385 Cau Hoi Ve Hoa Hoc - Doi Song

hochoahoc.
com Trang 1
385 cu hi v p v ha hc vi i sng
Li ni u
Gio dc th k 21 da trn c s xy dng x hi hc tp vi 4 tr ct l:
- Hc bit (ct li l hiu)
- Hc lm (trn c s hiu)
- Hc cng sng vi nhau (trn c s hiu nhau)
- Hc lm ngi (trn c s hiu bn thn)
Mt khc trc s bng n thng tin v s lo ho nhanh ca kin thc con
ngi mun tn ti v pht trin u phi hc thng xuyn, hc sut i.
Ho hc l mt khoa hc nghin cu cc cht v s bin i ca chng. Cc
cht to nn mi vt th ca th gii v sinh v hu sinh, chnh chng to nn c c
th chng ta.
Ho hc ch ra nhng cht rn hn kim cng, bn hn st thp, trong hn
pha l, p hn nhung la.
Cun sch 385 cu hi v p v ho hc vi i sng gip cc em hc
sinh m rng kin thc ho hc v nht l tp vn dng kin thc gii thch cc
hin tng thng gp trong i sng, lao ng sn xut, thin nhin v mi
trng. Cui sch gip cho s hiu bit v ho hc ca cc em su sc,hn v hu
ch hn.
i vi cc thy c gio, cun sch cung cp thm t liu cho cc bi dy
hc trn lp phong ph, sinh ng hn v hp dn hn.
Tc gi
6oteo uth the oemo versoo o|
Io||x Prc PDf 6d|tcr
Jo remove ths ootce, vst:
uuu.ceo.com/oolock.htm
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hochoahoc.com Trang 2
1. Phn chua l cht g ?
Phn chua l mui sunfat kp ca nhm v kali. dng tinh th ngm 24
phn t H
2
O nn c cng thc ho hc l K
2
SO
4
.Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.24H
2
O.
Phn chua cn c gi l phn nhm, ngi ta bit phn nhm cn trc c
kim loi nhm.
Phn nhm c iu ch t cc nguyn liu l t st (c thnh phn chnh
l Al
2
O
3
), axit sunfuric v K
2
SO
4
.
Phn chua khng c, c v cht chua, t tan trong nc lnh nhng tan rt
nhiu trong nc nng nn rt d tinh ch bng kt tinh li trong nc.
Cng do to ra kt ta Al(OH)
3
khi khuy phn vo nc dnh kt cc ht
t nh l lng trong nc c thnh ht t to hn, nng v chm xung lm trong
nc.
Anh ng bc bc lm cao
Phn chua em nh nc no cng trong
Phn chua rt cn cho vic x l nc c cc vng l c nc trong
dng cho tm, git.
V cc phn chua trong v sng cho nn ng y cn gi l minh phn (minh
l trong sng, phn l phn).
Theo y hc c truyn th:
Phn chua, chua cht, lnh lng
Gii c, to thp, st trng ngoi da
D dy, vim rut, thp t
Dng liu tht t, thuc rt hay
Phn chua lm ht nga, st trng v vy sau khi co mt xong, th ct tc
thng ly mt ming phn chua to xoa vo da mt cho khch.
Phn chua dng bo ch ra cc thuc cha au rng, au mt, cm mu,
ho ra mu (cc loi xut huyt).
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2. Hn the l cht g ?
Hn the l cht natri tetraborat (cn gi l borac) ng y gi l bng sa hoc
nguyt thch, dng tinh th ngm 10 phn t H
2
O (Na
2
B
4
O
7
.10H
2
O). Tinh th
trong sut, tan nhiu trong nc nng, khng tan trong cn 90
0.
Trc y ngi ta thng dng hn the lm cht ph gia cho vo gi la,
bnh ph, bnh cun cho nhng th ny khi n s cm thy giai v gin. Ngay
t nm 1985 t chc th gii cm dng hn the lm cht ph gia cho thc phm
v n c, c th gy sc, try tim, co git v hn m.
Natri tetraborat to thnh hp cht mu vi nhiu oxit kim loi khi nng
chy, gi l ngc borac.
Trong t nhin, borac c dng khong vt tinkan, cn kenit cha
Na
2
B
4
O
7
.4H
2
O. Borac dng sn xut men mu cho gm s, thu tinh mu v
thu tinh quang hc, cht lm sch kim loi khi hn, cht st trng v cht bo
qun, cht ty trng vi si. Hn the cn c dng bo ch dc phm.
Theo ng y, hn the c v ngt mn, tnh mt dng h st, tiu vim, cha
bnh vim hng, vim hnh nhn hch, sng lot rng li.
Hn the ngt, mn, mt thay
Tiu vim, h st, li hay au u
Vim hng, vim li lu
Vim hch, vim mt thuc u snh bng.
Ty y dng dung dch axit boric long lm nc ra mt, dng natri
tetraborat ch thuc cha au rng, li.
3. M chnh (bt ngt) l cht g ?
M chnh l mui natri ca axit glutaric, mt amino axit t nhin, quen
thuc v quan trng. M chnh c tn ho hc l monosodium glutamat, vit tt l
MSG. MSG c trong thc phm v rau qu ti sng dng t do hay dng lin
kt vi protein hoc lipt. Tuy hm lng thp, song chc nng ca n l mt gia
v, tng v cho thc phm, lm ni bt s ti sng, cn trong ch bin lm tng s
ngon ming. Ngi Hoa (v nhiu dn tc Chu ) li dng chc nng ny
trong k xo m thc ch bin cc mn n thm phn ngon ming trong cc nh
hng Trung Quc. Bn thn MSG khng phi l mt vi cht dinh dng v ch c
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MSG t do dng ng phn L mi l cht tng v, cn dng lin kt vi protein v
lipit th khng c chc nng ny. Nhng thc n giu protein nh sa, tht, c
cha nhiu MSG dng lin kt. Ngc li rau, qu, c li tn ti dng t do nh
nm c 0,18%, c chua 0,14%, khoai ty 0,1%.
Ngi Nht lc u phn lp MST t to bin, cn ngy nay MSG c tng
hp bng cng ngh ln men.
M chnh l mt gia v nh hng, i khi h tr cho mt k thut nu n ti,
thng b lm dng v liu lng.
c nhng pht hin v di chng ca bnh n nhiu m chnh m ngi ta
gi l hi chng hiu n Tu: Nh th c cm gic nga ran nh kin b trn mt,
u hoc c c cm gic cng cng mt. Nng th nhc u, chng mt, bun
nn.
Nh vy m chnh c c hi khng? khng t ln MSG c em ra bn
ci cc t chc lng nng th gii (FAO) Y t th gii (WHO). U ban chuyn
gia v ph gia thc phm (JECFA). Ln u tin (1970) c quy nh rng lng
MGS s dng an ton hng ngy l 0 120mg/kg th trng, khng dng cho tr
em di 3 thng tui. Nm 1979 li c quy nh tng ln l - 150mg/kg th
trng. Ti nm 1986 JECFA li xem xt li v xc nh l MSG khng c vn
g.
Tm li, MSG l an ton trong liu lng cho php. iu ng lu l m
chnh khng phi l vi cht dinh dng m ch l cht tng v m thi
4. S a l cht l g ?
Ngy t thi c xa, ngi ta bit n thu tinh v x phng. sn xut
ra chng ta, phi dng natri cacbonat (sa) khai thc trn b ca nhng h sa
Chu Phi v chu M hoc thu c t tro ca nhng loi thc vt mc di bin
v b bin chu u. Khong 150 nm v trc, s a bt u c sn xut bng
phng php cng ngh. Mt ngi Php tn l LBlan tm ra qui trnh u tin
sn xut s a. Nhng t nm 1870, phng php ca ngi B tn l Solvay c li
nhun ln hn y li c phng php ca L Blan v nm 1916; nh my
cui cng sn xut theo phng php ny b ng ca.
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Sa c ngha cc k quan trng trong nn kinh t quc dn. N c
dng sn xut cc cht ty ra v cht lm sch trong cng nghip thu tinh v
cng nghip dt. Trong ngnh luyn kim, ngi ta dng n tch lu hunh ra
khi st v thp; sa c dng trong sn xut natri silicat, natri photphat v natri
aluminat, men s, sn du v cng nghip dc phm. Cng nghip da, cao su,
ng; sn xut thc phm, vt liu nhip nh cng cn n sa. N l thnh phn
khng th thiu trong vic lm sch nc !
5. Si ho hc l g ?
Si ho hc l si to thnh t cc cht hu c thin nhin v cc polime
tng hp.
Si ho hc chia lm hai nhm ln: si nhn to v si tng hp. Si nhn
to thu c khi ch bin ho hc cc polime to si, thu c nh tng hp ho
hc. Cc loi si poliamit, polieste, polipropilen v nhiu si khc na nh capron,
nilon, lavsan,v.v l si tng hp.
Si nhn to ra i trc si tng hp. Ngay t nm 1853, Anh ngi ta
xut vic to si mnh di v tn t dung dch nitroxenluloza trong hn hp
ru v ete. Ngi ta sn xut cc loi si ny trn quy m cng nghip, cch
y khng lu lm vo cui th k XIX, u th k XX. T visco, sn xut t nm
1905, n nay vn cha mt ngha. Si visco thu c t dung dch xenluloza
m c trong xt long. T nm 1910 n 1920, ngi ta tin hnh sn xut cng
nghip t xenluloz axetat.
Lch s si tng hp bt u nm 1932. Lc , c bt u sn xut cng
nghip si tng hp u tin l polivinylclorua dng vo mc ch k thut. Khi clo
ho tip polivinylclorua ta c nha peclovinyl, t c th sn xut ra loi si
bn v mt ho hc: si clorin. Nm 1930, ngi ta bt u sn xut si t nha
poliamit, l polime tng hp tng t protein. Trong phn t ca chng, cng ging
nh trong protein, c cc nhm amit- CO-NH- lp li nhiu ln. Cc si poliamit
u tin l nilon v capron, v mt s tnh cht cn tt hn c t thin nhin.
Nhng si tng hp c bn cht ho hc khc nh polieste, poliolefin (trn c s
trng hp etylen),v.v cng xut hin.
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V nguyn l, cng ngh sn xut si tng hp l n gin: n khi nng
chy hoc dung dch polime qua nhng l rt nh ca khun ko vo mt bung
cha khng kh lnh, ti y, qu trnh ng rn xy ra, bin dng polime thnh
si. Bng cch , ta thu c si capron v nilon.
Ch t hnh thnh lin tc c cun vo ng si.
Nhng khng phi tt c cc loi si ho hc u c sn xut n gin
nh vy. Qu trnh ng rn si axetat xy ra trong mi trng khng kh nng,
ng rn ch t ca s visco v mt loi si khc li xy ra trong cc b ng t
cha cc ho cht lng c chn lc c bit. Trong qu trnh to si, trn cc ng
si ngi ta cn ko cng cc phn t polime dng chui trong si c mt trt t
sp xp cht ch hn (sp xp song song nhau). Khi , lc tng tc gia cc phn
t tng ln lm bn c hc ca si cng tng ln. Ni chung, tnh cht ca si
chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t khc nhau nh thay i tc nn p, thnh phn
v nng cc cht trong b ng t, nhit ca dung dch ko si v ca b
ng t (hoc bung khng kh), thay i kch thc l ca khun ko. L cng
nh th si cng mnh v lc b mt s cng nh hng nhiu n tnh cht ca vi
lm t si ny. tng nhng lc , ngi ta thng dng cc khun ko vi l
c tit din hnh sao.
i vi cc chuyn gia dt th di ko t, do si b t di tc dng
ca trng lng chnh n, c xem nh mt c trng quan trng v bn ca
si. Vi si bng thin nhin, di thay i t 5 n 10km, t axetat t 30 n
35km, si visco ti 50 km, si polieste v poliamit cn di hn na. Chng hn vi
si nilon loi cao cp, di ko t ln ti 80km.
