk rsm;aom enf;pHepf tawmfrsm;rsm; &Sad eygonf/ aiGom;udk
vnf;aumif;? csuv f ufrw S u f v kd nf;aumif;? ta<u;u'fjym;udk vnf;aumif; tok;H jyKí ypön;f rsm; 0,f,l Edik af yonf/ okYd r[kwf
qyf&efwif&adS eaom ta<u;rsm;tm; pm&if;oGi;f xm;ayrnf/ aiGuikd o f nf oif\ ta<u;0,f u'fjym;tm; pDppfa&;puf twGi;f odYk
xnfv h ukd &f Hk jzifo
h ufqikd &f mbPf odYk tv D ufx&Ge;f epf pHepfjzifh vsijf refpmG a&muf&dS qufo, G f aeayrnf/ xdk wdak wmif;vSaom
umvtwG i f ; üyif bPf & S d p m&if ;onf rd r d uk e f y pön f ;0,f , l aomqd k if &S d pm&if ;od k Y a&muf &S d o G m ;ayrnf/ tm;vkH; udk
puúefYydkif;twGif;NyD;pD;atmif vkyfudkifEdkifayonf/
aiG vTJajymif;ay;aom tjcm;enf;wpfenf;rSm EdkifiHawmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif tokH;jyKvsuf&SdaeNyD;? tokH;jyKjcif;
r&Sdao;aomEdkifiHrsm;üvnf;okH;pGJvmap&efaqmif&Gufaeayrnf/þpHepfrSm]]prwfu'f}}ac:tvGefxufjrufaumif;rGefaom
aiGvTJu'fjym;av;yif jzpfonf/ þu'fjym;av;onftjcm;aomomrefu'fjym;uav;rsm;ESifhqifaeaomfvnf; BuD;rm;aom uGmjcm;
rSK&Sad eayonf/ þu'fjym;rsK;d wGif uGeyf sLwm tcsyf uav;wpfcsyf qDukd yvwfpwpfwiG f uyfxm;ygonf/
þtDvufx&Gef;epf tHhzG,f&mav;rsm;onf rdrdESifh oufqkdifaom bPfpm&if;odkY csufcsif; qufoG,fay;Edkifjcif; udk
jyKvkyaf y;&krH Qru 4if; ]]prwfu'f}} wGif oif\ Edik if u H ;l u'fjym;yg tcsut f vufrsm;? oif\ aq;rSww f rf;rsm;? ,mOfarmif;vdik pf if?
"gwfyrHk sm;? vlrKS zlvaHk &;qdik &f m &ydik cf iG rhf sm; ESihf tjcm;tcsut f vuf rsK;d pku
H kd pkaqmif; odr;f qnf;xm;Edik f ayonf/ jyifopf? uae'g?
*smrPD ESiNhf Adwed Ef ikd if rH sm;ü vloef; (90)ausmf þ]]prwfu'f}}jym;udk tok;H jyKvQu&f dS ayNyD/ aiGom; udik w f ,G o f ;Hk pGjJ cif; yaysufa&;
vrf;pOfukd uReaf wmfwYkd usio hf ;Hk vQuf &Sad eayonf/ aiGaMu;uif;rJah om vlYabmif wnfaqmuf&ef vdv k m;BudK;yrf;aomolrsm; taejzifh
aiGom;ok;H pGjJ cif;rS csKyfNidr;f &yfpo J mG ;&ef oifah Mumif;udk taxmuftxm;rsm; &SMd uayonf/ tajccH tcsuftvufrmS rl;,pfaq;0g;
arSmifckd a&mif;0,forl sm; twGuf aiGaMu; (aiGom;)onf xdo k ufaocHtm; txm;&qk;H t&myif jzpfonf/ rl;,pfaq;0g; arSmifckd
a&mif;0,forl sm;onf vkyif ef;wpfBudrf aqmif&u G w
f ikd ;f t0wfxnfh vufqt JG w
d w
f iG ;f ü tjynfo h ,f aqmifvyk u f ikd f aeMuygonf/
aiGom;ok;H pGjJ cif; r&Syd gu w&m;r0if rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm; a&mif;0,fjcif;twGuf rsm;pGm twm;tqD; taESmift h ,Suf jzpfapayrnf/
trSet f m;jzifh Oya' cdik rf m wnfjrJ apaom tzGUJ rsm;u aiGom;ok;H pGjJ cif;udk y,fzsuv f u kd jf cif;tm;jzifh rSKcif;vky&f yf tawmfrsm;rsm;udk
y,fzsuf&ma&mufaprnf[k ajymMum;ygonf/

