Thuc n en l hn hp nitrat kali (KNO

3
), bt than ci gi mn. Mt s loi
thuc n en c thm lu hunh (dng cho cc v kh mnh), bt nhm (pht sng cho
pho, tng nng lng chy cho bom), hng hong (mui thy ngn, kch n).
Nitrat kali, thi c gi l "dim tiu", c ly trong cc m t nhin. Dim tiu
cng c ly bng cch ha t ln phn di trong hang vi nc, lc, c c, sy kh.
Cc thnh phn hn hp c ring, gi mn, ri mi trn vi nhau. Cacbon ca bt
than ci l cht kh, dim tiu l cht xi ha. Cc sng phun la hay hn hp chy trn
d cht kh, chng tip tc chy lu. Thuc c th trn thm cc thnh phn khc, nh
cht c, cht to khi, cht gy cay, mnh st thng... Cc thnh phn c th ring
ri rc ln ln vt gy chy (rm ci du), khng cn trn, ngay trc khi s dng, dn
la.
Phn ng chy ca hn hp rt phc tp, n gin c th vit:
2 KNO
3
+ S + 3 C K
2
S + N
2
+ 3 CO
2

Mt cch vit phc tp hn, nhng vn cha m t c ht phn ng
[3]
:
10 KNO
3
+ 3 S + 8 C 2 K
2
CO
3
+ 3 K
2
SO
4
+ 6 CO
2
+ 5 N
2

Chnh xc, hn hp c thnh phn khi lng nh sau: 74,64% nitrat kali, 13,51%
bt carbon, 11,85% lu hunh. Trc y, cc thnh phn hn hp thnh phn rt ti,
nn t l kh chnh xc, nh hng nhiu n kh nng bt chy, tc d chy, nng lng
chy. Gia th k 18 chu u trn hn hp theo t l 75% dim sinh, 15% bt than ci,
10% lu hunh. Ngy nay, ngi ta hay s dng hn hp nitrat amni v bt nhm, gn
ging thuc n en trong bom ln, thuc n cng nghip.



Azide ch (Pb(N
3
)
2
) l mt cht n, c nhy n cao. N thng c bo qun
v vn chuyn bng cch b vo trong cc l bng cao sut trong mi trng nc. N
n khi ri t cao 150 mm hoc khi c ma st. Tc n ca n vo khong 5.180 m/s.
N c s dng lm kp n, lm thuc n mi trong cc ngi n. dng tinh th mu
trng n c mt nhi 4,71 g/cm.
Azit ch phn ng vi ng, km hay mt s hp kim ca ng hoc km to
thnh cc loi Azit khc. V d, azide ng thm ch cn nhy n hn azide ch.

Styphnate ch (C
6
HN
3
O
8
Pb ), tn ca n c ly t gc ca axt styphnic, l mt
cht n c nhy n cao, c s dng trong cc ht n v cc kp n.
C hai dng styphnate ch: dng tinh th monohydrate 6 cnh v dng tinh th
hnh ch nht. Styphnate ch c mu khc nhau t mu vng n mu nu. Styphnate ch
c bit nhy n vi la, vi va p v vi s phng in ca cc in tch tnh in (do
ma st gy ra). Styphnate ch khng phn ng vi kim loi v t nhy n hn vi s m
chc hay ma st so vi fulminate thy ngn hay azide ch.


