TIU CHUN QUC GIA

TCVN 5603 : 2008

CAC/RCP 1-1969, REV.4-2003
QU PHM THC HNH V NHNG NGUYN TC CHUNG V V SNH THC PHM
Code of practice - General principles of food hygiene
!" #$" %&'
TCVN 5603:2008 thay th TCVN 5603 : 1998;
TCVN 5603:2008 hon ton tuong duong vi CAC/RCP 1-1969, sot xt 4-2003;
TCVN 5603:2008 do Ban k thut tiu chun TCVN/TC/F5 V sinh thuc phm v chiu xa bin soan,
Tng cuc Tiu chun o lung Cht luong d nghj, B Khoa hoc v Cng ngh cng b.
!" (")" *+",'
Moi ngui du c quyn mong doi thuc phm m mn n ung phi duoc an ton v ph hop. Bnh tt
v tn thuong mang dn t thuc phm l khng chp nhn duoc, thm ch cn c th gy t vong.
Nhung n cng cn ko theo nhng hu qu khc na. Bnh tt do thuc phm gy ra, c th lm tn hai
dn nn thuong mai, du ljch v dn dn thit hai v kinh t, mt vic lm v cn gy ra kin tung. Thuc
phm bj hu hng cn gy ra lng ph tn hao v c th nh hung xu ti vic bun bn v tn nhim di
vi ngui tiu dng.
Vic bun bn quc t v thuc phm v du ljch nuc ngoi hin dang gia tng, dem lai nhng loi ch
quan trong v x hi v kinh t. Nhung giao luu d cng d lm lan truyn bnh tt khp noi trn th
gii. Nhng tp qun n ung ca con ngui cng d thay di ln nhiu nuc trong hai thp k qua v
nhng k thut mi v sn xut, ch bin v m rng phn phi thuc phm d phn nh diu ny. Do
d, vic kim sot c hiu qu v sinh thuc phm l v cng quan trong, d trnh duoc nhng nh
hung xu cho sc khe con ngui v trnh gy nhng hu qu v kinh t, do bnh tt hay su tn hai
m thuc phm dem dn v do hu hao thuc phm. Tt c chng ta bao gm cc ch trang trai, nhng
ngui chn nui trng trot, ngui sn xut v ch bin thuc phm v ngui tiu dng, du c ngha vu
dm bo thuc phm duoc an ton v ph hop cho tiu dng.
Tiu chun nguyn tc chung ny l nn mng vng chc cho vic dm bo v sinh thuc phm, cn
duoc s dung tiu chun nguyn tc chung ny cng vi tng qui pham ring v thuc hnh v sinh, mt
cch thch hop v kt hop vi cc hung dn v chi tiu sinh vt. Tiu chun ny hung dn ton b
chu trnh thuc phm t khu ban du ti khu tiu thu cui cng v chi ra cch kim tra theo tng giai
doan ca chu trnh ch bin thuc phm. Tiu chun ny dua ra khuyn co v nhng cch gii quyt co
bn, dua trn HACCP. tng cung vn d an ton thuc phm, nhu d m t "H thng phn tch
mi nguy v dim kim sot ti han (HACCP) v su hung dn p dung h thng HACCP (Phu luc), khi
c th.
Cc cch kim sot duoc m t trong tiu chun nguyn tc chung ny d duoc quc t chp nhn l
cn thit d dm bo tnh an ton v tnh ph hop ca thuc phm cho tiu dng. "Nhng nguyn tc
chung phi duoc gii thiu cho cc chnh ph, cho lnh vuc cng nghip (bao gm nhng ngui sn
xut ring l ban du, cc nh sn xut, ngui ch bin, ngui lm djch vu thuc phm v ngui bn l)
cng nhu cho ngui tiu thu.
QUI PH-. TH/C H0NH V1 NH2NG NGU3N T4C CHUNG 5I V6I V7 8INH TH/C PH.
Code of practice - General principles of food hygiene
1. .9: *";'
1.1 N('<;# *=: :+'#( >? >, @"#+ *+A: B+CD
- xc djnh nhng nguyn tc thit yu v v sinh thuc phm, p dung xuyn cho c chu trnh thuc phm
(bao gm t khu ban du ti ngui tiu dng cui cng), nhm dat duoc muc dch dm bo thuc phm
an ton v ph hop d dng cho con ngui;
- gii thiu HACCP nhu cc phuong php d tng cung an ton thuc phm;
- chi ra cch p dung cc nguyn tc d; v
- dua ra hung dn cc qui pham cu th cn cho lnh vuc no d ca chu trnh thuc phm; cc qu trnh,
hoc hng ha nhm tng cung cc yu cu v sinh dc trung di vi cc khu vuc d.
2. P+ED >", @F G9#( >H %I#+ #(+JK
2.1 P+ED >"
2.1.1 C+' *LM#+ *+A: B+CD
Tiu chun ny xem xt ton b chu trnh thuc phm t khu ban du ti ngui tiu dng cui cng, dua
ra nhng diu kin v sinh cn thit d sn xut thuc phm an ton v ph hop cho ngui tiu dng.
Tiu chun ny lm co s cho nhng tiu chun khc, dc bit di vi nhng qui pham ring cho tng
ngnh. Nhng qui pham dc th v nhng hung dn nhu vy duoc p dung cng vi tiu chun ny v
vi h thng phn tch mi nguy v dim kim sot ti han (HACCP) v hung dn d p dung h thng
HACCP (Phu luc).
2.1.2 VK" *LN :OK C+P#+ B+O, #(H#+ :Q#( #(+",B >H #(R!" *";' GS#(
Chnh ph xem xt nhng ni dung ca tiu chun ny v quyt djnh phi lm cch no tt nht khuyn
khch vic p dung nhng nguyn tc chung sau dy nhm:
- bo v mt cch tha dng ngui tiu dng khi cc bnh tt hay tn thuong do thuc phm gy ra cc
chnh sch cn xem xt kh nng bj tn thuong ca ton b cng dng dn cu hoc cc nhm khc
nhau trong cng dng d do s dung thuc phm km phm cht;
- cung cp cn c d dm bo thuc phm ph hop cho muc dch s dung ca con ngui;
- gi uy tn trong bun bn quc t v thuc phm; v
- cung cp cc chuong trnh gio duc v y t; ph bin mt cch hiu qu nhng nguyn tc v sinh thuc
phm cho ngnh cng nghip thuc phm v cho ngui tiu dng.
Ngnh cng nghip thuc phm cn p dung cc thuc hnh v sinh d ghi trong tiu chun ny nhm;
- cung cp thuc phm an ton v ph hop cho vic tiu thu;
- dm bo rng ngui tiu dng hiu bit v sn phm nh vic ghi nhn v cc bin php thch hop
khc do c thng tin r rng, d hiu. Cho php ho thng qua vic bo qun, x l v ch bin dng qui
trnh d thuc phm sn xut khng bj nhim bn v trnh duoc cc tc nhn gy bnh;
- duy tr uy tn trong bun bn quc t v thuc phm.
Ngui tiu dng cn bit vai tr ca mnh, bng cch tun theo cc chi dn lin quan v p dung bin
php v sinh thuc phm ph hop.
2.2 8F G9#(
Tng diu trong tiu chun ny du ghi r muc tiu cn dat v mt an ton v su ph hop ca thuc
phm l l do co bn dng sau muc tiu d.
iu 3 bao gm khu ban du ca thuc phm v cc qui trnh lin quan. Mc d nhng phuong php
thuc hnh v sinh c th rt khc nhau di vi tng loai mt hng thuc phm v nhiu tiu chun dc th
duoc p dung cho thch hop vi hon cnh. Nhung mt s hung dn chung vn c th duoc p dung.
T diu 4 dn diu 10 qui djnh nhng nguyn tc v sinh chung, p dung xuyn sut chu trnh thuc
phm, cho ti dim bn hng. iu 9 cung cp thng tin cho ngui tiu dng, cng nhn vai tr quan
trong ca ngui tiu dng trong vic duy tr tnh an ton v ph hop ca thuc phm.
S khng trnh khi c trung hop mt s yu cu cu th trong tiu chun ny khng th p dung duoc.
Cu hi ch yu trong mi tnh hung l diu g l cn thit v thch hop v su an ton v ph hop ca
thuc phm cho con ngui.
2.3 5I#+ #(+JK
Trong tiu chun ny, cc cum t dui dy duoc hiu nhu sau:
HD @E:+ (cleaning)
Su loai b vt dt, cn b thuc phm, dt rc, du m hoc cht la khc.
C+T* #+"UD VC# (contaminant)
Moi tc nhn sinh hoc hay ha hoc, tap cht ngoai lai hoc cc cht khc khng ch tm cho thm vo
thuc phm, c th gy hai dn su an ton hay tnh ph hop ca thuc phm.
8A #+"UD VC# (contamination)
Su dua vo hay pht sinh mt cht gy nhim bn trong thuc phm hay mi trung thuc phm.
8A *C< *LS#( (disinection)
Vic dng tc nhn ha hoc v/hay phuong php vt l d lm gim s luong vi sinh vt trong mi
trung, dn mc khng cn gy hai dn su an ton hay tnh ph hop ca thuc phm.
CW @X (establishment)
Bt c nh xung hay khu vuc no d x l thuc phm, k c khu vuc ln cn dui su kim sot ca
cng mt ban qun l.
V, @"#+ *+A: B+CD (ood hygiene)
Moi diu kin v moi bin php cn thit d dm bo su an ton v tnh ph hop ca thuc phm moi
khu thuc chu trnh ch bin thuc phm.
.Y" #('< (haard)
Mt tc nhn sinh hoc, ha hoc hay vt l, c trong thuc phm hay do thuc phm gy ra, c kh nng
gy hai cho sc khe con ngui.
HACCP (Phn tch mi nguy v dim kim sot ti han) (Haard analysis and critical control point)
Mt h thng xc djnh, dnh gi v kim sot cc mi nguy c ngha di vi su an ton ca thuc phm.
N(R!" ZF [\ *+A: B+CD (ood handler)
Ngui tip xc truc tip vi thuc phm m thuc phm d duoc dng gi hay khng duoc dng gi,
ngui d c s dung trang thit bj hay dung cu dng d ch bin x l thuc phm hay c cc b mt vt
dng tip xc vi thuc phm, v vy ho phi tun theo cc yu cu v v sinh thuc phm.
A# *]H# *+A: B+CD (ood saety)
Cht luong thuc phm phi dm bo khng gy hai cho ngui tiu dng khi n duoc chun bj v/hoc
n, theo muc dch s dung ca n.
TP#+ B+S +^B :OK *+A: B+CD (ood suitability)
Thuc phm duoc chp nhn d dng cho con ngui, phi dat duoc muc dch s dung d d ra.
