STRESS TRANSFORMATION

!
!

Plane-Stress Transformation
General Equations of Plane-Stress
Transformation
Principal Stresses and Maximum In-Plane
Shear Stress
Mohrs Circle-Plane Stress

Plane-Stress Transformation
z

z
zx

xz
xy

zy
yz
yx

y
y

xy = yx
x

General state of stress

xy

Plane stress

yx

y
y

Plane stress
(two dimensional view)

xy
y

xy

x
xy = yx

yx
x

x face
x

xy

xy
y face

y
y

Example 1
An axial force of 600 N acts on the steel bar shown. Draw the state of stress
acting on a plane defined by section a-a.
b

a
30o

10 mm

600 N

150 mm
600 N
a

a
30o

150 mm

600
c

os
30 o

600 N

10 mm

30o

600 N

600 N
600 sin 30o

600 N
a

Section a-a: Normal and Shear Stresses

P
600 N
=
= 400 kPa
A ( 0 . 01 m )( 0 . 15 m )

aa

600 cos 30o

=
= 300 kPa
0.15
(0.01 m)(
m)
cos 30o

aa

600 sin 30o

=
= 173 kPa
0.15
(0.01 m)(
m)
cos 30o

400 kPa
17
3k
Pa

x =

300 kPa

 The Stress on plane a-a

y

a
400 (cos 30o)

30o

400 kPa

30o

xy

1 sin 30o
400 kPa
+ F = 0;
x

x 30o

1 cos 30o

x
A=1

400 kPa
173 kPa

x ' (1) (400 cos 30o ) cos 30o = 0

x = 400 kPa
+

Fy = 0;

x ' y ' (1) (400 cos 30o ) sin 30o = 0

xy = 173 kPa

Example 2
The state of plane stress a point on the surface of the airplane fuselage is
represented on the element oriented as shown. Represent the state of stress at the
point on another element that is oriented 30o clockwise from the position shown.

50 MPa
b
25 MPa
a
80 MPa
30o
b

 The Stress on plane a-a

50 MPa

A=1
x

b
25 sin 30o

25 MPa
a
80 MPa

80 sin 30o

30o
b

a
80 MPa

y 25 MPa

x
4.15 MPa

xy

1 sin 30o

30o

30o

25 MPa
+ Fx = 0;

30o

68.8 MPa

60o

25 cos 30o

30o

60o
50 cos 30o
1 cos 30o
30o

50 MPa

x ' (1) (50 cos 30 o ) cos 30 o + (25 cos 30 o ) sin 30 o + (80 sin 30 o ) sin 30 o + (25 sin 30 o ) cos 30 o = 0

x = -4.15 MPa
+ Fy = 0;

x ' y ' (1) (50 cos 30 o ) sin 30 o (25 cos 30 o ) cos 30 o (80 sin 30 o ) cos 30 o + (25 sin 30 o ) sin 30 o = 0

xy = 68.8 MPa

50 sin 30o

The Stress on plane b-b

50 MPa

25 sin 30o

30o
30o

25 cos 30o

25 MPa
a
80 MPa
30o
b

50 MPa
a

80 MPa
+ F = 0;
x

80 cos 30o

30o

30o
y

30o

25 MPa

xy
1 sin 30o

x 30o

1 cos 30o

x
A=1

25.8 MPa
68.8 MPa x

x ' (1) (50 sin 30o ) sin 30 o (25 sin 30o ) cos 30 o + (80 cos 30 o ) cos 30 o ( 25 cos 30 o ) sin 30 o = 0

x = -25.8 MPa
+

Fy = 0;

x ' y ' (1) + (50 sin 30 o ) cos 30 o (25 sin 30 o ) sin 30 o + (80 cos 30 o ) sin 30 o + (25 cos 30 o ) cos 30 o = 0

xy = - 68.8 MPa

50 MPa

The State of Stress at the point

50 MPa

25 MPa

b
25 MPa
a

80 MPa

25.8 MPa
68.8 MPa x

80 MPa
30o
b

y 25 MPa
a
80 MPa

x
4.15 MPa
68.8 MPa
25 MPa
50 MPa

a 68.8 MPa

4.15 MPa
b
a

25.8 MPa
b

10

General Equations of Plane-Stress Transformation

Sign Conventional
y

y
yx
x
xy

xy
y

yx
y

yx = xy
x

Positive Sign Convention

11

 Normal and Shear Stress Components

y
y

xy
x
x

1 cos

xy (1)