Hexogen (cn c gi l RDX, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine, cyclonite, T4) l
mt loi thuc n oc s dng rng ri trong qun sv ngnh cng nghip ng dng.
Cc tn gi khc ca n l cyclotrimethylene-trinitramine and cyclotrimethylene
trinitramine.
dng tinh khit, RDX c dng tinh th rn, mu trng. N tng i nhy n,
thng oc s dng dng hn hp vi cc loi thuc n khc c nhy n km hn,
hoc vi cc cht ph gia lm gim nhy n nhi vo trong cc
loi bom, n, mn, tn la, rc kt. N n nh trong tch tr v oc xem l mt trong
nhng cht n mnh nht trong nhng loi thuc n qun s.
RDX l thnh phn c bn trong rt nhiu loi thuc n qun s: composition
A (hn hp ca RDX v xp lm do), composition A5,composition B (RDX+
TNT), composition C (hn hp RDX, cht n khc, cht lm do), composition D, HBX (
hn hp RDX, TNT, bt nhm, xp), H-6, cyclotol v thuc n do C4 (hay cn c
tn M112).
RDX cng oc s dng nh l thnh phn chnh trong nhiu loi thuc n
kch n cho v kh ht nhn.
Tc n ca RDX mt 1.76 grams/cm l 8.750 m/s.
N l cht rn khng mu, mt ln nht theo l thuyt 1.82 g/cm. N oc
to thnh nh phn ng c c axit nitric vi hexamine.
(CH
2
)
6
N
4
+ 4HNO
3
(CH
2
-N-NO
2
)
3
+ 3HCHO + NH
4
+
+ NO
3
-

N l mt mch vng, bt u b phn hy khong 170 C v nng chy
204 C. cng thc phn t ca n l: hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine hay (CH
2
-N-
NO
2
)
3
.


PETN (pentaerythritol tetranitrat, tn thng gi: penthrit; cng thc ha
hc: C(CH
2
ONO
2
)
4
) l mt trong s nhng cht n mnh nht bit, n nhy n ma st
v nhy n chn ng hn TNT, khng bao gi s dng mt mnh lm thuc dn n.
PENT ban u c dng lm thuc dn n v thuc n chnh ca n nh, nay n c
dng lm thuc n sau trong kp n, c dng lm thuc li ca dy truyn n.
Trong dc phm, PETN c dng lm thuc dn mch nh glyceryl trinitrat,
"lentonitrat", l PETN nguyn cht.
L mt cht ha hc bn. Bo qun vn chuyn d hn RDX. Tan mnh
trong methyl acetate, c th phn hy trong acetone, tan mt t trongethanol v benzene.
Tc truyn n ca PETN khi mt 1,7 g/cm l 8.400 m/s. Mt ti a
ca tinh th khong 1,773 g/cm, chy 141 C.
Cc thng s k thut:
Nhit pht n 215 C
Tr tng ng TNT: 1,66
Tr th khi ch: 52,3
Nng lng n: 5.8 MJ/kg
iu ch: Nitrt ha pentaerythritol, bng hn hp axt sulfuric v axt nitric m
c. Mt phng php c a chung l ICI, theo phng php ny, ngi ta nitrt
ha bng ring axt nitric m c, vic trn axt c th to ra cc sn phm cha lu
hunh khng n nh.
C(CH
2
OH)
4
+ 4HNO
3
C(CH
2
ONO
2
)
4
+ 4H
2
O
PETN khng phi l mt cht c sn trong t nhin, nn n nh hng khng tt
vi mi trng. PETN b phn hy bi vi khun, khi n thi ra t phn hay nc
tiu cha x l, hoc sn phm khng bo qun. Theo mt s bo co, PETN b phn hy
bi vi khun, denitrat chuyn thnh cc trinitrat v dinitrat, pentaerythritol dinitrat l sn
phm cui cng c bit n, sau cha r.


Tetryl C
7
H
5
N
5
O
8
l mt loi cht n nhy n, c s dng lm cc kp n v
cc lng n mi. Tn danh php ca n l 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-N-methylnitramine i
khi cng c dng vi nhng tn khc nh nitramine, tetralite, hay tetril. Cng thc ha
hc ca n l C
7
H
5
N
5
O
8
.
Tetryl c dng tinh th rn mu vng, khng mi, n khng c tm thy trong
mi trng t nhin. Trong mt iu kin nht nh, tetryl c th tn ti dng bi trong
khng kh. N c th ha tan c mt lng nh trong nc hay trong cc cht lng
khc.
Tetryl c tc n 7.570 m/s.