_+`' VK# %&' (primary production)
Nhng cng doan trong chui thuc phm c lin quan, v du: thu hoach, m thjt, vt sa, dnh bt c.
3. _+`' VK# %&'
.9: *";':
Khu ban du phi duoc qun l d dm bo thuc phm phi duoc an ton v ph hop vi muc dch du
djnh. Trong trung hop cn thit, c th:
- trnh s dung nhng khu vuc c mi trung nh hung dn tnh an ton ca thuc phm.
- kim sot cc cht gy nhim bn, sinh vt gy hai v cc bnh ca dng v thuc vt sao cho chng
khng nh hung dn tnh an ton ca thuc phm.
- p dung cc thao tc thuc hnh v cc bin php d dm bo thuc phm duoc sn xut theo cc diu
kin v sinh ph hop.
\ G] :W Va#:
gim kh nng dua dn mi nguy m mi nguy ny c th gy hai dn tnh an ton thuc phm hoc
tnh ph hop cho ngui tiu dng ngay c nhng khu cui cng ca chu trnh thuc phm.
3.1 V, @"#+ DQ" *LR!#(
Cn luu cc ngun gy nhim tim n l t mi trung. c bit, khu ban du khng nn tin hnh
nhng khu vuc m c cc cht gy nguy hai dn dn mc khng th chp nhn duoc ca cc cht d
trong thuc phm.
3.2 Cb: #('c# *+A: B+CD %R^: @a# Z'T* Dd* :b:+ >, @"#+
un lun phi luu ti tc dng tim n ca cc hoat dng khu ban du, di vi tnh an ton v ph
hop ca thuc phm. Trong trung hop ny, bao gm c vic xc djnh bt c dim dc bit no trong
nhng hoat dng d, noi c kh nng nhim bn cao th phi dng nhng bin php dc bit d gim
dn mc ti thiu su nhim bn d. Phuong php HACCP c th gip chon nhng bin php nhu vy,
xem h thng phn tch mi nguy v dim kim sot ti han (HACCP) v hung dn p dung h thng
HACCP (Phu luc).
Ngui sn xut cn c nhng bin php thuc hin c hiu qu nhm:
- kim sot su nhim bn t khng kh, dt, nuc, thc n chn nui, phn bn (k c cc phn hu co),
thuc tr djch hai, thuc th y hay bt c cht no khc dng trong khu ban du;
- kim sot tnh trang khe manh ca dng thuc vt, bo dm chng khng cha mi de doa no ti sc
khe con ngui do tiu thu thuc phm, hoc nh hung ti su ph hop ca sn phm; v
- bo v cc ngun thuc phm khi bj nhim bn do phn v cc loai nhim bn khc.
c bit, cn qun l cc cht thi v bo qun mt cch thch hop cc cht c hai. Cc chuong trnh
truc tip ca nng trai d dat duoc nhng muc tiu dc bit v an ton thuc phm, dang tr thnh mt
phn quan trong ca cng doan sn xut ban du v cn duoc khuyn khch.
3.3 eF [\, Va] f'a# >H >g# :+'<h#
Cn c sn qui trnh v duoc tin hnh d:
- phn loai thuc phm v cc thnh phn thuc phm d loai b cc thnh phn khc khng thch hop cho
con ngui;
- hy cc cht khng thch hop mt cch v sinh; v
- bo v thuc phm v cc thnh phn thuc phm khi su nhim bn t sinh vt gy hai, hoc tc nhn
ha hoc, vt l, vi sinh vt, hay cc cht khc khng duoc php c trong khi x l, bo qun v vn
chuyn thuc phm.
Cn gi thuc phm bng cc bin php thch hop, d thuc phm khng bj hng gim cht luong. Cc
bin php d bao gm c vic kim sot nhit d, d m khng kh v/hoc cc kim sot khc.
3.4 HD @E:+, Va] GRi#( >H >, @"#+ :b #+`# X j+`' VK# %&'
Cn c sn cc phuong tin v cc qui trnh hop l d dm bo rng:
- thuc hin hiu qu vic lm sach v bo dung cn thit; v
- duy tr mc d v sinh c nhn thch hop.
4. CW @X: T+"k* jk >H B+RW#( *",#
.9: *";'
Ty theo bn cht cng ngh sn xut v cc mi nguy km theo chng, nh xung, thit bj v cc
phuong tin phi duoc dt, thit k v xy dung d dm bo rng:
- su nhim bn duoc gim dn mc ti thiu;
- su thit k v b tr mt bng cho php d dng bo dung, lm sach v ty trng v han ch mc
ti thiu nhim do khng kh;
- b mt vt liu, dc bit khi tip xc vi thuc phm, chng phi khng dc di vi muc dch s dung,
phi c d bn ph hop, d bo dung v lm sach, khi cn;
- phi c sn cc phuong tin cn thit d kim sot nhit d, d m khng kh v cc kim sot khc,
noi thch hop; v
- phi c bin php bo v c hiu qu chng djch xm pham v khu tr.
\ G] :W Va#:
Ch ti thit k v xy dung hop v sinh, c vj tr thch hop, chun bj cc phuong tin cn thit d dm
bo cc mi nguy duoc kim sot c hiu qu.
4.1 VI *LP
4.1.1 CW @X
Cn xem xt cc ngun nhim bn tim n nh hung ti thuc phm khi quyt djnh chon vj tr d xy
dung co s sn xut, cng nhu chon cc bin php hop l c hiu qu d bo v thuc phm. Co s
khng duoc dt noi, m sau khi xem xt nhng bin php bo v vn thy cn mi de doa cho su an
ton v tnh ph hop ca thuc phm. c bit, vj tr co s thung phi xa:
- khu vuc c mi trung nhim v cc hoat dng cng nghip khc c nhiu kh nng gy nhim
thuc phm;
- khu vuc d bj ngp lut tr khi c bin php bo v co s bj ngp lut mt cch hu hiu;
- khu vuc d bj sinh vt gy hai ph hoai;
- khu vuc c cc cht thi, rn hay lng, m khng th loai b chng mt cch hiu qu.
4.1.2 T+"k* VI
Thit bj phi duoc b tr d c th:
- cho php bo dung v lm sach d dng;
- vn hnh dng vi muc dch s dung; v
- thun loi cho vic thuc hnh v sinh tt, k c gim st.
4.2 N+H ZRX#( >H :b: B+N#(
4.2.1 T+"k* jk >H VY *LP
Vic thit k bn trong v b tr mt bng ca co s ch bin thuc phm cn cho php vic thuc hnh v
sinh thuc phm tt, bao gm c vic bo v chng ly nhim cho gia v trong cc hoat dng ch bin
v x l thuc phm, khi thch hop.
4.2.2 CT' *Ll: >H [=B LbB V;# *L]#( #+H ZRX#(
Cu trc bn trong co s thuc phm phi duoc xy dung cn thn bng vt liu bn chc v d thuc
hin bo dung, lm sach, khi cn c th ty trng duoc. c bit, khi thch hop, cc diu kin cu th
sau dy phi duoc tha mn, d bo v su an ton v ph hop ca thuc phm:
- b mt tung, vch ngn v sn nh phi duoc lm bng vt liu khng thm, khng dc hai dng nhu
d thit k;
- tung v vch ngn phi c b mt nhn, thch hop cho thao tc;
- sn nh phi duoc xy dung sao cho d thot nuc v d lm v sinh;
- trn v cc vt c djnh pha trn trn phi duoc thit k, xy dung d lm sao c th gim ti da su tch
tu bui, ngung tu hoi nuc v kh nng roi ca chng;
- ca s phi d lm sach, duoc thit k sao cho n c th han ch bm bui ti mc thp nht, nhng
noi cn thit, phi lp cc h thng chng cn trng, c kh nng tho lp v lm sach duoc, noi cn
thit, cn phi c djnh cc ca s.
- ca ra vo phi c b mt nhn, khng thm nuc, d lm sach v khi cn, phi d ty ra.
- b mt tip xc truc tip vi thuc phm phi tt, bn vng, d lm sach, d bo dung v ty trng.
Chng phi duoc lm bng vt liu nhn, khng thm nuc, tro di vi thuc phm, tro di vi cc cht
ty ra, cht ty trng trong nhng diu kin hoat dng bnh thung.
4.2.3 N+H ZRX#( *ED *+!"/[R' %d#( >H :b: Db< Vb# +H#( *A %d#(
Nh xung v cu trc duoc d cp dy bao gm c cc quy bn hng cho, quy bn luu dng v
xe bn hng rong ngoi ph, cc nh xung tam thi, tai d thuc phm duoc x l chng han nhu cc
lu v rap.
Nh xung v cu trc nhu vy phi duoc b tr, thit k v xy dung sao cho trnh duoc mc ti da
su nhim thuc phm v su cu tr ca sinh vt gy hai.
Khi p dung nhng diu kin v yu cu dc bit ny, bt k mi nguy no cho v sinh thuc phm lin
quan dn nhng phuong tin trn phi duoc kim sot dy d d bo dm tnh an ton v tnh ph hop
ca thuc phm.
4.3 T+"k* VI
4.3.1 _+b" f'b*
Thit bj v d dung (khng k d dung v bao gi dng mt ln) tip xc vi thuc phm, phi duoc thit
k v ch tao d dm bo, khi cn, chng duoc lm sach, ty trng v bo dung d dng d trnh gy
nhim bn thuc phm. Thit bj v d dung phi duoc lm bng vt liu khng gy dc hai cho vic s
dung d djnh. Noi cn thit, thit bj phi bn, d di chuyn, tho lp d bo dung, d lm sach ty
trng, gim st thch hop, v du nhu d kim tra sinh vt gy hai chng han.
4.3.2 T+"k* VI j"hD @]b* >H ("bD @b* *+A: B+CD
Ngoi nhng yu cu chung trong 4.3.1, thit bj dng d nu, x l nhit, lm ngui, luu gi hay lm
dng lanh thuc phm phi duoc thit k lm sao nhanh chng dat duoc nhit d theo yu cu ca thuc
phm, nhm dm bo tnh an ton v ph hop ca thuc phm v duy tr nhit d d mt cch hu hiu.
Thit bj d phi duoc thit k c th gim st, kim sot duoc nhit d, nhng noi cn thit, cc thit
bj d phi c phuong tin hu hiu d kim sot v gim st d m khng kh, dng kh v cc thng s
bt k no khc c tc dung bt loi ti tnh an ton v ph hop ca thuc phm. Nhng yu cu ny
nhm dm bo:
- vi sinh vt c hai hay cc vi sinh vt khng mong mun hoc cc dc t ca chng, d duoc loai tr
hoc lm gim ti mc an ton, hoc su tn tai v sinh trung ca chng d duoc kim sot mt cch
hu hiu;
- noi thch hop, c th gim st cc gii han ti han theo phuong php HACCP; v
- vi nhit d v vi diu kin khc cn thit cho su an ton v tnh ph hop ca thuc phm c th nhanh
chng dat duoc v duy tr chng.