Si ho hc thay th mt cch c kt qu cc loi si thin nhin l t,
len, bng v khng t trng hp vt cc loi si thin nhin v cht lng.
Sn xut si ho hc c tm quan trng ln lao i vi nn kinh t quc dn,
gp phn nng cao phc li vt cht cho con ngi v c kh nng p ng nhu cu
ngy cng tng ca nhn dn v cc mt hng thng dng: vi, cc sn phm dt
kim v t lng nhn to.
6. Saccarin l cht g ?
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L cht tinh th khng mu c v ngt, t tan trong nc. c iu ch t
toluen. Saccarin thng mi l tinh th mui natri ngm nc ca saccarin, ngt
hn ng 500 ln. Dng thay cho ng khi c bnh tiu ng. C th khng
hp th c saccarin.

7. Thn sa l cht g ?
L khong vt thu ngn sunfua HgS, nguyn liu ch yu sn xut thu
ngn.
8. Cholesterol l cht g?
L mt sterol chnh c ph bin trong m ngi, ng vt v mt s thc
vt, di dng t do hay este vi axit bo mch di l cht cn thit cho c th
(thnh phn ca protein, huyt thanh, mng t bo, cht to homon gii tnh, axit
mt ) nhng nu c nhiu cholesterol trong mu s to iu kin cho cht bo giu
axit bo no bm vo thnh trong ca ng mch n mc c th ngn mu khng
lu thng.
9. ADN l cht g ?
L nhng axit nucleic v c phn t khi ln ti hng chc triu vc (hay u).
ADN l thnh phn ch yu ca nhim sc th trong nhn t bo ca phn
ln sinh vt, c vai tr quyt nh nhng c trng di truyn bng cch iu chnh
s tng hp protein trong t bo.
10. Qu t v ht tiu cha cht cay l cht g ?
Chng c nhng loi ancaloit khc nhau. Ancaloit l loi hp cht hu c c
cha nit c tnh baz, thng c ngun gc thc vt, a s c cu trc phc tp,
thng l cc cht d vng.
Ancaloit trong t c tn l capsicain. Cht ny pha long 10 vn ln vn cn
rt cay.
Ancaloit trong ht tiu l hai cht c tn l chavixin v piperin. Cht
chavixin to ra v cay hc ca ht tiu.
11. Cn kh l cht g ?
CO
NH
SO
2
C
6
H
4
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cc nh hng thng dng loi cn kh t thay cho bp ga khi n cc
mn lu. chnh l cn c cho vo mt cht ht dch th, loi bt ny hin
c sn xut v nhiu mc ch khc nhau: cho vo t lt, cho vo t chng trng
thi hn hn ko di, cho vo cn th d cht norsocryl ca hng Snow Business
c th bin mt lng dung dch c trng lng ln hn cht ny ti 500 ln thnh
cht kh.
12. Cloramin l cht g m st trng c ngun nc ?
L cht NH
2
Cl v NHCl
2
. Khi ho tan cloramin vo nc s gii phng ra
clo. Clo tc dng vi nc to ra HOCl.
Cl
2
+ H
2
O HOCl + HCl
HOCl c phn t rt nh, d hp th trn mng sinh hc ca vi sinh vt, ph
hu protein ca mng, cn tr tnh bn thm ca mng, thay i p sut thm thu
ca t bo v lm cht vi khun, nm.
HOCl c tnh oxi ho rt mnh nn ph hoi hot tnh mt s enzim trong vi
sinh vt, gy cht cho vi sinh vt.
Cloramin khng gy c hi cho ngi dng nc c kh trng bng
cht ny.
13. Bt git gm nhng cht g ?
Bt git l hn hp dng bt, xp bao gm cht ty ra tng hp, cht hot
ng b mt cao (th d natri oexylbenzen sunfunat) s a, cc ph gia
(tripoliphotphat, cacboximetyl xenluloz) cht ty trng, cht thm...
14. Bt ty l cht g ?
L clorua vi Ca(OCl)
2
.CaCl
2
.8H
2
O, hoc biu din thnh phn chnh l
CaOCl
2
. Cht bt trng, mi clo, phn hu trong nc v trong axit, iu ch bng
cch cho clo tc dng vi vi ti.
2Ca(OH)
2
+ 2Cl
2
Ca(OCl)
2
+ CaCl
2
+ 2H
2
O
15. Nc Booco l g ?
L hn hp dung dch ng sunfat v sa vi, dng lm cht dit nm cho
cy trng, nht l cho c chua, nho (cha bnh xon l do nm)
16. Nc cng toan l g ?
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L hn hp gm mt th tch dung dch axit nitric c v 3 th tch dung
dch axit clohidric c. C tnh oxi ho mnh, ho tan c vng, bch kim v hp
kim khng tan trong cc dung dch axit v c thng thng.
17. Nc kh l g ?
L cacbon ioxit CO
2
dng rn, khi bay hi thu nhit rt ln, lm h nhit ca
mi trng xung quanh. Dng bo qun thc phm khi chuyn i xa.
18. Du chui l cht g ?
Du chui l este ca axit axetic v ru amylic.
Du chui c cng thc l CH
3
COOC
5
H
11

19. Thch aga - aga l cht g ?
Aga - aga (ch Malaixia ngha l rong) l hn hp cht tch ra t mt s
loi rong bin, thnh phn ch yu l polisaccarit (70%). Dung dch 0,5 - 1,5%
trong nc si, khi ngui ng t li thnh thch aga - aga c dng trong ho
hc, vi sinh hc, cng nghip thc phm (lm mt, ko vin )
20. Aming l cht g ?
l khong cht dng si, c thnh phn ho hc l silicat ca magic,
canxi v mt s kim loi khc. Aming bn vi axit, chu nhit, c th ko thnh
si, dt vi may qun o chng chy, dng lm vt liu cch nhit, cch in, vt
liu xy dng nh xi mng aming. Hin nay nhiu nc cm dng v cht ny c
th gy bnh ung th v bnh phi.
21. Apatit l cht g ?
Apatit l khong cht cha photpho c cng thc chung l Ca
5
X (PO
4
)
3
(X l
F, Cl hay OH) ph bin nht l floapatit. tnh Lo Cai nc ta tr lng apatit ln
ti hng t tn, Apatit l nguyn liu chnh sn xut phn ln, phot pho (dng
trong quc phng, lm dim, thuc tr su), axit photphoric
22.Cao su l g ?
Cao su l vt liu c tnh n hi (c tnh c th bin dng khi chu lc bn
ngoi tc dng nhng li tr li hnh dng ban u khi lc tc dng khng cn).
Cao su c th b ko dn gp 10 ln chiu di ban u. Tnh n hi ca cao su l
do tnh linh hot ca cc phn t trong mch polime. Tuy nhin trong thc t, cao
su l hn hp cc polime, nn nu lc ngoi tc ng qu mnh th cao su mt hon
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ton tnh n hi. Vo nm 1839, nh ho hc M Charles Goodyear pht minh
ra k thut lu ho cao su c tc dng lm tng c tnh c l ca cao su, do m
rng rt nhiu kh nng ng dng ca n.
Cao su thin nhin l poli-cis-isopren c ly ch yu t cy cao su (Hevea
barasiliensis) c trng nhiu Nam M. Cy cao su c trng nc ta t nm
1887 v hin nay c trng tp trung cc tnh min ng Nam B.
Cao su tng hp (Cao su Buna, cao su Buna-S, ) c pht trin mnh t
chin tranh th gii ln II do s khan him cao su thin nhin. Hu ht cc cao su
tng hp u l sn phm ca cng nghip du m.
23. Teflon l cht g ?
Teflon c tn khoa hc l politetrafloetilen (-CF
2
-CF
2
-)n. l loi polime
nhit do, c tnh bn cao vi cc dung mi v ho cht. N bn trong khong nhit
rng t - 190
0
C n + 300
0
C, c bn ko cao (245 - 315kg/cm
3
) v c bit
c h s ma st rt nh v bn nhit cao, ti 400
0
C mi bt u thng hoa,
khng nng chy, phn hu chm. Teflon bn vi mi trng hn c vng v
platin, khng dn in.
Do c cc c tnh qu , teflon c dng ch to nhng chi tit my d
b mi mn m khng phi bi mi (v ma st nh), v cch in, trng ph ln
cho, ni chng dnh.
24. Cht mu azo l cht g ?
T phenyl amin (anilin) v cc arylamin khc, ngi ta tng hp c mt
lot (hng trm nghn) cht mu azo lm phn nhum khc nhau c cng thc
chung l : Ar - N = N-Ar
Tu theo cu trc ca cc gc aryl (phenyl, naphtyl...) ni vi nhm azo - N
= N - m c c cc cht mu azo c mu sc , xanh, tm hay vng khc nhau...
p, bn.
tng hp cht mu azo, ngi ta cho mt arylamin phn ng vi
HNO
2
HCl 0 - 5
0
C thnh arylamonihalogenua, ri phn ng tip vi mt aren hot
ng (aren c nhm th loi mt). Ngoi hp cht mu monoazo (c mt nhm
azo) cn c th tng hp cc cht mu i azo (c hai nhm azo), tri azo (c ba
nhm azo)...
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25. Si thu tinh v si quang l g ?
a- Khi ko thu tinh nng chy qua mt thit b c nhiu l nh, ta c
nhng si c ng knh t 2 n 10 m (1 micromet = 10
-6
m) gi l si thu tinh.
Bng phng php li tm hoc thi khng kh nn vo dng thu tinh nng
chy, ta thu c nhng si ngn gi l bng thu tinh. Si thu tinh khng gin v
rt dai, c chu nhit, bn ho hc v cch in cao, dn in thp.
Nguyn liu sn xut si thu tinh d kim, r tin, vic sn xut kh n
gin, nn hin nay c dng rng ri trong cc lnh vc k thut khc nhau: sn
xut cht do thy tinh: lm vt liu lc; ch to vt liu cch in: may o bo h
lao ng chng chy, chng axit; lt cch nhit cho cc ct chng ct: lm vt liu
lin kt trong ch to my, xy dng; ch to si quang v.v..
b- Si quang, cn gi l si dn quang, l loi si bng thu tinh thch anh
c ch to c bit, c tinh khit cao, c ng knh t vi micromet n vi
chc micromet. Do c cu to c bit, nn si quang truyn c xung nh sng
m cng b suy gim rt t. Si quang c dng ti thng tin c m
ho di dng tn hiu xung laze. Mt cp si quang nh nh si tc cng c th
truyn c 10000 cuc trao i in thoi cng mt lc. Hin nay, si quang l c
s cho phng tin truyn tin hin i, pht trin cng ngh thng tin, mng
internet iu khin t ng, my o quang hc v.v
Cp quang l cc si quang c bc cc lp ng, thp v nha.
