TEKNIK BENGKEL

(D IV OTOTRONIK)

JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN

POLITEKNIK NEGERI MALANG
2007
i

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN

1. Judul

: Teknik Bengkel

2. Penyususn
Nama
NIP.

:
: Ir. Subagiyo
: 131857972

Nama
NIP.

: Ir. Moh. Nasir Hariyanto

: 131640774

3. Sumber Dana : Dipa Penguatan Program Studi Tahun Anggaran 2007

Kode Proyek No. 2226/D/T/2007
Berdasarkan Surat Perjanjian No. 03/TM/PPS/X/2007
4. Tanggal Pengesahan : 12 November 2007

Malang, 12 November 2007

Penyusun

Koordinator
Penguatan Program Studi

Ir. Subagiyo
NIP. 131857972

Imam Mashudi, B.Eng (Hons).,M.T.

NIP. 131953225

Mengetahui
Direktur
Politeknik Negeri Malang

Ir. Budi Tjahjono

NIP. 131658616

ii

KATA PENGANTAR

Puji syukur kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa dengan segala rahmat-Nya
sehingga kami dapat menyelesaikan Buku Ajar Teknik Bengkel.
Adapun tujuan dari penyusunan modul ini adalah untuk membantu proses
belajar mengajar di Jurusan Teknik Mesin Politeknik Negeri Malang khususnya
program D-IV Ototronik. Dengan ini kami mengucapkan terimakasih kepada semua
pihak yang telah membantu dalam penyusunan buku ini, antar lain:
1. Ir. Budi Tjahjono, Direktur Politeknik Negeri Malang.
2. Imam Mashudi, B.ENG, M.T.
3. Koordinator Program Penguatan Jurusan Teknik Mesin.
4. Rekan-rekan Pengajar Teknik Mesin yang membantu penyusunan buku
ajar ini.
Demikian penyusun berharap saran dan kritik yang membangun dari
pembaca untuk kesempurnaan buku ini.

Malang, Desember 2007

Penyusun

iii

DAFTAR ISI
Halaman
Halaman Judul ......................................................................................................

Halaman Pengesahan ............................................................................................

ii

Kata Pengantar ......................................................................................................

iii

Daftar Isi ...............................................................................................................

iv

Daftar Gambar ......................................................................................................

xiv

Daftar Tabel .......................................................................................................... xxiv

I. KESELAMATAN KERJA
1.1 Tindakan Praktikan .........................................................................................

1.2 Kesadaran Keselamatan ..................................................................................

1.3 Brazing ...........................................................................................................

1.4 Perlengkapan Diri Sendiri .............................................................................

1.5 Kebersihan ......................................................................................................

1.6 Menjalankan/Menggunakan Mesin ................................................................

1.7 Minyak Pendingin/Pemotong .........................................................................

1.8 Kemampuan Mesin .........................................................................................

1.9 Kaca Mata .......................................................................................................

1.10 Pakaian Kerja ................................................................................................

1.11 Bekerja dengan Baik .....................................................................................

1.12 Pencegahan Kecelakaan Alat-alat Tangan ....................................................

1.13 Pakaian dan Perlengkapan Perlindungan Diri ..............................................

12

1.14 Pertolongan Pertama pada Kecelakaan (P3K) ..............................................

15

1.15 Bahaya Kebakaran ........................................................................................

20

A. Pendahuluan .....................................................................................................

20

B. Bagiamana kebakaran terjadi ...........................................................................

20

C. Memadamkan kebakaran .................................................................................

21

1. Pendinginan .................................................................................................

22

iv

2. Penutupan (smothering) ..............................................................................

22

3. Penghilangan (starvation) ...........................................................................

22

4. Pemutusan Reaksi (interuption of reaction) ................................................

23

D. Klasifikasi kebakaran ......................................................................................

23

Kelas A ......................................................................................................

23

Kelas B ......................................................................................................

23

Kelas C ......................................................................................................

24

Kelas D .....................................................................................................

24

E. Tindakan pencegahan kebakaran .....................................................................

24

F. Tindakan yang diambil ketika timbul kebakaran ..............................................

24

G. Alat Pemadam Api Ringan .............................................................................

25

H. Penggunaan Pemadam .....................................................................................

25

I. Alat Pemadam Api Ringan Karbon Dioksida ...................................................

26

II. ALAT-ALAT KERJA BANGKU DAN ALAT-ALAT TANGAN

2.1 Kikir ................................................................................................................

27

2.1.1 Kekasaran Kikir ...........................................................................................

27

2.1.2 Gagang Kikir ...............................................................................................

27

2.1.3 Posisi Pengikiran .........................................................................................

29

2.1.4 Penggunaan Kikir yang Benar .....................................................................

30

2.1.5 Penekanan Kikir ..........................................................................................

31

2.1.6 Pemilihan Kikir /..........................................................................................

31

2.2 Gergaji ............................................................................................................

32

2.2.1 Bagian-bagian dari Gergaji ..........................................................................

32

2.2.2 Kisar dari mata (gigi gergaji) .......................................................................

33

2.2.3 Bentuk-bentuk gigi ......................................................................................

35

2.2.4 Menggergaji Dengan Tangan .......................................................................

35

2.2.5 Persiapan Menggergaji ................................................................................

37

2.2.6 Posisi Tubuh dan Gerakan Menggergaji ......................................................

37

2.3 Pahat Tangan ...................................................................................................

38

2.3.1 Bentuk dan Kegunaanya Dari Pahat ............................................................

39

a. Pahat ceper ..........................................................................................