Comp-B (Composition B) l mt loi thuc n, l hn hp ca RDX (Hexogen)
v TNT, trong mt vi trng hp c thm nhng cht ph gia. N c s dng lm
thuc n nhi vo trong cc u n pho, rc kt, mn mt t, v lu n cm tay. N
cng c s dng trong vic kch n cc loi v kh ht nhn c pht trin bi Hoa
K.
T l thnh phn cc cht trong Comp-B l 63% RDX v 36% TNT, kt hp vi
1% sp tng cht lng sn xut.
Comp-B l cht n c nhy n cao hn so vi TNT, n c dng rt ph bin
trong cc loi n dc Hoa K v nhiu quc gia phng Ty, n cng l cht n tiu
chun c dng rt sm trong nh Th chin tn n u nhng nm 1990, khi
nhng thuc n khc c nhy km bt u thay th n trong nhiu h thng v kh.
Mt vi loi n c c ci tin caNATO (xem ti trang web Mecar) vn tip tc
s dng Composition B lm thuc n.
T trng: 1.65 g/cm
Vn tc n: 8.050 m/s



HBX l loi thuc n c to thnh t cc thnh phn RDX, TNT, bt nhm, xp
D-2 wax vi clorua can xi. N l loi thuc n c dng hin nay thay th cho cc
loi thuc n torpextrc y, ch yu nhi vo trong cc u n tn la, thy
li v ng li. N cng c dng nhi vo cc mn mt t, bom xuyn.
HBX c 3 loi chnh: HBX-1, HBX-3 v H-6.
HBX1: gm 40% RDX + 38 % TNT + 17% nhm + 5% cht gim nhy
HBX-3: gm 31% RDX + 29 % TNT + 35% nhm + 5% cht gim nhy
H-6: gm 45% RDX + 30 % TNT + 20% nhm + 5% cht gim nhy
HBX-1 c sc cng ph tng t nh torpex nhng km nhy n hn khi va p
v cc kch thch ban u, t kh nng n chuyn.
HBX-3 v H-6 nhy n khi va p km hn so vi torpex cao hn vi nhit .


C-4 c lm t thuc n, cht gn kt, cht lm do. Tng t nh nhiu loi
thuc n do khc, cht n trong thuc n C-4 lHexogen (cng c bit vi ci tn
cyclonit hoc cyclotrimethylene trinitramine), chim 91% theo trng lng. Cht lm do
l di(2-ethylhexyl) hoc dioctyl sebacate (chim 5.3%), v cht gn kt
l polyisobutylene (chim 2.1%) v cc cht ph gia khc. Tc n ca C-4 l 8,040
m/s.