od&SdrSwfrdEdkif&ef tcuftcJ
vk;H vk;H vsm;vsm;aiGom;? csuv f ufrw S Ef iS hf ta<u;0,f vufrw S rf sm;udk ajymif;vJvu kd jf cif; rjyKEikd rf ?D &kyt f *Fgvu© Pmazmfjy
od&&dS mwGif vk;H 0rrSm;Edik af om rSwyf wHk ifjcif;pHepf udw k x
D iG f taumiftxnf azmf&ef vdt k yfayonf/ vufvD aps;onfrsm; tjyif
aiGtvTt J ajymif; vkyEf ikd af &;twGuf u'fjym; xkwjf yvmolonf xdk u'fjym;udk ydik q f ikd o
f l tppftrSef jzpfaMumif; aocsmpGm od&&dS ef
vdktyfygonf/
vufaAGypHk ?H vufypHk EH iS hf rsuv f mT pDppfjcif;tp&Sad om rrSm;Edik o f nf&h yk t
f *Fgvu©Pm? rrSm;Edik o f nfrh w S yf w
Hk ifjcif; pHepfrsK;d pku
H dk
wnfxiG af qmif&u G v
f suf &Sad eayonf/þ enf;pHepfrsm;twGut f ok;H jyKaompufu&d , d mrsm;rSmtvGef trif; aps;EIe;f BuD;jrifh vSygonf/
aiGom; tokH;rjyKaom vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpfckjzpfay:vm&eftwGufqdkifi,fuav;wdkif; ESifhvufvDa&mif;&mae&mü]]u'f}}ppfaq;onfh
pufwpfckpD vdktyfaeayrnf/
þuJhokdY ZD0t*Fg&yfrsm; pDppfonfh pufud&d,mrsm; a':vmaxmifESifhcsDí ukefusaecsdefwGif ]]prwfu'f}} twGif;
uyfxm;onfhrdkufu&dktcsyfuav;rsm;onfqifhtenf;i,f omukefusayonf/

udk,fydkif rdkufc&dkjcpf(yf)uav; wyfoGif;xm;jcif;

aps;ESKef;oufomNyD; vkyfudkif&ef vG,fulaom tajz rSm]]prwfu'f}}wGif xnfhoGif;xm;onfh rdkufu&dktcsyfjym; udk


rdrdta&cGHatmufwGif xnfhoGif;vdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf/ vlYta&cGHatmufwGif xnfhoGif;xm;aom rdkufu&dktcsyfjym; onf
aps;ESKef;rBuD;vSaom pDppfa&;pufjzifh rSwo f m; od&EdS ikd f ayrnf/ xdt
k cg oifonf prwfu'fwpfck jzpfvmNyD; u'fjym;ydik &f iS f
rSerf rSeqf akd om jyóemudk ajz&Si;f NyD;om; jzpfomG ;avNyD/
xduk o hJ Ykd ta&cGaH tmuf xnfo h iG ;f jcif; twGuo f m enf; ynm&yf ay:aygufaejcif; r[kw/f urÇmtESUH a&SUajy;(a&SU aqmif)
tpDtpOf vkyif ef;&yfrsm; twGuv f nf; prf;oyfaeNyD jzpfygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh tar&duef jynfaxmifp\ k use;f rma&;ESihf vlom;a&;&m
aqmif&u G rf KS Xmeu rdu k u f &dk tpufuav;jzifh &kyt f *Fgvu©Pm azmfjyjcif; pDru H ed ;f onf 0g&Siw
f ef 'DpND rdKUESihf tjcm;NrdKUrsm;pGmwdYk wiG f
prf;oyfvsu&f dS onf[k qdkygonf/ xdt k ok;H jyKaom uGeyf sLwm tcsyu f av; rsm;onf tyfzsm;avmufyif r&So d nfth jyif 25qifrh Qyifr
ukeu f syg/ xdt k vTmcsyt f m; ta&cGaH tmuf wpfvufr\† eD;eD; xd;k oGi;f &ygonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh vufcv,fEiS hf vufnK§ ;d Mum;&Sd
taMumjyifxo J Ydk xd;k oGi;f ygonf/ þrdu k f u&dt k csyvf mT rsm;onf vufjzifu h ikd w
f ,G í f &aomao; i,fonfh pDppfa&; ud&, d mrsm;jzifh
vIy&f mS ;apNyD; rdu k u f &dtk csyf vTm xnfo h iG ;f xm;olEiS hf ywfoufaom vu©Pm t*Fgtcsuf tvufrsm;udk trSm;t,Gi;f r&Sd ajzqdk
azmfjy Edik af yonf/
aiGom;okH;pGJjcif; uif;rJhaomvlYabmifwpfckurÇmü ay:aygufvm&efBudK;yrf;vsuf&SdaeNyD/avQmfrQifrsufpda&m*gukoenf;rsm;?
N*dK[fwrk sm; pMumVmtwGi;f vSnyhf wf aejcif;rsm;ESifhuGefysLwmrsm;jzifhtcsuftvufpm&if;tif; rsm;xdef;odef;xm;jcif;rsm;onf
urÇmBuD;udv k rT ;f rd;k xde;f csKyf Edik af vmufaompGr;f &nfrsm;jzpfNyD; vlwYkd\pdwu f ;l pdwof ef;udk rwnfrNird cf sw
D cHk swk jH zpfapygonf/ MopaMw;vs?
tpöa&; pumFylESifh xdkif;EdkifiHrsm;rS tpdk;&rsm;onfaiGom;ESihfcsuf vufrSwfokH;pGJjcif;rsm;udk y,f&Sm;onfh pHepfrsm;awGU&Sd&ef
BudK;yrf;vsuf&SdNyD;tjcm;aom EdkifiHtajrmuftrsm;wdkYonf vnf; aiGaMu;rJh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfudkifEdkif&ef enf;vrf;rsm;pGm
prf ; oyf v suf &S d a eMuayonf / yxrqk H ; tBud r f t jzpf E S p f a ygif ; 2000eD ; yg;uwref a wmf a ,m[ef &&S d c J h a om
ausmpdrfhzG,f&mpu©Ktm&kHrSmr[menf;ynm&yfrsm;jzifhjynfhpkHrSefuefjcif;odkYa&muf&Sdaeapygonf/