39

b. Pahat Tepi ...........................................................................................

39

c. Pahat alur ............................................................................................

39

d. Pahat potong .......................................................................................

40

2.3.2 Cara Memegang Pahat .................................................................................

40

2.3.3 Pemahatan ....................................................................................................

41

2.3.4 Cara Memahat Sebuah Bidang yang Luas ..................................................

42

2.3.5 Menggerinda Pahat ......................................................................................

43

2.4 Penggores ......................................................................................................

43

2.4.1 Jenis jenis Penggores Baja: .......................................................................

44

2.4.2 Cara Menggores ...........................................................................................

44

2.5 Penitik .............................................................................................................

45

2.5.1 Apakah Penitikan itu? ..................................................................................

45

2.5.2 Tujuan Penitikan ..........................................................................................

45

2.5.3 Macam-macam Penitik ................................................................................

45

2.5.4 Bagaimana Menandai Pusat ........................................................................

46

2.6 Jangka Pegas ...................................................................................................

47

2.6.1 Penggunaan Jangka .....................................................................................

47

2.6.2 Ujung-ujung Jangka .....................................................................................

48

2.7 Penandaan (marking out) ................................................................................

2.7.1 Langkah-langkah penandaan (lihat gambar berikut) ...................................

48
48

2.7.2 Penandaan dengan Mistar baja-Penggores-Penyiku ....................................

49

2.7.3 Penandaan dengan Jangka ..........................................................................

49

a. Penitikan dan Pemeriksanaan ..............................................................

49

b. Memindahkan ukuran .........................................................................

50

c. Menggunakna jangka ...........................................................................

51

d. Mencari titik pusat pada bidang lingkaran ...........................................

52

2.7.4 Penandaan dengan Kongkol Penggores ....................................................

53

vi

a) Penandaan dengan kongkol penggores biasa ......................................

53

b) Penandaan dengan kongkol penggores Vernier ..................................

54

2.8 The stamp (Cap) ...........................................................................................

55

2.8.1 Bagian-bagian Cap ......................................................................................

2.8.2 Bagaimana mengecap itu ............................................................................
2.8.3 Persiapan dari Cap-cap dan Benda kerja ....................................................

55
56
57

2.9

Pembuatan Ulir .........................................................................................

58

2.9.1 Persiapan dari Cap-cap dan Benda kerja ....................................................

58

a) Perlengkapan dan pemeriksaan .................................................................

58

b) Cara pengetapan dengan tangan ...............................................................

58

2.9.2 Pembuatan Ulir Luar ..................................................................................

59

2.9.3 Standar Ulir ................................................................................................

60

III. ALAT-ALAT UKUR

3.1 Mistar Sorong .................................................................................................

64

3.1.1 Konstruksi Jangka Sorong Type Standard ...................................................

64

3.1.2 Graduasi pada Skala Vernier ........................................................................

65

3.1.3 Cara Menggunakan Jangka Sorong .............................................................

66

3.1.4 Macam-macam Jangka Sorong Khusus .......................................................

67

3.1.5 Jangka Sorong Inchi ....................................................................................

71

3.2 Micrometer .....................................................................................................

72

3.2.1 Prinsip dan Konstruksi dari Micrometer .....................................................

72

a. Prinsip ....................................................................................................

72

b. Konstruksi ..............................................................................................

73

c. Pembacaan micrometer ..........................................................................

73

3.2.2 Micrometer Luar dengan Bentuk Khusus ...................................................

74

3.2.3 Membetulkan Kesalahan .............................................................................

78

3.2.4 Hal-hal yang Harus diperhatikan dalam Pengukuran ..................................

79

3.2.5 Mikrometer yang Mempunyai Satuan Ukuran dalam Inchi ........................

80

3.3 Caliper ............................................................................................................

82

3.3.1 Pengenalan Caliper ......................................................................................

82

vii

3.3.2 Mempergunakan Out Side Caliper ..............................................................

83

3.3.3 Mempergunakan Inside Capiler ...................................................................

83

3.4 Indikator .........................................................................................................

86

3.4.1 Lever Type Indikator ...................................................................................

87

3.4.2 Dial Type Indicator ...................................................................................

88

3.4.3 Memakai Indikator .....................................................................................

90

3.5 Mikrometer Khusus ........................................................................................

90

3.5.1 Mikrometer Dalam/Inside Mikrometer .......................................................

90

3.5.2 Mempergunakan Inside ...............................................................................

92

3.6 Mempergunakan Telescope Bore Gauge ........................................................

93

3.7 Mikrometer Kedalaman/Depth Mikrometer ...................................................

94

3.8

Pemeliharaan Mikrometer ...........................................................................

95

3.9

Suface Plate .................................................................................................