26. Thuc chut l cht g ?
Ti sao nhng con chut sau khi n thuc chut li i tm nc ung. Vy
thuc chut l g ? Ci g lm chut cht ? Nu sau khi n thuc m khng c
nc ung n cht mau hn hay lu hn ?
Thuc chut l Zn
3
P
2
sau khi n Zn
3
P
2
b thu phn rt mnh, hm lng
nc trong c th chut gim, n kht v i tm nc:
Zn
3
P
2
+ 6H
2
O 3Zn(OH)
2
+ 2PH
3
|
Chnh PH
3
git cht chut.
Cng nhiu nc a vo PH
3
thot ra cng nhiu chut cng nhanh
cht. Nu khng c nc chut cht lu hn.
27. 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T v ioxin l nhng cht g ?
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Vo khong nhng nm 1940 - 1948 ngi ta pht hin thy rng axit 2,4 -
iclophenoxiaxetic (2,4-D) , axit 2,4,5 -triclophenoxiaxetic (2,4,5-T) nng c
phn triu c tc dng kch thch s sinh trng thc vt nhng nng cao hn
chng c tc dng tiu dit cy c. T chng c sn xut quy m cng
nghip dng lm cht dit c pht quang rng rm. Trong qu trnh sn xut 2,4-D
v 2,4,5-T lun to ra mt lng nh tp cht l ioxin. l mt cht cc c, tc
dng ngay nng cc nh (c phn t) , gy ra nhng tai ho cc k nguy him
(ung th, qui thai, d tt ).
Trong cuc chin tranh Vit Nam , quc M ri xung Min Nam nc
ta hng vn tn cht c mu da cam trong cha 2,4-D , 2,4,5-T v ioxin m
hu qu ca n vn cn cho n ngy ngay.
28. en ailin l cht g ?
Trang phc mu en c nhiu ngi a chung.
Cht mu en nhum vi c nhiu loi, trong c en anilin. en
anilin c iu ch trc tip trong thng nhum vi hoc si, v n khng tan
trong nc. iu ch en anilin, ngi ta cho anilin tc dng vi cht oxi ho
mnh nh KClO
3
, K
2
Cr
2
O
7
vi cht xc tc l mui st hay ng.
Nm 1834, F.F Runge xc nh cu to ca en anilin thuc loi para -
quinonimit:
29. Thy tinh hu c plexiglas l cht g ?
Polimetyl l loi cht do nhit, rt bn,
OCH
2
COOH
Cl
Cl
2,4-D
OCH
2
COOH
Cl
Cl
2,4,5-T
Cl
Cl
Cl
O
O Cl
Cl
ioxin
= = N N
CH
2
C
CH
3
OCO
CH
3
n
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
cng, trong sut. Do c gi l thu tinh hu c hay plexiglas. Plexiglas khng
b v vn khi va chm v bn vi nhit. N cng bn vi nc, axit, baz, xng,
ancol, nhng b ho tan trong benzen, ng ng ca benzen, este v xeton. Phn t
khi ca plexiglas c th ti 5.10
6
. Plexiglas c khi lng ring nh hn thu tinh
silicat, d pha mu v d to dng nhit cao.
Vi nhng tnh cht u vit nh vy plexiglas c dng lm knh my bay,
t, knh trong cc my mc nghin cu, knh xy dng, dng gia nh, trong y
hc dng lm rng gi, xng gi, knh bo him Nhiu c s vt liu xy dng
coi thu tinh hu c l thu tinh kim loi.
Nhiu nc sn xut thu tinh hu c vi nhng tn khc nhau: acripet
(Nht), iakon (Anh), impelex(M) veril ()
30. Tuyt nhn to lm t cht g ?
Khi gi lm tuyt ri rp ht hay phim trng, gii k xo u dng tuyt nhn
to bng cht do. Tuy nhin, khi xong vic, h khng th thu gom ht chng, nht l
trn cc bu ca, dn n nhim mi trng. Cc nh ho hc c to ra mt loi
tuyt mi, rt d phn hu, v lm t tinh bt khoai ty.
Sn phm ny l ca Frithjof Baumann v cng s Vin cng ngh Ho
hc Fraunhofer Karlsruhe (c). lm ra n, ngi ta c th dng tinh bt
khoai ty, ng, thm ch to bin. Khi c phun vo trong khng kh, loi tinh bt
ny ho thnh mt dng bt xp, trng ging nh tuyt. Tuy nhin n lc ny,
Baumann vn cha th lm cho tuyt gi ri di dng bng, m ch c th m
phng cch ri ca cc cm tuyt ln. v th nhm nghin cu vn ang tip tc ci
tin n.
Khi c dp m va phi, tuyt khoai ty s dnh kt vi nhau va
p ngi tuyt hay to ra cc ct bng, cn khi phun m nc, chng s tan ra.
Trong khng kh loi tuyt ny ri rt p, nhng n khng hin ra trn mt t, v
qu nh.
Cc nh nghin cu ca vin Fraunhofe th nghim chng trong nh ht
quc gia Karlsruhe, v cung cp 5 tn tuyt cho mt chng trnh khoa hc gi
tng trn ti vi, c tn gi l hnh tinh bng gi.
31. Cht gy nghin l nhng cht g ?
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Ma tu d dng no khi a vo c th con ngi c th lm thay i mt
hay nhiu chc nng sinh l.
Ho hc nghin cu lm r thnh phn ho hc ca nhng cht ma tu t
nhin, ma tu nhn to v tc dng sinh l ca chng. T s dng chng nh l
mt loi thuc cha bnh hoc ngn chn tc hi ca cc cht gy nghin.
Ma tu gm nhng cht b cm nh thuc phin, cn sa, heroin, cocain, mt
s thuc c dng theo ch dn ca thy thuc nh moocphin, seduxen, nhng
cht hin nay cha b cm s dng nh thuc l, ru
Ma tu c tc dng c ch, gim au, kch thch mnh m hoc gy o gic.
Ma tu c phn loi theo ngun gc t nhin hay nhn to hoc theo mc
gy nghin. Sau y xin gii thiu mt s cht gy nghin ph bin.
- Ru:Tu thuc nng v cch s dng, ru c th tc dng tt hoc
lm suy yu nghim trng sc kho con ngi. Vi nhiu ngi, ung mt lng
nh ru cng dn n phn ng chm chp, x tr km linh hot, thn kinh d b
kch ng gy ra nhng trng hp ng tic nh tai nn, hnh ng bo
ngc Trong ru thng cha mt cht c hi l etanal CH
3
-CHO, gy nn nao
kh chu, nu nng cao c th dn n t vong.
- Nicotin:( C
10
H
14
N
2
) c nhiu trong cy thuc l. N l cht lng snh nh
du, khng mu, c mi thuc l, tan c trong nc. Khi ht thuc l, nicotin
thm vo mu v theo dng mu i vo phi. Nicotin l mt trong nhng cht c
mnh (t 1 n 2 git nicotin c th git cht mt con ch), tnh c ca n c th
snh vi axt xianhiric HCN. Nicotin ch l mt trong s cc cht ho hc c hi
c trong khi thuc l (trong khi thuc l c cha ti 1400 hp cht ho hc khc
nhau). Dung dch nicotin trong nc c dng lm thuc tr su cho cy trng.
Nhng ngi nghin thuc l thng mc bnh ung th phi v nhng bnh ung
th khc.
- Cafein :( C
8
H
10
N
4
O
2
) c nhiu trong ht c ph, l ch. Cafein l cht kt
tinh khng mu, v ng, tan trong nc v ru. Cafein dng trong y hc vi
lng nh c tc dng gy kch thch thn kinh. Nu dng cafein qu mc s gy
bnh mt ng v gy nghin.
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
- Moocphin: C trong cy thuc phin, cn gi l cy anh tc. Moocphin c tc
dng lm gim hoc mt cm gic au n. T moocphin li tinh ch c heroin c
tc dng hn moocphin nhiu ln, c v rt d gy nghin.
- Hassish:l hot cht c trong cy cn sa cn gi l b c tc dng chng co
git, chng nn ma nhng c tc dng kch thch mnh v gy o gic.
- Thuc an thn nh l seduxen, meprobamat c tc dng cha bnh, gy
mt ng, du cn au nhng c tc dng gy nghin.
- Amphetamin : Cht kch thch h thn kinh d gy nghin, gy chong,
ri lon thn kinh nu dng thng xuyn.
Nghin ma tu s dn n ri lon tm, sinh l. Th d nh: ri lon tiu ho,
ri lon chc nng thn kinh, ri lon tun hon, h hp. Tim chch ma tu gy
tru tim mch d dn n t vong.
Do , phng chng ma tu, khng c dng mt s thuc cha bnh
qu liu ch nh ca bc s, khng s dng thuc khi khng bit tnh nng tc
dng v lun ni khng vi ma tu.
32. Nham thch do ni la phun ra l cht g ?
Bn di v tri t l lp dung nham gi l macma, su t 75 km n
khong gn 3000 km. Nhit ca lp dung nham ny rt cao (2000 - 2500
0
C) v
p sut rt ln (ti 1,4 triu atmotphe). Khi v tri t vn ng mnh nhng ni
c cu to mng, c vt t gy th lp dung nham ny phun ra ngoi sau mt ting
n ln.
Macma cu to dng bn lng gm silicat ca st, ca magi. Dung nham
thot ra ngoi s ngui dn v rn li to thnh nham thch.
33. Nguyn t t him l g ?
l 14 nguyn t ho hc xp pha di ca bng tun hon. Gi l t
him v cc oxit ca chng rt ging vi cc oxit khc trong t, ng thi ch c
mt s t cc nc c ngun nguyn liu cha cc nguyn t ny. Hp cht ca cc
nguyn t t him ngy cng c ng dng rng ri trong cc ngnh cng nghip
thu tinh, gm s, in t, vt liu quang hc, vt liu t
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Vit Nam, Trung Quc, n , M, Australia c nhiu nguyn liu t
him, trong khi Anh, Php, Nht li cha tm thy.
34. V sao than cht thnh ng ln c th t bc chy?
Do than tc dng vi O
2
trong khng kh to ra CO
2
, phn ng to nhit.
Nhit to ra c tch gp dn, khi t ti nhit chy ca than th than s t bc
chy.
35. V sao khi t, kh CO chy cn kh CO
2
li khng chy?
Do trong CO
2
, nguyn t C c s oxi ho cao nht l +4 ri. Trong CO
nguyn t C mi c s oxi ho +2, khi tc dng vi O
2
n tng ln +4.
2 4
2 2
2CO O 2CO
+ +
+
36. V sao khng th dp tt m chy ca cc kim loi K, Na, Mg,...
bng kh CO
2
?
Do cc kim loi trn c tnh kh mnh nn vn chy c trong kh quyn
CO
2

Th d: 2Mg + CO
2
2MgO + C
37. V sao khng dng chai thu tinh m phi dng chai bng nha
(cht do) ng dung dch axit flohiric HF?
Do axit HF l axit yu nhng c tnh cht c bit l n mn thu tinh v n
tc dng c vi oxit silic c trong thnh phn ca thu tinh.
SiO
2
+ 4HF SiF
4
+ 2H
2
O
Ngi ta thng li dng tnh cht ny khc ch ln thu tinh.
38. V sao mui th d b chy nc?
Mui n c thnh phn chnh l natri clorua, ngoi ra cn c mt t cc mui
khc trong c magi clorua. Magi clorua rt a nc, n hp th nc trong
khng kh v cng rt d tan trong nc.