yv’ifawmf\ aemufuG,frS wefcdk;tmPm


ay:aygufvmrnfu h rÇmah cgif;aqmifBuD;onf wpfurÇm vk;H u rdrt d m; 0wfjyKu;kd uG,&f ef awmif;qdv
k rd rhf nf/ þonf rSmvnf;
xdak cgif;aqmifBuD;onf twåqefveG ;f jcif; wpfck wnf;aMumifh r[kwyf g/ olYu, kd w
f ikd o
f nf rm&fewf\ tkypf ;kd jcif;udk cHae&vdrrhf nf/
]]e*g;onf rdrw d efc;kd ESirhf rd yd v’if udv
k nf;aumif; BuD;pGmaom tmPmudk vnf;aumif; om;&Jü tyfay;\/}} (Asm'dwf 13;2)
rm&fewfonf tjrJwrf;yif bk&m;ocif jzpf&ef qE´&dS cJhonf/ xdYk aMumifv h nf; olonf us&;HI cJ&h ygonf/ ya&mzuf a[&S,mu
atmufygtwdik ;f a&;om;cJyh gonf/ ]]tdk eHeufom;? rdC k ;f aomufMu,f? oifonf aumif;uifu usav Nyw D um;? tjynfjynf
wkYduEkd ydS pf ufaom oifonf ajratmuf wdik f ckwv f jJS cif;udk cH&avNyD wum;? oifuvnf; aumif;uif ay:odYk igwufrnf? bk&m;ocif
\ Mu,fwYkt d ay:rSm ighyv’if udk igcs;D ajr§mufrnf/ ajrmufrsuEf mS buf Asm'dwaf wmfawmif ay:rSmigxdik rf nf/ rd;k wdrx f yd af y:odYk igwufrnf/
tjrifh qk;H aombk&m;uJo h Ydk igaernf[pk w d t
f MuH&adS vNyD/ odYak omf vnf; oifonf r&PEdik if H ocsKiØ ;f wGi;f xJ odYkErdS chf sjcif;udk cH&avNyD/
}} (a[&S,- 14;12-25)
txuf usrf;ydk'fyg twdkif; rm&fewf\ o&kyfo@mef tppftrSefudk azmfjyae\/ olonf c&pfawmf qefYusifol
tm;BudK;qGjJ c,fv, S Nf yD; c&pfawmf qefYusio f t
l m; urÇmay: wGif wpfcw k nf;aom ta<u;pHepfukd zefw;D &ef urÇmolurÇm om;rsm;u
4if;tm; OD;nGwf ud;k uG,&f ef twif;tMuyf apckid ;f vdrrhf nf/