97

3.10 Black Granite ................................................................................................

98

3.11 Pararel Strip/Pelat Pararel ............................................................................

98

3.12 Blok Penggores/Angle Plate ......................................................................... 100

3.13 Blok Penggores Berbentuk Kubus ................................................................ 100
3.14 Menggunakan Blok Penggores/Angel Plate ................................................. 100
3.15 Meja Penandaan/Marking-Off Table ............................................................ 102
3.16 Gauges .......................................................................................................... 103
3.16.1 Limit gauges digunakan untuk mengetes ................................................ 103
3.16.2 Feeler Gauge ............................................................................................ 104
IV. LAS OXYACETYLENE (OAW)
4.1 Perlengkapan Las Oxyacetylene ..................................................................... 106
4.1.1 Acetylene Cylinder (Silinder Acetylene) ..................................................... 107
4.1.2 oxygen ......................................................................................................... 108
4.1.4 Acetylene Regulator (Regulator Acetylene) ................................................ 108
4.1.5 Katub Non Return / flashback arrestor ....................................................... 109
4.1.6 Slang Las ..................................................................................................... 109
viii

4.1.7 Sambungan las (niple) ................................................................................. 110

4.1.8 Klip Slang (klem) ........................................................................................ 110
4.1.9 Brander dan Nozzle ..................................................................................... 111
A. Rangkaian brander dan nozzle ................................................................ 111
B. Brander Potong ...................................................................................... 112
C. Nozzle nozzle ....................................................................................... 112
4.1.10 Pembersih Nozzle ..................................................................................... 112
4.1.11 Korek Api Las (Pematik) ........................................................................... 113
4.2 Teknik Pengelasan OAW ................................................................................ 113
4.2.1 Mempersiapkan (setting) Peralatan OxyAcetylene ..................................... 113
4.2.2 Menyalakan Api Las .................................................................................... 114
4.2.3 Macam-macam Nyala Api .......................................................................... 114
4.2.4 Nyala Balik ................................................................................................. 116
4.2.5 Metode Pengelasan ...................................................................................... 118
A. Pengelasan forehand (maju) .................................................................. 118
B. Pengelasan Backhand (mundur) ............................................................. 119
4.2.6 Posisi Pengelasan ......................................................................................... 119
4.2.7 Bnentuk-bentuk Sambungan ....................................................................... 120
4.3 Soldering dan Brazing .................................................................................... 121
4.3.1 Sambungan Solder Lunak ............................................................................ 121
A. Prosedur .................................................................................................. 122
B. Menyempuh Timah Permukaan ............................................................. 122
C. Membuat Sambungan ............................................................................ 122
D. Menggunakan Sebuah Ring Solder untuk Memasukkan Fitting ........... 123
4.3.2 Soldering atau Brazing Perak Tube ............................................................. 123
A. Prosedur untuk Brazing sebuah Fitting ke Tube .................................... 124
B. Flux ......................................................................................................... 125
C. Bahan-Bahan Pengelasan dan Brazing .................................................. 126
4.4 Keselamatan Kerja Pada Pengelasan Oxyacetylene (OAW) .......................... 127
4.4.1 Resiko / Bahaya Pada Pengelasan Oxyacetylene ........................................ 127
ix

1.

Kebakaran ............................................................................................... 127

2.

Ledakan .................................................................................................. 127

3.

NyalaBalik .............................................................................................. 128

4.

Luka Bakar ............................................................................................. 128

5.

Sesak Nafas/Asap ................................................................................... 128

4.4.2 Pencegahan Kecelakaan .............................................................................. 129

4.4.3 Perlengkapan Diri Untuk Pekerjaan Pengelasan ......................................... 133
1. Kacamata Las ......................................................................................... 133
2. Baju Lapis Dada ..................................................................................... 133
3. Sarung tangan ........................................................................................ 135
4. Sepatu Las .............................................................................................. 136
5. Pelindung muka dan topeng ................................................................... 136
6. Alat pelindung atau pengaman pernafasan ............................................. 137
V. LAS BUSUR LISTRIK
5.1 Perlengkapan las busur listrik ......................................................................... 138
5.1.1 Mesin Las .................................................................................................... 138
5.1.2 Kabel ............................................................................................................ 139
5.1.3 Tang Elektroda ............................................................................................. 140
5.1.4 Tang Masa .................................................................................................... 140
5.1.5 Palu Terak Las ............................................................................................. 141
5.1.6 Sikat Baia ..................................................................................................... 142
5.1.7 Tang Panas Las (Welding Tang) .................................................................. 142
5.2 Teknik Pengelasan SMAW .............................................................................
5.2.1 Mengatur Ampere ........................................................................................
5.2.2 Mengatur Tegangan .....................................................................................
5.2.3 Menyalakan Busur Nyala ............................................................................

142
142
143
143

1. Cara sentakan ...................................................................................... 143

2. Cara goresan .........................................................................................
5.2.4 Proses Penyambungan Rigi-Rigi Las ..........................................................
5.2.5 Proses Mematikan Pengelasan ....................................................................
5.2.6 Gerakan Elektroda .......................................................................................
x

144
144
144
145

a. Gerakan zigzag .....................................................................................

b. Gerakan melingkar ...............................................................................
c. Gerakan segitiga ...................................................................................
5.2.7 Posisi Mengelas ...........................................................................................
5.2.8 Hasil Rigi-Rigi Las ......................................................................................