Magi clorua c v ng. Nc mt s khe ni c v ng l do c ho tan
magi clorua. Trong nc bin cng c khng t magi clorua. Nc cn li sau khi
mui kt tinh cc rung mui gi l nc t th c n hn mt na l magi
clorua. Ngi ra dng nc t sn xut xi mng magi oxit, vy liu chu la v
c kim loi magi.
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
39. V sao bi vi vo ch ong, kin t s au?
Do trong nc ca ong, kin, nhn (v mt s cy) c axit hu c tn l axit
fomic. Vi l cht baz, nn trung ho axit lm ta au.
2HCOOH + Ca(OH)
2
(HCOO)
2
Ca + 2H
2

40. V sao ban m khng nn nhiu cy xanh trong nh?
Do ban m khng c nh sng cy khng quang hp, ch h hp nn hp
th kh O
2
v thi ra kh CO
2
lm trong phng thiu O
2
v qu nhiu CO
2
.
Ban ngy do c nh sng mt tri, cy quang hp nn hp th CO
2
v thi ra
O
2
(nh cht dip lc)
6nCO
2
+ 5nH
2
O (C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
+ 6nO
2

41. V sao nm t n xung ao lm c cht?
t n c thnh phn chnh l canxi cacbua CaC
2
, khi tc dng vi nc
sinh ra kh axetilen v canxi hiroxit.
CaC
2
+ 2H
2
O C
2
H
2
+ Ca(OH)
2

Axetilen c th tc dng vi H
2
O to ra anehit axetic. Cc cht ny lm tn
thng n hot ng h hp ca c v vy c th lm c cht.
42. V sao ngi ta thng dng tro bp bn cy?
Trong tro bp c cha mui K
2
CO
3
cung cp nguyn t kali cho cy.
43. V sao mui NaHCO
3
c dng ch thuc au d dy?
NaHCO
3
dng ch thuc au d dy (bao t) v n lm gim lng axit
HCl trong d dy nh phn ng:
NaHCO
3
+ HCl NaCl + CO
2
+ H
2
O
44. V sao trong cng nghip thc phm, mui (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
c dng
lm bt n?
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
c dng lm bt n v khi trn thm vo bt m, lc nng bnh
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
phn hu thnh cc cht kh v hi nn lm cho bnh xp v n.
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
2NH
3
| + CO
2
| + H
2
O|
45. V sao khi cm b kh ngi ta thng cho vo ni cm mt mu
than ci?
Do than ci xp c tnh hp ph nn hp ph mi kht ca cm kh.
as
clorophin
t
0
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
lm cho cm mi kh.
46. V sao nc rau mung ang xanh khi vt chanh vo th chuyn
sang mu ?
C mt s hp cht ho hc gi l cht ch th mu, chng lm cho dung
dch thay i mu khi axit thay i.
Trong rau mung (v vi loi rau khc) c cht ch th mu ny. Trong chanh
c cha 7% axit xitric. Vt chanh vo nc rau lm thay i axit, do lm
thay i mu nc rau. Khi cha vt chanh, nc rau mung c mu xanh lt l
cha cht kim canxi.
47. V sao khng dng nc ch khi ung tn dc?
Trong l ch c cha 20% tanin v 1 1,5% cafein, cc cht ny c th lin
kt vi mt s hot cht ca tn dc, do lm gim hiu qu ca thuc.
48. V sao vt chanh vo cc sa c c ng s thy c kt ta?
Trong sa c thnh phn protein gi l cazein. Khi vt chanh vo sa s lm
tng chua tc lm gim PH ca dung dch sa. Ti PH ng vi im ng
in ca cazein th cht ny s kt ta. Khi lm phomat ngi ta cng tch cazein
ri cho ln men tip. Vic lm u ph cng theo nguyn tc tng t nh vy.
49. V sao n sn (c m) hay mng c khi b ng c?
n sn hay mng b ng c khi chng cha nhiu axit xianhiric (HCN).
dng tinh khit axit xianhidric l cht kh mi hnh nhn, c v ng v rt c.
Nhit nng chy l - 13,3
0
C, tan trong nc, ru, ete v l axit rt yu. Trong
thin nhin gp dng lin kt trong mt s thc vt (ht mn, o, c sn, mng
ti).
Sn luc hay mng luc hoc xo nu c v ng l cha nhiu axit
xianhiric, c nguy c b ng c. Khi luc sn cn m vung axit xianhiric bay
hi. Sn phi kh, gi thnh bt lm bnh th khi n khng bao gi b ng
c v khi phi kh axit xianhiric s bay hi ht.
Trong cng nghp axit xianhiric c iu ch bng cch oxi ho hn hp
kh metan (CH
4
) v amoniac (NH
3
), c xc tc platin. Axit xianhiric l nguyn
liu iu ch tng hp cc cht cao phn t. Axit xianhiric dng t do dng lm
cht xng hi chng cn trng gy bnh.
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Mui ca axit xianhiric nh kali xianua (KCN) dng trong tng hp hu c,
trong nhip nh v tch kim loi vng, bc ra khi qung.
50. V sao sau khi n tri cy khng nn nh rng ngay ?
Cc nh khoa hc khuyn co: Ai n tri cy th phi mt gi sau mi c
nh rng. Ti sao vy ? cht chua (tc axit hu c) trong tri cy s kt hp vi
nhng thnh phn trong thuc nh rng theo bn chy s tn cng cc k rng v
gy tn thng cho li. Bi vy ngi ta phi i n khi nc bt trung ho lng
axit trong tri cy nht l to, cam, nho, chanh.
51. V sao cc vt bng bc lu ngy thng b xm en ?
Do bc tc dng vi kh O
2
v kh H
2
S c trong khng kh to ra bc sunfua
c mu en.
4Ag + O
2
+ 2H
2
S 2Ag
2
S + 2H
2
O
52. V sao dng dng bng bc ng thc n, thc n lu b i ?
Khi bc gp nc s c mt lng rt nh i vo nc thnh ion. Ion bc c
tc dng dit khun rt mnh. Ch cn
5
1
t gam bc trong 1 lt nc cng dit
cc vi khun. Khng cho vi khun pht trin nn gi cho thc n khng b i thiu.
53. V sao dng dao (bng thp) ct l, to th b mt ch ct s b en ?
Trong l, to v nhiu loi tri cy c cha tanin. Tanin cn gi l axit tanic,
n tc dng vi st to thnh st (III) tanat c mu en. Tanin c v cht, qu hng
c v cht do rt nhiu tanin.
Tanin tinh khit l cht bt mu vng, d tan trong nc.
C khi khng dng dao bng st ct l, to, hng m sau mt lc, ch ct
vn b thm en l do kt qu ca nhiu bin i ho hc. Trong phn t tanin
c cha nhiu gc phenol, cc gc ny rt mn cm vi nh sng v rt d b oxi
ho bi oxi ca khng kh bin thnh cc oxit c mu en. V vy tanin thng
c bo qun trong cc bnh thu tinh sm mu. Trong cng nghip tanin dng
thuc da v ch mc mu en.
54. V sao h con dao t ln ngn la, con dao s c mu xanh ?
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
l do nhit cao st tc dng vi nc to nn oxit st t Fe
3
O
4
lp
lnh mu lam. Lp o mu lam ny l tm mng bo v st, lm cho st khng b g
v khng b n mn.
cc nh my ngi ta em cc ch phm bng thp cho vo dung dch
natri nitrat hoc hn hp natri nitrat v natri hidroxit nhit t 140 -> 150
0
C.
Sau mt thi gian nht nh trn b mt s sinh ra mt lp mng mu lam, sau
ly ra v nhanh chng cho vo nc lnh, ri li em x l bng nc x phng,
du nng my pht. Ngi ta gi bin php ny l ti mui. Cc ch phm qua
ti mui s c tui th di hn.
55. V sao thu tinh thng c mu xanh ?
Do c cha hp cht ca st. Nu cha hp cht st (II) th c mu xanh cn
cha hp cht st (III) th c mu vng nu.
Ni chung thu tinh cha 1->2% st th s c mu xanh hoc vng nu.
Thu tinh quang hc khng mu ch cha khng qu 3 phn vn st.
56. V sao thu tinh li c th t thay i mu ?
Vic ch to thu tinh i mu cng tng t nh ch to thu tinh thng,
ch khc l ngi ta thm vo nguyn liu ch to thu tinh mt t cht cm quang
nh bc clorua hay bc bromua v mt t cht tng nhy nh ng clorua.
Cht nhy cm lm cho thu tinh bin i nhy hn.
S i mu c th gii thch nh sau: Khi b chiu sng, bc clorua tch
thnh bc v clo. Bc s lm cho thu tinh sm mu. Khi khng chiu sng na,
bc v clo li gp nhau, to thnh bc clorua khng mu, lm cho thu tinh li
trong sut.
57.V sao thm mui qu sm th u khng nh ?
Cc b m thng nhc nh: Khi nu u ch cho mui qu sm, iu ny
c th gii thch mt cch khoa hc nh sau: Trong u nnh kh, nc rt t. Do
c th coi n nh mt dung dch c, v lp v l mt mng bn thm. Khi nu,
nc bn ngoi s thm thu vo trong u lm u nnh n to ra, sau mt thi gian
cc t bo trong ht u b ph v lm cho u mm.
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Nu khi nu u ta cho mui qu sm th nc bn ngoi c th khng i
vo trong u, thm ch nc trong u s thm thu ra ngoi do nng mui
trong nc mui bn ngoi ln hn nhiu so vi nng mui trong u nu cho
mui qu nhiu.
Thng thng khi nu cho u xanh, cho u khng nn thm ng
qu sm hoc nu tht b, tht ln khng nn cho mui qu sm v cng s kh nu
nh.
58. V sao n ng glucoz li cm thy u li mt lnh ?
Nu bn cho mt tha ng glucoz vo li trong cm gic ngt ngo cm
nhn c cn c cm gic mt lnh. V sao vy ? Glucoz to ra mt dung dch
ng trn li, s phn b cc phn t ng trong qu trnh ho tan l qu trnh
thu nhit, do ta cm thy u li mt lnh.
59. V sao thc n nu kh chy d gy ung th ?
Theo cc chuyn gia ca t chc y t th gii, nu thc n qu chy d gy
ung th. Cht asparagin trong thc phm di nhit cao s kt hp vi ng t
nhin trong rau qu, hay cc thc phm giu cht cacbohirat to thnh cht
acylamid, tc nhn chnh gy ra bnh ung th.
n nhiu tht hun khi v cc cht bo qun thc phm cha nitrosamin c
trong rau ngm, tht hun khi lm gia tng ung th ming, thc qun, thanh qun,
d dy. n nhiu cht bo c lin quan n ung th v, i trng, trc trng, nim
mc t cung.
Thuc tr su nitrofen l cht gy ung th v d tt bo thai. Ho cht c
hi ethinnylestradiol v bisphenol A c trong ti nilong v hp nha ti sinh dng
ng thc n gy hi cho bo thai.
