14th Annual (International) Mechanical Engineering Conference - May 2006

Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran

DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW THERMODYNAMIC CHART FOR
ISENTROPIC EXPANSION OF CONDENSING STEAM FLOW
M. J. Kermani
1
M. Zayernouri
2
M. Saffar-Avval
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic)
Tehran, Iran 158754413
Abstract
A new thermodynamic chart for isentropic expansion of compressible steam ow is developed. The steam is assumed
to obey local equilibrium thermodynamic model, where condensation onsets as soon as the saturation line is crossed
at c.o.. Above the c.o., the stagnation properties reect those at inow. However, beyond the c.o., the transfer
of latent heat toward the vapor portion of the two-phase mixture, rises its stagnation temperature. A non-dimensional
function , is dened, which represents the increase in vapor stagnation temperature. The vapor is assumed to be a
real gas obeying the Lee-Kesler EOS.
Keywords: Analytical Solution of Steam Equilibrium Thermodynamics Compressible Steam Flow
Introduction
Correct prediction of moisture levels in wet steam
ows is both scientically interesting and of engineer-
ing importance.
Applications include condensing ows of most air
or combustion product, aerosol formation in mixing
processes, aerodynamic testing in cryogenic wind tun-
nels and wetness problems in steam turbines and ex-
pansion in nozzles. In many industrial equipments
such as vapor nozzles, it has been shown that focusing
on the gas phase and constructing a correct relation
between its static and stagnation conditions at each
point on the process line, it is possible to predict the
ow eld characteristics and its thermodynamic prop-
erties [1]. Therefore, knowing the stagnation prop-
erties such as total temperature and pressure at any
point is a vital issue. Following single-phase mea-
suring techniques, stagnation probes are often used in
two phase ow situation [2, 3, 4]. In practice if the
size of liquid droplets is small (less than one micron)
the momentum (inertia) and thermal equilibrium be-
tween the two phases are maintained, and the pitot
tube would measure the equilibrium stagnation pres-
sure [5]. Hence, all interphase transfer processes re-
main essentially frozen. Although, imposing the as-
sumption of equilibrium thermodynamic model in the
wet ow studies is restrictive, but the development of
non-equilibrium multi-phase models begins with the
knowledge of equilibrium state.
In our earlier work we developed an algorithm to
numerically compute the ow characteristics along a
converging-diverging duct, [6], and we modelled con-
densing steam ow under equilibrium thermodynamic
model. Later an analytical solution was provided for
an identical problem, [1], and an excellent agreement
between the results were obtained. In [1, 6] we used
the ideal gas equation of state for vapor.
The present paper is a continuation to our analyti-
cal solution, and reports a progress in our on-line de-
velopment. Here, we provide a new chart and table to
conveniently determine the local stagnation states of
the vapor portion of a two-phase mixture through an
isentropic expansion of the mixture. These conditions
are used to x the thermodynamic states and ow con-
ditions along the duct. Here we use the Lee-Kesler
equation of state for the vapor. Although it is observed
that the equation of states Lee-Kesler and ideal gas
provide same results in low pressure application (less
than 30 kPa used in this study), however, the equation
1
Assistant Professor, Corresponding Author, E-mail: mkermani@aut.ac.ir
2
Graduate Student
3
Professor
14th Annual (International) Mechanical Engineering Conference - May 2006
Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
of state Lee-Kesler is suitable for higher values of
pressure too. Accuracy assessment tests show excel-
lent agreement between the predictions of numerical
results and analytical solutions.
Process Evaluation
Consider a dry steam ow entering a converging-
diverging nozzle that isentropically expands along the
duct, as illustrated in Fig. 1. According to the equi-
librium thermodynamic model, the ow remains dry
up to the condensation onset point (c.o.), beyond
which a second phase (liquid water) in generated. The
stagnation conditions attributed to the dry ow (the
ow between the inlet and c.o.) stay constant, and
can be obtained from:
T
0,res.
T
=

1 +
1
2
M
2

dry
(1)
where is the ratio of specic heats of the vapor,
T
0,res.
is the stagnation temperature at inow, and
M and T represent the local Mach number and static
temperature, respectively. However, beyond the c.o.
point, the transfer of latent heat from the condensate
toward the vapor, rises the stagnation temperature of
the vapor portion of the two-phase mixture, where
Eqn. 1 cannot be used. As a result a local stagna-
tion temperature for the vapor portion of the two-
phase mixture can be dened [1]:
T
0,local
T
=

