()

2 :

(culture medium)

(in vitro)
() .

2 . :

()

( )
)

.

,
(.. ,
)
.

( )

(C), (H), (O), (N), (P),

(S), (K), (Mg), (Na) (Ca),
(Fe)

( , )

( Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Zn ),

( ).

(
)

, , ,

2 . :

()

,

,
:

,

,




.

()

2 . :

()

( ).

(broths).

()

, (
1,0-1,5%
w/v).

(121oC),

40-42C.

90100C.

2 . :

()

( -)
(
)


(agarophyte red algae, :
Gracilaria Gelidium).

(agarose)
,


(agarobiose).

(agaropectin)



.

)
.

(
).

2 . :

()

()

(agar slant)

()

(1-2 ).

( )

( )

(agar
slants)

2 . :

()

(0,2-0,5%)

(semisolid media).

(motility
studies).

( )

2 . :

()

(exact chemical
composition) .

(fastidious)

(Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus,

Leuconostoc )
( ).

Lactococcus

2 . :

Lactobacillus

()

(complex
media),

.

(, )
(,

)
)

()
(beef extract)
(soy extract)
(yeast extract)

2 . :

()

Nutrient Agar/Broth

Plate Count Agar (PCA)

Tryptone Soy
Agar/Broth (TSA, TSB)

Brain Heart Infusion

(BHI)

Milk Plate Count Agar

2 . :

( )

10

()

.. Plate Count Agar, PCA,

(...)

...
Plate Count Agar (PCA)

/
(
.

:
MacConkey agar
Enterobacteriaceae
MRS agar
XLD agar Salmonella spp.
CFC agar Pseudomonas spp.
OXFORD agar Listeria monocytogenes
Baird Parker agar Staphylococcus spp.

o
o
o
o
o
o

2 . :

11

()

Columbia CNA agar

Gram
.

(colistin) halidixic acid


Gram
.

,



(
).

,
(blood agar)

..



.

2 . :

(clearing zones)



.

Staphylococcus aureus
(blood agar)

12

()

MacConkey Agar:

(..
Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Citrobacter) ,
(.. Salmonella, Shigella,
Proteus ) .

MacConkey Agar

pH (
pH<6,8 pH>8,0)

2 . :

13

()

(sterilization)




()
,


.

(..
).

2 . :

(autoclaving).

(..
)

121C
15 ( 1
1,1
1 atm 15
lbs).

121C 15
.

14

()

()

(.. ,
, ).

(filter).

() 0,22 m

(polycarbonate).

(
)

.

2 . :

( 0.22 m)

15

()

()

(),

2 . :

16

()

(.. ,
, )
(dry heat).

(
) 160-170C 2 ,

.

(flame sterilization)

Bunsen
:

(airborne contamination)

(contaminants)
, ,

, (forceps)

2 . :

Bunsen

17