4.3.3 5c %A#( :+T* B+k *+a" >H :b: *+m j+Q#( n# %R^:
dung ph thi, sn phm phu v cc cht khng n duoc hoc cht nguy him phi c thit k dc
bit d d nhn bit, c cu trc ph hop, noi cn thit, phi duoc lm bng vt liu t bj hu hng.
cha cc cht nguy him phi duoc phn bit r v, khi cn, c th kha duoc d trnh su nhim bn
thuc phm do c hay tnh c.
4.4 P+RW#( *",#
4.4.1 C'#( :TB #R):
Cn c h thng cung cp nuc ung sao cho lun duoc dy d v c cc phuong tin thch hop d luu
tr, phn phi nuc v kim sot nhit d, d dm bo tnh an ton v ph hop vi thuc phm.
Nuc ung duoc l nuc d qui djnh trong ln xut bn mi nht ca Cc hung dn v cht luong
nuc ung ca T chc Y t th gii, hoc l nuc ung c tiu chun cao hon. Nuc khng ung
duoc (v du nhu nuc dng d cu ha, sn xut hoi nuc, lm lanh v cc muc dch khc m khng
lm nhim thuc phm), th nuc ny duoc cp theo mt h thng ring. Cc h thng nuc khng
ung duoc phi duoc tch ring bit, khng duoc ni hoc khng cho php hi luu vo h thng nuc
sach ung duoc.
4.4.2 H, *+Y#( *+]b* #R): >H Lb: *+a"
Phi c h thng thot nuc v phuong tin d rc thi hop l. Chng phi duoc thit k v xy dung
sao cho trnh duoc mi nguy him nhim bn cho thuc phm hay gy nhim ngun cung cp nuc sach
ung duoc.
4.4.3 HD @E:+
Cn b tr cc phuong tin phuc vu hop v sinh, duoc thit k thch hop d lm sach thuc phm, d
dng v thit bj. Nhng phuong tin d phi duoc cung cp d nuc ung duoc, nuc nng v nuc
lanh, khi thch hop.
4.4.4 P+RW#( *",# >, @"#+ :b #+`# >H j+' >A: >, @"#+
Cn c cc phuong tin v sinh c nhn d lun duy tr ch d v sinh c nhn mc thch hop nhm
trnh nhim bn cho thuc phm, khi thch hop, cc phuong tin d phi bao gm:
- phuong tin d ra v lm kh tay, nhu chu ra c h thng cp nuc nng v nuc lanh (hoc c
nhit d ph hop, c thit bj kim sot).
- nh v sinh duoc thit k hop v sinh; v
- c cc phuong tin, khu vuc ring bit v hop l d nhn vin thay qun o;
- cc phuong tin trn phi duoc b tr v thit k hop l.
4.4.5 _"hD @]b* #+",* %d
Ty thuc vo bn cht ca cc thao tc ch bin thuc phm, m cn c cc phuong tin ph hop d
lm nng, lm ngui, dun nu, lm lanh v lm lanh dng thuc phm, hoc d duy tr ch d bo qun
m thuc phm d duoc lm lanh hay lanh dng, d gim st nhit d thuc phm v khi cn d kim sot
nhit d mi trung xung quanh nhm dm bo tnh an ton v ph hop ca thuc phm.
4.4.6 C+T* [R^#( j+Q#( j+P >H @A *+Q#( ("$
Thit k h thng thng gi tu nhin hay dng quat cung bc, dc bit nhm:
- han ch dn mc ti thiu nhim bn thuc phm do khng kh, v du nhu t dng kh hay nuc ngung
tu;
- kim sot nhit d mi trung xung quanh;
- kim sot cc mi c th nh hung ti su ph hop ca thuc phm; v
- kim sot d m khng kh, nu cn, d dm bo tnh an ton v tnh ph hop ca thuc phm;
Cc h thng thng gi phi duoc thit k v xy dung sao cho dng kh khng duoc chuyn dng t
khu vuc nhim ti khu vuc sach v, du cn, h thng thng gi d cng c ch d bo dung d
dng v duoc lm sach mt cch thun loi.
4.4.o C+"k' @b#(
Cn cung cp d nh sng tu nhin hay nhn tao d tin hnh thao tc duoc r rng. Khi thit k h
thng chiu sng lm sao nh sng khng lm cho ngui thao tc nhn cc mu bj sai lch. Cung d
nh sng phi ph hop vi tnh cht thao tc. Ngun sng cn phi duoc bo v sao cho thuc phm
khng bj nhim bn do cc mnh v.
4.4.8 pa] f'a#
Khi cn, phi b tr phuong tin thch hop d bo qun thuc phm, cng nhu bo qun cc cht liu v
cc ha cht phi thuc phm (nhu cc cht ty ra, du nhn, nhin liu).
Khi thch hop, phuong tin dng d bo qun thuc phm phi duoc thit k v xy dung sao cho:
- c ch d bo dung v lm v sinh thun loi;
- trnh duoc sinh vt gy hai xm nhp v n nu;
- bo v mt cch hu hiu d thuc phm khi bj nhim trong khi bo qun, v
- khi cn, tao ra duoc mt mi trung nhm gim dn mc ti thiu su hu hai ca thuc phm (v du bng
cch kim sot duoc nhit d v d m khng kh).
Nhng loai phuong tin bo qun, duoc b tr s ty thuc vo tnh cht ca thuc phm. Noi cn, phi
b tr cc phuong tin ring, an ton d ct gi cc vt liu ty ra v cht dc hai.
5. _"hD @]b* :b: +]E* %d#(
.9: *";':
5h *E] *+A: B+CD :$ %d K# *]H# >H *P#+ B+S +^B :OK *+A: B+CD GS#( :+] #(R!" :&# :+l \:
- d ra cc yu cu thit k v nguyn liu th, thnh phn, qu trnh ch bin, phn phi v s dung cho
ngui tiu dng, d dp ng trong qu trnh sn xut cng nhu trong cc buc so ch, x l cc thuc
phm dc trung:
- vic thit k, thuc hin, gim st v vic xem xt lai cc h thng kim sot cho hu hiu.
\ G] :W Va#:
Nhm gim bt mi nguy do thuc phm khng an ton, bng cch p dung cc bin php phng nga
d lm sao dm bo tnh an ton v tnh ph hop ca thuc phm tng cng doan ca hoat dng ch
bin, x l, bng cch p dung vic kim sot cc mi nguy cho thuc phm.
5.1 _"hD @]b* :b: DY" #('< :+] *+A: B+CD
Nhng ngui sn xut, kinh doanh thuc phm cn p dung cc h thng kim sot cc mi nguy cho
thuc phm thng qua vic s dung nhng h thng nhu HACCP dng thi ho phi tin hnh mt s ni
dung sau:
- eb: %I#+ xem khu no trong cc hoat dng (qui trnh cng ngh) l khu c dim nguy co ti han di
vi an ton thuc phm;
- T+A: +",# cc buc kim sot c hiu qu nhng khu d;
- G"bD @b* thung xuyn cc quy trnh kim sot d dm bo tnh hiu qu ca chng;
- C$ :+k %d ZqD Zr* djnh k cc quy trnh kim sot v sau mi ln thay di cc thao tc.
Nhng h thng ny phi duoc p dung trong sut chui thuc phm d kim sot v sinh thuc phm
trong sut thi gian sn phm cn dng duoc.
Cc th tuc kim sot c th l don gin, nhu vic kim tra hng ngy vic hiu chun thit bj hay cc
don vj biu thj d lanh. Trong mt s trung hop, mt h thng c th dua vo kin ca chuyn gia v
h thng ti liu c lin quan, c th l thch hop. C mt m hnh h thng an ton thuc phm, duoc m
t trong h thng phn tch mi nguy v dim kim sot ti han (HACCP) v hung dn d p dung h
thng HACCP (Phu luc).
5.2 _+PK :E#+ :+O :+Y* :OK +, *+Y#( j"hD @]b* >, @"#+
5.2.1 _"hD @]b* *+!" ("K# >H #+",* %d
Vic kim sot khng dy d nhit d ca thuc phm cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn thung gy
bnh do thuc phm hoc lm thuc phm bj hu hng. Ch d kim sot ny bao gm thi gian, nhit d
dun nu, lm ngui, ch bin cng nhu qu trnh bo qun. H thng kim sot tai ch d dm bo l
nhit d duoc kim sot hu hiu m d nhit d l dim rt quan trong nh hung ti su an ton v
ph hop ca thuc phm.
Cc h thng kim sot nhit d cn phi xem xt dn l:
- bn cht ca thuc phm, v du nhu hoat tnh nuc, d pH, mc thch hop ban du v cc loai vi sinh
vt;
- thi han s dung du kin ca sn phm;
- phuong php dng gi v ch bin; v
- du djnh s dng sn phm ra sao, nhu cn dun nu/ch bin thm hay n lin.
i vi nhng h thng nhu vy cng cn nu r sai s cho php di vi nhit d v thi gian.
Dung cu ghi nhit d cn duoc djnh k kim tra v th d chnh xc.
5.2.2 Cb: j+`' :+k V"k# %s: V",*
Nhng khu khc nh hung ti v sinh thuc phm, c th gm:
- lm lanh;
- ch bin nhit;
- chiu xa;
- lm kh;
- bo qun bng ha cht;
- dng gi bng k thut chn khng hay p sut diu chinh duoc.
5.2.3 3;' :&' >? >" @"#+ >g* >H <;' :&' j+b:
H thng qun l duoc m t 5.1 l phuong php hu hiu d dm bo tnh an ton v ph hop ca
thuc phm. Trong bt k h thng kim sot thuc phm no, yu cu k thut v chi tiu vi sinh, ha hoc
v vt l phi dua trn cc co s khoa hoc vng chc v khi cn phi nu r qui trnh gim st, cc
phuong php phn tch v cc mc gii han.
5.2.4 N+"UD VC# :+r] >" @"#+ >g*
Nhng tc nhn gy bnh c th duoc chuyn t thuc phm ny sang thuc phm khc bng nhiu cch:
qua tip xc truc tip hay qua nhng ngui x l thuc phm, qua b mt tip xc hay do khng kh. Do
d, nhng thuc phm tuoi sng chua ch bin phi lun d ring bit mt cch co hoc, hoc d lch
theo thi gian vi nhng thuc phm n ngay, vi vic lm v sinh gia cc cng doan lm v sinh phi
k cng, noi c diu kin th phi ty trng.
