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Maritime Fuel



Voor de scheepvaart gebruikt men aardolie als brandstof
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Necessary Terms and Documents Used In Bunker Industry
Density :
We know that volume is an extensive properties which is dependent on the temperature and the
pressure. So, to measure density of
fuel oil, the temperature and pressure must consider. In maritime industry the density of fuel oil is
expressed at 15 oC called
density at standard temperature. The standard density (density at 15 oC) is more meaningful rather
than density in any other
temperature. Because this density is used to calculate following parameters of fuel;
i. Shell Calculated Carbon Aromaticity Index (CCAI)
ii. BP Calculated Ignition Index(CII)
iii. Higher Heating/Calorific Value (HHV)
iv. Lower Heating/Calorific Value (LHV)
v. Volume Correction Factor(VCF) by ASTM 54B
vi. Weight Correction Factor(WCF) by ASTM 56D
vii. Volume Conversion
viii. Density Conversion and so on
Be careful! In your fuel specification contract, the maximum density is specified 991 Kg/m3 at 15 oC.
If you receive a fuel having
observed density 989 at 30 oC temperature. Do not think that your fuel is within your specification.
Actually this fuel is out of
specification and actual density at 15 oC is 999.14
TABLE ASTM 53B is used for density correction from observed density to standard densityNecessary
Terms and Documents Used In Bunker Ind
Necessary Terms and Documents Used In Bunker Industry
Use of Density, API Gravity and Specific Gravity in Bunker Survey
Density, API Gravity and Specific Gravity (Also called Relative Density R.D) all are used by the bunker
surveyor to
calculate VCF and WCF.
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Table 54B is specified for Density, Table 6B is specified for API Gravity and Table 24B is specified for
S.G. to calculate
VCF.
Again Table 56 is specified for Density and Table 13 is specified for API Gravity to calculate WCF.
Sometimes the surveyors convert the density at 15 oC kg/m3 expressed in BDR in to Specific Gravity
(S.G) to facilitate it

Are they actually converting from Density at 15 oC in to Specific Gravity?
They are not actually converting the Density in to S.G. They are actually converting the density unit
from
kg/m3 to kg/L.
Because, some version of VCF and WCF tables are calculated based on the density expressed in kg/L
unit
rather than kg/m3. That is the reason for conversion of density unit from kg/m3 to kg/L.
So be careful about the use of Density and Specific Gravity. Do not mess up with density in kg/L with
Specific Gravity
To avoid all kinds of conversion problems in bunker survey, a specialized software (TankerCalc in
slide 51) is available
which will automate your bunker quantity calculation
Purchase Bunker by Mass rather than by Volum
Purchase Bunker by Mass rather than by Volume
Observe the pictures below, fuel oil is being shipped from a hotter region to a cooler region. The
volume is
different but the mass is remaining the same. So trading fuel by mass is more convenient rather than
by
volume. As a large volume of fuel is involved in bunkering and its quite impossible to measure the
fuel
quantity by mass using a weight measuring machine. Thats why the mass (an intensive properties) of
fuel is measured indirectly from volume and density (two extensive properties of fuel). Converting
fuel
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volume into mass is not an easy job just by multiplying the observed volume with observed density.
Its
a critical job. Mass should be calculated following standard procedure. Accuracy in calculation
procedure is important as fuel oil is not a low valued product like water. Hence, care should be taken
before calculating the mass. The cost of small error in calculation procedure is much more higher
than
spending small effort in standard measurement.P


Observe the column chart below, an oil tanker carrying fuel oil from one location to another location.
Location 01:
Temperature in Location 01 = 50 oC
Quantity by Mass in Location 01 = 1413.09 MT
Quantity by Volume in Location 01 = 1500 m3
Location 02:
Temperature in Location 02 = 30 oC
Quantity by Mass in Location 02 = 1413.09 MT
Quantity by Volume in Location 02 = 1478.48 m3
Location 03:
Temperature in Location 03 = 15 oC
Quantity by Mass in Location 03 = 1413.09 MT
Quantity by Volume in Location 03 = 1462.85 m



Sounding Tape
How To Take Sounding?
Follow the steps mentioned below to take sounding on a ship using the sounding
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tape.
1) Make sure the bob is tightly held with the tape using a strap hook. Ensure that
the tape is not damaged anywhere in between to avoid dropping of bob or
tape inside the pipe.
2) Know the last reading (reference height) of the tank in order to have a rough
idea whether to take sounding or ullage.
3) Apply water/ oil finding paste to get exact readings.
4) Drop the tape inside the pipe and make sure it strikes the striker plate.
5) Coil up the tape and check for impression of paste and then note the
sounding.
6) Check the trim and list of the ship to read the correct reading for volumetric
content of the ship.
7) Note down the sounding in the record book with signature of the officer in
charge.
Sounding Measuring Tape
For Manual measurement of sounding, a measuring tape normally made up
of brass and steel with a weighted bob attached at the end of the tape is
used.
Sounding pastes are also available for both water and gas oil which
highlights the level of fluid in tape.Reading Draft mark