60. V sao go np li do ?
Tinh bt c 2 loi amiloz v amilopectin nhng khng tch ri nhau, trong
mi ht tinh bt, amilopectin l v bao bc nhn amiloz. Amiloz tan c trong
nc, amilopectin hu nh khng tan, trong nc nng amilopectin trng ln to
thnh h. Tnh cht ny quyt nh n tnh do ca ht c tinh bt. Trong mi ht
tinh bt, lng amilopectin chim 80%, amiloz chim khong 20%, nn cm go
t, ng t, bnh m, thng c do bnh thng. Tinh bt trong go np, ng np
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
cha lng amilopectin rt cao, khong 98% lm cho cm np, xi np, ng np
luc rt do, do ti mc dnh.
61. V sao nc mt li mn ?
Nc mt mn l v trong mt lt nc mt c ti 6g mui. Nc mt sinh ra
t tuyn l nm pha trn mi ngoi ca nhn cu. Nc mt thu nhn c mui
t mu (trong mt lt mu c 9 g mui). Nc mt c tc dng bi trn nhn cu,
lm cho nhn cu khng b kh, b xc v v c mui nn cn c tc dng hn ch
bt s pht trin ca vi khun trong mt.
62. V sao pha trn cng ca ngn la li c mu xanh ?
V ch nhit ca ngn la cao nht. Bnh thng khi nhit vt
qu 1000
0
C th ngn la s c mu xanh hoc mu trng, di 1000
0
C c mu .
63. V sao axit nitric c li lm thng qun o ?
Axit nitric c l mt dung mi ca xenluloz. Nu b mt nhm bng vo
axit nitric c lc nh mt lc, nhm bng s tan ht.
Khi axit nitric c dnh vo qun o n s ha tan xenluloz ngay nn s
xut hin l ch cc l thng.
Khi b axit nitric long dy vo qun o, tuy qun o khng b thng ngay,
nhng khi qun o kh, nng axit tng v tr thnh c s lm thng qun o.
Nu qun o b dy axit nitric cn git ngay bng mt lng ln nc.
64. V sao va trt tng phi sau my ngy mi cng li c ?
Khi bn n mt cng trng xy dng bn s thy nhng ngi th xy dng
ct vng trn va xy. Loi va vi nho do ny ch sau my ngy l tr nn ht sc
rn, nh cc vin gch c th gn cht vi nhau bn vng. iu ny c gii thch
nh sau: Va vi trt tng c cha vi ti [l Ca(OH)
2
] trong khng kh sau vi
ngy do hai bin i:
-Va vi l mt cht keo, do khi nc trong va vi bay hi mt phn
Ca(OH)
2
s kt tinh trong dung dch qu bo ho. Cc tinh th ca vi kt tinh
trong cht keo s bin thnh mt tinh th rn chc.
- Do tc dng cacbonat ho, Ca(OH)
2
tc dng vi CO
2
trong khng kh vi
s c mt ca nc to thnh CaCO
3
tinh th.
Hai bin i trn ng thi xy ra khi va vi tip xc vi khng kh lm
cho va trt tng cng li.
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
65. V sao hng ngn loi hoa c hng trm mu sc khc nhau ? C phi
hng trm mu sc khc nhau ng vi hng trm cht khc nhau khng ?
Ngi ta phn tch mu sc ca trn 4000 loi hoa v thy rng hng trm
mu sc khc nhau kia ch l s bin i bin i ca 7 mu c bn l , nu,
vng, lc, lam, tm v trng. Trong phn ln sc mu ca hoa l s bin ho gia
cc mu , tm v lam. Phn nh hn l s bin i gia cc mu vng, nu v .
Nghin cu k hn, ngi ta cn bit rng trong hoa c cha mt loi cht
gi l hoa thanh t, mt hp cht hu c phc tp to thnh bi benzen v
benzopyran mu sc ca n c th thay i thy theo s thay i PH ca dch t
bo ca hoa. Dch t bo c tnh kim hoa c mu lam, c tnh axit hoa c mu
cn khi trung tnh c mu tm.
66. V sao trong mt ngy hoa ph dung c th i mu ti 3 ln ?
Hoa ph dung i mu 3 ln trong ngy. Bui sng mu trng, bui tra mu
pht hng, bui chiu mu hng m hn.
Loi hoa, trc sau ch bin i thay nhau gia cc mu trng, hng, vng,
da cam, . l do tc ng ca cht caroten thay i trong thc vt. S d c tn
nh vy v ln u tin n c chit sut t c carot. dng tinh khit n l
nhng tinh th mu rt p.
Caroten l mt loi sc t thng thy trong mi o hoa. Trong sa ng
vt, trong cht bo cng c sc t ny nhng nhiu hn c l trong c carot (cht
mu vng da cam) Caroten l mt hirocacbon no v c cng thc l C
40
H
56
, trong
phn t c 11 lin kt i v 2 vng no.
67. V sao khi tn la bn trng my bay ta thy xut hin khi mu
nu ?
Nit (IV) oxit NO
2
c dng lm cht oxit ho trong nhin liu phng tn
la.
Khi tn la bn trng my bay th v tr tn la trng ch xut hin m
khi mu nu. l do trong tn la cn d nhin liu l NO
2
. Khi u n chm
n, ng thi nhin liu d cng bc hi. Nu tn la khng bn trng mc tiu s
bay ht v t hu, khi nghe ting n v quan st ta ch thy khi trng v lc
ny trong tn la ht nhin liu.
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
68. V sao c kh metan thot ra t rung la ?
nh gi lng kh metan hng nm thot ra v i vo kh quyn ang l
mt thch thc vi cc nh khoa hc. Nhng nh gi ny i hi vic phn tch
mt lng khng l cc s liu.
Nhng nghin cu Trung Quc cho thy c mt lng ln khi metan sinh
ra t s thi ra cc vt th hu c t rung la. Ngi ta c chng khong 1/7
lng kh metan thot vo kh quyn hng nm l t hot ng cy cy !
Ngi ta tin hnh 1300 th nghim trong ma gieo trng trong nm 1988
v 1989 Giang Chu (Trung Quc) cho thy lng kh metan thot ra trung bnh
l 58mg/(m
2
.h). Con s ny Chu u v Bc M l 4 - 6mg/(m
2
.h)
69. V sao c th bin tro xng thnh qu ?
Cng ty TifGem ti Chicago (M) c sng kin bin tro xng ca ngi qu
c thnh nhng vin ngc v trong tro xng c cha cacbon. Ngi ta dng l sy
siu nng bin tro xng thnh than ch, sau nn chng li to ra nhng
vin kim cng xanh v vng c gi t 2700 la ti 20.000 la.
Thnh cng ca cng ty LifeGem s to s thay i trong vn tm ni an
ngh cho ngi qu c.
70. V sao gi teri l nguyn liu ca tng li ?
teri l mt ng v ca hidr ( H
2
1
). Cc ht nhn ca teri khi kt hp
vi nhau s to ra mt nng lng rt ln. Mt kilogam teri khi kt hp thnh
nguyn t Heli s cho nng lng tng ng khi t 40.000 tn than.
Phn t nc nng do 2 nguyn t teri ho hp vi mt nguyn t oxi m
thnh.
Trong nc bin, trung bnh c 6000 phn nc th c mt phn t nc nng.
Trong mt lt nc bin c gn 0,02 gam teri. Tng tr lng ca teri trong nc
bin c n 25.000 t tn, tng ng vi 5000 t t tn du m.
Ti sao ni teri l nguyn liu ca tng lai cn hin ti li cha s dng
c ? Vn ch l hin nay cha nm c k thut khng ch phn ng nhit
hch tng hp ht nhn ny.
71. Axit clohiric c vai tr nh th no i vi c th ?
Axit clohiric c vai tr rt quan trng i vi qu trnh trao i cht ca c
th. Trong dch v d dy ca ngi c axit clohiric vi nng khong t 0,0001
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
n 0,001 mol/l (c pH tng ng l 4 v 3) . Ngoi vic ho tan cc mui kh
tan, axit clohiric cn l cht xc tc cho cc phn ng thu phn cc cht gluxit
(cht ng, bt) v cht protein (cht m) thnh cc cht n gin hn c th
c th hp th c.
Lng axit clohiric trong dch v d dy nh hn hoc ln hn mc bnh
thng u mc bnh. Khi trong dch v d dy, axit clohiric c nng nh hn
0,0001 mol/l (pH > 4,5) ta mc bnh kh tiu, ngc li, nng ln hn 0,001
mol/l (pH < 3,5) ta mc bnh chua. Mt s thuc cha au d dy c cha mui
natri hirocacbonat NaHCO
3
(cn gi l thuc mui) c tc dng trung ho bt axit
trong d dy.
NaHCO
3
+ HCl NaCl + CO
2
+ H
2
O
Trong cng nghip, mt lng ln axit clohiric dng sn xut cc mui
clorua v tng hp cc cht hu c.
Hng nm trn ton th gii sn xut hng triu tn axit clohiric
72. Mt s dch lng thng thng c pH nh th no ?
Mu pH
Dch d dy 1-2
Nc chanh 2,4
Gim 3,0
Nc nho 3,2
Nc cam 3,5
Nc tiu 4,8-7,5
Nc ngoi khng kh 5,5
Nc bt 6,4 - 6,9
Sa 6,5
Mu 7,3-7,45
Nc mt 7,4
73. pH v s su rng lin quan vi nhau nh th no ?
Rng c bo v bi lp men cng, dy khong 2mm. Lp men ny l hp
cht Ca
5
(PO
4
)
3
OH v c to thnh bng phn ng :
2 3
4 5 4 3
5Ca 3PO OH Ca (PO ) OH
+
+ + (1)
Qu trnh to lp men ny l s bo v t nhin ca con ngi chng li
bnh su rng.
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Sau ba n, vi khun trong ming tn cng cc thc n cn lu li trn rng
to thnh cc axit hu c nh axit axetic, axit lactic. Thc n vi hm lng ng
cao to iu kin tt nht cho vic sn sinh ra cc axit .
Lng axit trong ming tng, pH gim, lm cho phn ng sau xy ra:
O H OH H
2
+
+
.
Khi nng OH
-
gim, theo nguyn l L Sa-t-li-, cn bng (1) chuyn
dch theo chiu nghch v men rng b mn, to iu kin cho su rng pht trin.
Bin php tt nht phng su rng l n thc n t chua, t ng, nh rng
sau khi n. Ngi ta thng trn vo thuc nh rng NaF hay SnF
2
, v ion F
-
to
iu kin cho phn ng sau xy ra.
F ) PO ( Ca F PO 3 Ca 5
3 4 5
3
4
2
+
+
Hp cht Ca
5
(PO
4
)
3
F l men rng thay th mt phn Ca
5
(PO
4
)
3
OH.
Trc y, nc ta mt s ngi c thi quen n tru l tt cho vic to
men rng theo phn ng (1), v trong ming tru c vi ti Ca(OH)
2
, cha Ca
2+
v
OH
-
lm cho cn bng (1) chuyn dch theo chiu thun.
74. Cuc sng cao v qu trnh sn sinh hemoglobin lin quan vi
nhau nh th no ?
Qu trnh sinh l b nh hng bi iu kin mi trng. S thay i t ngt
v cao c th gy ra au u, bun nn, mt mi v kh chu. y l triu
chng ca s thiu oxi trong cc m.
Sng cao vi tun hoc vi thng s dn dn vt qua c chng say
cao v thch nghi dn vi nng oxi thp trong khng kh.