Cn han ch hoc kim sot vic di vo khu ch bin. Noi cc mi nguy dc bit cao, khi vo khu ch
bin phi thay qun o. Nhn vin phi mc qun o bo v sach, mang giy dp ring v phi ra tay
truc khi vo khu vuc sn xut.
Cc b mt dung cu, d dng nh bp, thit bj, cng nhu dung cu g lp khc cn phi duoc ra sach
k, khi cn phi ty trng sau khi x l hay gia cng thuc phm tuoi, dc bit di vi thjt v gia cm.
5.2.5 N+"UD VC# >g* [\ >H +$K +t:
Phi c cc h thng x l tai ch d d phng nhim bn do cc vt la nhu mnh v thy tinh, mnh
kim loai ca my, bui, khi dc v cc ha cht khng mong mun khc. Trong sn xut v ch bin thuc
phm, nhng noi cn thit, phi dng cc thit bj thch hop d pht hin hay phn loai cc thnh phn
nu trn.
5.3 3;' :&' >? #('<;# [",' %&' >H]
Khng duoc php dng nguyn liu hay thnh phn, nu bit n c cha k sinh trng, cc vi sinh vt
khng mong mun, thuc bo v thuc vt, thuc th y, cc cht dc hai, bj phn hy hay tap cht ngoai
lai m cc cht d khng th gim duoc dn mc chp nhn bng cch phn loai hoc ch bin thng
thung. Khi cn, phi xc djnh v p dung cc yu cu k thut di vi nguyn liu.
Nguyn liu v cc thnh phn phi duoc kim tra v phn loai truc khi ch bin. Khi cn, cn phi
kim tra d xc djnh su ph hop ca nguyn liu truc khi dua vo s dung. Chi c cc nguyn liu
thnh phn tt, ph hop mi duoc s dung.
Kho nguyn liu v cc thnh phn ca nguyn liu phi duoc lun chuyn theo yu cu s dung.
5.4 pK] ($"
Kiu mu bao b v vt liu lm bao gi phi bo v duoc sn phm khi bj nhim bn, ngn chn duoc
hu hai, thun tin cho vic ghi nhn. Vt liu dng gi hoc cc kh duoc dng phi khng dc v khng
tao mi de doa no ti tnh an ton v ph hop ca thuc phm, theo diu kin bo qun v s dung quy
djnh. Bao gi ti s dung phi bn, d lm sach v d ty trng.
5.5 NR):
5.5.1 T"kB Zl: >)" *+A: B+CD
Chi c nuc ung duoc mi duoc dng trong x l v ch bin thuc phm, tr nhng ngoai l sau dy:
- nuc d sn xut hoi nuc, d phng chy v nhng muc dch tuong tu khc khng lin quan dn
thuc phm; v
- Trong mt s qui trnh ch bin thuc phm, nhu nuc lm lanh v nuc dng trong cc khu vuc x l
thuc phm, min l n khng gy nn mt mi nguy no cho tnh an ton v su ph hop ca thuc phm
(v du vic dng nuc bin sach).
Nuc hi luu nu duoc s dung lai phi duoc x l v duy tr sao cho nuc hi luu khng c mt mi
nguy no nh hung ti tnh an ton v ph hop ca thuc phm do vic s dung n gy nn. Qu trnh
x l phi duoc gim st mt cch hu hiu. C th s dung nuc hi luu khng qua x l thm v
nuc thu hi t gia cng thuc phm bng cch lm bc hoi hay lm kh, min l dng chng khng gy
mt mi nguy no nh hung ti tnh an ton v ph hop ca thuc phm.
5.5.2 NR): %R^: GS#( #+R Dd* *+H#+ B+&# *+A: B+CD
C th s dung nuc ung duoc khi cn, d trnh nhim bn thuc phm.
5.5.3 NR): %b >H +W" #R):
Nuc d phi duoc lm t nuc ph hop vi 4.4.1. Nuc d v hoi nuc phi duoc sn xut, x l v
bo qun chng nhim bn.
Hoi nuc tip xc truc tip vi thuc phm hay tip xc vi cc b mt thuc phm khng duoc tao mi
nguy dn tnh an ton v tnh ph hop ca thuc phm.
5.6 Q'a# [\ >H ("bD @b*
Kiu kim sot v gim st cn thit phu thuc vo quy m doanh nghip, tnh cht cc hoat dng doanh
nghip v cc loai thuc phm lin quan ti. Ngui diu hnh, gim st vin phi c d hiu bit v cc
nguyn tc v thuc hnh v sinh thuc phm, d c th dnh gi cc mi nguy tim n, cn c hnh dng
thch hop phng nga, sa cha v dm bo su kim sot v gim st duoc thuc hin c hiu qu.
5.o TH" [",' >H +c @W
Khi cn, nhng h so thch hop lin quan sn xut ch bin v phn phi phi duoc bo qun v luu gi
trong mt thi gian lu hon thi han s dung sn phm. Ti liu luu tr c th lm tng thm su tin cy
v tnh hiu qu ca h thng kim sot an ton thuc phm.
5.8 T+O *9: *+' +c"
Nhng ngui qun l phi dm bo cc qui trnh hu hiu lun sn sng d gii quyt ngay bt k mi
nguy no ti an ton thuc phm v d thu hi ton b, nhanh chng bt c l thuc phm sai li no t thj
trung. khi c mt sn phm phi thu hi v c nguy co gy hai ti sc khe, nhng sn phm khc
duoc sn xut trong nhng diu kin tuong tu v c th c nguy co gy hai tuong tu cho sc khe cng
dng, th cn phi duoc dnh gi v mt an ton v c th cn phi thu hi sn phm d. Cn xem xt
su cn thit phi thng bo cho cng dng.
Cc sn phm bj thu hi phi duoc dt dui su gim st cho ti khi chng duoc hy b, duoc dng cho
cc muc dch khc khng phi l thuc phm. Sn phm bj thu hi nu lai duoc con ngui s dung, phi
xc djnh v tnh an ton, hay duoc ch bin lai d dm bo tnh an ton ca chng.
6. CW @X: pa] GRi#( >H [HD @E:+
.9: *";':
y dung cc h thng c hiu qu nhm:
- dm bo ch d bo dung v vic lm sach dng mc v thch hop;
- kim sot sinh vt gy hai;
- qun l cht thi; v
- gim st c hiu qu cc qu trnh bo dung v lm v sinh.
\ G] :W Va#:
Tao thun loi cho vic kim sot thung xuyn, c hiu qu cc mi nguy cho thuc phm, sinh vt gy
hai v cc tc nhn khc c th gy nhim bn thuc phm.
6.1 pa] GRi#( >H [HD @E:+
6.1.1 _+b" f'b*
Cc co s nh xung v thit bj dung cu cn duoc duy tr trong tnh trang thch hop v diu kin tt
d:
- tao thun loi cho moi qui trnh lm v sinh;
- chc nng ca n dat duoc nhu d du djnh, dc bit cc buc ti han (xem 5.1);
- ngn nga nhim bn thuc phm, v du nhu mnh kim loai, va bong, mnh vun v ha cht.
Vic lm sach phi loai b cn b thuc phm v vt bn, m n c th l ngun nhim bn. Vic chon
phuong php v vt liu cn thit d lm sach ty thuc vo tnh cht ca doanh nghip d. C th cn
phi ty trng sau khi lm sach.
Cc ha cht d lm sach cn duoc x l v dng cn thn theo cc chi dn ca nh sn xut v cn
phi bo qun ring khi sn phm thuc phm, dung trong cc d cha ring, d nhn bit, r rng; d
trnh nguy co nhim bn thuc phm.
6.1.2 Q'" *LM#+ >H B+RW#( B+bB [HD @E:+
Vic lm sach c th duoc tin hnh bng s dung ring r hay phi hop cc phuong php vt l nhu
dng nhit, lm sach, x nuc, chn khng hay cc phuong php khc trnh s dung nuc v cc
phuong php ha hoc dng cc cht ty ra, cht kim hay axit.
Cc bin php lm sach bao gm:
- loai b cc mnh v ln ra khi cc b mt;
- cho mt dung djch ty ra ln d loai b dt ct v lp mng cha vi khun v gi chng trong dung
djch hay trong huyn ph;
- trng ra vi nuc duoc qui djnh trong diu 4, d loai b vt bn v cn ca cht ty ra;
- lm sach bng sy kh hoc cc phuong php khc thch hop d loai b v thu lai cc cn tha mnh
v v
- ty trng v sau d trng ra, tr khi nh sn xut yu cu khng phi trng ra, khi cn.
6.2 C+RW#( *LM#+ [HD @E:+
Cc chuong trnh lm sach v ty trng phi dm bo l moi noi trong co s v nh xung du phi
sach mc thch hop v ngay c cc thit bj s dung d ty ra cng phi sach.
Cc chuong trnh lm sach v ty trng phi duoc gim st lin tuc v hu hiu v tnh ph hop v tnh
hiu qu ca chng v khi cn, phi ghi vo s sch d theo di.
Khi cc chuong trnh lm sach d duoc soan tho, chng phi nu r:
- dja dim, cc loai thit bj v d dng cn duoc lm sach;
- trch nhim di vi cng vic cu th;
- phuong php v tn sut lm sach;
- t chc gim st theo di.
Khi thch hop, cc chuong trnh phi duoc bin soan c su tham kho kin ca cc chuyn vin c lin
quan v c hiu bit v lnh vuc ny.
6.3 H, *+Y#( j"hD @]b* GI:+ +E"
6.3.1 _+b" f'b*
Djch hai l mt mi de doa ln cho tnh an ton v tnh ph hop ca thuc phm. Vic nhim djch hai c
th xut hin nhng noi c chn nui v cung cp thuc phm. Cn phi thuc hnh v sinh tt d trnh
tao ra mt mi trung thun loi cho djch hai. m v sinh tt, kim tra cc vt liu du vo v gim st
tt, c th gim thiu duoc su nhim v do d han ch vic dng thuc bo v thuc vt.
6.3.2 N(n# :+s# GI:+ +E" Z`D #+gB
Nh xung phi duoc sa sang v gi sach d d phng djch hai xm nhp v d loai tr bt nhng
dim c kh nng sinh sn djch hai. Cc h, rnh v nhng noi sinh vt gy hai c th xm nhp cn
phi duoc dy kn. Cc tm lui thp dng d che chn v du nhu trn ca s, ca ra vo h thng quat
s lm gim vn d sinh vt gy hai xm nhp. Khi c diu kin, cn loai tr dng vt ra khi nhng khu
dt nh my v nh xung, my mc ch bin thuc phm.