1 +
1
2
M
2

wet
(2)
T
0,local
is the local stagnation temperature of the va-
por portion of the two-phase mixture, which is larger
than that of the inow (T
0,local
> T
o,res.
) due to the
transfer of latent heat from the condensate toward the
vapor.
We dene a non-dimensional function repre-
senting the rise in the stagnation temperature of the
vapor portion of the two-phase mixture, as:

T
0,local
T
0,res.
T
(3)
Using Eqn. 2, becomes:
=

1 +
1
2
M
2

wet
(
T
0,res.
T
) . (4)
Applying the rst law of thermodynamics for a
control volume between the nozzle inlet, and an arbi-
trary point in two-phase region along the nozzle, one
can write:
m
tot.
h
0,res.
= m
g
(h
g
+
V
2
g
2
)+ m
f
(h
f
+
V
2
f
2
) , (5)
where h
0,res.
is the stagnation enthalpy at the nozzle
inlet, m
tot.
is the mass ow through the nozzle, m
g
and m
f
are the vapor and liquid mass ow, h
g
and h
f
are the enthalpy of the vapor and liquid, and V
g
and V
f
are the vapor and liquid velocities at the arbitrary sec-
tion. From the mass balance around our control vol-
ume (with no mass accumulation within the nozzle),
we can write, m
tot.
= m
g
+ m
f
. If the slip velocity
between the phases is ignored (i.e., V
f
= V
g
= V ),
and assuming an average iso-bar specic heat value
C
P
for the gas (vapor) phase, Eqn. 5 can be written
as:
T
0,res.
T
= 1 (1 )
h
fg
C
p
T
+
V
2
2 C
p
T
, (6)
where = m
g
/ m
tot.
is the quality at any arbitrary
section. On the other hand, for a two-phase mix-
ture = (S
0,res.
S
f
)/S
fg
, where S represents
entropy. Using the concept of frozen Mach number
(M
2
= V
2
/RT), Eqn. 6 results:
S
g
S
0,res.
C
P
=

1 +
1
2
M
2

wet

T
0,res.
T
(7)
Comparing the Eqns. 7 and 4:
=
S
g
S
0,res.
C
P
(8)
The Eqn. 8 is an interesting and conceptual equation,
describing that is proportional to the entropy rise of
the gas phase (vapor) from inlet. This entropy rise is
due to reversible heat ow from the condensate toward
the vapor phase. It is noted that takes a zero value
from inlet to the c.o. point. However, beyond this
point accepts positive values, and it is an increasing
function along the process. That is:
= 0.0 for T T
c.o.
(9)
> 0.0 for T < T
c.o.
. (10)
The locus of isentropic process (along S = S
0,res.
=
constant) on T S diagram is optional, and depends
on the inlet conditions T
0,res.
and P
0,res.
. The lowest
value that the inow entropy can take corresponds to
the value at the critical point, (T
cr.
, P
cr.
) = (647.29
K, 220.09 bar), and is S
c
r. = S
0,res.
= 4.4298
kJ/kg.K, [8]. On the other hand, the highest value
that the inow entropy can possess corresponds to
the value of the triple point, (T
tr.
, P
tr.
) = (273.16
K, 0.00611 bar), which is S
tr.
= S
0,res.
= 9.1562
kJ/kg.K. Therefore, S
0,res.
can accepts any value
between the entropy of the critical point and that of
the triple point, i.e. S
cr.
< S
0,res.
< S
tr.
.
14th Annual (International) Mechanical Engineering Conference - May 2006
Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
In Eqn. 8, S
g
is a function of only temperature, T.
Therefore, , becomes a function of two independent
variables T and S
0,res.
:
= (T, S
0,res.
) (11)
Noting that S
c.o.
= S
0,res.
, therefore, = (T, S
c.o.
),
and:
=
S
g
S
c.o.
C
P
. (12)
Therefore, the range of variation of S
c.o.
[S
cr.
, S
tr.
],
and T T
tr.
.
In the present study we assume the vapor as a real
gas, and a compressibility factor is employed to in-
clude deviations from ideal gases.
Equation of State
Deviations between the real and ideal gases at low
pressure and high temperature conditions (i.e. large
values of specic volume) is negligible, as shown in
Fig. 2 (the gray region), [7]. These deviations become
signicant as the specic volume reduces. To take into
account the real gas effects, the Lee-Kesler general-
ized equation of state has been used in this study. This
equation has twelve constants and is written as, [7]:
Z =
Pv
RT
or Pv = ZRT (13)
where Z is the compressibility factor that shows de-
viations from the ideal gas equation of state, v is the
specic volume of the gas, and R is the gas constant.
The non-dimensional virial form of Eqn. 13 can be
written as:
Z =
P
r
v