S kt hp oxi vi hemoglobin (Hb) trong mu c biu din mt cch n
gin nh sau:
2 2
Hb O HbO +

(Hemoglobin) (Oxi hemoglobin)
HbO
2
a oxi n cc m. Biu thc ca hng s cn bng l :

| |
| || | 2 O Hb
HbO
K
2
=
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
cao 3 km, p sut ring phn ca oxi vo khong 0,14 atm so vi 0,3
atm ngang mc nc bin. Theo nguyn l L Sa-t-li-, nng oxi gim s lm
cho cn bng trn chuyn dch sang tri gy ra bnh thiu oxi trong cc m. Hin
tng ny buc c th ngi phi sn sinh ra nhiu phn t hemoglobin hn v cn
bng s chuyn dch t tri qua phi, to iu kin cho vic hnh thnh
oxihemoglobin. Vic sn sinh thm hemoglobin xy ra t t. t c cng sut
ban u phi cn ti vi nm. Cc nghin cu ch rng, cc c dn sng lu vng
cao c mc hemoglobin trong mu cao, i khi cao hn 50% so vi nhng ngi
sng ngang mc nc bin.
75. Thc phm c chia thnh nhng nhm no ?
Con ngi mun tn ti v pht trin cn phi n. Thc phm l nhng cht
mang li cho c th nguyn liu sn sinh nng lng; to ra t chc t bo;
sinh sn ra cc t bo; hay cc cht mi thay th v d tr khi c th cn.
V cht dinh dng khng c ng u trong thc phm nn ngi ta chia
thc phm ra lm nhiu nhm m bo s cn i. M chia thc phm thnh 4
nhm l: b - sa, th - rau, rau - qu v bnh m - ng cc. Vit Nam chia 5 nhm
l: gluxit, lipit, protein cht khong v vitamin.
76. C th chng ta cn nhng hp cht hu c thit yu no ?
C th chng ta cng cha hng nghn loi cc phn t hu c v v c nn
cng c sp xp thnh loi thit yu v khng thit yu ch khi nui dng.
C 24 hp cht hu c thit yu l: 9 amino axit, 2 axit bo v 13 vitamin. C 15
thnh phn thit yu v c l: canxi, photpho, it, magie, km, ng, kali, natri,
clo, coban, crom, mangan, molipen v selen (c th k c asen, vanai v thic).
Cc cht trn c th ly t thc phm nh amino axit ly t tht, trng, sa
axit bo khng no ly t u nnh vitamin ly t rau qu nh vitamin A trong qu
gc, vitamin C trong qu chanh, cam, bi
77. C nc, gan cc, mt c trm c cha c t g ?
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
C nc rt c v c cha c t tetraodontoxin, gan cc v trng cc c v
cha bufotoxin, mt c trm c v c mt ancol steroit gy c l 5 o cyprinol
78. Nn n nh th no ?
cung cp y cc cht thit yu cho c th cn phi bit cch n nh
thay i thc phm (thng gi l n i ba) v n va khng qu thiu hoc
qu tha dinh dng.
79. Thc phm nh hng ti tm trng con ngi nh th no ?
Ngy nay ngi ta khng nh thc phm khng ch c nh hng n sc
kho m cn nh hng ti tm trng con ngi.
- Thc n giu protein (cht m) lm cho bn vui ti hn ln. Chng gip
c th sn sinh ra dopamin v norpinephrin lm tng nhit lng c th khin cho
bn c tp trung hn v cn c tc dng gim c stress. Nu nh trong ba n
sng v tra bn dng mt lng protein thch hp s gip cho bn tnh to, minh
mn hn.
- Thc n giu cht gluxit (cht bt) c tc dng lm cho bn cng thng,
t b stress v thi gian c th phc hi sau mt mi ngn hn. Khi n thc n c
hm lng gluxit cao th ng thi cng tng lng amino axit tryptophan a n
no, chng c bin i thnh serotonin c tc dng lm du h thn kinh.
- Thc n ngt c tc dng lm du c th. Khi c th tip nhn nhng thc
n ngt th lng ng trong mu tng ln, ng thi phn ng ho hc ca c th
cng c tng cng, khin bn cm thy d chu hn. c bit ko scla c
cha cht phenyletylamin v mt s cht khc c tc dng kch thch h thn kinh,
gy cm gic khoan khoi.
- Tri cy nh chui c cha nhiu cht dopamin v norpinephrin l nhng
sn phm ca no c tc ng mnh n cm gic. Tri to cung cp cho c th
cht x, pectin, nguyn t bo gip duy tr bn ca xng, gi c phong
tnh to, linh hot.
- Nc khong c nh hng rt nhiu n tm trng con ngi. C th
chng ta rt cn nhiu nguyn t vi lng. Chng hn, thiu magie c th d b lm
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
vo tnh trng trm ut, b ph, thm ch cn c th dn n hn m. Ngoi nc
khong, thc n giu nguyn t magie l cm, go tm, ng cc.
- ung c cha cht cafein c tc dng lm cho c th hot bt, nhanh
nhn hn. Song khng nn dng lng cao v c th gy nn nao, cu knh v au
u. Ung sa gip bn ng ngon v tnh to hn khi thc dy.
80. Vitamin l bn hay l th ?
Nm 1970, nh ho hc hai ln c gii Nobel l Lainux Pauling (ln th
nht vo nm 1901) gii thch vitamin C l mt ch phm v hi, tt nht, c tc
dng thn k, c kh nng cha khi bnh cm lnh. Hng ngy ch cn ung liu
t 1 n 4 gam vitamin C, nu cm nng hn th ung liu cao hn. Vitamin C cha
axit ascocbic. Axit ny to thnh cc tinh th khng mu, d ho tan trong nc,
c tng hp trong cc dng cy xanh c dip lc sng trn cn hay di nc.
Con ngi mt kh nng tng hp axit ny t ng do mt kh nng ch to
mt loi men trong qu trnh tiu ho.
Gn y cc nh nghin cu chng minh l dng vitamin C liu cao c
kh nng gim mnh sc khng ca c th chng bnh cm lnh. H xc
nh l c th c th chng li tnh trng tha vitamin C, tuy nhin qu trnh thi
loi vitamin C vn tip tc cho n khi trong c th bt u thiu ht trm trng
vitamin C. C th cng nhn c vitamin C, th vitamin C li cng b thi loi
nhiu. Canada, nm 1965 ghi nhn trng hp cc tr s sinh mc bnh
thiu vitamin C, thng gi l bnh Scocbut. Ngi ta thy rng cc b m chng
ung vitamin liu cao v ngh l s bo v c sc kho thai nhi. Nhu cu hng
ngy v vitamin C ca ngi kho mnh dao ng t 0,05 n 0,1 gam. Trong
trng hp b cm lnh, c th ch nn tng liu n 1 gam thi.
81. n th no bo v tim mch ?
Theo cc bc s t th k XX trc y cho n th k XXI ny, bnh tim
mch vn l nguyn nhn t vong s 1 ca loi ngi. Theo T chc Y t Th gii,
c 4 giy trn mt t li c mt nhi mu c tim, v c 5 giy mt tai bin mch
no ! cc nc ang pht trin nh Vit Nam, s ngi cht do bnh tim mch
ang tng nhanh chng.
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Nhng bnh cht ngi ny, d l bnh tim nh nhi mu c tim hay bnh
mch nh tai bin mch no, u c chung mt nguyn nhn l va x ng mch.
Phi ngn chn c va x ng mch, mi c th gim bt c t vong v bnh
tt ! n ung hp l chnh l mt bin php quan trng ngn chn va x ng
mch, tc l phng nhi mu c tim v tai bin mch no. Cho nn khng ring
g nhng bnh nhn tim mch nn theo, m c nhng ngi kho mnh bnh
thng cng cn ch .
Cc nghin cu gn y nm 2000 a ra nhiu li khuyn v n ung nh
sau:
1.Hn ch cc thc n c nhiu acid bo bo ho, v chng l cc nguyn
liu c th tng hp ra cholesterol xu(LDL-C). C th l nn bt n cc m
ng vt, c bit l m b, m cu (90% cht bo l acid bo bo ho); ri n b
sa. M ln, m g, m chim t acid bo bo ho hn nn cng khng cn king k
lm. c bit m c tuy l m ng vt, nhng li c t acid bo bo ho, v nhiu
acid bo khng bo ho, nn n nhiu bo v tim mch. Nn ch rng cc du
thc vt ni chung cha t acid bo bo ho, nhng c 2 ngoi l: du da v du c
(palm oil) cha acid bo bo ho nhiu khng km cc m ng vt 45%! Cc nh
chuyn khoa tim mch khuyn co rng t l acid bo bo ho khng nn qu 10%
tng s calo; ngi tng cholesterol th khng nn qu 7%.
2. Hn ch nhng thc n c nhiu cholesterol nh b (c nhiu trong sa),
trng, c, bu dc, tim, gan, tm, cua Khng nn n qu 300 mg cholesterol mi
ngy, ngi tng cholesterol th khng nn qu 200mg.
Trc y, n t cholesterol l li khuyn s 1 gim bnh tim mch. Tuy
nhin cc tc gi gn y khng bt king cholesterol nghim ngt nh ngy xa
v cho rng mt ch n h cholesterol khng nht thit l mt ch t
cholesterol. H thy rng n cholesterol khng hi bng n cc acid bo bo ho.
Th d mt lng trng 17 gam cha 220mg cholesterol, trc kia ngi ta ch
cho n mi tun khng n 2 qu, th nay cc nh tim mch hc cho php n mi
tun 6 qu;
82. i vi c th mui iot c vai tr nh th no ?
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
c th kho mnh, con ngi cn c cung cp y cc nguyn t
ho hc cn thit. C nhng nguyn t cn c cung cp vi khi lng ln v c
nhng nguyn t cn c cung cp vi khi lng nh (vi lng). Iot l mt
nguyn t vi lng ht sc cn thit i vi con ngi. Theo cc nh khoa hc, mi
ngy c th con ngi cn c cung cp t 1.10
-4
n 2.10
-4
gam nguyn t iot.
C th tip nhn c phn iot cn thit di dng hp cht ca iot c sn
trong mui n v mt s loi thc phm. Nhng vic thiu ht iot vn thng xy
ra. Hin nay, tnh trn ton Th Gii mt phn ba s dn b thiu iot trong c th.
Vit Nam , theo iu tra mi nht, 94% s dn thiu ht iot nhng mc khc
nhau.
Thiu ht iot trong c th dn n hu qu rt tai hi. Thiu iot lm no b h
hi nn ngi ta tr nn n n, chm chp, c th ic, cm, lit chi, ln. Thiu
iot cn gy ra bnh bu c v hng lot ri lon khc, c bit nguy him i vi
b m v tr em.
khc phc s thiu iot, ngi ta phi cho thm hp cht ca iot vo thc
phm nh : mui n, sa, ko
Vic dng mui n lm phng tin chuyn ti iot vo c th ngi c
nhiu nc p dng.
Mui iot l mui n c trn thm mt lng nh hp cht ca iot (thng l
KI hoc KIO
3
). Th d: Trn 25 kg KI vo mt tn mui n.
Ngi ta cng cho thm hp cht iot vo bt canh, nc mm
Vic dng mui iot tht d dng v n gin. V mi v, mu sc, mui iot
khng khc g mui n thng. Tuy nhin hp cht iot c th b phn hu nhit
cao. V vy phi thm mui iot sau khi thc phm c nu chn.
83. Cc hp cht v c cha kim loi c tc dng cha bnh nh th no
?