A=1

1 sin

x cos

xy cos

x(1)

xy sin

y sin
+ Fx = 0:
x ' (1) ( xy sin ) cos ( y sin ) sin ( xy cos ) sin ( x cos ) cos = 0

x ' = x cos 2 + y sin 2 + xy ( 2 sin cos )

+ Fy = 0:
x ' y ' (1) + ( xy sin ) sin ( y sin ) cos ( xy cos ) cos + ( x cos ) sin = 0

x ' y ' = ( y x ) sin cos + xy (cos 2 sin 2 )

12

 x ' = x cos 2 + y sin 2 + xy (2 sin cos )

Using the trigonometric identities sin 2 = 2 sin cos , cos 2 = cos2 - sin2
cos 2 =

1 cos 2
1 + cos 2
, sin 2 =
2
2

x' = x (

x' = (

1 + cos 2
1 cos 2
) + y(
) + xy sin 2
2
2

x + y

y' = (

x + y
2

)+(

)(

x y
2

x y
2

) cos 2 + xy sin 2

) cos 2 xy sin 2

13

Similarly,

x ' y ' = ( y x ) sin cos + xy (cos 2 sin 2 )

Using the trigonometric identities sin 2 = 2 sin cos , cos 2 = cos2 - sin2
cos 2 =

1 cos 2
1 + cos 2
, sin 2 =
2
2

x ' y ' = (

x y
2

) sin 2 + xy cos 2

14

Example 3
The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the element shown.
Determine the state of stress at the point on another element oriented 40o counter
clockwise from the position shown.

90 MPa
60 MPa
y

20 MPa

15

90 MPa

x = -20 MPa
60 MPa

x' =

x + y

20 MPa

y = +90 MPa
xy = +60 MPa
= +40o

x y

+
cos 2 + xy sin 2
2
2
y
20 + 90
20 90
o
o
x' = (
)+(
) cos( 2 ( +40 )) + ( 60 ) sin( 2 ( 40 )
2
2
= 84 . 5 MPa
20 + 90
20 90
)+(
) cos( 2( 50 o )) + ( 60 ) sin( 2 ( 50 o ))
y' = (
2
2
= 14 . 5 MPa
x y
40o
x ' y ' = (
) sin 2 + xy cos 2
2
20 90
x 'y ' = (
) sin( 2 ( 40 o )) + ( 60 ) cos( 2 ( 40 o ))
2
= 64 . 6 MPa

64.6 MPa
y x

84.5 MPa

14.5 MPa

16

Principle Stresses
x + y
d x '
= (
)(2 sin 2 ) + xy cos 2 = 0
d
2
xy
tan 2 p =
x y
(

1, 2 =

x + y
2

x y
2

) 2 + ( xy ) 2

17

R = (

xy = yx

y (y, xy)

) 2 + ( xy ) 2

2 P = tan 1

xy
( x y )
2

max

xy
2p

x y

(1, 0)

(2, 0)

2s

max
x (x, -x)

avg =

x + y
2

x y
2

18

Maximum In-Plane Shear Stresses

d x 'y '
d

= (

x + y
2

tan 2 s =

max = (

avg =

)( 2 cos 2 ) xy ( 2 sin 2 ) = 0
(

x y

x y
2

xy

) 2 + ( xy ) 2

x + y
2

19

R = (

xy = yx

xy
2 P = tan 1
( x y )
E (avg, max)
2

xy
2p

) 2 + ( xy ) 2

y (y, xy)

x y

(avg-R, 0)

(avg+R, 0)

2s
x (x, -x)

avg =

F (avg, -max)

x + y
2

x y
2

20

yx

Mohrs Circle

Sign Conventional
x

y
y

xy
y

y

xy
x

yx
y

21

R = (

xy = yx

x y

y (y, xy)

E (avg, max)

) 2 + ( xy ) 2

(avg+R, 0)

xy
2 P = tan
( x y )
1

(avg-R, 0)

2s

x (x, -x)

avg =

F (avg, -max)

x + y
2

x y
2

22

 Procedure for Analysis

4) Principle Stress 1, 2

1, 2 = avg R

y
xy = yx
x

1 > 2

1, 2 =

x + y
2

x y
2

) 2 + ( xy ) 2

5) Plane of principle stress P

2 P = tan 1

x(x, -xy)

1) Face x :

2)

avg =

x + y

= tan

R= (

x y

x y
2

xy

3) R : max

2 s = 90 o 2 P

y(x, xy)

Face y :

xy
x y

Note : Self-checked using

) 2 + ( xy ) 2

avg =

x + y
2

1 + 2
2

23

 Stress Components on an Arbitrary Plane

xy = yx

R = (

x y

y (y, xy)

