Ky thuat truyen thanh Trang

CHNG II
SONG MANG TIN - MOI TRNG VA NG
TRUYEN SONG
Pho tan song mang truyen c qua khong gian rat rong,
ieu kien truyen song hu! thuoc rat nhieu "a#o tan so$ %e
&y thuyet, mo!i tan so song eu co the &a# song mang tin$
'eu co the che ta!o !c anten hat (a! song ien t# co
chieu )a#i hu# h! e ta!o !c song ng$ %ay tan so song
tha nhat &a# tan so chung ta co kha* na+ng th!c hien !c
mot anten )a#i nhat ng "i ,c song$ Tan so cao nhat
khong hu! thuoc "a#o kha* na+ng che ta!o anten nga-n nhat
nhng &a!i hu! thuoc "a#o cong nghe "a# ky thuat cao tan$ Pho
song ien t# tuy rat rong nhng ho song truyen tin ch. *
trong khoa*ng /K01 23401$
5e s* )u!ng !c ho song co hieu qua* nhat "a# cung
"6 &y )o ch7nh tr8, an ninh, "i mo9i nc can ha*i co c quan
chuyen trach "iec qua*n &y "iec s* )u!ng ho song$ %e to
chc quoc te co hai u*y hoi &a# CCITT :Consu&tati"e Committee in
Internationa& Te&egrahy an) Te&ehony; co trach nhiem t "an
"e ien t7n "a# ien thoa!i, u*y hoi th hai &a# CCIR :Consu&tati"e
Committee in Internationa& Ra)io <ommunication; co trach nhiem t
"an "e "o tuyen "ie9n thong quoc te, hai c quan na#y &a#m
"iec )i s! ,a*o tr! cu*a 0oi ong Kinh te "a# =a hoi >ien
0ie ?uoc$ @o9i nc co chu* quyen cung eu co mot c
quan qua*n &y "iec s* )u!ng song nh c quan FCC :Fe)era&
Communication Commission;, cac u*y hoi quoc te na#y a han
cac )a*i tan, ch. 8nh ten go!i "a# tu#y thuoc aAc t7nh truyen,
qui 8nh s* )u!ng t#ng )a*i e thiet &a trat t! s* )u!ng "a#
hat song cho cong ong the gii$ <ac quoc gia cung co u*y
hoi han ,o )a*i tan, ch. 8nh ten go!i "a# qui 8nh cong )u!ng
s* )u!ng rieng cho m6nh nhng ieu qui 8nh quoc te khong
noi en$
Bau ay &a# cac )a*i song a !c han chia, 8nh )anh
theo tieng Cnh hien )8ch qua tieng %iet, aAc t7nh truyen "a#
cong )u!ng theo qui 8nh cu*a cac u*y hoi t "an quoc te "#a
noi tren$
I. Cac da !"#$% &'#( da#(% &a)c *+#( *,-./0# 1a2 3- &'#(
!4 d-5#$D
6. 7a *42 89 9:;<H=D
E 58nh )anhD Very >oF Frequency :%>G; E Tan so rat tha$
E 5aAc t7nh truyenD Truyen song at tc &a# song truyen
theo #ng gan maAt at, song 7t ,8 suy gia*m "a#o ,an nga#y
cung nh ,an em, ,8 can nhieu kh7 quyen :0$ HHEI;$
E JKng )u!ngD Thong tin ha#ng ha*i, thong tin gia cac tiem
thu*y Lnh "a# gia tiem thu*y Lnh "i ca+n c$
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Trang N 'guye9n =uan Khai
0$ HHEI
?. 7a *42 89: 9::;<H=D
E 58nh )anhD >oF Frequency :>G;O >ong @a"e :>P; E Tan so
tha, song )a#i$
E 5aAc t7nh truyenD nh )a*i tren nhng o tin cay cao hn, ,8
suy gia*m "a#o ,an nga#y nhieu hn ,an em$
E <ong )u!ngD Thong tin ha#ng ha*i "a# a!o ha#ng :i ,ien;,
ha "o tuyen :a#i 8nh "8 "o tuyen;$
9. 7a *42 89:: 9:::;<H=D
E 58nh )anhD Me)ium Frequency :@G;, Me)ium @a"e :@P; E Tan
so trung ,6nh, song trung$
E 5aAc t7nh truyenD truyen song at "a# song tr#i, truyen
,an nga#y ,8 suy gia*m nhieu, truyen ,an em 7t ,8 suy gia*m, co
can nhie9u kh7 quyen$
E <ong )u!ngD Thong tin ha#ng ha*i, "o tuyen tam hng,
hat tin khan ca, hat thanh "o tuyen ieu ,ien :C@ D
Am&itu)e Mo)u&ation, Q< D Aroa) Cast Aan);$
B. 7a *42 89 9:;MH=D
E 58nh )anhD High Frequency :0G;, Short @a"e :BP; E Tan so
cao, song nga-n$
E 5aAc t7nh truyenD <o hien t!ng khuc (a! "a# ha*n (a! *
tang ien &y cu*a kh7 quyen, hien t!ng thay oi nhieu hay 7t
theo gi# trong nga#y, theo mu#a trong na+m, theo tan so trong )a*i$
Ro "ay song !c truyen kha- the gii, neu cong suat hat
&n th6 co the truyen nhieu "o#ng quanh 8a cau ta!o ra hieu
ng &aA &a!i t7n hieu nhieu &an :0$ HHES; go!i &a# hieu ng T"o#ng
quanh the giiT nh D "ay ay ay la la la ai ai ai ..."