145
145
145
145
146

5.3 Elektrode ......................................................................................................... 147

5.3.1 Elektrode Baja Karbon dan Baja Paduan Rendah ....................................... 148
5.3.2 Sistem Klasifikasi Elektrode SMAW Material Baja Karbon
dan Baja Paduan Rendah ............................................................................. 149
5.3.3 Klasifikasi menurut Sifat-Sifat Elektrode ................................................... 151
a. Fast-Fill Electrodes ................................................................................ 151
b. Fast-Freeze Electrodes ........................................................................... 152
c. Fill-Freeze Elecrodes ............................................................................. 153
d. Low-hydrogen Electrodes ..................................................................... 153
A. Kondisi penyimpanan low hidrogen electorde: ...................................... 154
B. Beberapan keunggulan jenis elektroda low hidrogen ............................ 154
C. Karakteristik elektroda low hidrogen ..................................................... 154
5.4 Keselamatan Kerja Pada Pengelasan Busur Listrik (Smaw) .......................... 155
5.4.1 Keselamatan Pada Juru Las ......................................................................... 155
1. Karena Cahaya dan Sinar .................................................................. 156
2. Karena Percikan Terak dan Arus Listrik ............................................. 157
3. Pelindung Dari Asap Las, Debu dan Gas ......................................... 158
5.4.2 Keselamatan Pada Lingkungan ................................................................... 159
5.4.3 Keselamatan Pada Mesin dan Perlengkapannya ......................................... 159
VI. SISTEM TEKANAN UDARA
6.1 Kompresor Torak ............................................................................................ 160
6.2 Kompresor Ulir ............................................................................................... 161
6.3 Kompresor Radial .......................................................................................... 161
6.4 Kompresor Aksial .......................................................................................... 161

xi

VII. MACAM-MACAM ALAT ANGKAT

7.1 Tongkat bertumpu ........................................................................................... 163
7.2 Kerek .............................................................................................................. 164
7.3 Tabung pengikal ............................................................................................. 168
7.4 Derek tangan .................................................................................................. 169
7.5 Kerek dengan perkisaran planit ..................................................................... 169
7.6 Kerek ulir ....................................................................................................... 170
7.7 Crane .............................................................................................................. 170
7.8 Sekrup Pengangkat (Dongkrak Mekanik) ..................................................... 171
7.9 Dongkrak hydraulic ....................................................................................... 172
VII. ALAT TANGAN DENGAN MESIN BERTENAGA
8.1 Bor listrik ........................................................................................................ 173
8.2 Gerinda duduk ................................................................................................ 174
8.3 Air impact wrenches ....................................................................................... 174
8.4 Mesin Gerinda Tangan .................................................................................... 174
IX. PERLENGKAPAN DASAR OTOMOTIF
9.1 Obeng ............................................................................................................. 175
a) Obeng stubby .......................................................................................... 175
b) Obeng insulated ...................................................................................... 176
c) Obeng otomatis ...................................................................................... 176
9.2 Thickness gauge ............................................................................................. 176
9.3 Pitch gauge ..................................................................................................... 177
9.4 Kunci T ........................................................................................................... 177
9.5 Pullers ............................................................................................................. 178
9.6 Kunci ring ....................................................................................................... 178
9.7 Adjustable wrench / kunci inggris .................................................................. 179
1) Konstruksi ................................................................................................. 179
2) Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan ............................................................... 179
xii

9.8 Kunci dan alat pengencang ............................................................................. 180

9.9 Momen putir (Torsi) ....................................................................................... 181
9.10 Tang catut dan kunci pipa (Nama dan kegunaannya) .................................. 182
9.11 Macm-macam gunting plat dan kegunaannya .............................................. 185
9.12 Palu ............................................................................................................... 186
9.13 Air gun .......................................................................................................... 186
9.14 Grease gun .................................................................................................... 187
9.15 Alat ukur elektronik ...................................................................................... 188
a. Mengukur tegangan ................................................................................... 189
b. Mengukur kuat arus ................................................................................... 189
c. Mengukur tahanan ..................................................................................... 189
9.16 Compression gauge ...................................................................................... 190
9.17 Oil pressure gauge ........................................................................................ 190
9.18 Vacuum gauge ............................................................................................... 191
9.19 Kunci-kunci dan peralatan lainnya ............................................................... 191
a) Ragum melintang ...................................................................................... 191
b) C-clamp ..................................................................................................... 192
c) Ragum Datar ............................................................................................. 192

DAFTAR GAMBAR
Halaman
xiii

Gambar 1.1 Obeng dengan tangkai terselubung plastik .......................................

Gambar 1.2 Obeng dengan tangkai yang peca dan ujungnya sudah rusak ..........

Gambar 1.3 Bentuk mulut kunci pas ....................................................................

Gambar 1.4 Kepala Pahat .....................................................................................

Gambar 1.5 Tang pemotong dengan tangkai terselubung ....................................

Gambar 1.6 Cara membersihkan tangkai palu .....................................................