6.3.3 NW" *Ll C# >H Z`D #+gB :OK @"#+ >g* +E"
Su c mt ca thuc phm v nuc l mi trung thun loi d sinh vt hai cu tr v xm nhp. Cc
ngun thuc phm phi duoc gi trong nhng thng dung d trnh vi sinh vt gy hai v/hoc cch xa
nn nh v cch xa tung. Nhng khu vuc, c pha trong v pha ngoi noi x l thuc phm phi duoc
gi gn sach. Khi cn, ph thi phi duoc dung trong cc thng dy np, trnh djch hai.
6.3.4 G"bD @b* >H B+b* +",#
Cc co s, nh xung v cc khu vuc xung quanh phi duoc kim tra thung xuyn d pht hin su
xm nhp ca sinh vt hai.
6.3.5 8A []E" *Lu @"#+ >g* (`< +E"
Su xm nhp sinh vt gy hai phi duoc gii quyt ngay v khng gy hai dn tnh an ton v tnh ph
hop ca thuc phm. Vic x l bng cc cht ha hoc, vt l hay sinh hoc du phi duoc tin hnh sao
cho khng lm nh hung dn tnh an ton v tnh ph hop ca thuc phm.
6.4 Q'a# [\ :+T* *+a"
oai b v luu gi cht thi phi thuc hin mt cch ph hop. Cht thi khng duoc dn lai trong khi
dang ch bin thuc phm, bo qun thuc phm, tai cc khu vuc lm vic khc v khu vuc ln cn, tr khi
d l diu khng th trnh duoc do dc th ca doanh nghip.
Nhng noi luu gi cht thi duoc gi sach tha dng.
6.5 H",' f'a :OK >",: ("bD @b*
Cc h thng v sinh thuc phm cn duoc gim st cht ch v cht luong hoat dng, djnh k xc minh
lai thng qua thanh tra dnh gi truc khi vn hnh hoc, khi cn, ly mu vi sinh vt mi trung v
cc b mt tip xc thuc phm, cn xem xt thung xuyn v diu chinh cho ph hop vi nhng diu
kin thay di.
o. CX @X: V, @"#+ :b #+`#
.9: *";':
dm bo rng nhng ngui tip xc truc tip hay gin tip vi thuc phm khng th lm nhim bn
thuc phm bng cch:
- gi v sinh c nhn tt;
- hoat dng v thao tc vn hnh dng qui trnh d duoc do tao hun luyn.
\ G] :W Va#:
Nhng ngui khng gi v sinh c nhn tt, c bnh hay c hon cnh no d, hoc ngui d c hnh
vi khng thch hop cho v sinh, c th lm nhim bn thuc phm v truyn bnh cho ngui tiu dng.
o.1 TM#+ *LE#( @m: j+vq
Nhng ngui duoc bit hay nghi ng c bnh hoc l ngui mang mt mm bnh no d c th lan
truyn qua thuc phm, th khng duoc php vo khu vuc ch bin thuc phm v c kh nng ho lm ly
bnh qua thuc phm. Bt c ngui no bj mc nhu vy cng phi bo co ngay bnh hay triu chng
bnh cho ban qun l.
Tin hnh khm bnh cho nhng ngui x l thuc phm nu c biu hin v mt lm sng hay djch t
hoc.
o.2 p,#+ *g* >H >k* *+RW#(
Cc tnh trang cn phi bo co cho ban qun l d xem xt khm bnh v/hoc nu cn thit c th loai
tr ra khi cc khu c tip xc vi thuc phm, gm cc triu chng hoc bnh sau dy:
- bnh vng da;
- tiu chy;
- nn ma;
- st;
- vim hong c st;
- thuong tn nhim trng da r rt (nhot, vt ct,. v.v );
- nuc chy ri t tai, mt hay mi.
o.3 V, @"#+ :b #+`#
Nhng ngui tip xc vi thuc phm cn gi v sinh c nhn tht tt v cn mc qun o bo v, di
m, di giy, khi thch hop. Cc vt ct hay vt thuong, nu ngui d d duoc ngui qun l cho php
tip tuc lm vic th cc vt thuong d phi duoc bao boc bng bng khng thm nuc.
Cc nhn vin lun phi ra tay sach d khng nh hung ti tnh an ton ca thuc phm, v du:
- lc bt du cc hoat dng x l hay tip xc vi thuc phm;
- ngay sau khi di v sinh; v
- sau khi x l thuc phm tuoi sng hay bt k mt nguyn liu bj nhim bn no m c th gy nhim
cho thuc phm khc, ho nn trnh x l cc thuc phm n sn.
o.4 HH#+ >" :b #+`#
Nhng ngui tham gia vo cc hoat dng, thao tc ch bin thuc phm cn trnh cc hnh vi c th dn
dn nhim bn thuc phm, v du:
- ht thuc;
- khac nh;
- nhai ko cao su hoc n;
- ht hoi hay ho hoi m thuc phm chua duoc bo v.
Khng duoc deo hay mang trn ngui mnh nhng d dng c nhn nhu d trang sc, dng h, kp hay
cc vt khc, khi nhn vin d vo cc khu vuc ch bin thuc phm v chng l mt trong nhng nguyn
nhn nh hung dn tnh an ton v ph hop ca thuc phm.
o.5 _+b:+ *+KD f'K#
Khch tham quan vo cc khu vuc sn xut, ch bin hay x l thuc phm, phi mc qun o bo v v
tn trong cc diu khon khc qui djnh v v sinh c nhn.
8. Vg# :+'<h#
.9: *";':
Khi cn thit phi c nhng bin php d:
- bo v thuc phm khi cc ngun nhim tim n;
- bo v thuc phm khi bj hu hai c kh nng lm cho thuc phm khng cn ph hop cho tiu dng, v
- dm bo mi trung duoc kim sot c hiu qu ca vic ly bnh hoc cc vi sinh vt gy hu hng
v su sn sinh dc t trong thuc phm.
\ G] :W Va#:
Thuc phm c th bj nhim bn, hoc c th khng dat ti muc dch v tnh trang ph hop cho tiu thu,
tr khi c cc bin php kim sot hu hiu trong qu trnh vn chuyn, k c khi d c nhng bin php
ton din d kim tra v sinh truc d trong chui thuc phm.
8.1 _+b" f'b*
Thuc phm cn phi duoc bo v dy d trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Phuong thc vn chuyn hoc yu
cu di hi cc thng dung ty thuc vo tnh cht ca tng loai thuc phm v cc diu kin yu cu khi
chuyn ch.
8.2 3;' :&'
Cc phuong tin vn chuyn, cc loai thng dung cn phi thit k v ch tao, khi cn sao cho:
- khng lm nhim bn thuc phm hay cc bao gi;
- C th duoc lm sach d dng v duoc kh trng, khi cn;
- cho php phn loai thuc phm khc nhau, hoc khi cn, cc thuc phm phi duoc tch ring ra khi
loai hng khng phi thuc phm trong qu trnh vn chuyn;
- bo v hu hiu d chng nhim bn, k c bui v khi;
- c th duy tr c hiu qu nhit d, d m, tiu kh hu v cc diu kin khc cn thit d bo v thuc
phm chng lai su pht trin ca vi khun dc hai hay vi sinh vt khng mong mun, chng lai su hu hai
c th lm cho thuc phm khng ph hop cho tiu thu; v
- cho php kim sot duoc nhit d, d m v cc diu kin cn thit khc.
8.3 8F G9#( >H Va] GRi#(
Cc phuong tin vn chuyn v cc loai thng dung dng d vn chuyn thuc phm phi duoc gi gn
sach, lun duoc bo dung. Khi cng mt phuong tin vn chuyn hay cng loai thng dung dng d
vn chuyn cc thuc phm khc nhau, hoc dng cho cc cht khng phi thuc phm, th cn phi lm
sach v phi kh trng gia cc ln s dung, nu cn.
Khi thch hop, dc bit khi vn chuyn bng phuong tin chuyn ch ln th thng dung, cc phuong
tin phi duoc djnh r v dnh du chi dng cho thuc phm v chi duoc dng cho muc dch d m thi.
9. T+Q#( *"# >? @a# B+CD >H @A +"h' V"k* :OK #(R!" *";' GS#(
.9: *";':
Sn phm thuc phm phi c thng tin dy d d dm bo rng:
- c thng tin dy d v c th tip cn duoc di vi ngui tip theo trong chu trnh thuc phm d ngui
d c th x l, bo qun, ch bin, chun bj v trnh by sn phm mt cch an ton v dng;
- l hay m thuc phm c th duoc xc djnh d dng v nu c thu hi th c th thu hi ngay duoc, nu
thy cn thit;
Ngui tiu dng phi c d hiu bit v v sinh thuc phm, d ho c th:
- hiu duoc tm quan trong ca vic thng tin v thuc phm;
- theo thng tin m ho c, c th lua chon thch hop cho ring mnh v
- ngn nga su nhim bn v pht trin hoc tn tai ca cc tc nhn gy bnh cho thuc phm, bng
cch bo qun, pha ch v s dung dng dn;
- thng tin gi cho ngnh cng nghip v thuong mai phi duoc phn bit r rng vi thng tin gi ngui
tiu dng, dc bit khi ghi trn cc nhn thuc phm.
\ G] :W Va#
Mt s thng tin khng dy d v sn phm v/hoc hiu bit khng dy d v v sinh chung thuc phm
c th dn dn vic x l sai cc giai doan sau ca chu trnh thuc phm.
l sai nhu vy c th dn dn bnh tt, hoc sn phm tr nn khng thch hop cho tiu dng, ngay
c khi cc bin php hop l v kim sot v sinh d duoc p dung truc d trong chu trnh thuc phm.
9.1 eb: %I#+ [Q +H#(
Vic xc djnh l hng l cn thit khi thu hi sn phm v n cng gip cho vic quay vng hng tn kho
c hiu qu. Mi thng dung thuc phm phi ghi r nh sn xut v l hng. S dung TCVN 08:2008
(CD STAN 1-2005) Ghi nhn thuc phm bao gi sn.
9.2 T+Q#( *"# >? @a# B+CD
Tt c cc sn phm thuc phm phi duoc km theo hoc c thng tin dy d d ngui tip theo trong
chu trnh thuc phm c th x l, trnh by, bo qun, chun bj v s dung sn phm mt cch an ton
v dng dn.
9.3 G+" #+w#
Nhng thuc phm dng gi sn phi duoc ghi nhn vi nhng chi dn r rng d ngui tip theo trong
chu trnh thuc phm c th x l, trnh by, bo qun, v s dung sn phm mt cch an ton. p dung
TCVN 08:2008 (CD STAN 1-2005) Ghi nhn thuc phm bao gi sn.