!c go!i &a# song tr#i$
E <ong )u!ngD %o tuyen truyen thanh nghie ), "o tuyen
truyen thanh quoc te, thong tin quan s!, ien thoa!i, ien t7n,
Ua( $$$
0$ HHES
C. 7a *42 89: 9::;MH=D
E 58nh )anhD Very High Frequency :%0G; E Tan so rat cao$
?ua* at
Cnten
hat
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song at
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hat
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Ky thuat truyen thanh Trang
E 5aAc t7nh truyenD Bong truyen gan nh theo #ng nh6n
thay, co hien t!ng tan (a!song )o co s! thay oi chiet suat
,at th#ng * cac "8 tr7 khac nhau trong & kh7 quyen cach
maAt at khoa*ng I33Km nen co rat 7t hien t!ng khuc (a!
trong tang ien &y, )o "ay song truyen qua tang ien &y "a#o
khong gian$ 5aAc t7nh truyen cu*a song ,at &!i cho "iec truyen
song gia a#i hat "i a#i thu maAt at * c! &y (a nhng &a!i
co the truyen qua "e tinh tie song$ <o can nhie9u "u tru!$
E <ong )u!ngD %o tuyen truyen h6nh %0G, "o tuyen truyen
thanh ieu tan G@ :Frequency Mo)u&ation;, &ien &a!c "o tuyen %0G
hai chieu, &ien &a!c %0G ieu ,ien "i ta#u ,ay, thiet ,8 a!o
ha#ng ha#ng khong$
D. 7a *42 89:: 9:::;MH=E
E 58nh )anh chungD U&tra High Frequency :V0G; E Tan so c!c
cao$
E 58nh )anh rieng cho mo9i han )a*iD
W Ra*i >D S401
W Ra*i BD 2401
E 5aAc t7nh truyenD cung truyen theo #ng nh6n thay nh
)a*i %0G, co can nhie9u "u tru!$
E <ong )u!ngD %o tuyen truyen h6nh V0G, thiet ,8 a!o ha#ng,
ra)ar, #ng &ien &a!c "i,a$
F. 7a *42 89 9:;GH=D
E 58nh )anh chungD Suer High Frequency :B0G; E Tan so sieu
cao$
E 58nh )anh rieng cho t#ng han )a*iD
W Ra*i BD :S 2;401$ W Ra*i KD :IX SY;401$
W Ra*i <D :2 X;401$ W Ra*i K)D :SY 23;401$
W Ra*i =D :X IS;401$ W Ra*i ZD :SN$M 23;401$
W Ra*i KuD :IS IX;401$
E 5aAc t7nh truyenD Truyen theo #ng nh6n thay, neu tan
so cao hn I3401 se co hien t!ng suy gia*m khi truyen qua
am ma, neu tan so cao hn SS$S401 se co hien t!ng suy
gia*m )o [(y "a# hi nc * kh7 quyen qua* at$
E <ong )u!ngD Thong tin qua "e tinh, ra)ar$
G. 7a *42 89: 9::;GH=D
E 58nh )anh chungD E(treme&y High Frequency :\0G; E Tan so
sieu c!c cao
E 58nh )anh rieng cho mo9i han )a*iD
W Ra*i K)D :SY 23;401$ W Ra*i %D :23 YM;401$
W Ra*i ZD :SN$M 23;401$ W Ra*i PD :YM
II3;401$
W Ra*i ?D :// M3;401$ W Ra*i mi&imetD :II3
/33;401$
E 5aAc t7nh truyenD nh )a*i tren, ,8 suy gia*m )o hi nc *
IX/401, )o [(y * N3401 "a# II]401$
E <ong )u!ngD Za)ar, &ien &a!c qua "e tinh, th7 nghiem$
H. 7a *42 86:
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;GH=D
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Trang X 'guye9n =uan Khai
E 58nh )anhD )a*i tia hong ngoa!i, anh sang nh6n !c "a# tia
t* ngoa!i$
E 5aAc t7nh truyenD truyen theo #ng nh6n thay :0$ HHE/;$
E <ong )u!ngD Thong tin quang$
0$ HHE/
h, htD chieu cao cu*a Cnten hat "a# thu song truyen theo
#ng nh6n thay$