Gambar 1.7 Cara penggunaan alat yang salah ......................................................

Gambar 1.8 Cara melindungi sisi tajam ...............................................................

Gambar 1.9 Cara penggunaan pahat kayu yang benar dan yang salah ................

Gambar 1.10 Cara penggunaan obeng yang benar dan yang salah ......................

Gambar 1.11 Cara penggunaan kunci-kunci yang benar dan yang salah .............

10

Gambar 1.12 Bagian-Bagian Palu ........................................................................

11

Gambar 1.13 Cara menggunakan palu yang benar dan yang salah ......................

11

Gambar 1.14 Pelengkapan pelindung diri ............................................................

13

Gambar 1.15 Posisi Stabil ....................................................................................

17

Gambar 1.16 Resusitasi dari mulut ke mulut .......................................................

18

Gambar 1.17 Resusitasi dari mulut ke mulut .......................................................

18

Gambar 1.18 Resusitasi dari mulut ke mulut .......................................................

19

Gambar 1.19 Merasakan denyut nadi ...................................................................

19

Gambar 1.20 Segitiga Api ....................................................................................

20

Gambar 1.21 Pendinginan atau cooling (Menghilangkan panas) .........................

21

Gambar 1.22 Penutupan atau smothering (menghilangkan oksigen) ...................

21

Gambar 1.23 Penghilangan atau starvation (menghilangkan bahan bakar) .........

21

Gambar 1.24 Memutuskan (interupsi)reaksi rantai api ........................................

22

Gambar 1.25 Simbol internasional .......................................................................

23

Gambar 1.26 Simbol internasional untuk kelas ....................................................

23

Gambar 1.27 Simbol internasional untuk kelas ....................................................

24

Gambar 1.28 Simbol internasional untuk kelas ....................................................

24

Gambar 2.1 Pengeboran bertingkat pada gagang kikir ........................................

27

Gambar 2.2 Pemasangan gagang kikir yang benar ..............................................

28

xiv

Gambar 2.3 Pelepasan gagang kikir yang benar ..................................................

28

Gambar 2.4 Pemasangan gagang kikir yang salah ...............................................

28

Gambar 2.5 Hasil pemasangan gagang kikir yang salah yang harus
dihindarkan ......................................................................................

29

Gambar 2.6 Kedudukan kaki yang baik selama proses pengikiran ......................

29

Gambar 2.7 Sikap pengikiran yang baik selama proses pengikiran .....................

30

Gambar 2.8 Cara memegang kikir ........................................................................

30

Gambar 2.9 Penekanan kikir ................................................................................

31

Gambar 2.10 Kikir rata dan kikir persegi .............................................................

31

Gambar 2.11 Kikir segi tiga dan kikir bulat .........................................................

32

Gambar 2.12 Kikir setengah bulat ........................................................................

32

Gambar 2.13 Bagian bagian gergaji tangan .......................................................

33

Gambar 2.14 Bentuk normal dari gigi daun gergaji .............................................

33

Gambar 2.15 Kisar daun gergaji ...........................................................................

34

Gambar 2.16 Kisar daun gergaji ...........................................................................

34

Gambar 2.17 Kisar daun gergaji ...........................................................................

34

Gambar 2.18 Bentuk gigi gergaji .........................................................................

35

Gambar 2.19 Pembuat alur dengan kikir ..............................................................

36

Gambar 2.20 Awal pemotongan dengan gergaji ...................................................

36

Gambar 2.21 Hasil yang baik dari penggergajian ................................................

36

Gambar 2.22 Hasil yang salah dari penggergajian ...............................................

36

Gambar 2.23 Sudut gergaji yang salah .................................................................

37

Gambar 2.24 Bagian yang disetel pada gergaji ....................................................

37

Gambar 2.25 Posisi menggergaji ..........................................................................

38

Gambar 2.26 Pahat tangan ....................................................................................

38

Gambar 2.27 Pahat ceper ......................................................................................

39

Gambar 2.28 Pahat tepi ........................................................................................

39

Gambar 2.29 Pahat alur ........................................................................................

39

Gambar 2.30 Pahat potong ...................................................................................

40

Gambar 2.31 Cara memegang pahat ....................................................................

40

xv

Gambar 2.32 Perlindungan mata dengan kaca mata dan perlindungan

orang lain dari tatal-tatal yang dengan pembatas ............................

40

Gambar 2.33 Cara pemukulan, sumbu dari palu besi harus lurus
dengan sumbu pahat ........................................................................

40

Gambar 2.34 Kepala pahat yang salah .................................................................

41

Gambar 2.35 Kepala pahat yang benar .................................................................

41

Gambar 2.36 Susut-sudut perpotongan pada pelat logam ....................................

41

Gambar 2.37 Kemiringan x normal ......................................................................

Gambar 2.38 Kemiringan x sudut besar ...............................................................
Gambar 2.39 Kemiringan x kecil .........................................................................
Gambar 2.40 Sudut baji dari pahat .......................................................................

41
42
42
42

Gambar 2.41 Pembuat salur .................................................................................

42

Gambar 2.42 Pemotongan salur-salur ..................................................................

42

Gambar 2.43 Akhir pemotongan ..........................................................................