666 udk*&kpdkufyg/
xdYkaMumifh om;&JBuD;\ &kyo f iG f oP²mefukd avmuom;wkYd vufcaH eMujcif;rSm pD;yGm;a&; tcuftcJ tajctae qk;H jzwf csurf sm;
oufouf aMumifh r[kwyf g/ vlYabmif todik ;f t0ef; aumif;pm;a&;twGuf enf;ynmqdik &f mjzifh tcuftcJtusyf twnf;xJrS xGuaf yguf
&Smay;aeoluo hJ Ydk [efaqmifae aom rm&fewfrif;tm; vkv d m;pGm vufcv H u kd jf cif;onf 0dOmOf a&;qdik &f m tajccH tusqk;H ?
qk;H jzwfcsujf zifh ewfq;kd BuD; yl;aeaom c&pfawmf qefYusio f t l m; ud;k uG,jf cif;om jzpfay onf/
xdYk aMumifyh if or®musr;f pmu atmufyg twdik ;f owday; aeygonf/ ]]xkrd S wyg; wwd, aumif;uif wrmefu? tMuifoo l nf
om;&JESifh ol\ &kyfwkudk ud;k uG,í f ? ol\ wHqyd v f ufrwS u f kd ezl;ücHonfjzpfap? vufü cHonfjzpfap - xdo k o
l nf bk&m;ocif\
a'go zvm;ü avmif;aom trsufawmf pyspf&nfppfukd aomuf&vdrrhf nf/ oefY&iS ;f aom aumif;uif wrmefwYkda&SU? od;k oli,fa&SUwGif
uefYa&maom rD;xJrmS jyif;pGmaom ñ§O;f qJjcif;udk cH&vdrrhf nf/ xdñ k O§ ;f qJ jcif;\ rD;cd;k onf urÇmtqufquf wnfvsu&f adS e\/
om;&JEiS fh ol\ &kyw f uk kd ud;k uG,íf ol\ emr wHqyd v f ufrw S f udk cHaom olwYkdonf aeYñOfrh jywf oufom r&Mu [kvu kd íf
BuD;aomtoHEiS hf qd\ k / (Asm'dw?f 14;9-11) xdYkaMumifh oifonf urÇmt h pd;k &wpfzUJG ay:aygufvmNy;D ,if;\ acgif;aqmifu oifu h kd
4if;\ opömawmfcjH zpf&efEiS hf olYtm; 0yfwmG ; &Sdcdk;&ef awmif;qdk vmygu rvdu k af vsmav ESi?hf pD;yGm;a&; rufv;Hk rsm; ay;jcif;ESihf ol\
wHqyd Ef iS fh trSwf tom;rsm;tm; vufc&H ef Niif;qefjcif;twGuf oift h m; 'Pfcwfrnf[k Ncdr;f ajcmufjcif;rsm; &Sad pumrl oifonf
oifu h kd zefqif;aom bk&m;? ppfreS af om bk&m;ESihf oifu h ckd spNf yD; *&kpukd af om bk&m;tm; ,kMH unfygu? tem*wfumvwGif oift h m;
ydYk aqmifvrf;jyrnfh bk&m;udk ,kMH unfu;kd uG,yf gu? oift h em*wf ajzmifjh zL;om,mrnfrmS {ueftrSeyf if jzpfayonf/

'kwd, tBudrf <ua&mufvmjcif;


]]xdu
k mv\ 'kuq © if;&Jjcif;aemuf &kwcf eJaeonf rku d v
f rd rhf nf/ vonf ta&mifurkd ay;? Mu,fwYko d nf aumif;uifrS usvrd rhf nf?
aumif;uifwefc;kd wdYk onf wkev f yI Mf uvdrrhf nf/ xdt
k cg vlom;\ edrw d v
f u©Pmonf aumif;uifü xif&mS ;vdrrhf nf/ ajrBuD;ay:rSm
vltaygif;wdYkonf idak <u;jrnfwrf;Muí vlom;wdYkonf BuD;pGmaom b ek ;f wefc;kd tmEkabmfukd aqmifvsu?f rd;k wdru f pkd ;D í<u
vmawmf rlonfukd jrif&Muvdrrhf nf/ vlom;onf rdrw d ref wdYkukd apvGwí f wHy;dk c&mukd jyif;pGmrSKwf apawmfro
l jzifh olwYkdonf
a&G;cs,af wmf rlaomolwYkdukd t&yfav;rsufEmS aumif;uifatmufxuf 0ef;usiw f Ykd raS c:í pk&;Hk Muvwå/H (róJ 24;29-31)