II. M"I *,4J2#$ *,-./0# *# (4K- *-./L#D
T7n hieu hay song mang tin co the truyen qua )ay )a9n
ien, song co tan so trong )a*i hong ngoa!i, anh sang nh6n
thay hay tia t* ngoa!i co the truyen "a# ha*n (a! trong moi
tr#ng trong suot co hng )a9n$ Ro "ay, mot so moi tr#ng
hu tuyen can !c gii thieu$
6. "I daI. daM# &/N# O"aP#D
>a# &oa!i )ay )a9n &a#m )ay ien thoa!i )a9n "a#o cac ho
thue ,ao ien thoa!i mo!i ng#i eu rat quen thuoc$ Tuy "ay,
&oa!i )ay )a9n na#y co#n co cong )u!ng khac, &a# &oa!i )ay co
t#ng oi )ay, co "o* cach ien !c (oa-n &a!i "i nhau, mo9i
)ay co )ay )a9n ien nhieu s!i )ay ong nho* (e &a!i "i
nhau, nhieu oi !c ,o &a!i tha#nh ca :0$ HHE2;$
5aAc t7nh truyen "a# cong )u!ngD Truyen !c t7n hieu tng
t! co tan so ien SM3K01 "i c! &y t# :M N;Km, neu (a hn
ha*i co ma!ch khuech a!i ta+ng t7n hieu$ Ru#ng ca nhieu oi
se co hien t!ng (uyen am neu thieu "o* ,o!c gia cho mo9i
oi$ 5!c )u#ng &a#m #ng )ay ien thoa!i thue ,ao, )ay ien
thoa!i noi en tong a#i chuyen ma!ch noi ,o, )ay &ien &a!c
gia cac c s* trong cu#ng mot c quan, co the truyen t7n hieu
so "i toc o toi a I33K,^s "i ,o &aA cach nhau t# :S
/;Km$
0$ HHE2
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>a# &oa!i )ay ca co #ng )ay )a9n ien * gia "a#
ngoa#i "o* ong tru!c nhau nh noi t# ngo "a#o ZG cu*a au
may "i)eo "i _ack ca-m anten cu*a may "o tuyen thu h6nh ma#
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Ky thuat truyen thanh Trang
mo!i ng#i eu thay$ <a gom co )ay )a9n ien, trong cu#ng
,a`ng )ay ong ,en co ong cach ien hay khoanh cach ien
aAt cach khoa*ng eu nhau$ > "o* ,o!c ,a`ng )ay ong ,en
quan an nhau ta!o tha#nh )ay )a9n th hai ,o!c quanh )ay )a9n
th nhat$ 'goa#i cu#ng co#n co & "o* cach ien :0$ HHEM;$
5aAc t7nh truyen "a# cong )u!ngD <o nhieu &oa!i co tong
tr*, aAc t7nh khac nhau$ Ru#ng &a#m ca truyen !c t7n hieu
tng t! co tan so 233@01 "i c! &y "a#i Km$ @uon truyen (a
hn can co ma!ch khuech a!i ta+ng c#ng t7n hieu aAt cach
nhau "a#i Km$ <a truyen !c t7n hieu so "i toc o cao nhat
&a# X33@,^s "i ,o &aA t7n hieu cach nhau IKm$
0$ HHEM
<ong )u!ng cu*a caD &a#m ca han hoi t7n hieu truyen
h6nh, ca trung ke :gia cac tong a#i chuyen ma!ch ien
thoa!i;, ca ien thoa!i &ien t.nh :sau na#y !c thay ,a`ng s!i
quang;$
9. SJ5 3-a#$D
B!i quang co #ng k7nh t# :S ISM;m, co the uon cong
!c$ <o the che ta!o ,a`ng thu*y tinh si&ic c!c thuan$ B!i thu*y
tinh kho che ta!o, th#ng !c thay ,a`ng thu*y tinh nhieu tha#nh
han co gia tha#nh tha hn ma# "a9n a!t yeu cau$ B!i nh!a
)e*o gia tha#nh tha hn co the truyen * c! &y nga-n$ B!i
gom co ruot &a# moi tr#ng truyen anh sang co chiet suat
cao hn & "o* ,a`ng thu*y tinh hay nh!a )e*o, ngoa#i cu#ng co
& "o* ,o!c ,a*o "e ,a`ng s!i ,o!c nh!a )e*o khong ,8 am t,
ma#i mo#n, "a cha!m "a# cac nguy c h ho*ng khac$ 'hieu s!i
!c ,o &a!i tha#nh ca$
5aAc t7nh truyen "a# cong )u!ngD co ,a cach truyen anh