43

Gambar 2.44 Cara mengasah pahat ......................................................................

43

Gambar 2.45 Jenis Penggores ...............................................................................

44

Gambar 2.46 Sudut penggoresan yang benar .......................................................

44

Gambar 2.47 Sudut penggores yang salah ...........................................................

44

Gambar 2.48 Cara menarik penggores .................................................................

44

Gambar 2.49 Penitik .............................................................................................

45

Gambar 2.50 Kegunaan Penitik ............................................................................

45

Gambar 2.51 Sudut penitik ...................................................................................

46

Gambar 2.52 Cara penitikan (1, 2 ,3, 4) ...............................................................

46

Gambar 2.53 Hasil pnelitian yang benar dan yang salah .....................................

47

Gambar 2.54 Bagian-bagian jangka pegas ...........................................................

47

Gambar 2.55 Ujung jangka yang benar dan yang salah .......................................

48

Gambar 2.56 Penggoresan dengan mistar baja .....................................................

48

Gambar 2.57 Penggores dengan siku ...................................................................

49

Gambar 2.58 Penggoresan dengan jangka ............................................................

50

Gambar 2.59 Memindahkan ukuran dengan jangka .............................................

50

Gambar 2.60 Menjangka lingkaran ......................................................................

51

xvi

Gambar 2.61 Menggores lurus dengan jangka penggores ....................................

51

Gambar 2.62 Mencari titik pusat dengan jangka ..................................................

52

Gambar 2.63 Mencari titik pusat dengan pengukuran sudut ................................

53

Gambar 2.64 Kongkol penggores .........................................................................

54

Gambar 2.65 Bagian-bagian kongkol penggores .................................................

55

Gambar 2.66 Bagian-bagian Cap .........................................................................

Gambar 2.67 Tipe-tipe Cap ..................................................................................

55
56

Gambar 2.68 Cara Mengecap (a, b) ......................................................................

56

Gambar 2.69 Persiapan Cap .................................................................................

57

Gambar 2.70 Penandaan benda kerja yang akan dicap ........................................

58

Gambar 2.71 Pemegang tap ..................................................................................

58

Gambar 2.72 Cara pengetapan .............................................................................

59

Gambar 2.73 Cara Mengunci ...............................................................................

60

Gambar 3.1 Bagian bagian Mistar Sorong ........................................................

64

Gambar 3.2 Kegunaan mistar sorong ...................................................................

65

Gambar 3.3 Cara menggunakan mistar sorong pengukuran luas

yang benar dan yang salah ....................................................................................

66

Gambar 3.4 Cara menggunakan mistar sorong pengukuran dalam/

kedalaman yang benar dan yang salah ............................................

67

Gambar 3.5 Jangka sorong offset jaws untuk jarak dua bidang ..........................

67

Gambar 3.6 Jangka sorong offset jaws untuk ......................................................

68

Gambar 3.7 Jangka sorong paralel jaws .............................................................

68

Gambar 3.8 Jangka sorong pointed jaws ...........................................................

68

Gambar 3.9 Jangka sorong blade jaws .................................................................

69

Gambar 3.10 Jangka sorong ................................................................................

69

Gambar 3.11 Jangka sorong tube .........................................................................

69

Gambar 3.12 Jangka sorong hooked jaws ............................................................

70

Gambar 3.13 Jangka sorong alur ..........................................................................

70

Gambar 3.14 Jangka sorong dial ..........................................................................

71

Gambar 3.15 Ulir micrometer ..............................................................................

73

xvii

Gambar 3.16 Bagian-bagian micrometer .............................................................

73

Gambar 3.17 Cara Pembacaan mikrometer (ABCDE) .........................................

74

Gambar 3.18 Skala mikro dengan ketelitian 0.001 mm .......................................

75

Gambar 3.19 Micron Micrometer dengan mekanisme cam ................................

75

Gambar 3.20 Micron Micrometer (non rotating spindel) .....................................

76

Gambar 3.21 Micrometer dial ..............................................................................

76

Gambar 3.22 Micrometer indikasi ........................................................................

76

Gambar 3.23 Micrometer digit ............................................................................

77

Gambar 3.24 Konstruksi micrometer digit ...........................................................

78

Gambar 3.25 Penyetelan garis-garis nol untuk penyimpangan lebih

kecil 0.01 mm ................................................................................

79

Gambar 3.26 Penyetelan garis-garis nol untuk penyimpangan

di atas 0.01 mm ............................................................................

80

G ambar 3.27. Skala pada micrometer inchi (a, b, c, d) .......................................

82

Gambar 3.28. Cara Pembacaan pada micrometer inchi (a, b, c, d) ......................

82

Gambar 3.29 spring outside calipers ....................................................................

83

Gambar 3.30 joint outside calipers .......................................................................

83

Gambar 3.31mengukur diameter dengan spring outside calipers ........................

83

Gambar 3.32 Inside Calipers (a, b) .......................................................................

84

Gambar 3.33 Setting the Calipers (a, b) ...............................................................

85

Gambar 3.34 Membaca Caliper dengan Micrometer ...........................................

85

Gambar 3.35 Membaca Caliper dengan Mistar baja ............................................