9.4 HR)#( Gx# #(R!" *";' GS#(
Cc chuong trnh gio duc sc khe phi bao gm c v sinh thuc phm ni chung. Nhng chuong trnh
nhu vy s khin ngui tiu dng hiu duoc tm quan trong ca bt c thng tin no v thuc phm v
tun theo bt c chi dn no km theo sn phm v lua chon sau khi d c thng tin. c bit, ngui
tiu dng s c duoc thng tin v mi lin quan gia su kim sot v thi gian-nhit d v bnh tt do
thuc phm gy ra.
10. 5H] *E]
.9: *";':
Ngui tham gia vo qu trnh ch bin thuc phm, tip xc truc tip hay gin tip vi thuc phm cn
duoc do tao v/hoc duoc hoc v v sinh thuc phm mt mc d ph hop vi nhng cng vic ho
phi thuc hin.
\ G] :W Va#:
o tao l diu quan trong co bn cho bt c h thng v sinh thuc phm no:
Vic do tao v/hoc chi dn v gim st khng dy d ca tt c nhng ngui c lin quan dn cc
hoat dng v thuc phm, l mi de doa tim n cho tnh an ton, tnh ph hop ca thuc phm cho vic
tiu dng.
10.1 H"h' V"k* >H *Lb:+ #+",D
o tao v v sinh thuc phm l diu quan trong co bn. Tt c cc nhn vin phi bit vai tr v trch
nhim ca ho trong vic bo v thuc phm khi bj nhim bn v hu hai. Nhng ngui x l thuc phm
phi c hiu bit v k nng cn thit d c th x l thuc phm mt cch v sinh. Nhng ngui x l
cc ha cht ty ra manh hay cc ha cht c tim nng dc hai khc cn duoc hoc hi v cc k thut
x l mt cch an ton.
10.2 C+RW#( *LM#+ %H] *E]
Nhng yu t cn luu khi yu cu dnh gi mc d do tao bao gm:
- bn cht ca thuc phm, dc bit kh nng pht trin ca vi sinh vt gy bnh hoc gy hu hng;
- cch thuc phm s duoc x l v bao gi, bao gm c kh nng nhim bn;
- mc d v tnh cht ch bin hay cn chun bj thm, truc khu tiu thu cui cng;
- cc diu kin thuc phm duoc bo qun; v
- thi han du tnh truc khi tiu thu.
10.3 G")" *+",' >H ("bD @b*
Cn c su dnh gi djnh k v hiu qu ca cc chuong trnh do tao v hung dn, cng nhu su gim
st v cc kim tra thung xuyn d dm bo cc th tuc d duoc thuc hin mt cch hiu qu.
Nhng ngui qun l v gim st vin ca cc qui trnh thuc phm phi c hiu bit cn thit v nhng
nguyn tc v cc cch thuc hnh v sinh thuc phm d c th dnh gi duoc cc mi nguy tim tng
d c hnh dng khc phuc cn thit.
10.4 5H] *E] [E"
Cc chuong trnh do tao cn duoc xem xt lai thung xuyn v cp nht khi cn thit. Cn c cc h
thng do tao lai ch d dm bo l nhng ngui x l thuc phm vn hiu bit v tt c cc th tuc cn
thit d duy tr tnh an ton v ph hop ca thuc phm.
P+9 [9:
H, *+Y#( B+`# *P:+ DY" #('<, %"hD j"hD @]b* *)" +E# yHACCPz >H :b: +R)#( Gx# bB G9#(
G")" *+",'
Phn du ca tiu chun ny dt ra cc nguyn tc ca h thng phn tch mi nguy v dim kim sot
ti han (HACCP) d duoc y ban tiu chun thuc phm quc t chp nhn. Phn hai cung cp chi dn
chung cho vic p dung h thng, tuy vy cn nh rng cc chi tit p dung c th thay di ty theo cc
diu kin ca cc hoat dng sn xut thuc phm
1
.
H thng HACCP c tnh cht h thng v c co s khoa hoc, n xc djnh cc mi nguy cu th v cc
bin php d kim sot chng nhm dm bo tnh an ton thuc phm. HACCP l mt cng cu d dnh
1
Nhng nguyn tc ca h thng HACCP dt co s cho cc yu cu phi p dung HACCP, cn cc chi
dn p dung d cung cp hung dn chung cho vic p dung thuc tin.
gi cc mi nguy v thit lp cc h thng kim sot thung tp trung vo vic phng nga nhiu hon,
thay cho vic kim tra thnh phm. Bt c h thng HACCP no cng lun thay di d thch nghi vi
diu kin di mi, nhu khi c cc tin b trong thit k thit bj, trong cc qui trnh ch bin hay cc pht
trin cng ngh.
HACCP duoc p dung trong sut c chu trnh thuc phm, t khu ban du ti khu tiu thu cui cng v
vic p dung d phi cn c vo cc chng c khoa hoc v cc mi nguy cho sc khe ca con ngui.
Cng vi vic tng cung tnh an ton ca thuc phm, vic p dung HACCP c th cho cc loi ch dng
k khc. Hon na, vic p dung h thng HACCP c th gip cc cp c thm quyn trong vic thanh tra
v thc dy bun bn quc t bng cch tng cung su tin tung v an ton thuc phm.
Vic p dung thnh cng HACCP di hi su cam kt hon ton v su tham gia ca ton ban lnh dao v
luc luong lao dng. N cng di hi mt c gng da ngnh, m c gng ny c th bao gm: su hiu bit
k v nng hoc, th y, sn xut, vi sinh vt hoc, y hoc, sc khe cng dng, cng ngh thuc phm, sc
khe mi trung, ha hoc v k thut, ty theo nhng nghin cu cu th. Vic p dung HACCP ph hop
vi vic thuc hin cc h thng qun l cht luong, nhu b tiu chun S 9000 v l h thng duoc
chon d qun l an ton thuc phm trong cc h thng trn.
Tuy vic xem xt dy nhm p dung h thng HACCP cho an ton thuc phm, khi nim ny cng c
th p dung di vi cc lnh vuc khc ca cht luong thuc phm.
5I#+ #(+JK
_"hD @]b* y%d#( *uz control (verb)
Tin hnh tt c nhng hoat dng d dm bo v duy tr su tun th cc tiu ch duoc d ra trong k
hoach HACCP.
8A j"hD @]b* yGK#+ *uz control (noun)
Trang thi khi cc th tuc duoc tun th v cc tiu ch duoc dp ng.
p",# B+bB j"hD @]b* (control measure)
Bt c hnh vi v hoat dng no duoc dng d ngn nga hay loai tr mt mi nguy di vi an ton
thuc phm, hoc gim n xung mt mc chp nhn duoc.
HH#+ %d#( j+=: B+9: (corrective action)
Bt c hnh dng no duoc thuc hin khi cc kt qu gim st dim kim sot ti han (CCP) cho thy
d bj mt kim sot.
5"hD j"hD @]b* *)" +E# yCCPz (critical control point (CCP)
im m tai d vic kim sot duoc p dung v c ngha quan trong d ngn nga hay loai tr mt mi
nguy cho an ton thuc phm hoc gim n xung mt mc chp nhn duoc.
G"b *LI *)" +E# (critical limit)
Mt tiu ch phn gii han gia pham vi chp nhn duoc v khng chp nhn duoc.
5d [,:+ (deviation)
Su khng dat mt gi trj ti han.
8W %c f'< *LM#+ (lo diagram)
Cch trnh by c h thng trnh tu cc buc hay cc hoat dng, thao tc duoc dng trong sn xut hoc
ch bin mt mt hng thuc phm cu th.
HACCP
H thng xc djnh, dnh gi v kim sot cc mi nguy dng k di vi an ton thuc phm.
_k +]E:+ HACCP (HACCP plan)
Ti liu duoc xy dung ph hop theo cc nguyn tc ca HACCP d dm bo kim sot cc mi nguy
dng k di vi an ton thuc phm trong cng doan duoc xem xt ca chu trnh thuc phm.
.Y" #('< (haard)
Mt tc nhn sinh hoc, ha hoc hay vt l hoc ca thuc phm, hoc tnh trang ca thuc phm c kh
nng tc dng gy hai cho sc khe con ngui.
P+`# *P:+ DY" #('< (haard analysis)
Qu trnh thu thp v dnh gi cc thng tin v mi nguy cng cc diu kin dn dn su xut hin cc
mi nguy d, d quyt djnh nhng mi nguy no l dng k di vi an ton thuc phm v do d cn
duoc d cp ti trong k hoach HACCP.
G"bD @b* (monitor)
Vic tin hnh theo k hoach mt chui cc quan st hay do dac cc thng s cn kim sot d dnh gi
xem mt dim kim sot ti han c duoc kim sot hay khng.
pR): (Step)
Mt dim, quy trnh, hoat dng, thao tc hay mt cng doan trong chu trnh thuc phm k c nguyn liu,
t khu ban du ti khu tiu thu sn phm cui cng.
TP#+ +",' [A: (validation)
Bng chng thuc t thu duoc chng t cc yu t ca k hoach HACCP c hiu qu:
8A Zb: #+g# (veriication)
Vic p dung cc phuong php, qui trnh, th nghim v cc cch dnh gi khc cng vi vic gim st,
d xc djnh xem c tun th theo k hoach HACCP khng.
N('<;# *=: :OK +, *+Y#( HACCP
H thng HACCP c nguyn tc sau dy:
N('<;# *=: 1:
Tin hnh phn tch mi nguy.
N('<;# *=: 2:
c djnh cc dim kim sot ti han (CCP).
N('<;# *=: 3:
Thit lp cc gii han ti han.
N('<;# *=: 4:
Thit lp h thng kim sot gim st cc dim CCP.
N('<;# *=: 5:
Thit lp hnh dng khc phuc cn tin hnh khi khu gim st chi ra rng mt CCP no d khng duoc
kim sot.
N('<;# *=: 6:
Thit lp cc th tuc xc nhn d khng djnh l h thng HACCP hoat dng hu hiu.
N('<;# *=: o:
p ti liu v tt c cc th tuc v h so di vi cc nguyn tc ny v vic ng dung chng.
HR)#( Gx# bB G9#( +, *+Y#( HACCP
!" (")" *+",'
Truc khi p dung HACCP cho bt c phn no ca chui thuc phm, phn d phi c cc chuong trnh
tin quyt tc thi v thuc hnh v sinh tt theo nguyn tc chung v sinh thuc phm, quy pham thuc
v yu cu v an ton thuc phm thch hop. Cc chuong trnh tin quyt ny di vi HACCP bao gm:
do tao, cn phi duoc xy dung tt, vn hnh dy d v phi duoc xc nhn d tao diu kin cho vic
p dung v thuc hin h thng HACCP thnh cng.
i vi cc co s thuc phm, nhn thc qun l v cam kt l cn thit di vi vic p dung c hiu qu
h thng HACCP. Tnh hiu qu cng phu thuc vo cch thc qun l, su hiu bit v k nng ca cng
nhn.