r
T
r
= 1 +
B(T)
v

r
+
C(T)
(v

r
)
2
+
D(T)
(v

r
)
5
+
c
4
(T
3
r
)(v

r
)
2
( +

(v

r
)
2
) exp(

(v

r
)
2
)
(14)
where
B(T) = b
1
(b
2
/T
r
) (b
3
/T
2
r
) (b
4
/T
3
r
)
C(T) = c
1
(c
2
/T
r
) (c
3
/T
3
r
)
D(T) = d
1
+ (d
2
/T
r
)
in which the non-dimensional variables v

r
, T
r
and P
r
are:
v

r
=
v
RT
cr.
/P
cr.
, T
r
=
T
T
cr.
and P
r
=
P
P
cr.
,
(15)
where T
cr.
and P
cr.
are the critical temperature and
pressure of steam, respectively. Empirical constants
for pure substances like water are given in Ap-
pendix A.
The Function
To develop an equation describing the variation of ,
Eqn. 12 will be used. To do so, we concentrate on
the entropy rise of the vapor portion of the two-phase
mixture (the numerator in Eqn. 12).
It can be shown that the entropy rise between two
arbitrary and distinct points 1 and 2 in superheated re-
gion (including the saturated vapor line) is obtained
using, [7]:
S
2
S
1
=

2
1
C
p
dT
T

2
1
(
v
T
)
P
dP (16)
Differentiating Eqn. 13 along an iso-bar line:
(
v
T
)
P
=
R
P

Z +T(
Z
T
)
P

(17)
The compressibility factor along the saturated vapor
line, Z
g
, can be obtained from the Lee-Kesler equa-
tion of state. Using the data provided for Z
g
and P
r
along the saturated vapor line, [7], we t a polynomial
of degree n for Z
g
:
Z
g
= A
n
P
n
r
+A
n1
P
n1
r
+... +A
1
P
r
+A
0
(18)
where n = 6 represents enough accuracy for the
curve-t, and the coefcients A
1
to A
6
are given
in Appendix A. In the case of an ideal gas again,
Z
g
= 1 and in Eqn. 18, A
0
=1 and A
k
= 0.0 for
k {1, 2, . . . , n}.
Applying Eqn. 16, along the saturated-vapor line
between the c.o. point and an arbitrary point along
the saturation vapor line (g):
S
g
S
c.o.
=

g
c.o.
C
p
dT
T

g
c.o.
R

Z
g
+T(
Z
g
T
)
P

dP
P
. (19)
Again, in the case of ideal gases, Z
g
is a constant, =1,
and Eqn. 19 is simplied to:
S
ideal
= C
p
ln(
T
T
c.o.
) Rln(
P
P
c.o.
), (20)
where S
ideal
is the entropy rise in the case of ideal
gas. In the case of real gases, the entropy change is
obtained from:
S
g
S
c.o.
= S
ideal
+ S
deviation
(21)
14th Annual (International) Mechanical Engineering Conference - May 2006
Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
in which S
deviation
represents the deviation from
the ideal gas predictions, where,
S
deviation
= R [ (1 A
0
) ln(
P
P
c.o.
)

k=1
A
k
k
(P
k
r,g
P
k
r,c.o.
) ]

g
c.o.
RT(
Z
g
T
)
P
dP
P
.(22)
It is noted that in case of ideal gases, S
deviation
= 0,
so, Eqn. 21 is converted to Eqn. 20.
Now, using Eqns. 12, 21 and 20, a formula for is
developed as:
= ln(
T
T
c.o.
)
1

ln(
P
P
c.o.
) +
1

[ (1 A
0
) ln(
P
P
c.o.
)
n

k=1
A
k
k
(P
k
r,g

P
k
r,c.o.
)

g
c.o.
RT

Z
g
T

P
dP
P
] (23)
where = 1.32 for vapor.
Equation 23 reiterates our earlier claim that is
a function of two variables T, and S
c.o.
(or S
0,res.
).
This is explained below. Along the saturated vapor
line P = P
sat
, and it is a function of only tempera-
ture. On the other hand the term (Z
g
/T)
P
in the
integrand can be written as:

Z
g
T

P
=

dZ
g
dP
r

dP
r
dP

dP
dT

(24)
The rst term in the right hand side of Eqn. 24 is ob-
tained from the polynomial curve t of Eqn. 15 being
a function of pressure and consequently temperature
only along the saturated vapor line, the second term
is equal to 1/P
cr.
, and the last term is the slope of
the salutation line, and is obtained from Eqn. 15 in
Appendix A. On the other hand the T
c.o.
and P
c.o.
in
Eqn. 24 are xed based on the value S
g
(T
c.o.
) = S
c.o.
.
Therefore, as stated in Eqn. 15, = (T, S
0,res.
) .
The Chart
In this section, we derive a relationship between
T
0,res.
and T
0,local
for an isentropic process.
As shown in Fig. 3, for any point along an isen-
tropic expansion process and within the two-phase re-
gion, there exists a point on the saturated vapor line
that if an imaginary stagnant condition (called local
stagnation) adiabatically and reversibly expands, it
will arrive to the same point on saturated-vapor line.
Similarly, as the ow marches along the nozzle, a set
of local stagnation points are sought, as shown in
Fig. 3. The locus of these local stagnation points
form a curve as shown in Fig. 4.
Replacing Eqn. 2 in Eqn. 4, we obtain:
T
0,local
= T
0,res.
+ T (T, S
0,res.
), (25)
and substituting from Eqn. 23 into Eqn. 25, one can
obtain:
T
0,local
= T
0,res.
+T[ ln(
T
T
c.o.
)
1

( ln(
P
P
c.o.
) + (1 A
0
) ln(
P
P
c.o.
)

k=1
A
k
k
(P
k
r,g
P
k
r,c.o.
)