þusrf ; csuf w G i f a ,&I u urÇ m avmuBuD ; \tqd k ; 0g;qk H ; 'k u © q if ; &J j cif ; ES i f h aMumuf r uf z G , f u mvonf & k w f
ceJ c sKyf N id r f ; tqk H ; owf N yD ; tawmuf y qk H ; aeYwpf a eY\t&k P f O D ; tcsd e f o d k Y a&muf & S d v mayrnf / a,&I c &pf a wmf u d k , f w d k i f
rdrd\vlrsm;tm;rdrdESifhtwlwuG&Sdapjcif;iSgjyefvnfí ac:aqmifoGm;rnfjzpfayonf/
Asm'dwfusrf;uc&pfawmfjyefvnfr<ua&mufrDuav; rSmbk&m;ocifonf a&m*guyfrsm; apvGwfay;rnf/ xdkYtjyifrdrd\
trSwfwHqdyfudk vufcH&,l&efjiif;qefol rsm;tm;rdrdwdkY\ t,kwfrmqkH;enf;jzifh&Sif;vif;okwfoif aepOfxdkolwdkYtay:üvnf;
w&m;pD&ifrSKrsm;jyKvkyfay;rnf/ or®musrf;pmtaejzifh þ'ku©qif;&Jjcif; a&mufaomum vrnfrQ Mum&Snfrnfudk twdtus
azmfjyxm;ygonf/ xko d Ydkazmfjycsurf mS 3ƒESpf odYkr[kwf (42)v okYdr[kwf (1260)&ufjzpfygonf/ ('Ha,v 7;25ç12;7? Asm'dwf
13;5? 12;6udMk unf/h )
xdYk aMumifh ay:aygufvmrnfh urÇmah cgif;aqmifBuD;onf rdrv d ufrw S f a&;xd;k xm;cJah om Nidr;f csrf;a&; y#dOmOfpm csKyftm;
azmufzsuNf yD; rdr\ d &kyw f uk kd xkum wpfurÇmvk;H tm; &Scd ;kd &ef awmif;qdak om aeY &Sv d mygvdrrhf nf/ xkad eYr pS í a,&I jyefvnf
<ua&mufvmrnfh tcsed u f mv twdtusudk wGucf sufEikd rf nf jzpfayonf/
om;&JBuD; ae&pfcJhayawmh
aumif;uifbkH uREkfyfvmygNyD
a,&I 'kw, d tBudrjf yefvnf<ua&mufvmaom a&SUajy; edrw d t
f jzpf aMumuf&YHG z, G jf rifuiG ;f ESihf toHrsm;udk xdyv f efY pGmjzifh
urÇ m om;wd k Y onf M um;&jrif & Muvd r f h r nf ? tBuD ; us,f qk H ; aom ed r d w f v u© P mrsm;ud k xk w f a zmf j yoNyD ; aomtcg
a,&Iu, kd af wmfwikd w f rd w
f u kd x f rJ S xGuaf y:vmonfukd awGU jrif&ayrnf/ xdjk rifuiG ;f wGif a,&Ionf bk&m;ocif\BuD; rm;aom
wefc;kd owåu d kd urÇmtESYH tHzh , G o f &l t
J jzpfrsK;d udk xGe;f vif; awmufyapvdrrhf nf/ xkt d csed üf c&pfawmftm;jiif; qefypfy,fNyD; om;&JBuD;udk
ud;k uG,cf hJ olrsm;onf rdrw d Ykd tvGerf mS ;,Gi;f cJah Mumif;udk csucf si;f oabmaygufMuayrnf/ or®musr;f pm azmfjycsuw f iG f atmufygtwdik ;f
uGuu f u G f uGi;f uGi;f &Si;f vif;aeygonf/
]]Munf&h aI vmh? rd;k wdrEf iS w hf uG<uvmawmfro l nf jzpfí ud, k af wmfukd xd;k azmufaomolwYkdEiS hf &So d rQaomol wdYkon u f ,kd af wmfukd
&IjrifMu&vdrrhf nf/ ajrBuD;om; trsK;d rsK;d &So d rQwYkdonf ud, k af wmfaMumifh idak <u;jrnfwrf;Mu& vdrrhf nf/}} (Asm'dwf 1;7)
a,&Ic&pfawmftm; od&dS vufcu H m cspjf rwfE;kd Muaom uREyfk w f Ykdru
l m; c&pfawmf\ wpfzefjyefvnf<ua&mufvm jcif;onf
uREkfyfwdkYtwGuf ydkrdkBuD;rm;aom &Tifvef;0rf;ajrmufjcif; ESifhwuG uREkfyfwdkY cHpm;od&SdcJh&jcif;xuf ydkrdkaom u,fwifjcif;ESih f
vGwv f yfjcif;rsm;udk od&dS cHpm;Mu&ayrnf/ ESpu f mv tqufqufu uG,v f eG f aoqk;H cJMh uaom bk&m;ocif \ om;orD;rsm;onf
obm0xuf vGeu f aJ om xl;qef;onfh cE¨mud, k rf sm;jzifh tHMh ozG,&f m rdrw d Ykd\ ocsKiØ ;f *lrsm;rS jyef vnf&iS o f efvmNyD; aumif;uif
wdrw f u kd t f wGi;f &Sd c&pfawmf xHoYkd ckex f oGm;Muayrnf/ avmuü toufraoao;bJ touf&iS q f J uREykf wf Ykrd mS um; cE©mud, k t f opfEiS hf
toGif oP²meftopfrsm;odYk csucf si;f ajymif;vJomG ;um c&pfawmf &S&d mwdrw f u kd xf o J Ykd yswH ufomG ;ayrnf/ a,&Ionf rdrt d m;
,kMH unforl sm;udk c&pfawmf qefYusiaf om ESyd pf ufaom olrsm; \ vufxrJ S qGx J wk u f m rjzpfay: r&Scd zhJ ;l aom tBuD;us,f qk;H
aysm&f iT zf , G f taumif;qk;H atmifyJG tcrf;tem;odYk jAKe;f ueJ qGaJ c:oGm;ayrnf/ xkt d jzpftysuo f nfum; aumif;uifbHk ü ]]od;k oli,f\
r*Fvmaqmify}JG } [k od&MdS uayonf/ (Asm'dwf 14;14-16? 19;6-9 Munf)h
þtawmwGi;f ü aMumufrufz, G f aumif;aom bk&m;ocif\ a'got[keo f nf om;&JBuD;\ tzGUJ om;rsm;ay:odYk usa&mufcgx
o
kd rl sm;twGuf tvGeq f ;kd 0g;vSaom tcsed t f cg jzpfayrnf/ or®musr;f pmu ]]xkad eY&ufumvü vlwYkdonf aojcif;udk &SmMuvdrrhf nf?
&Smaomfvnf; rawGU&Mu? tvGefaocsiaf omfvnf; aorif;onf olwYdkxrH S ajy;oGm;vdrrhf nf/}} (Asm'dwf 9;6)