Trong khi xc djnh, dnh gi mi nguy v cc hoat dng tip theo trong vic thit k p dung h thng
HACCP, cn xem xt dn vic nh hung ca nguyn liu, cc thnh phn cu thnh, thuc hnh sn
xut, vai tr ca cc qu trnh sn xut di vi vic kim sot mi nguy cng nhu vic s dung sn
phm cui cng, cc di tuong khch hng v cc chng c djch t lin quan dn an ton thuc phm.
Muc dch ca h thng HACCP l tp trung kim sot tai CCP. Nu xc djnh duoc mt mi nguy no cn
kim sot nhung khng tm thy CCP th phi tnh dn vic thit k lai thao tc hoat dng.
Phi p dung HACCP ring bit cho tng hoat dng cu th. Cc CCP duoc xc djnh trong mt v du bt
k mt tiu chun no v quy pham thuc hnh v sinh, c th khng phi l nhng CCP duy nht duoc
xc djnh cho mt ng dung cu th hoc c th chng c bn cht khc nhau. Vic p dung HACCP cn
duoc sot xt lai v thay di, khi c bt k su ci tin no di vi sn phm, quy trnh hoc buc thuc
hin, nu cn.
Vic p dung cc nguyn tc ca HACCP cn phi ph hop vi tng co s, tuy nhin v pha Chnh ph
v cc doanh nghip cn phi nhn thc rng c th c nhng cn tr hiu qu p dung nguyn tc ca
HACCP l t pha doanh nghip. iu ny dc bit lin quan dn nhng doanh nghip km pht trin
hoc cc doanh nghip nh. Phi tha nhn l vic p dung HACCP ca cc doanh nghip cn phi
mm do, tt c nguyn tc cn phi duoc p dung trong h thng HACCP. Tnh mm do cn phi
xem xt dn bn cht v quy m ca hoat dng, bao gm ngun nhn luc v ti chnh, co s ha tng,
cc qu trnh, su hiu bit, sc p v thuc hnh. Cc doanh nghip km pht trin hoc cc doanh
nghip nh khng phi lc no cng c d ngun luc v chuyn gia d xy dung v p dung k hoach
HACCP c hiu qu. Trong trung hop ny, cn phi s dung cc chuyn gia c vn t cc ngun khc,
cc ngun ny c th: hip hi thuong mai cng nghip, cc chuyn gia dc lp, cc co quan c thm
quyn. C th c sn cc ti liu v cc hung dn ca cc co quan chuyn mn v HACCP. Vic xy
dung hung dn HACCP do cc chuyn gia lin quan dn qu trnh hoc cc hoat dng s cung cp cc
cng cu c ch cho doanh nghip trong vic thit k v p dung k hoach HACCP. Khi cc doanh nghip
s dung cc chuyn gia d xy dung hung dn HACCP, diu quan trong l phi ph hop vi qu trnh
v/hoc thuc phm. Thng tin chi tit v cc cn tr trong vic p dung HACCP, dc bit di vi SDBS
kin nghj lin quan dn nhng cn tr ny c th tm thy trong: cc tr ngai di vi vic p dung
HACCP, dc bit l vic p dung trong cc doanh nghip nh v km pht trin v cch vuot qua cc tr
ngai d (Ti liu do FA/H soan tho).
Tnh hiu qu ca bt k h thng HACCP no cng phu thuc vo su hiu bit v k nng ca b phn
qun l v cng nhn. Ngoi ra, vic do tao thung xuyn l ht sc cn thit di vi cng nhn cng
nhu cn b qun l.
{B G9#(
Vic p dung cc nguyn tc HACCP bao gm cc nhim vu d duoc xc djnh trong trnh tu co bn p
dung HACCP (Biu d 1), nhu sau:
1. gB %d" HACCP
Hoat dng kinh doanh sn xut v thuc phm cn dm bo c d cc kin thc v kinh nghim cu th v
sn xut d trin khai mt k hoach HACCP c hiu qu. Tt nht l lp duoc mt di gm c cc cn b
thuc cc chuyn ngnh khc nhau. Trong trung hop khng c duoc mt di ng thnh thao nhu vy
trong x nghip, c th ly kin chuyn gia t cc noi khc nhu: hi cng nghip v thuong mai, cc
chuyn gia dc lp, cc co quan c thm quyn, cc ti liu v cc hung dn v HACCP (gm cc
hung dn HACCP cu th cho tng b phn). C th l nhng ngui d duoc do tao tt v nm duoc
cc hung dn nhu vy d c th p dung HACCP tai co s. Pham vi ca k hoach HACCP cn phi
duoc xc djnh. Pham vi cn phi m t cc b phn ca chu trnh thuc phm c lin quan v nhng mi
nguy chung cn phi d cp dn (ngha l khng phi tt c nhng loai mi nguy hoc chi nhng mi
nguy duoc lua chon).
2. .Q *a @a# B+CD
Phi m t chi tit sn phm, bao gm cc thng tin thch dng v tnh an ton nhu: thnh phn, cu trc
l/ha (nhu A, pH, v.v). Cc bin php x l dit khun (x l nhit, cp dng, ngm nuc mui, xng
khi) bao gi, d bn, cc diu kin bo qun v phuong php phn phi. Trong doanh nghip c sn
xut nhiu loai sn phm, th c th phn nhm cc sn phm c cc dc tnh tuong tu hoc cc buc
ch bin tuong tu d xy dung k hoach HACCP.
3. eb: %I#+ D9: %P:+ @F G9#(
c djnh muc dch s dung cn c vo cch s dung du kin ca sn phm di vi ngui s dung cui
cng. Trong nhng trung hop cu th, c th tnh dn nhng nhm khch km n djnh, v du nhu nu n
trong nh n ca co quan.
4. T+"k* [gB @W %c *"k# *LM#+ @a# Z'T*
So d tin trnh sn xut phi do di HACCP thit lp (xem doan 1 trn). So d ny phi bao gm tt
c cc buc trong qu trnh sn xut di vi mt sn phm cu th. Cng mt so d c th p dung cho
mt s sn phm duoc sn xut theo cc buc cng ngh tuong tu. Khi p dung HACCP di vi nhng
hoat dng cu th, cn xem xt cc buc tin hnh v phi tun theo cc thao tc d duoc qui djnh.
5. _"hD *LK *L;# *+A: %IK @W %c *"k# *LM#+ @a# Z'T*
i HACCP phi xc djnh su tuong ng ca hoat dng gia cng ch bin trn thuc t so vi so d tin
trnh sn xut trong tt c cc cng doan v cc gi hoat dng v phi b sung vo so d nhng noi
thch hop. Vic khng djnh so d phi do mt ngui hoc nhng ngui c hiu bit dy d v quy trnh
ch bin thuc hin.
6. gB GK#+ D9: *T* :a :b: DY" #('< *"?D C# [";# f'K# %k# D|" VR):, *"k# +H#+ B+`# *P:+ DY"
#('< >H #(+";# :m' :b: V",# B+bB j"hD @]b* :b: DY" #('< %w %R^: Zb: %I#+ yZqD #('<;# *=: 1z
i HACCP (xem di HACCP trn), cn phi lp danh muc tt c cc mi nguy c kh nng xy ra
mi buc t khu ban du, sn xut, ch bin v phn phi ti dim tiu thu.
Tip d di HACCP phi tin hnh phn tch mi nguy d xc djnh cho k hoach HACCP, nhng mi
nguy no m vic loai b hoc gim thiu chng dn mc chp nhn duoc l quan trong d sn xut ra
thuc phm duoc an ton.
Trong khi tin hnh phn tch mi nguy, bt c khi no c th, cn xem xt cc yu t sau dy:
- kh nng xy ra cc mi nguy v mc d nghim trong ca nhng tc hai ca chng nh hung ti sc
khe con ngui;
- dnh gi djnh tnh v/hoc djnh luong su c mt ca cc mi nguy;
- su sng st hay pht trin ca cc vi sinh vt quan tm;
- su sn sinh hay tn tai trong thuc phm ca cc dc t, cc tc nhn ha hoc, l hoc; v
- cc diu kin dn dn nhu trn.
Cn phi xem xt nhng bin php no di vi tng mi nguy, nu n tn tai.
C th cn dn nhiu bin php kim sot d kim sot mt mi nguy cu th v nhiu mi nguy c th
duoc kim sot bi mt bin php kim sot cu th.
o. eb: %I#+ :b: %"hD j"hD @]b* *)" +E# yCCPz
yeqD #('<;# *=: 2z
2

Cng mt mi nguy c th cn nhiu dim kim sot ti han, vic xc djnh mt CCP trong h thng
HACCP c th p dung biu d hnh cy (Biu d 2), d l mt cch tip cn hop l. Cn p dung biu
d quyt djnh hnh cy mt cch linh hoat, ty theo thao tc hoat dng trong sn xut, nhu git m, ch
bin, bo qun, phn phi hay cc vic khc. Cn dng n lm chi dn d xc djnh cc CCP. V du v
biu d quyt djnh hnh cy ny c th khng p dung cho tt c moi tnh hung. C th dng cc cch
tip cn khc. Nn do tao v cch p dung biu d quyt djnh hnh cy.
Nu mt mi nguy d duoc xc djnh tai mt buc m vic kim sot l cn thit di vi an ton v nu
tai buc d hay tai buc no khc khng c bin php kim sot, th lc d phi ci tin sn phm hay
qu trnh tai buc d hoc tai buc truc hoc sau d, d dua vo bin php kim sot.
8. gB :b: (")" +E# :+] *u#( CCP
yeqD #('<;# *=: 3z
Phi xc djnh r v ph duyt cc gii han ti han cho tng CCP. Trong vi trung hop, cn lp nhiu
gii han ti han cho mt buc cu th. Cc tiu ch thung dng bao gm cc s do nhit d, thi gian,
d m, pH, A, luong clo v cc thng s cm quan nhu hnh dang b ngoi v cu trc.
Khi hung dn v HACCP do cc chuyn gia xy dung d thit lp gii han ti han, cn ch d dm
bo cc gii han ny duoc p dung hon ton cho mt hoat dng cu th, sn phm hoc nhm sn
phm duoc xem xt. Cc gii han ti han ny cn phi do lung duoc.