g
c.o.
RT(
Z
g
T
)
P
dP
P
) ]
(26)
It is noted that for T T
c.o.
the ow is dry,
and T
0,local
is equal to T
0,res.
. Otherwise, T
0,local
>
T
0,res.
(see Figs. 3 and 4), as the ow is in wet region.
Assessing Eqns. 11 and 25, it is noticed that
T
0,local
is a function of three variables, including two
reservoir properties T
0,res.
, S
0,res.
and the local tem-
perature T. Since the inow stagnation properties, i.e.
T
0,res.
and S
0,res.
, are optional, and given we can sup-
pose them as two constants C
1
and C
2
, respectively,
T
0,res.
= C
1
S
0,res.
= C
2
. (27)
This makes Eqn. 11 a general formula to depict a fam-
ily of curves describing the locus of local stagnation
conditions in a T S diagram. These family of curves
for given C
1
and C
2
are obtained in the following
form:
T
0,local
= T
0,local
(C
1
, C
2
, T) (28)
Figure 5 shows a family of curves which describe the
local stagnation conditions of the vapor portion of
the two-phase mixture. These curves start from the
saturated-vapor line, where the rst curve onsets from
the critical point.
At this point the question is how can this gure
(Fig. 5) help us to obtain the local stagnation con-
ditions of the vapor portion of a two-phase mixture?
Figure 6 shows a superheated inow vapor that ex-
pands through an isentropic process from the reservoir
stagnation conditions. When the process crosses the
saturated vapor line, the gas phase starts to move the
saturated-vapor line (the blue line shown in Fig. 6).
The local stagnation conditions of an arbitrary
point on saturated vapor line is obtained as follows.
A horizontal line, extended from an arbitrary point on
the process line (see Fig. 6), crosses the saturated va-
por line. Then this point is vertically extended until to
meet a curve that the inow stagnation point belongs
14th Annual (International) Mechanical Engineering Conference - May 2006
Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
to that curve at T = T
0,local
and S = S
0,local
, see
Fig. 6.
The limiting case, when the inow stagnation
point is located right on the saturated vapor line, is
illustrated in Fig. 7.
The Table
In the previous section, we developed a new chart that
contains a family of curves, which its signicance was
to give a prole for the behavior of local stagnation
conditions of the vapor portion of the two-phase mix-
ture. In this section, we aim to reword our discussions
in previous section in order to give a user friendly way
to extract the local stagnation states. To do so, we fo-
cuss on the variation of function.
Using the Eqns. 8, 9, 10 and 23, a 3-D surface
is obtained in S-T- space, which is describing the
behavior of function in any isentropic expansion of
condensing steam ow. Figure 8 shows the -surface.
Now, it is possible to develop a table using the
data of surface. This table can simplify the calcu-
lation procedure of the local stagnation conditions.
As shown in Fig. 9, the rst left column is represent-
ing the temperature and along the another columns
which has an special entropy, the function is vary-
ing corresponding to temperature. In fact each column
in this table is representing a isentropic process with
special amount of entropy which is specied at the top
of each column. Now, to extract the local stagnation
state along an isentropic expansion process, knowing
the initial stagnation properties, (T
0,res.
and s=s
0,res.
), it is enough that one marches downward along the
column which has s=s
0,res.
. So, at each cell on the
column one can read a value for corresponding to
a static temperature T in the same row on the rs
left column. Now, having T
0,res
, s
0,res
and extracted
T and from the table, the local stagnation corre-
sponding to T along the process line, is derived as :
T
0,local
= T
0,res.
+T and s
0,local
= s
0,res.
+C
P
.
It is clear that, before c.o. point ( the cell which is
specied by light green on the column), function is
equal to zero, hence the local stagnation properties are
same with those of initial values of upstream imagi-
nary reservoir. But beyond the c.o. point on the col-
umn, accepts the positive values and therefore local
stagnation state is varied.
Verication of the Computation
For the compressions of analytical solutions (devel-
oped in the present paper) with numerical computation
(developed in Ref. [6]), several test cases with vari-
ous nozzle geometries and different expansion rates
are tested. Excellent agreement in all the cases were
achieved. A sample of compressions (between the nu-
merical results and analytical solutions) are given in
this section. To do so, a nozzle geometry with a rela-
tively high value of expansion rate (i.e. a large exit
to throat area ratio) has been chosen. These com-
parisons are performed in Table 1. Table 1 shows
the nozzle cross sectional area (A) along the nozzle
axis (X), and compares the numerical values (obtained
in Ref. [6]) for temperature T
Num.
and Mach num-
ber M
Num.
, and analytical solutions (obtained in the
present study), for T
Anal.
and M
Anal.
are given. As
shown in Table 1, excellent agreement between the re-
sults are achieved.
Summary and Conclusions
The highlights of the present study are given here. A
new non-dimensional function is introduced in the
present study, which represents the deviation of local
stagnation condition from that of the inow. A ther-
modynamic chart and table for this function has been
provided. takes values equal to zero in dry regions,
and positive in wet regions. The developed table is
general and can be used for any geometry of nozzle,
with arbitrarily selected inow stagnation properties.
The method is applied to several test cases and the re-
sults were compared with numerical computations [6].
Excellent agreement in all cases were obtained. The
vapor, in the present study, has been taken as a real
gas obeying the Lee-Kesler equation of state.
Appendix A
Constants of Lee-Kesler Equation of state. The
sets of constants of Lee-Kesler Equation of state is as