tem*wfudk &ifqdkif&Jonfh ,kHMunfrSK


,kwfpG tqkH; ajym&rnfqdkygu uREkfyfwdkYonf pdwfvIyf&Sm;zG,f aumif;aom tcsdefumvrsKd;ü touf&Sif ae&
NyD; &kww f &uf ajymif;vJrKS BuD;rsm;udk tcsderf &G; &ifqikd af wGU BuHK&ayawmhrnf/
ESpaf xmif aygif;rsm;pGm u Asm'dwef rd w d f rsm;onf ,aeY urÇmt h ajctaersm;ESihf nDaeaom a[majymjyocsuf rsm;yif
jzpfaMumif;udk vufawGU odjrifvmMu&ojzifh uREkyf w f Ydk \ ,kMH unfrKS udk enf;vrf;rsm;pGmjzifh tm;ay;vsuf &Sad eaMumif;udk uREyfk w f Ykd
oabmayguf em;vnfoifyh gonf/ yxrtcsurf mS bk&m;ocifonf tem*wfjzpf&yfrsm;udk BudKwif odjrifEikd af om wefc;kd &Sad Mumif;udk
pdwcf spmG ,kMH unfoifNh yD; tem*wfumvwGif uREykf w f Ykd rnfoYdk awGUBuHK&if qdik &f rnfukd uREyfk wf Ykdtm; BudKwifajymjy xm;jcif;onf
bk&m;ocifu uREkyf w f Ykd tm; *&kpukd af omaMumifyh if jzpfygonf/ a,&Ired Yf rmS cJo h nfh atmufyg usrf;csufuMkd unfyh g/ ]]xdt k rSKt&m
a&mufaomtcg oifwYkdonf ,kMH unfapjcif; iSg ra&mufrD ,ckyif oifwYkdtm; igajymESiNhf yD/}} (a,m[ef 14;29)
xdek nf;wlyifoifonf vuf&dS urÇmt h ajctaersm;onf BudKwif a[majymcsurf sm;twdik ;f wduspmG jzpfay:vsuf &Sad eaMumif;udk
oifonf oabmaygufrdygu or®musrf;pm ygAsm'dwfedrdwfrsm;onfvnf; rSefuefpGm usa&mufvmrnfudk owdjyKoifhygonf/
tpd;k &wpfcw k nf;&Sad om urÇmBuD;udk tkycf sKyaf om vlrqef Murf;MuKwo f nfh acgif;aqmifonf ta<u;0,f,al om pHepfukd twif;tMuyf
usio hf ;Hk aprnf/ c&pfawmfqefYusio f l ]]tEÅcd &pf}} ESihf twlwl yl;aygif; aqmif&u G &f ef jiif;qeforl sm;tm; xdok m;&JBuD;rsm;u ESyd pf uf
ñ§O;f yef;rnf/ okYd aomf bk&m;ocifonf xdo k m;&JBuD;\ ñ§O;f yef;ESyd f pufaejcif;udk 0ifa&mufwm;qD; azsmufzsuf ay;vdrrhf nf/
xkt d csed o f nfum; rdr\ d vlrsm;tm; a,&Ic&pf jyefvnfu,f q,f&ef avmuodYk <ua&mufvmrSmjzpfNyD; raumif;rSK tiftm;pk tm;vk;H udk
zsuq f ;D tEdik , f ul m þurÇmavmuü cspjf cif;arwåm vTr;f rd;k aom bk&m;ocif\ xm0& Edik if aH wmfukd wnfaxmifay;vdrrhf nf/