E (ave, max)

) 2 + ( xy ) 2

(ava+R, 0)

xy
2 P = tan
( x y )
1

(avg-R, 0)

2s

x (x, -x)
F (ave, -max)

avg =

x + y
2

x y
2

24

 Principle Stresses and Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress

E (ave, max)

y (y, xy)
2P

2s

(ave+R, 0)

O (ave ,0)

(ave-R, 0)

2P
2s

ave-R
+R

ave
2 1

x (x, -x)

F (ave, -max)

i
c
n
i
r
P

xy
y

ne
a
l
p
ple

p
ave

45o

Maximum
shearing pl
a ne

max

E
F

ave

25

 Stress Components on an Oriented Plane

E (ave, max)
Q (ave + R sin 2, R cos 2)

y (y, xy)

2P

2s 2

(ave+R, 0)

O (ave ,0)

(avg-R, 0)

(ave - R sin 2, R cos 2) P 2

x (x, -x)
2 = 2 2s F ( , - )
ave
max

y
xy
y

ave + R sin 2

x
oriented

clock
wise
from th
e x a xi s
plane

R cos 2
Q
P

ave - R sin 2

26

Example 4
The state of plane stress has x = 40 MPa, y = 30 MPa, xy = 20 MPa as shown.
(a) Represent the state of stress at the point in terms of the in-plane principal
stresses.
(b) Represent the state of stress at the point in terms of the maximum in-plane
shear stress

30 MPa
20 MPa
y

40 MPa

27

30 MPa

avg =
20 MPa

x y

40 MPa

x + y

40 + 30
= 35 MPa
2

40 30
= 5 MPa
2

R = 5 2 + 20 2 = 20 . 62 = max
1 , 2 = 35 20 . 62 MPa

(MPa)
(30, 20) y

20
10

E (35, 20.62)
55.62

14.38

(35-20.62, 0)
0
2

O (35, 0)

(35+20.62, 0)
1

(MPa)

-10
-20

(35, -20.62) F

x (40, -20)

28

 (MPa)

(30, 20) y

20
10

2 = tan 1 (

E (35, 20.62)

55.62

14.38

o
(35-20.62, 0) 76 =2p
0

O (35, 0)
5

-10

(35+20.62, 0)
1

76o

(35, -20.62) F
30 MPa

55.62 MPa
2

ear
h
s
um

x (40, -20)

im
x
a
M

14.38 MPa

(MPa)

90o - 76o = 14o

-20

20
) = 76o
5

ne
a
l
p
i ng

(76o)/2 = 38o

20 MPa
y

40 MPa

Principle p
lane

35 MPa
14o/2 = 7o
E

20.62 MPa
35 MPa

29

Example 5
The state of plane stress at a point on a body is shown.
(a) Represent the state of stress at the point in terms of the in-plane principal
stresses.
(b) Represent the state of stress at the point in terms of the maximum in-plane
shear stress
(c) Represent the state of stress at the point that oriented 40o counter-clockwise
from the x axis
90 MPa
60 MPa
y

20 MPa

30

90 MPa

avg =

x + y
2

60 MPa
y

R = (

20 MPa

= (

x y
2

20 + 90
= 35 MPa
2

) 2 + ( xy ) 2

20 90 2
) + ( 60 ) 2 = 81 . 39 MPa
2

E (35, 81.39)

ave=35 MPa

ave - R
(-46.39, 0)

(-20, -60) x

ave + R

(116.4, 0)

O
2

y (90, 60)

tan 1 (

60
) = 47 . 49 o
55

F (35, -81.39)
|(x - y)/2| = |(-20-90)/2| = 55 MPa

31

max = R
E (35, 81.39)
35 MPa

y (90, 60)

(-46.39, 0)

3
81.

( 116.4, 0)
2

.49
7
4
2 P=

2 s = 42.51o

(-20, -60) x

F(35, -81.39)

im
x
a
M

90 MPa

ear
h
s
um

Pa
M
9
3

Pa
M
5

ne
a
l
p
i ng

2 s = (42.51o)/2 = 21.26o

Pa
M
5

60 MPa
y

20 MPa

116.4 MPa

P = (47.49o)/2 = 23.75o

Principle p
lane

2
46.39 MPa

32

agg

age - R(cos 52.51)

max = R

E (35, 81.39)

(-14.54, 64.58)Q

35 MPa

R(sin52.51)

y (90, 60)

(-46.39, 0)

( 116.4, 0)
47.49o

180o-80o-47.49o = 52.51o 14.