Cc loi dc phm tuy hu ht l cc hp cht hu c nhng ngi ta cng
nghin cu nhiu hp cht v c dng vo vic cha bnh.
Bng cc phng php nghin cu c trng vt l ca cc nguyn t kim
loi nh tnh phng x, tnh thun t ngi ta c th phn tch c ch tc dng ca
cc loi thuc, c bit l vai tr ca cc nguyn t kim loi. iu ny khng
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
nhng cho php hiu c tnh nng, tc dng ca chng m cn cho php tm ti
c nh hng cc loi thuc mi.
84. C phi hp cht cha platin cha ung th ?
T nhng nm 1965 ngi ta nhn thy hot tnh c ch s pht trin ca
cc vi khun ca cht cisplatin v th dng cht ny cha bnh ung th
ngi.
Ngy nay cc ch phm cha platin thuc nhng thuc hiu qu nht v
c s dng cha ung th cp. Cch thuc cha platin c dng cha ung
th nh: ung th bung trng, ung th rut, ung th phi
Tuy cisplatin l mt tc nhn chng ung th tt nhng qu c. V vy ngi
ta tm cch bo ch ra nhng thuc mi vn gi c hot tnh nhng t c
hn.
Vic th hot tnh chng ung th ca hng lot cht khc nhau v nhng
nghin cu ng hc v s th phi t cho thy rng khi thay i phi t hot tnh
chng ung th vn c duy tr, cn c tnh th lin quan trc tip ti linh ng
ca phi t b th. Pht hin ny a n vic iu ch hng lot dn xut malonat
vi linh ng thp hn so vi cisplatin, trong cacboplatin c chn
nh gi lm sng. Kt qu th nghim hon ton xc nhn cc d on. T 1984
cacboplatin c php s dng Anh v nhiu nc khc.
Khong 10 ch phm platin khc c th nghim lm sng cc nc
khc nhau. Tr tetraplatin cc cht cn li u l phc cht ca Pt (II) vi cc nhm
b th c linh ng thp hn cisplatin.
85. C phi hp cht cha vng cha vim khp ?
Cc hp cht ca vng c dng cha bnh t nhng nm 1920
nhng ngi ta vn cha r c ch tc dng ca chng.
C nhiu bng chng v hiu qu cha bnh ca cc hp cht cha vng
nhng ngi ta vn lo ngi v c tnh ca chng. C ngi cn ngh chm dt
vic s dng cc hp cht ca vng cha bnh vim khp.
Gii thch c ch tc dng ca vng, mt s tc gi cho rng vng bao vy
cc nhm thiol hot ng. Mt s khc ch ra rng vng c ch vic sinh sn cc
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
dng oxi hot ng nh ion peroxit cc gc hyroxyl v peroxyl mng v dch t
bo.
Gn y cc nh ho hc v c iu ch c hp cht Auranofin cha
cc phi t to phc bn v c tnh i m, c th dng lm thuc ung, c tc dng
tng t nh cc thuc tim.
86. C phi hp cht cha gali cha mu tng canxi ?
M ngi ta cho php dng galinitrat Ga (NO
3
)
3
cha bnh mu
tng canxi c tnh. Vic ny xut pht t kinh nghim thu c khi dng mt ng
v ca gali trong chun on bnh xng. Ngi ta nhn thy rng ngoi cc u
xng, gali cng tp trung c mt s u khc, nht l trong bch huyt.
Nhng nghin cu nhm xc nh sm cc khi u cng vi vic quan tm
dng cc hp cht ca kim loi lm tc nhn chng ung th thc y nh th
hot tnh chng ung th ca Ga(OH)
3
khng phng x trn chut. T kt qu
nghin cu trn chut, ngi ta bt u nghin cu trn ngi. Kt qu th nghim
trn bnh nhn b bnh mu tng canxi cho thy thuc c hiu qu trong vic a
mc canxi trong mu tr li bnh thng v khng c phn ng ph. S rt canxi t
xng c c ch trc tip.
87. C phi hp cht cha bitmut cha vim lot ng tiu ho ?
Cc hp cht ca bitmut c dng cha cc ri lon ng tiu ho
(d dy, rut), t khong 2 th k nay.
Gn y mi quan tm li tng ln khi vo nm 1982 ngi ta pht hin ra vi
khun H.pylori trong mng d dy ca bnh nhn vim d dy.
Mt loi thuc da trn bitmut l antacid t ra c hiu qu trong vic cha
lot d dy, c l do tc dng dit khun chn lc ca n. V mt ho hc hiu qu
gia chng lot c th l do dung dch keo ca bitmut xitrat b kt ta trong mi
trng axit ca d dy di dng oxiclorua v oxixitrat. Do s kt ta nn lp mng
bo v c hnh thnh s ngn cn s khuych tn ngc li ca ion H
+
v do
kch thch s ti to biu m.
Hin nay thuc ny c s dng rt rng ri trong cha bnh vim lot
ng tiu ho v so vi cc loi thuc khc th bnh t b ti pht hn. c th l
do s trit tn gc vi khun H.pylori ca thuc.
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
88. C phi hp cht cha kim loi dng chun on v cha bnh bng
tia phng x.
Trong y hc ht nhn ngi ta chun on bnh bng cch a mt ht nhn
bc x vo c th, sau dng mt my d ghi nhn s phn b ca ng v
phng x xc nh v tr mang bnh v trng thi ca n. Ht nhn phng x hay
c s dng nht l tecnixi. Tnh u vit ca n l ch n pht ra photon thun
nht thun li cho vic ghi nhn m khng b nhiu bi cc tia o v | c hi. Chu
k bn hu ca n l 6 gi va ghi nhn m bnh nhn khng phi chu bc
x qu lu. Mt khc tecnexi c sn xut kh d dng trong cc l phn ng ht
nhn nn tng i r v d kim. Nhiu ch phm y hc phng x ca tecnexi
c iu ch t sau nm 1980 c xc nh cu to kh t m v dng
chun on bnh tim hay xc nh bnh no v.v.. Mt trong nhng thnh cng gn
y l iu ch c progestin cha tecnexi nh du chun on ung th v.
Cc ion kim loi c gi tr ln trong y hc nh tnh thun t. Cng hng
thun t l phng php chun on quan trng da trn s khc nhau v tc hi
chuyn proton ca nc trong cc m khc nhau v chuyn cc s khc nhau ny
thnh nhng thng tin cn thit gip chun on bnh.
89. Ho hc vi bo qun rau qu nh th no ?
Bo qun rau qu sau khi thu hoch l mt vic rt quan trng nhm chng
h hng v gim st cht lng.
- Dng cc ho cht chng ny mm v dit vi sinh vt gy h hng rau
qu. Chng hn nh chng ny mm cho khoai ty, hnh, c rt v mt s rau,
c khc, ngi ta thng dng ch phm MH- HO (hidrazit ca axit malic), phun
dung dch 0,25% ln cy ngoi ng, 3-4 tun l trc khi thu hoch. Ngi ta cn
chng ny mm khoai ty bng ancol nonilic (C
9
H
19
OH) dng hi.
- bo qun bp ci ngi ta phun cht dit nm pentaclonitrobenzen ln
bp ci trc khi xp vo kho.
- bo qun chui ti, cam ti ngi ta phun thuc dit nm topsin - M.
Trong nhng nm gn y, cht dit nm c dng nhiu l benlate
(C
14
H
18
H
4
O
3
).
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Cng ho Lin Bang c sn xut ch phm bo qun qu ti c tn
thng mi l protexan. Protexan l cht lng khng mi, khng v v khng c
nn khng nh hng ti sc kho ca ngi tiu dng. Ngi ta nhng qu vo
dung dch protexan ri hong kh, dung dch bc hi v to thnh mng mng bo
v ngoi v qu. Mng protexan c tc dng gim tn tht khi lng qu trong
qu trnh bo qun, gim cng h hp, lm chm qu trnh chn nn c th bo
qun qu lu di hn, gi nguyn hng v t nhin v thnh phn dinh dng ca
qu.
90. Ho hc vi ch bin rau qu nh th no ?
- Cc qui trnh cng ngh ch bin rau qu thnh cc dng sn phm khc
nhau nh hp, sy kh, ru vang qu.. u cn n mt s ho cht.
+ tng hiu qu cho qu trnh ra sch nguyn liu v my mc, thit b
ca nh my hoa qu ngi ta dng cc ho cht c tnh st trng mnh hoc c tc
dng ty ra cao. Ra nguyn liu th dng cc ho cht c cha clo hot ng nh
clorua vi. ra my mc, thit b v lm v sinh nh xng ngi ta dng dung
dch xt hoc natricacbonat.
+ bc v cc loi qu kh bc v nh mm, c chua, mng mi cam, qut
hoc mt s qu, c c v mng nh c rt, khoa ty ngi ta dng dung dch
NaOH. Nhng cc loi qu, c ny vo dung dch NaOH nng 1-2% 70 - 80
0
C
trong thi gian t 10-300 giy (tu loi qu, c) th v s trc ht. Sau sa li
bng nc sch nhiu ln. Bng cch ny, cc mi cam, qut v qu s sch ht v
m vn gi nguyn hnh trng ban u.
+ ngn nga s bin i mu rau, qu khi ch bin nh chui b thm
en, c chua mt mu ti, ci vi thiu mt mu trng p ngi ta dng cc
cht chng oxi ho nh SO
2
, axit ascobic (Vi tamin C) axit xitic.
+ tng hng v cho nc qu, qu ng hp ngi ta dng axit xitric
(axit chanh) hoc axit malic (axit to). Vi ru qu ngi ta dng axit xitrtic, axit
tactric (axit nho).
Vi da chut, c chua, gi xanh th khng th thiu axit axetic. Rau
dm gim (gim l dung dch axit axetic 5%, v chua) cng vi ng, mui n v
gia v to cho sn phm c hng v chua - ngt rt c trng v hp dn. Axit
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
axetic cn c tc dng c ch hot ng ca vi sinh vt, gi cho sn phm bo qun
c di ngy.
Trong ch bin rau qu, rt cn ch bin cc dng bn ch phm d tr
nguyn liu khi ma thu hi r.
bo qun bn ch phm rau qu ngi ta dng cc ho cht c th to ra
SO
2
hoc dng axit benzoic, axit sobic v mui ca chng.
Khi dng SO
2
bo qun bn ch phm, ngi ta ni bn ch phm c
sunfit ho. Hm lng SO
2
c tc dng bo qun l 0,1 - 0,2%. Axit benzoic hoc
natri benzoat c tc dng dit vi sinh vt mnh i vi cc loi c chua. Hm
lng c tc dng dit vi sinh vt l 0,05 - 0,1%. Dng vi hm lng cao hn
s lm cho sn phm c v nng, cht do ho cht gy ra.
Axit sobic l cht bo qun cc bn ch phm rau qu c nhiu u im hn
so vi SO
2
hoc axit benzoic v n khng gy c cho ngi s dng v khng to
ra hng v l cho sn phm. Sn phm cng chua ( PH cng nh) th tc dng
dit vi sinh vt ca axit sobic cng mnh.
91. Thnh phn cc mui trong nc bin nh th no?
Thnh phn mui Trong 1 kg nc T l %
NaCl 27,2 77,8
MgCl
2
3,8 10,9
MgSO
4
1,7 47,0
CaSO
4
1,2 3,6
K
2
SO
4
0,9 2,5
CaCO
3
0,1
~ 0,3
MgBr
2
v cc thnh phn khc 0,1
~ 0,2
Tng s 35,0 100
Mui trong nc bin:
70% b mt tri t l bin. T l gia mui v nc trong nc bin l
khong 3/100 tc l c 3% mui trong nc bin.