sang trong s!i thu*y tinh theo cau ta!oD
W 'eu #ng k7nh co s!i &n, chiet suat han ruot ong
eu cao hn & "o* ,o!c, neu goc ti cu*a tia sang khi en
au s!i, tia sang se "a#o s!i, neu goc ti ta!i mot tie gia
gia s!i "i "o* ,o!c &n hn goc ti ha!n hu! thuoc "a#o chiet
suat cu*a s!i "i "o* ,o!c th6 tia se !c ha*n chieu toa#n han
nhieu &an khi truyen )o!c theo s!i co nhieu tia truyen, )o "ay
* au nhan tin cac tia khong ong ha nhau khien toc o
truyen ,8 ha!n che :0$ HHEN;$
W 'eu #ng k7nh s!i that nho*, chiet suat s!i ong eu
th6 ch. co mot tia !c truyen qua s!i :0$ HHEY;$
W 'eu chiet suat trong s!i khong ong eu, co chiet
suat cao nhat ta!i tru!c s!i, gia*m )an khi ra ngoa#i "o*, tia sang
khong !c ha*n (a! toa#n han ta!i mot tie gia gia ruot
"a# "o* ,o!c ma# ha*n (a! toa#n han ngay trong s!i :0$ HHEX;$
]
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ien
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Trang I3 'guye9n =uan Khai
Bau ay &a# h6nh "e cau ta!o s!i quang "a# cach truyen tia
sang trong mo9i &oa!i s!i$
0$ HHEN
0$ HHEY
0$ HHEX
B!i quang truyen tia sang co tan so t# :I3
I2
I3
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;01 hay
:I3
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I3
X
;401, t# tia nh6n !c en tia hong ngoa!i$ @uon truyen
tin, t7n hieu ha*i !c chuyen oi tha#nh t7n hieu so, oi ra t7n
hieu anh sang r#i ra!c ,a`ng nguon hat tia sang nh )io)e
hat quang :>\R;, &aser ,an )a9n$ Khi thu !c, t7n hieu anh sang
!c )io)e quang ien oi ra t7n hieu ien r#i ra!c, sau o
chuyen oi tha#nh t7n hieu nguyen thu*y :t7n hieu goc;$ Toc o
truyen S4,^s$
<ong )u!ngD #ng )ay trung ke c! &y (a "a# noi ha!t, ma!ng
&ien &a!c cu!c ,o$
III. M"I *,4J2#$ 1"I *-./L#D
Kh7 quyen qua* at "a# khong gian &a# moi tr#ng truyen
song ien t#$ Kh7 quyen qua* at co hai tang a*nh h*ng en
s! truyen song &a# tang oi &u :cao hn maAt at "a#i chu!c Km;
tan (a! song trong )a*i t# :23@h1 23401; a t#ng !c s*
)u!ng trong ky thuat truyen tin troo :tang oi &u;, nga#y ngay
khong !c s* )u!ng )o s! hat trien cu*a ky thuat truyen
"i,a qua "e tinh 8a tLnh$ Tang ien &y ha*n (a! trong )a*i t# :/
/3;@01$ Ro "ay, song )a*i na#y co the hu* mot "u#ng rat &n
tren qua* at$ Trai &a!i, tang na#y khong ha*n (a! song co tan
so t# /3@01 tr* &en, )o "ay song truyen theo #ng nh6n
thay, "u#ng hu* song ,8 ha!n che "a# hu! thuoc "a#o chieu cao
cu*a "8 tr7 aAt anten thu "a# hat$ @uon truyen c! &y (a ha*i co
tra!m tie song, tra!m &aA t7n hieu hay "e tinh$
& ,a*o
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trong ruot
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trong ruot
chiet suat
gia*m t#
trong ra
ngoa#i
Ky thuat truyen thanh Trang
Tan so song (ac 8nh k7ch thc anten, tan so song ca#ng
cao, anten ca#ng go!n nhe!, )e9 aAt tren thiet ,8 )i chuyen, song
hat ra ca#ng co t7nh 8nh hng cao$ Ro "ay, muon thiet &a