follows:
b
1
= +0.1181193
b
2
= +0.265728
b
3
= +0.154790
b
4
= +0.030323
c
1
= +0.0236744
c
2
= +0.0186984
c
3
= 0.0
c
4
= +0.042724
d
1
10
4
= +0.155488
d
2
10
4
= +0.623689
= +0.65392
= +0.060167
(29)
Using the above equation of state, compressibility
factor of saturated vapor, Z
g
, can be determined by
14th Annual (International) Mechanical Engineering Conference - May 2006
Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
sixth order as a function of reduced pressure of vapor:
Z
g
= A
6
P
6
r
+A
5
P
5
r
+A
4
P
4
r
+A
3
P
3
r
+A
2
P
2
r
+A
1
P
1
r
+A
0
(30)
where the coefcients A
0
to A
6
are:
A
6
= 14.7523
A
5
= -45.2802
A
4
= +52.6399
A
3
= -29.7745
A
2
= +8.6910
A
1
= -1.7379
A
0
= +0.9995
(31)
Saturated Pressure Value. The saturation pressure
for steam is determined by a fth order polynomial
least square curve t to the steam data taken from [6]
and [8]. given by:
p
sat
= B
5
(T t
0
)
5
+B
4
(T t
0
)
4
+B
3
(T t
0
)
3
+B
2
(T t
0
)
2
+B
1
(T t
0
) +B
0
, (32)
where p and T are in terms of Pa and K, t
0
=
273.15 K.
Entropy. The entropy of the mixture is determined
from s = s
f
+ s
fg
, where s
fg
= h
fg
/T and s
g
is obtained from s
g
= C
p
lnT Rlnp, and s
f
=
s
g
s
fg
.
References
[1] Zayernouri, M. and Kermani, M. J. (2006) De-
velopment of an Analytical Solution for Com-
pressible Two-Phase Steam Flow, Transctions
Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineers, Ac-
cepted.
[2] Petr, V. & Kolovrantk, M. 1994 Laboratory
and eld measurements of droplet nucleation in
expansion steam . 12th Int. Conf. on Properties
of Water and Steam, Sept. 11-16. FL, ASME.
[3] Stastny, M. & Sejna, M. 1994 Condensation
effects in transonic ow through turbine cas-
cade. 12th Int. Conf. on Properties of Water and
Steam, Sept. 11-16. FL, ASME.
[4] White, A. J., Young, J. B. & Walters, P. T. 1996
Experimental validation of condensing ow the-
ory for a stationary cascade of steam turbine
blade. Phi. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A354, 59-88
[5] Guha, A., A unied theory for the interpretation
of total pressure and temperature in two-phase
ows at subsonic and supersonic speads, Proc.
R. Soc. Lond. A (1998) 454, 671-695.
[6] Kermani, M. J., Gerber, A. G., and Stockie, J.
M., Thermodynamically based Moisture Predic-
tion using Roes Scheme, The 4
th
Conference of
Iranian AeroSpace Society, Amir Kabir Univer-
sity of Technology, Tehran, Iran, January 2729,
2003.
[7] Van Wylen, Borgnakke, Sonntag, Fundamen-
tals of Thermodynamics, 6
th
Edition, John Wi-
ley & Sons, 2002.
[8] Moran, M. J. and Shapiro, H. N., Fundamentals
of Engineering Thermodynamics, 4
th
Edition,
John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
14th Annual (International) Mechanical Engineering Conference - May 2006
Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
Figure 1: Schematic of an isentropic expansion of
steam ow through a nozzle.
Figure 2: Deviation of superheated and saturated va-
por from ideal-gas equation of state.
Figure 3: Schematic of isentropic processes from the
saturated vapor line to their corresponding local stag-
nation conditions.
Figure 4: The locus of local stagnation conditions
of the vapor portion of the two phase mixture.
4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9
S ( kJ / kg.K )
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
1250
1300
1350
1400
T
(
K
)
Two Phase Region
critical point
Figure 5: Locus of the family of curves for the local
stagnation conditions.
14th Annual (International) Mechanical Engineering Conference - May 2006
Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
4.6 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9
S ( kJ / kg.K )
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
1250
1300
T
(
K
)Stagnation state of
imaginary reservoir
Condensation onset
T = T
0, local
Local stagnation state of the vapor,
corresponding to specified point on
the saturated vapor line.
An arbitrary point on
the process line
Inlet point
( S
0,local
, T
0,local
)
S = S
0,local
Figure 6: Schematic of the procedure to determine the
local stagnation.
4.6 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9
S ( kJ / kg.K )
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
1250
1300
T
(
K
)
Stagnation state of
imaginary reservoir
T = T
0, local
Local stagnation state of the vapor,
corresponding to specified point on
the saturated vapor line.
An arbitrary point on
the process line
Inlet point
( S
0,local
, T
0,local
)
S = S
0,local
Figure 7: Schematic of the procedure to determine the
local stagnation (the limiting case in which inow is
on the saturated vapor line).
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2
2.25
2.5
Z
e
t
a
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
E
ntropy
(kJ/ kg.K
)
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
(
K
)
X
Y
Z
Zeta
2.48978
2.40419
2.3421
2.24431
2.13911
2.03391
1.9287
1.8235
1.7183
1.6131
1.5079
1.40269
1.29749
1.19229
1.08709
0.981886
0.876684
0.771482
0.66628
0.561078
0.455876
0.350674
0.245472
0.140269
0.0422393
0.0139029
0
Figure 8: Chart (surface view) of function.
X (m) -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1
A (m
2
) 0.0379 0.0353 0.0315 0.0366
T
Num.
(K) 337 332.2 326.3 315.9
T
Anal.
(K) 337.5 332.2 326.7 315.9
M
Num.
0.562 0.650 0.928 1.203
M
Anal.
0.561 0.650 0.933 1.203
X (m) 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.50
A (m
2
) 0.0417 0.0468 0.0519 0.0570
T
Num.
(K) 311.1 307.4 304.5 302
T
Anal.
(K) 311.1 307.4 304.5 302
M
Num.
1.440 1.546 1.630 1.696
M
Anal.
1.439 1.545 1.629 1.695
Table 1: Comparison between temperature and Mach
number along an arbitrary nozzle with a relatively
high value of expansion rate. The subscripts Num.
and Anal. refer to numerical values (obtained in
Ref. [6]) and analytical solutions (obtained in the
present study), respectively.
14th Annual (International) Mechanical Engineering Conference - May 2006
Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
Figure 9: Table of function.