9. T+"k* [gB +, *+Y#( ("bD @b* :+] *u#( CCP
yeqD #('<;# *=: 4z
Gim st l do dac hay quan st theo ljch trnh cc thng s ca CCP lin quan dn cc gii han ti han
ca n. Cc quy trnh gim st phi d kh nng pht hin cc CCP d bj mt kim sot. Ngoi ra, tt
nht vic gim st phi cung cp thng tin ny dng lc d hiu chinh nhm dm bo kim sot qu
trnh, ngn nga vi pham cc gii han ti han, tai nhng noi c th, phi nu cc bin php hiu chinh
2
T khi quyt djnh ca CD duoc cng b, vic s dung h thng d duoc thuc hin nhiu ln cho
muc dch do tao. nhiu ln, tuy h thng ny c ch trong vic gii thch tnh l gich v tm su hiu
bit cn thit cho vic xc djnh cc dim kim sot ti han, nhung n khng dc hiu cho tt c cc thao
tc sn phm, nhu m thjt chng han; do d cn duoc dng kt hop vi xem xt nghip vu v trong vi
trung hop, cn phi duoc sa di.
khi cc kt qu gim st cho thy c xu hung mt kim sot tai mt CCP. Phi hiu chinh truc khi xy
ra sai lch. Cc d liu gim st duoc phi do mt nhn vin chi djnh, nhn vin ny phi c kin thc v
c quyn han dnh gi, d c th tin hnh cc sa di khi cn thit. Nu vic gim st khng lin tuc,
th tn sut gim st cn phi d d dm bo kim sot duoc CCP. Phi thuc hin nhanh hu ht cc
quy trnh gim st cc CCP v chng lin quan dn cc qu trnh sn xut dang din ra v khng c thi
gian d tin hnh cc php th phn tch ko di. Cc php do vt l v ha hoc thung duoc ua dng
hon so vi php th vi sinh hoc bi v c th tin hnh th nhanh v c th lun chi ra cch kim sot vi
sinh cho sn phm.
Moi ghi chp v ti liu lin quan ti vic gim st cc CCP phi c ch k ca ngui thuc hin gim st
v ca ngui chju trch nhim xem xt lai ca cng ty.
10. T+"k* [gB :b: +H#+ %d#( j+=: B+9:
yeqD #('<;# *=: 5z
Phi thit lp cc hnh dng khc phuc cho tng CCP trong h thng HACCP d x l cc sai lch khi
chng xy ra.
Cc hoat dng phi dm bo l CCP d duoc kim sot tr lai. Cc hoat dng ny phi bao gm c vic
s dung hop l cc sn phm bj nh hung bi su sai lch. Su sai lch v cch s dung sn phm phi
c ghi chp trong ti liu luu gi v HACCP.
11. T+"k* [gB :b: f'< *LM#+ j"hD *LK Zb: #+g#
yeqD #('<;# *=: 6z
Thit lp th tuc kim tra xc nhn. C th dng cc phuong php kim tra xc nhn v kim tra dnh
gi, cc qui trnh v cc php th nghim, bao gm vic ly mu ngu nhin v phn tch, c th s dung
d xc djnh h thng HACCP c lm vic tt khng. Tn sut kim tra xc nhn cn d d khng djnh l
h thng HACCP dang hoat dng c hiu qu. Vic xc nhn cn phi duoc tin hnh bi mt s ngui
nuc ngoi nhng ngui chju trch nhim theo di v thuc hin hnh dng khc phuc. Khi co s khng
th thuc hin cc hoat dng xc nhn th vic xc nhn d phi do cc chuyn gia bn ngoi hoc l mt
bn th ba thuc hin trn danh ngha ca doanh nghip.
Cc v du v cc hoat dng kim tra xc nhn bao gm:
- xem xt lai h thng HACCP cng h so ghi chp;
- xem xt lai cc sai lch v cc cch s dung sn phm;
- khng djnh l cc CCP dang duoc kim sot.
Khi c th, cc hoat dng kim tra xc nhn phi bao gm cc hoat dng khng djnh tnh hiu qu ca
tt c cc yu t ca k hoach HACCP.
12. T+"k* [gB +, *+Y#( *H" [",' >H [R' ("} +c @W
yeqD #('<;# *=: oz
Vic luu gi h so c hiu qu v chnh xc dng vai tr quan trong trong p dung h thng HACCP. Cc
th tuc HACCP phi duoc ghi thnh vn bn. Vic lp ti liu v luu gi h so phi ph hop vi tnh cht
v qui m ca qu trnh hoat dng v d d gip doanh nghip khng djnh h thng HACCP duoc kim
sot v duy tr. Cc tu liu hung dn HACCP do cc chuyn gia xy dung (v du: hung dn HACCP
ca cc chuyn gia chuyn mn) c th duoc dng nhu mt phn ti liu min l nhng ti liu ny phn
nh duoc cc hoat dng v thuc phm cu th ca doanh nghip.
Cc v du v lp ti liu:
- phn tch mi nguy;
- xc djnh cc CCP;
- xc djnh cc gii han ti han.
Cc v du v h so:
- cc hoat dng gim st CCP;
- cc sai lch v cc hnh dng khc phuc km theo;
- trnh tu thuc hin vic xc nhn;
- nhng sa di v h thng HACCP.
Mt mu bin bn lm vic theo HACCP duoc tnh km Biu d 3.
Mt h thng luu gi h so don gin c th c hiu qu v d truyn dat di vi cng nhn. N cng c
th kt hop vi cc hoat dng hin hnh v c th duoc dng lm ti liu lm vic. Cng nhu ha don
phn phi, danh muc kim tra d ghi chp, v du: nhit d sn phm.
5H] *E]
Vic do tao cng nhn vin trong sn xut, nhn vin chnh quyn v hoc vin v cc nguyn tc v cc
ng dung h thng HACCP, cng nhu vic tng cung nhn thc ca con ngui tiu dng l nhng yu
t quan trong d thuc hin k hoach HACCP c hiu qu. Phi pht trin nhng ni qui v th tuc lm
vic d xc djnh nhim vu ca cc nhn vin x l thuc phm tai mi dim kim sot ti han, d gip
pht trin chuong trnh do tao cu th nhm h tro k hoach HACCP.
Su hop tc gia ngui x l ban du, ngnh cng nghip, cc nhm bun bn, cc t chc ngui tiu
dng v cc co quan chc nng c trch nhim l ht sc quan trong. Phi tao co hi phi hop do tao
gia ngnh cng nghip v co quan kim tra nhm khuyn khch v duy tr tip xc, tao ra mt khng kh
hiu bit trong p dung thuc t HACCP.
p"h' %c 1
TLM#+ *A +^B [\ :OK >",: bB G9#( HACCP
p"h' %c 2
VP G9 >? V"h' %c f'<k* %I#+ +M#+ :`< %h Zb: %I#+ :b: CCP
(tr li cc cu hi theo trnh tu)
) Tin hnh sang mi nguy d duoc xc djnh tip theo trong qui djnh m t.
) Cc mc chp nhn duoc v khng chp nhn duoc cn phi duoc chi ra trong s cc muc tiu tng
th xc djnh cc CCP ca k hoach HACCP.
p"h' %c 3
VP G9 >? Dd* Dx' V";# Va# [HD >",: *+q] HACCP
.~C ~C
.9: [9:
!" #$" %&' .................................................................................................................................................
!" (")" *+",' ..............................................................................................................................................
1 .9: *";' ...................................................................................................................................................
2 P+ED >" @F G9#( >H %I#+ #(+JK .............................................................................................................
2.1 Pham vi ..................................................................................................................................................
2.2 S dung .................................................................................................................................................
2.3 jnh ngha .............................................................................................................................................
3 _+`' VK# %&' ..........................................................................................................................................
3.1 V sinh mi trung ................................................................................................................................
3.2 Cc ngun thuc phm duoc sn xut mt cch v sinh ........................................................................
3.3 l, bo qun v vn chuyn .............................................................................................................
3.4 m sach, bo dung v v sinh c nhn khu ban du ...................................................................
4 CW @X: T+"k* jk >H B+RW#( *",# ............................................................................................................
4.1 Vj tr .......................................................................................................................................................
4.2 Nh xung v cc phng ......................................................................................................................
4.3 Thit bj ...................................................................................................................................................
4.4 Phuong tin (thao tc) ...........................................................................................................................
5 _"hD @]b* +]E* %d#( ..............................................................................................................................
5.1 Kim sot cc mi nguy cho thuc phm ................................................................................................
5.2 Nhng kha canh ch cht ca h thng kim sot v sinh ...................................................................
5.3 Yu cu v nguyn liu du vo ............................................................................................................
5.4 Bao gi ....................................................................................................................................................
5.5 Nuc ......................................................................................................................................................
5.6 Qun l v gim st ...............................................................................................................................
5. Ti liu v h so ....................................................................................................................................
5.8 Th tuc thu hi .......................................................................................................................................
6 CW @X: pa] GRi#( >H [HD >, @"#+ ........................................................................................................
6.1 Ch d bo dung v vic lm sach .....................................................................................................
6.2 Chuong trnh lm sach ..........................................................................................................................
6.3 H thng kim djch ................................................................................................................................
6.4 Qun l cht thi ....................................................................................................................................
6.5 Gim st tnh hiu qu ...........................................................................................................................
o CW @X: V, @"#+ :b #+`# ..........................................................................................................................
.1 Tnh trang sc khe ...............................................................................................................................
.2 Bnh tt v vt thuong ..........................................................................................................................
.3 V sinh c nhn .....................................................................................................................................
.4 Hnh vi c nhn .....................................................................................................................................
.5 Khch tham quan ...................................................................................................................................
8 Vg# :+'<h# ..............................................................................................................................................
8.1 Tng qut ...............................................................................................................................................
8.2 Yu cu ..................................................................................................................................................
8.3 S dung v bo dung ..........................................................................................................................
9 T+Q#( *"# >? @a# B+CD >H @A +"h' V"k* :OK #(R!" *";' GS#( .............................................................
9.1 c djnh l hng ....................................................................................................................................
9.2 Thng tin v sn phm ..........................................................................................................................
9.3 Ghi nhn ................................................................................................................................................
9.4 Gio duc ngui tiu dng ......................................................................................................................
10 5H] *E] ...................................................................................................................................................
10.1 Hiu bit v trch nhim ......................................................................................................................
10.2 Chuong trnh do tao ..........................................................................................................................
10.3 Ging day v gim st .........................................................................................................................
10.4 o tao lai ............................................................................................................................................
H, *+Y#( B+`# *P:+ DY" #('<, %"hD j"hD @]b* *)" +E# >H :b: +R)#( Gx# bB G9#( .............................
G")" *+",' ....................................................................................................................................................
5I#+ #(+JK ..................................................................................................................................................
N('<;# *=: :OK +, *+Y#( HACCP .............................................................................................................
HR)#( Gx# bB G9#( +, *+Y#( HACCP .....................................................................................................
!" (")" *+",' ..............................................................................................................................................
{B G9#( ......................................................................................................................................................
5H] *E] ........................................................................................................................................................