#ng thong tin t# mot iem en mot iem khac th6 s*
)u!ng song co tan so t# )a*i V0G hay cao hn$ Tan so ca#ng
tha, anten co k7ch thc ca#ng &n, song hat ra ca#ng co t7nh
8nh hng tha, khong thuan &!i e &ien &a!c t# iem en
iem ma# ch. thuan &!i e hu* song "o tuyen truyen thanh
hay truyen h6nh quang ,a cho nhieu ng#i nghe "a# (em nh
cac a#i "o tuyen truyen thanh, "o tuyen truyen h6nh$
Bau khi noi qua "e aAc t7nh truyen cu*a moi tr#ng "o
tuyen "a# aAc t7nh cu*a song, ta co the nghien cu "e cac
"u#ng hu* song "a# cac #ng truyen "o tuyen$
6. S"#$ da2D
at ,8 suy gia*m "a#o ,an nga#y &a9n ,an em, !c )u#ng ho
,ien * chau Cbu e hu* song chng tr6nh truyen thanh$
Khong !c s* )u!ng * chau CK )o nhie9u kh7 quyen :sam set;$
?. S"#$ *,-#$D
Bong tan so t# :M23 IN33;K01 go!i &a# )a*i "o tuyen
truyen thanh ieu ,ien :C@;, ,an em co the truyen * c! &y (a
nhng ,an nga#y c! &y ,8 gii ha!n rat nhieu$ Ro "ay, e hu*
song "o tuyen truyen thanh * t#ng 8a hng, cac a#i 8a
hng eu hu* song ieu ,ien * )a*i song trung$
9. S"#$ #$aP#D
'h tren a noi, song nga-n )o co tang ien &y nen "u#ng
hu* song rat rong$ 5!c cac u*y hoi t "an khuyen cao
)u#ng song na#y hat thanh chng tr6nh "o tuyen truyen thanh
quoc te$ <ung )o qui c quoc te, cac ,c song !c hat
trong cac )ai met &a# I/m, INm, I]m, SMm, /Im, 2Im, 2]m, N/m,
YMm$
B. S"#$ VHF% UHFD
'h han tren a noi, song %0G "a# V0G truyen theo
#ng nh6n !c :>[B E >ine OU Sight;, )o "ay "u#ng hu* song
hu! thuoc "a#o "8 tr7 aAt anten thu "a# hat$ T# h6nh "e #ng
nh6n thay * han song %0G, V0G, B0G, \0G ta co he thc t7nh
c! &y truyen ) W )t theo chieu cao cu*a anten hat "a# thu h, ht$
ZD ,an k7nh qua* at$
'h "ay, neu a "a#o he thc tren ,an k7nh cu*a qua*
at, ta coD
Qan k7nh "u#ng hu* song a#i hat ,a`ngD
h, ht D chieu cao anten hat "a# thu :m;
), )t D c! &y truyen :Km;
Ro hien t!ng tan (a! * tang oi &u, c! &y truyen co the
(a hn$
C. S"#$ UHF% SHF% EHFD
II
Rht Rhp dt dp d 2 2 + + =
ht hp dt dp d 2 2 + + =
hp dp 2
Trang IS 'guye9n =uan Khai
'h han tren a noi, tan so ca#ng cao song hat ra t#
anten ca#ng co t7nh 8nh hng cao, thuan &!i cho ky thuat
truyen t# mot iem en mot iem$ T# han cao )a*i V0G
en \0G, song !c go!i chung &a# "i,a, !c hat "a# thu ,a`ng
anten nga-n co gng ha*n (a! hay han t* ha*n (a!$
Bau ay &a# cac kieu truyenD
a. T,-./0# *,45c */LQD
T# tra!m hat en tra!m thu theo #ng nh6n thay :0$ HHE];
0$ HHE]
R. T,-./0# 3-a *,a5S */LQ !"#$ (a. *,a5S Ta)QD
Tra!m &aA co the aAt tren nui cao :0$ HHEI3;
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Tren ta#u ,ay ,ay "o#ng quanh mot 8a iem qui 8nh hay
tren "e tinh 8a tLnh * o cao /MYX2Km$
%i cac kieu truyen "#a noi, ta co the &a #ng &ien
&a!c t# mot iem en mot iem khac hay hu* song rong hay
he! tu#y theo tan so song "a# anten theo yeu cau$
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