-R(sin52.51)
80o P (84.54, -64.58)

42.51o
(-20, -60) x

F
(35, -81.39)

90 MPa

avg + R(cos52.51)

Pa
M
4
5
64.

Pa
M
8
5
84.

Pa
M
4

Q P

40o
60 MPa

20 MPa

33

Example 6
A thin walled cylindrical has an outer diameter of 45 mm and a thickness of 1
mm,has the internal pressure of 3.5 MPa, has compression force of 8500 N and
has torsion 100 Nm. From the state of stress at point H ,
(a) Represent the state of stress at the point of the maximum shearing
stress, and the state of stress at the point of the principle stresses (1, 2).
(b) Represent the state of stress at the point oriented 30o clockwise
from the horizontal axis

34

y
T

x =

xy

Pr F
+
2t A

( 3 . 5 10 6 )( 0 . 0225 )
( 8500 )
=
+
2 ( 0 . 001 )
( 0 . 0225 2 0 . 0215 2 )
= +39 . 38 61 . 49 = 22 . 11 MPa

78.75 MPa
33.61 MPa
y

22.11 MPa

P r ( 3 . 5 10 6 )( 0 . 0225 )
=
=
= 78 . 75 MPa
t
0 . 001

xy =

Tc
(100 )( 0 . 0225 )
=
= 33 . 61 MPa
J
( / 2 ) ( 0 . 0225 4 0 . 0215 4 )

35

78.75 MPa

avg =

x + y

33.61 MPa
y

R = (

22.11 MPa

= (

avg - R

x y

22 . 11 + 78 . 75
= 28 . 32 MPa
2
) 2 + ( xy ) 2

22 . 12 78 . 75 2
) + ( 33 . 61 ) 2 = 60 . 61 MPa
2

max = R = 60.61 MPa

ave=28.32 MPa

-32.29 MPa = 2
2

(-22.11, -33.61) x

y (78.75, 33.61)

avg + R

1 = 88.93 MPa

tan-1 33.61= 33.68o

50.44

(x - y)/2= 50.44 MPa

36

max = R
E (28.32, 60.61)
28.32 MPa

y (78.75, 33.61)

(-32.29, 0)
2

.68
2 P=33

2 s =56.32o

6
60.

( 88.93, 0)

(-22.12, -33.61) x
F(28.32, -60.61)

3
28.

Pa
M
2

ne
a
l
p
g
n
i
r
a
he

s
m
u
im s = (56.32o)/2 = 28.16o
x
a
M

78.75 MPa

Pa
M
1

3
28.

Pa
M
2

33.61 MPa
y

88.93 MPa

22.11 MPa

Principle p
lan

33.68o
= 16.84o
P =
2

1
H 2
32.29 MPa

37


avg - R cos

max = R = 60.61 MPa

26.32o

28.32 MPa

(-26.01, 26.87) G
R sin 26.32o
60o

33.68o

y (78.75, 33.61)

avg
- R cos 26.32o
H (82.65, -26.87)
-R sin 26.32o

(-22.12, -33.61) x
78.75 MPa
33.61 MPa
y

22.11 MPa

82.65 MPa

30o
H

26.01

26.87 MPa

MPa

38

Example 7a
A single horizontal force P of magnitude 500 N is applied to end D of lever ABD.
Knowing that portion AB of the lever has a diameter of 28 mm, determine (a) the
normal and shearing stresses on an element located at point H and having sides
parallel to the x and y axes, (b) Represent the state of stress at the point of the
maximum shearing stress, and the state of stress at the point of the principle
stresses (1, 2) at point H, (c) Represent the state of stress at point H oriented
15o outer clockwise from the horizontal axis
y
B

500 mm

300 mm
100 mm

28 mm

H
A

39

500 mm

300 mm
100 mm

28 mm

T = (500 N)(0.5 m)
= 250 Nm

P = 500 N

P = 500 N

Mx = (500 N)(0.3 m)
= 150 Nm
z

(a) the normal and shearing stresses on an element located at point H

y = 69.6 MPa

x = 0

xy = 58 MPa
y

y =+

x = 0
xy = +

Mc (150 N m )( 0 . 014 m )
=
= 69 . 6 MPa

I
( )( 0 . 014 m) 4
4
Tc
( 250 N m )( 0 . 014 m )
=
= 58 . 0 MPa

J
( )( 0 . 014 m ) 4
2

40

(b)

y = 69.6 MPa
xy = 58 MPa
y

avg =

x + y

R = (

x = 0

2
x y
2

0 + 69 . 6
= 34 . 8 MPa
2

) 2 + xy

= ( 34 . 8) 2 + 58 2 = 67 . 64 MPa

max = R

(34.8, 67.64)
y (69.6, 58)