86

Gambar 3.36 Lever Type Indicator .......................................................................

86

Gambar 3.37 Setting work using a lever type indicator .......................................

87

Gambar 3.38 Dial Type Indicator .........................................................................

87

Gambar 3.39 Store indicator so that spindle and dial are protected .....................

88

Gambar 3.40 Cara menggunakan Dial Indikator ..................................................

89

Gambar 3.41 Inside Micrometer ...........................................................................

90

Gambar 3.42 Minimum measuring range of micrometer ....................................

90

Gambar 3.43 Measuring a large bore using inside mikrometer

xviii

with an extension rod fitted .............................................................

91

Gambar 3.44 Using an extended handle when measuring a small

deep bore .........................................................................................

92

Gambar 3.45 Check overall size with reading at zero ..........................................

92

Gambar 3.46 Telescope Bore Gauge ....................................................................

93

Gambar 3.47 Cara menggunakan Telescope bore gauge .....................................

94

Gambar 3.48 Mikrometer kedalaman ...................................................................

94

Gambar 3.49 Protect micrometer from damage during use .................................

95

Gambar 3.50 Clean and replace micrometer and extensions immediately

after use ...........................................................................................

96

Gambar 3.51 Cast iron surface plate ....................................................................

97

Gambar 3.52 Black Granite ..................................................................................

98

Gambar 3.53 Pararel strip .....................................................................................

99

Gambar 3.54 Pararel strips supporting the work during marking out
or checking ......................................................................................

99

Gambar 3.55 Angel Plate ...................................................................................... 100

Gambar 3.56 Box angle plate
.........................
.........................
101
Gambar 3.57 Cara menggunakan Angle Plate ...................................................... 102
Gambar 3.58 Marking Off Table .......................................................................... 102
Gambar 3.59 Marking Out or measuring tools and equipment only .................... 103
Gambar 3.60 GO Correct size work within llimits ............................................ 103
Gambar 3.61 NO GO Oversize work will not enter jaws ................................... 104
Gambar 3.62 Undersize work work passes through oth jaws .............................. 104
Gambar 3.63 Feeler Gauges ................................................................................ 105
Gambar 3.64 Cheking clearances with feeler gauges ........................................... 105
Gambar 4.1 Perlengkapan las termasuk peralatan safety ..................................... 107
Gambar Acetylene Cylinder ................................................................................. 107
Gambar 4.2 Oxygen Cylinder ............................................................................... 108
xix

Gambar 4.3 Oxygen Regulator ............................................................................. 109

Gambar 4.4 Acetylene regulator ........................................................................... 109
Gambar 4.5 Katb Non Return ............................................................................... 110
Gambar 4.6 Slang las ............................................................................................ 110
Gambar 4.7 Sambbungan las Niple ...................................................................... 110
Gambar 4.8 Klip salang (klem) ............................................................................ 111
Gambar 4.9 Brander dan Nozzle .......................................................................... 111
Gamar 4.10 Brander and nozzlle potomj .............................................................. 111
Gambar 4.11 Macam-macam Nozzle ................................................................... 112
Gambar Pembersih Nozzle .................................................................................. 113
Gambar Korek Api Las (Pematik) ........................................................................ 113
Gambar Nyala Api Netral ..................................................................................... 114
Gambar Nyala Api Karburasi ............................................................................... 115
Gambar 4.12 Nyala Api Oksidasi ......................................................................... 116
Gambar 4.13 Teknik forehand (maju) .................................................................. 118
Gambar 4.14 Taknik Pengelasan Backhand (mundur) ......................................... 119
Gambar 4.15 Macam-macam posisi pengelasan .................................................. 120
Gambar 4.16 Macam-macam bentuk-bentuk Sambung ...................................... 120
Gambar 4.17 Kacamata ........................................................................................ 133
Gambar 4.18 Apron (Pelindung dada) .................................................................. 134
Gambar 4.19 Sarung tangan ................................................................................. 135
Gambar 4.20 Sepatu Las ....................................................................................... 136
Gambar 4.21 Pelindung Muka dan topeng las ...................................................... 137
Gambar 4.22 Pelindung pernafasan (masker) ...................................................... 137
Gambar 5.1 Mesin las listrtik (Transformator) ..................................................... 138
Gambar 5.2 Mesin las listrik (Tenaga Diesel) ...................................................... 138
Gambar 5.3 Polaritas ............................................................................................ 139
Gambar 5.4 Kabel Primer...................................................................................... 139
Gambar 5.5 Kabel Sekunder ................................................................................. 139
Gambar 5.6 Tang Elektrode .................................................................................. 140
Gambar 5.7 Tang Masa ......................................................................................... 141
xx

Gambar 5.8 Palu Terak Las ..................................................................................

Gambar 5.9 Sikat Baja ..........................................................................................
Gambar 5.10 Pengaturan Ampere .........................................................................
Gambar 5.11 Pengaturan tegangan .......................................................................
Gambar 5.12 Pengelasan dengan sentakan ...........................................................
Gambar 5.13 Pengelasan dengan goresan ...........................................................
Gambar 5.14 Gerakan penyambungan .................................................................