Nitroglycerin C
3
H
5
(NO
3
)
3
l mt cht lng khng mu. Khi dng nguyn cht,
nitroglycerin l mt cht nhy n, va p vt l c th lm n pht n. iu ny lm vic
vn chuyn v s dng rt nguy him. dng long, nitroglycerin l mt cht n rt hu
dng, snh vi nhng cht n qun s mnh nh RDX, PETN (khng th nhi cht vo
u n v nhy n). N n tt hn thuc n do C-4.
Khi u nghin cu nitrglyxrin, ngi ta tm cch lm cho thuc n lng bt
nhy, ngi ta nhn thy c th lm n n nh khi lm lnh xung 5-10C, khi , thuc
n ng c. Tuy nhin, khi nng chy n li cc nhy, c bit khi khng sch hoc sy
qu nhanh. im ny gi cho ngi ta tm cch t nitrglyxrin vo trng thi n nh
bng cch trn thm 10-30%ethanol, acetone, hoc dinitrotoluene, n nh nh cc cht
n mnh hin di. Vic lm gin nhy yu cu cc cht phi rt sch, nu khng cht n
kh im ha, kh khn khi ng dng thc t. Rt nhiu vn khi s dng nitrglyxrin
do nhit nng chy ca n cao. Khi vn chuyn, ngi ta lm lnh n, nhng nhiu tai
nn xy ra khi lm lng cht n ny. Bc tip theo ngi ta trn cht n vi cc cht
lm gim nhit chy, nh cc polynitrat, v d ethylene glycol dinitrat nng chy -
29C. Nitrglyxrin c th dt chy nh nhin liu, nhng nguy him. Vic tng p sut
xung quanh khi thuc ang chy c th to ra cc ng lc, sng chn ng nhanh hn
tc m thanh, cc sng ny c th sp xp dn n mt im no p sut lm
cht n phn hy, pht n.
Nitrglyxrin c th c iu ch bng nitrt ha glycerin. Theo cch ny,
trn Axt sulfuric v Axt nitric hon ton c vi glycerin theo t l 50%, 40%, 10%.
u tin trn hai axt trc, ri lm lnh n 10C, t hn hp trong c nc ang
tan ri trn glycerin t t vo. Khng c hn hp phn ng nng qu v n n, cng
khng c lnh qu nu khng phn ng dng. Khi phn ng xong, nitrglyxrin
mu vng nht ni ln, t t vo chu nc ln, nitrglyxrin chm xung y chu.
Tch n ra v trung ha dn bng mui kim, nh natri cacbonat.
Mt cch na iu ch nitrglyxrin l trn n vi axt sunfuric trc, hn hp
nng ln v dc lm lnh trc, n y th c th nhanh axt nitrich vo. Tuy nhin,
vn phi cn thn khng dung dch bn ra. Cng c th trn thm glycerin tht chm vo.
Sau khi phn ng nitrt ha glycerin din ra, nitrglyxrin ni ln trn, phng php ny
iu ch c cht sch. i c th n mt ngy hay t hn, nhng ko di thi gian
ngm c th lm axt phn hy hoc kch n nitrglyxrin, tuy sau ny ch xy ra cc
m ln. Nu c mu sa th ch c th l nc, t im ln trn. Phng php ny
dng t thi Alfred Nobel, nhng khng phi ca ng.
Sn xut cng nghip thng thng s dng hn hp gn 50:50 hai axt
sulfuric v axt nitric. Hn hp ny c th c c khi trn axit sunfuric nguyn cht vo
axit nitric ang bay hi (axit nitric ang thot oxt nit ca n, rt nguyn cht t
). Mt phng php trn na r hn l dng oleum (axit nitric ha tan oxit lu hunh)
v axit nitric 70%. Axit sulfuric chim mt nhm ca axit nitric, lm n hot ng, kt
hp vi nguyn t oxy ca glycerin to ra este v nc. Mt cch gii thch na l phn
ng gia ion nitro vi mt in t trong phn t vng.
Trong cng nghip, ngi ta da vo s ta nhit ca phn ng iu
chnh. Glycerin trn vo axt ch khng ngc li. Glycerin thm vo hn hp trong
mt l phn ng ha hc, c thit k chuyn dng c cc phn ng nitrat ha. Khi
nhit tng cao, cc cht ph gia i km tng tc phn ng ph hy cu trc axt, to ra
khi nu c oxt nit, iu ny lm cc sn phm phn ng xo trn. Glycerin trn vo
chm hn, l ph ng c lm mt nc hoc mt s l bng glycerin 22C cn li,
thp hn nhiu nhit m phn ng este ha xy ra qu chm so vi cn thit. Bung
nitrat ha thng lm bng st hay ch, chu p ao v nhit. y bung nitrat ha c mt
ca an ton, ng ni i qua mt b ln cha nc rt lnh, hn hp phn ng (cn gi l
liu np nh thuc n cho vo sng), i qua y ngn nga n, gim tc phn ng.
Khi nhit khong 10C (thay i theo tng nc) hoc c khi nu trn l thng,
ca t m xung ngay lp tc. Bi v rt nguy him, nn cc l phn ng thng c
iu khin t xa hoc ngoi bin.



Tritonal l loi thuc n c to thnh t hn hp ca 80% TNT v 20%
bt nhm, c s dng trong mt vi loi vt n nh bom thng l cc loi bom cng
dng chung nh MK- 81,MK-82, MK-84, M-117 hay cc loi bom c v nh. Bt nhm
lm tng uy lc n ca TNT. Tritonal c uy lc n mnh hn 18% so vi TNT.