pdk;&GHUp&m vkH;0r&Sdyg/
ed*kH;umv\aMumufrufzG,f&m aemufqkH;aeYrsm;\ tjzpftysufrsm; oifha&SUarSmufodkY a&muf&Sdvmaomtcg pkd;&GHUjcif;?
pdw'f [Gd jzpfjcif;? &Iyaf xG;aejcif;ESihf bmjzpfvmrnfenf;[lí awG;awmfyyl efaejcif; r&Syd gESi/f h a,&Iu aemufq;Hk aeY&ufrsm;wGif
jzpfay:rnfh tajctaeESihf ywfoufí owday;ajymMum;&mü ]]ajrBuD;ay:rSm jzpfvwåaH om ab;rsm;udak rQmí f aMumufvefYojzifh
vlrsm;wdYk \ toufq;Hk &I;H jcif; trSKt&mwdYk onf jzpfMuvdrrhf nf/ 4if;tjyif a,&Iu rdrt d m; od&v dS ufcNH yD; cspaf omolrsm;onf
þ'kuq © if;&Jjcif; uyfab;rsm;udk rvG{J uef ppfreS f aocsmpGm &ifqikd Ef ikd Nf yD; atmifjrifrKS jzifh tEdik ,
f al yvdrrhf nf}} [k rdeYf rmS cJyh gonf/
a,&Iu &Si;f vif;jywfom;pGmyif aemufq;Hk umvrsm;\ twdwef rd w d rf sm; a&muf&v dS maomtcg c&pfawmftm; ,kMH unforl sm;udk
u,fq,f&eftwGuf jyefvnfa&muf&v dS mcsed v
f nf; eD;uyfvmaMumif; od&&dS ayrnf/ ]]xdt k rSKt& wdYkonf jzpfp&Sad omtcg oifwYkdukd
a&G;ESKwfaom tcsed f umv a&mufvek ;D onfukd axmufojzifh ajr§mMf unfí h acgif;udk <uMuayavmh}} [kred Yfawmfr\ l /(&Siv
f uk m 21;28)
jzpfysuf aeorQukd uREykf w f Ykd ESpo
f ufEidk Mf urnf r[kwyf g/ tcsKYd taMumif;t&mrsm;rSmvnf; tawmfyif qd;k &Gm;aeygonf/ odYk aomf
aumif;rGefaom ed*kH;jzpfvdrfhrnf[k uREkfyfwdkY ,kHMunf od&MdS uygonf/ bk&m;ocifEiS hf bk&m;ocif\ ESKwfuywfawmf wdYk ukd
oif,MHk unfonft h jyif bk&m;ESifh oifonf tpOfe;D uyfpmG touf&iS f aexdik rf nf qdyk gu ppfEiS hf vIy&f mS ;xlyal ejcif;? &Iyaf xG;jcif;?
awGa0jcif;rsm;ESifh upOfuh vsm;jzpfaerSKrsm; tm;vk;H onf oif\jyify ywf0ef;usiüf jzpfay:aeapum rloif\ pdwEf iS hf cE¨mtwGi;f ydik ;f ü
ESv;Hk om;rSmrl Nidrof uf vsu&f adS eayrnf/ txl;ojzifh Nidro f ufjcif; ocifa,&I c&pfwnf;[laom ocifukd oifph w d Ef v
S ;Hk xJü
vufcx H m;yg/ oifonf Nidro f ufjcif; tjynft h 0 &&Sad eygrnf/