(-32.84, 0)

(34.8, 0) = tan 1 58 = 59.04o

O
34.8
1

(102.4, 0)

34.8 - 67.64

34.8 + 67.64

(0, -58) x
34.8

41


E(34.8, 67.64)
y (69.6, 58)

59.04o

O
(-32.84, 0)

59.04o

34.8 MPa

(102.44, 0)

67.64 MPa

30.96o
(0, -58) x

xy = 58 MPa
y

Prin
c

e
n
a
l
p
g
in
r
a
e
h
s
mum

F(34.8, -67.64)

y = 69.6 MPa

P =

iple

plan
e

Maxi

s =

59.04
= 29.5o
2

H1

E F
H

34.8 MPa

30.96
= 15.5o
2

102.4 MPa

2
32.84 MPa

42

(c)

E(34.8, 67.64)
y (69.6, 58)
29.04o

(-32.84, 0)

59.04o

(102.4, 0)

(-24.34, -32.83)G
34.8 - 67.64cos29.04o

H(93.94, 32.83)
34.8 + 67.64cos29.04o
1

30o

67.64sin29.04o

(0, -58) x

y = 69.6 MPa

F(34.8, -67.64)

xy = 58 MPa
y

93.94 MPa
15o
H
H G

32.83 MPa
24.34

MPa

43

Example 7b
From the figure below, knowing that portion AB of the lever has a diameter of 28
mm, determine (a) the normal and shearing stresses on an element located at
point H and having sides parallel to the x and y axes, (b) Represent the state of
stress at the point of the maximum shearing stress, and the state of stress at the
point of the principle stresses (1, 2) at point H, (c) Represent the state of stress
at point H oriented 15o outer clockwise from the horizontal axis
y

y
B

500 mm

300 mm
100 mm

28 mm

H
A

8.31 kN
0.5 kN
18.72 kN
z

44

500 mm

300 mm
100 mm

28 mm

H
A

8.31 kN
8.31 kN

0.5 kN
18.72 kN

T = (0.50 kN)(0.5 m)
= 0.25 kNm
18.72 kN
0.50 kN

H
Mz = +8.31(0.3) + 18.72(0.5) Mx = (0.5 kN)(0.3 m)
= 0.15 kNm
= 11.85 kNm

x
z
(a) the normal and shearing stresses on an element located at point H

x = 0

y = 100 MPa
xy = 40 MPa
y

x = 0

xy =

+y

+xy
y

H xx

+x
Mx c P
=
+
I
A
( 0 . 15 kN m )( 0 . 014 m )
18 . 72 kN
=
+
= 100 MPa
2

(
0
.
014
m
)
( )( 0 . 014 m ) 4
4

( 0 . 250 kN m )( 0 . 014 m )
4 ( 8 . 31 kN)
Tc 4V
+
=

= 40 MPa
2

3A
J
3
(

(
0
.
014
))
4
( )( 0 . 014 m )
2
45

(b)

y = 100 MPa

avg =

xy = 40 MPa
y

x + y
2

R = (

x = 0

x y
2

0 + 100
= 50 MPa
2
) 2 + xy

= (50 ) 2 + 40 2 = 64 MPa

max = R

50 - 64

(50, 64)

(50, 0)O

(-14, 0)

y (100, 40)
40
= tan 1
= 38.7 o
50
1

(114, 0)

(0, -40) x

50 + 64

50

46


E(50, 64)

50 MPa
y (100, 40)

O
(-14, 0)

xy = 40 MPa

s
m
u
xim

51.3o

n
a
l
p
g
n
i
r
a
he

s =

Ma
38.7

= 19.35
Princi
ple pla 2
ne
P

50 MPa

(114, 0)

F(50, -64)

y = 100 MPa

E F

38.7o
(0, -40) x

38.7 o

64 MPa

51.3
= 25.7 o
2

114 MPa
1
H 2

14 MPa

47

50 - 64cos8.7o
(-13.26, -9.68)G

8.7o
30o

y (100, 40)
50 + 64cos8.7o
64
=
R 38.7 o H(113.3, 9.68)

64sin8.7o
O (50, 0)

(0, -40) x

y = 100 MPa
xy = 40 MPa
y

113.3 MPa
15o
H
H G

9.68 MPa
13.26

MPa

48