Amatol l mt loi vt liu n mnh, c lm t hn hp ca TNT v nitrat
amoni (NH
4
NO
3
). Amatol c s dng rng ri trong Th chin th nht v Th chin
th hai. Dn dn n c thay th bi cc loi thuc n khc nh Comp-
B, Torpex v Tritonal, v.v.
Amatol thng c s dng trong lnh vc qun s, lm thuc n nhi vo
trong cc loi n dc nh bom khng qun, u n, thy li. Amatol khai thc c
c tnh kt hp ca TNT v nitrat amoni: TNT c tc n tng i cao v c uy lc
ln nhng tng i t, phc tp trong ch bin v l cht n khng c xy. Vic khng
c xy c th trng thy t m khi en trong cc v n TNT nguyn cht (xem [1]).
Nitrat amoni c tc n yu hn nhiu, uy lc n thp hn nhng rt r tin v d sn
xut. Hn na, n c cha xy c th cung cp cho TNT khi n. Ph thuc vo t l thnh
phn c s dng, amatol s cho kt qu l mt m khi trng hay xm sau v n.
Cc t ch yu gia TNT v nitrat amoni (theo khi lng) cho cc thuc n
amatol:
Amatol 80/20: 80% TNT + 20% nitrat amoni
Amatol 60/40: 60% TNT + 40% nitrat amoni
Amatol 50/50: 50% TNT + 50% nitrat amoni
Amatol 20/80: 20% TNT + 80% nitrat amoni



Baratol l mt cht n c to thnh bi s trn ln TNT v barium nitrate, vi
mt lng nh (khong 1%)
[1]
sp dng nh cht kt dnh. TNT thng chim khong
25-33% hn hp. Bi khi lng ring ca barium nitrate rt ln, Baratol thng c t
trng t nht l 2,5.



Octol l mt loi thuc n mnh, c to thnh t hn hp
ca HMX v TNT theo cc t l khi lng khc nhau. C hai loi thuc n Octol ph
bin c s dng l:
Octol 70/30: 70% HMX & 30% TNT
Octol 75/25: 75% HMX & 25% TNT
Vic a thuc n HMX l loi thuc n c tc n ln hn nhiu so
vi TNT (trn 2.000 m/s) v theo cc t l khc nhau vo loi thuc n ny lm cho c
tnh n ca Octol c th thay i, c th s dng vo cc mc ch khc nhau.
Octol ch yu c s dng vo trong lnh vc qun s, cc loi n dc, vt
n i hi tc n ln nh trong cc lng n lm, cc loi u n tn la st thng,
cc n dc th cp. Octol t hn cc loi thuc n c thnh phn c bn
l RDX nh Comp-B v Cyclotol. u im ca Octol l gim ng k kch thc v
trng lng thuc n cn thit. c im ny rt ng ch , c th s dng cho cc
loi v kh thng minh nh cc tn la dn hng. Mt u n nh hn nhng vn hiu
qu lm cho n c u im vt tri. iu ny lm cho tn la c tc ln hn, tm
bn ln hn, thi gian bay nhanh hn. Kt qu l mc tiu t c c hi nhn ra tn la v
trnh c s tn cng t tn la.


Pentolite l mt cht n mnh dng cho qun i v cho mt s mc ch dn s,
v d nh lm u n hoc thuc y.
Pentolite dng trong qun i l mt hn hp gm 50% PETN v 50% TNT.
Pentolite dng cho dn s thng c t l PETN thp hn v c vn tc pht n xp x
7800 m/s.




Torpex l mt thuc n mnh, uy lc n ln hn 50% so vi TNT theo khi
lng. Torpex l hp phn ca 42% RDX, 40% TNT v 18% bt nhm. N c s
dng trong Th chin th hai t cui nm 1942. Tn ca n l tn vit tt ca hai t
trong ting Anh Torpedo Explosive (torpedo l "ng li" v explosive l "thuc n"), c
ngha ban u n c pht trin s dng trongng li. Torpex chng t kh nng rt
hiu qu cho cc loi n dc di nc do thnh phn nhm c hiu qu trong vic to
ra xung n lu hn, nng cao sc ph hu. Torpex tng i t so vi TNT. N ch
c s dng hn ch trong mt s loi nh cc ng li phng t tu ngm hay cc
loi bom nh bom ng t (Tallboy). Torpex b thay th bi thuc n PBX.