tem*wftwGu ftaumif;qkH; jyifqifrSK


oifonf oifh tem*wftwGuf BudKwifí jyifqifrKS rsm; aqmif&u G Ef ikd yf gonf/ xdYktjyif xm0&touf&&SEd ikd af &; twGuv f nf;
oifBudKwifjyifqif aqmif&Guf xm;Edkifygonf/ xdkokdY BudKwifjyifqif aqmif&GufEdkif&ef twGufvnf; oifocifa,&Iudk
oif\u,fwif&Siftjzpf vufcHjcif;jzifh jyifqif aqmif&GufEdkifrnf jzpfayonf/ a,&Ionf oifESifhtwl&SdNyD; oifhtm;
tEÅ&m,fBuHKawGUonfhtcgwdkif; apmifha&SmufoGm;rnf jzpfygonf/
or®musrf;pmu ajymMum;onfrSm ]]bk&m;ocifonf cspfjcif;arwåmjzpf\}}/(1a,m[ef 4;8) bk&m;ocifonf
cspjf cif;arwåm\0dnOfawmf ud, k wf ikd jf zpf\/ bk&m;ocifonf oifu h kd cspjf rwfE;kd í rdro d nf oift h m; cspaf Mumif;udk od&adS p&efEiS hf
rdr\d cspfjcif;arwåmü aysmfarGUaeap&ef vdv k m;vsuf &Syd gonf/ odYk aomf bk&m;ocifonf tvGeBf uD;rm; jrifjh rwfNyD; oifEiS hf
uREyfk w f YkdtwGuf OmPfrrDEikd af om? rod em;rvnfEikd af om tqifüh &Sad yonf/ xdYkaMumifv h nf; bk&m;ocifonf ol\ om;awmf
a,&Itm; þurÇmavmuodYk apvGwNf yD; bk&m;ocifonf uREyfk w f Ykdtm; rnfrQ cspjf rwfE;kd aMumif;? rdro d nf rnfoYkd &Sad eonf?
rnfoYkdaom bk&m;jzpfaMumif;wdYk ukd od&adS p&eftwGuf c&pfawmftm; uREyfk w f Ykdukd ulno D eG of ifjyo&ef apvGwv f ukd jf cif; jzpfygonf/
]]bk&m;ocif\ om;awmfukd ,kMH unfol taygif;wkYdonf ysupf ;D jcif;okYd ra&muf xm0&toufukd &apjcif;iSg bk&m;ocifonf
rdr\
d wpfyg;wnf;aom om;awmfukd pGeYfawmfro l nfh wdik af tmif avmuDom;wdYkukd cspaf wmfr\ l /}} (a,m[ef 3;16)
bk&m;ocifonf oif\ ae&mwGif a,&Itm; toufaoapjcif;iSg apcdik ;f onftxd oift h m;cspaf wmfr\ l / 4if; tjyif
bk&m;ocifonf oif\ rSm;,Gi;f cJah om tjypfrsm;twGuf tjypf'Pfukd oifu h , kd pf m; a,&Itm; cH,al pvdu k yf gonf/ xdo k YdkjyKvyk jf cif;rSm
bk&m;ocif\ cGiv hf w G jf cif;udk &&Scd pH m;ap&efEiS hf tzd;k tcr&Sad om xm0& aumif;uifbt Hk oufukd oif&&Sad p&eftwGuf jzpfygonf/
oifonf c&pfawmfukd rodao;ygu ,ckyif oifonf c&pfawmfuv kd ufcNH yD; xl;qef;tHMh ozG,&f mrsm;udo k YlxrH S &,l&efjzpfygonf/
tu,fí oifonfc&pfawmfEiS hf ywfoufí ar;jref; ppfaq;&ef rsm;&Sad eonfjzpfap? oHo,&Sd aeonfjzpfap c&pfawmftaejzifrh u l m;
oift h m; od&edS m;vnf aeNyD; oifomolYxo H Ykd avQmufcyhJ grl oifw h pfoufwmtm; c&pfawmfonf ppfreS af om b0wpfct k jzpf
wnfaqmufay; oGm;vdrrhf nf/ c&pfawmfu]]igonf wHcg;a&SUrSm &yfíacguf vsu&f adS e\/ tMuifoo l nf ig\ toHuMkd um;í
wHcg;udk zGit hf ?H xdo k Ykd&&dS modYk ig0ifí olEiS t hf wl pm;aomufrnf/ olonfvnf; igESit hf wl pm;aomuf &vdrrhf nf}}[kred YfMum; cJyh g\/
(Asm'dwf 3;20)
c&pfawmfonf oif\ ESv;Hk om; wHcg;acgufvmoHudk oifem;pGií hf oifwcH g;udk zGiv hf pS af y;rnfavm¿c&pfawmf onf oift h m;
apmifih v H suf &Sad eayonf/ atmufyg qkawmif;csuf uav;udo k m &d;k om;yGiv hf if;pGm qkawmif;ygav- ]]c&pfawmfbk&m;? uREkfyf\
pdwEf v S ;Hk twGi;f odYk <ua&muf ude;f 0yfyg&ef uREyfk f awmif;avQmufygonf/ uREyfk jf yKcrhJ ad om tjypf 'kp&ku d f tm;vk;H twGuf uREyfk t f m;
oem;ojzifh cGiv hf w
T af wmfryl g/ xkYdjyif ud, k af wmf&iS \ f xm0& toufaus;Zl;udv k nf; uREyfk t f m; ay;oem;awmfryl g/ ud, k af wmftm;
csp&f ef uREyfk t f m; cGet f m;ay; rpoem;awmfryl g/ xked nf;wl ud, k af wmf\ cspjf cif;arwåmESihf rSeu f efrKS w&m;tm; tjcm;aom olrsm;ESihf
uREyfk af 0iSEikd &f ef cGet f m;ay;? rpEdik yf grnft h aMumif; &kad o av;jrwfpmG qkawmif; toem; cHtyfygonf/ u,fwif&iS b f &k m;/ tmrifµ}}
a,&Iu ]]olc;kd onfc;kd jcif;? owfjcif;? zsuq f ;D jcif; iSmomvmwwf\/ igrlum; od;k wdYkonf toufvw G ,f rHk Qru txl;ojzifh
toufEiS hf jynfph jHk cif;iSm vmownf;}} (a,m[ef 10;10) rdeYf Mum;awmfr\ l /
a,&Iukd ,kMH unfvufcjH cif;tm;jzifh om,m ajzmifh jzL;aom oif\ tem*wftwGuf tmrcHcsuf &&S&d o Hk mru vuf&dS
b0tajctaerSmvnf; jynfph aHk ysm&f iT f csr;f ajrhaeonfukd oifo&d cdS pH m; ae&ygvdrrhf nf/ c&pfawmf\ cspjf cif;arwåmESihf u&kPmwdYkonf
oif\ b0ü &&Scd pH m;&NyD; oifb h 0wGif t&m&mwdik ;f ü aumif;cs;D r*Fvmjzifh jynfph Hk <u,f0Edik yf gap/

You might also like