141
142
142
143
143
144
144

Gambar 5.15 Gerakan pemutus pengentasan ....................................................... 144

Gambar 5.16 Gerakan zigzag ............................................................................... 145
Gambar 5.17 Gerakan melingkar ......................................................................... 145
Gambar 5.18 Gerakan segitiga ............................................................................. 145
Gambar 5.19 Posisi di bawah tangan ................................................................... 145
Gambar 5.20 Posisi horizontal ............................................................................. 145
Gambar 5.21 Posisi vertikal.................................................................................. 146
Gambar 5.22 Posisi over head .............................................................................. 146
Gambar 5.24 Rigi las c, d ..................................................................................... 146
Gambar 5.23 Rigi las a, b ..................................................................................... 147
Gambar 5.25 Rigi las e, f ...................................................................................... 147
Gambar 5.25 Elektroda Las Listrik (SMAW) ...................................................... 148
Gambar 6.1 Kompresor Torak .............................................................................. 160
Gambar 6.2 Ventilator radial; SIEMENS ............................................................. 161
Gambar 6.3 Blower Aksial, digambar secara skematis ........................................ 161
Gambar 7.1 Tuas Pengungkit ............................................................................... 163
Gambar 7.2 Kerek tetap dan bebas ....................................................................... 164
Gambar 7.3 Kerek biasa beroda n (a,b,c) ............................................................. 165
Gambar 7.4 Kerek Ganda ..................................................................................... 166
Gambar 7.5 Kerek Spanyol ..................................................................................
Gambar 7.6 Kerek Weston (a,b) ...........................................................................
Gambar 7.7 Tabung pengikal biasa ......................................................................
Gambar 7.8 Tabung pengikal majemuk ................................................................

166
167
168
168

Gambar 7.9 Derek tangan ..................................................................................... 169

Gambar 7.10 Kerek Planit .................................................................................... 169
Gambar 7.11 Kerek Ulir ....................................................................................... 170
Gambar 7.12 Crane ............................................................................................... 170
xxi

Gambar 7.13 Dongkrak Ulir (a,b,c) ...................................................................... 171

Gambar 7.14 Dongkrak Hydraulic ....................................................................... 172
Gambar 8.1 Bor listrik .......................................................................................... 173
Gambar 8.2 Gerinda duduk .................................................................................. 174
Gambar 8.3 Kunci impact ..................................................................................... 174
Gambar 9.1 Obeng ................................................................................................ 175
Gambar 9.2 Obeng stubby .................................................................................... 175
Gambar 9.3 Obeng insulated ................................................................................ 176
Gambar 9.4 Obeng otomatis ................................................................................. 176
Gambar 9.5 Thickness gauge ...............................................................................
Gambar 9.6 Pitch gauge .......................................................................................
Gambar 9.7 Kunci T .............................................................................................
Gambar 9.8 Pullers ...............................................................................................
Gambar 9.9 Kunci ring .........................................................................................
Gambar 9.10 Kunci ring pas .................................................................................

177
177
177
178
178
179

Gambar 9.11 Kunci universal/ kunci inggris ........................................................ 179

Gambar 9.12 Contoh penggunaan alat yang benar ...............................................
Gambar 9.13 Contoh penggunaan alat yang salah ...............................................
Gambar 9.14 Macam-macam kunci/ pengencang ................................................
Gambar 9.15 Kunci dan momen ...........................................................................
Gambar 9.16 Baut biasa .......................................................................................
Gambar 9.17 Baut dengan tanda 4 ....................................................................
Gambar 9.18 Baut dengan tanda 7 ....................................................................
Gambar 9.19 Macam-macam palu .......................................................................
Gambar 9.20 Air gun ............................................................................................
Gambar 9.21 Grease gun ......................................................................................
Gambar 9.22 Multi circuit tester dan cara penggunaannya (a, b, c, d, e) .............
Gambar 9.23 Compression gauge .........................................................................

180
180
181
181
182
182
182
186
187
187
189
190

Gambar 9.24 Cara menggunakan compression gauge ......................................... 190

Gambar 9.25 Oil pressure gauge .......................................................................... 190
Gambar 9.26 Vacuum gauge ................................................................................. 191
Gambar 9.27 Ragum Melintang ........................................................................... 192
Gambar 9.28 C-clamp .......................................................................................... 192
Gambar 9.29 Ragum Datar ................................................................................... 192

xxii

DAFTAR TABEL
Halaman
Tabel 2.1 Bentuk dan dimensi ulir metrik ........................................................

61

Tabel 2.2 Bentuk dan dimensi ulir whitworth ..................................................

62

Tabel 2.3 Dimensi Panjang ulir stud dan ulir dalam ........................................

63

Tabel 4.1 Bahan-Bahan untuk Pengelasan dan Brazing ..................................

126

Tabel 5.1 Standar Elektroda AWS ...................................................................

149

Tabel 5.2 Klasifikasi Elektrode AWS ..............................................................

150

Tabel 5.3 Klasifikasi Posisi Elektrode .............................................................

150

Tabel 5.4 Klasifikasi Arus Las pada Elektrode ................................................

150

Tabel 9.1 Momen putir untuk baut ...................................................................

182

xxiii