92. u c cung in bng mui?
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Su hn 100 m di lng t trong ni, m mui Ba Lan c mt cung in
lm bng mui. Cng trnh ny c to dng t th k 17. Cc chnh th iu
khc, gi n chm treo trn v c n cc gian phng u c lm bng mui.
93. Lm th no c con bm bng mui kt tinh?
Un dy thp thnh hnh con bm v qun bng si quanh dy thp ri t
vo nc mui m c. Nc mui t t bay hi v u cc si bng xut hin cc
tinh th mui. i cho tinh th mui xut hin khp cc si bng, ta li chuyn
sang nc mui m c khc. Sau khong 10 ngy ta c con bm bng mui kt
tinh, trng rt p.
94. Dng mui lm kem que nh th no?
Nhit ca nc l 0
0
C. Nu cho mui n vo nhit s gim xung
di 0
0
C. Li dng tnh cht ny lm kem que nh sau: Cm que tre vo ng
nc tri cy ri t c vo khay c ng nc ho tan nhiu mui n. Tt c
cho vo lm lnh. Nc tri cy s nhanh chng ng li thnh kem que.
95. V sao nc bin c mui?
Bin c l "qu hng" ca mui. Mui n (NaCl) chim 85% cc loi mui
ho tan trong nc bin. Gi s nu chng ta tch c tt c mui khi nc bin
ri ri u trn lc a th lp mui s cao ti 153 m. Cn lm bay hi ton b nc
bin th y bin s c lp mui dy ti 60 m.
tm hiu ngun gc ca mui trong nc bin cc nh khoa hc tn
nhiu cng sc t vic phn tch, so snh nc bin v nc sng, cho n nghin
cu t sau cn ma, thm ch cn nghin cu hng lot ni la na. Cui cng
h pht hin ra b mt ca mui bin. Ho ra, i dng trong qu trnh lu di
hnh thnh lc ban u ho tan tt c cc loi mui khong. ng thi nham
thch thng qua qu trnh phong ho (nham thch b tc ng lu ngy ca ma,
nng, gi bo v vi sinh vt) khng ngng b phn gii v sn sinh ra cc loi
mui, sau theo cc dng sng ra i dng. Vy sng ngi, nham thch v
cc ni la di y bin chnh l ngun gc cung cp ch yu cc loi mui cho
bin c.
96. Bin Cht nm u?
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
"Bin Cht" nm bin gii Palestin v Jordan, gi l "bin" nhng thc ra
"Bin Cht" ch l ci h kh ln.
Mt bc ca "Bin Cht" c sng Jordan chy vo, cn mt Nam l ca sng
Hasa. Bin cht khng h c ng nc thng vi bt k i dng no. T bao
i nay nc h cha bao gi chy ngc v hai con sng trn. Nc trong h c
nng mui ngy cng cao, do nm trong khu vc c kh hu cc nng, nn
nc h bc hi rt nhiu m lng mui li khng h gim i. Hin nay hm
lng mui ca Bin Cht t n 23 25%, tc c 10 kg nc h th c 2 kg
mui. y cng l nc h c hm lng mui cao nht th gii. Do hm lng
mui cao nn sc y ca nc kh ln n mc c th nm va phi nng va c
bo trn mt bin. V hm lng mui qu cao nn tr vi loi rong to ra chng c
sinh vt no c th tn ti c. Cy c trn b h cng ch l th, tha tht cn
quanh h him khi chng c bng ngi. V vy chng c ci tn no thch hp hn
ci tn "Bin Cht".
97. Cht lng nc cc ngun khc nhau nh th no?
Nc bay hi tch t trong kh quyn l kh sch. Khi tr v tri t di
dng ma hoc tuyt ri di chuyn trn mt t hoc ngm qua t v pha bin,
nc s c thm tp cht m nng v bn cht khc nhau tu vng, v tu giai
on ca chu trnh.
Nc ma.
Tuy kh tinh khit nhng nc ma vn cha cc kh, mt s mui tan v c
nhng cht rn khng tan c th c trong kh quyn.
Nc trn mt t (sng sui)
Nc ma chy trn mt t c th cha axt v ngoi vic hp th mt s
kh c tnh axt trong kh quyn (nh SO
2
, CO
2
) n cn ho tan cc axt cacboxylic
v cacbon ioxit sinh ra do qu trnh phn hu thc vt. Ngoi ra n cn ho tan
c cc mui khong gp trn dng chy. Nc axt ny s ho tan c cc mui
v khong gp trn dng chy. Nc axit ny s ho tan c mt s qung theo
phn ng sau:
KAlSi
3
O
8
(r) + 2H
+
(aq) + 9H
2
O(1) 2K
+
(aq) + 4H
4
SiO
4
(aq) + Al
2
Si
2
O
5
(OH)
4
(r)
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
(fenspat) (Cao lanh)
Do vy nc mt dn tnh axit.
Nc trn mt t cn c th b nhim bi vi sinh vt na.
Nc bin:
Nng cc ion tan trong nc bin ln hn nhiu so vi nc trn mt t
v nc ngm:
Cc nguyn nhn l:
- Nc bin bay hi lin tc, tr li di dng ma v mang theo cht tan
- Nc i cng xa mi n bin s cng ho tan nhiu mui.
- Nhng lng ln qung c a t b mt qu t ti cc i dng di
dng macma.
Mi nguyn t ho hc u c trong cc i dng nn i dng c coi
nh mt kho qung ln nht th gii. Nc i dng cha khong 40 triu tn
cht rn tan trong mi kilmet khi nc.
Nguyn t S tn/km
3
Nguyn t S tn/km
3
Nguyn t S tn/km
3
Clo 22.000.000 Ini 23 Bc 0,2
Natri 12.000.000 Km 12 Lantan 0,2
Magie 1.600.000 St 12 Kripton 0,2
Lu hunh 1.000.000 Nhm 12 Neon 0,1
Canxi 450.000 Molipen 12 Caimi 0,1
Kali 44.000 Selen 4 Vonfram 0,1
Brom 75.000 Thic 3 Xenon 0,1
Cacbon 32.000 ng 3 Gemani 0,1
Stronti 9.000 Asen 3 Crom 0,05
Bo 5.600 Urani 3 Thori 0,05
Silic 3.400 Niken 2 Scani 0,05
Flo 1.500 Vanai 2 Ch 0,02
Agon 680 Mangan 2 Thu ngn 0,02
Nit 590 Titan 1 Gali 0,02
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Liti 200 Antimoan 0,5 Bitmut 0,02
Rubii 140 Coban 0,5 Niobi 0,01
Photpho 80 Xesi 0,5 Tali 0,01
Iot 68 Xeri 0,5 Heli 0,01
Bari 35 Ytri 0,2 Vng 0,005
98. Lm ma nhn to nh th no?
Nc tn ti trong my di dng hi, dng lng v dng tinh th. Thng
thng 0
0
C nc ng bng, nhng trong nhng m my, d -20
0
C, cc ht nc
nh li ti vn th lng. Ch khi nhit h xung - 40
0
C, nc trong m my mi
kt tinh hon ton. S lng tinh th nc trong my ph thuc vo cc "ht nhn
kt tinh" l cc ht bng cha trong , cn gi l "mm kt tinh".
Cc nh khoa hc t lu pht hin tinh th bc iotua (AgI) c cu to rt
ging cu to ca cc ht bng nn c th dng lm "mm kt tinh". Ch vi 1g
AgI to ra c t 10
12
10
16
trung tm kt tinh, lm ngng t mt lng nc
ln dng kh to ra ma hoc tuyt.
Bc Iotua l mt ho cht rt t, v vy cc nh ho hc nghin cu tm
cc cht thay th r tin hn l ch Iotua (PbI
2
); 1,5 - ioxinaftalen; nc kh
(CO
2
rn) v nhiu cht hu c khc.
Dng cc cht trn lm ma vi iu kin l trn tri c sn nhng m
my. Ngi ta dng my bay rc cc cht trn vo my.
Nh phng php ny ngi ta cu mt v gieo trng b hn khi sp thu
hoch, tng m khi ma mng b lm nguy hoc bt mt cn ma sm c bu
tri quang ng trc ngy hi ln.
C nhng k olympic ma ng, ngi ta dng phng php ny lm
tng lng tuyt ln t 10 15%. Nu tnh c hng gi v xc nh ng a
im rc ho cht, c th lm ma nhng im chy rng, khi ngn la mi bng
ln. B lm nghip nc CHLB Nga nhiu ln cu hng nghn hecta rng Xiberi
khi thn la.
99. Lm th no ngn nga ma ?
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Rc vo m my nhng "ht nhn kt tinh" khng nhng "thay tri lm
ma" m cn ngn nga c ma , nhng ht bng ang ln dn chun b cho
ma , khng ln ln c na do nhng "mm kt tinh" bng ho cht tranh
cp m. Cc ht bng nh li ti nhiu hn, nhng khng t n kch thc ca
ht ma . Trn ng ri xung mt t chng b tan ra v tr thnh cn ma
bnh thng.
Hin nay c nhng ra a kh tng d bo s hnh thnh nhng m my
cha nhng ht bng. Cc tn la v n cha ho cht c iu khin bn
trng ch. Nh vy m nhiu vng rng ln cc nc tin tin trnh c s
tn ph ca ma i vi ma mng.
100. Lm th no ph tan sng m?
Sng m, th phm gy ra nhng v tai nn ng thu, ng b v ng
khng.
Ngi ta rc hoc bn vo khi sng m cc loi ht nng c tnh ht m
nh mui n (NaCl) trn vi xi mng mn, cc cht hot ng b mt, cc cht tch
in...
Nhng ht nc l lng, dy c trong sng m khi gp "mm kt tinh" s
ng t khin mt ca chng trong khng kh gim dn v cui cng ri xung
di dng nhng ht nc.
Bn cnh phng php ho hc, ngi ta cn dng cc phng php khc.
M, ngi ta ph sng m bng my bay trc thng. Cnh qut ca my bay ht
dng khng kh kh cc lp tng cao xung xua tan sng m. Sn bay Orly ca
Php ph sng m bng lung khng kh nng do mt h thng tua bin y ra,
hng vo ng bng.
101. Lm tan ging bo nh th no?
lm tan ging bo ngi Nga dng my bay rc vo m my nhng ht
bt nng (ct, xi mng) khin m my nhanh chng b tan ra. Ngi M rc ln
m my nhng si ch nilon m kim loi. S phng in kiu h quang trong in
trng gy ion ho khng kh, tng dn in v lm du i s phng in ca
cc in tch v nh vy c th trit tiu sm chp.
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Cc nh kh tng hc rc cc cht kit tinh vo nhng m my ging, phn
b li nng lng v lm gim sc ph hoi ca cc trn bo. Chng hn M vi
trn bo Dally nm 1979, bng cch "x l" ny ngi ta lm tc gi gim i
1/3.
Cc nh ho hc cng dng nhng cht hot ng b mt can thip vo
thi tit do lm thay i tnh cht ca b mt nc v t. Dng mt lng nh
ru bo a chc to lp mng cc mng trn mt bin lm gim mnh lng nc
bay hi v ngn chn c s hnh thnh nhng m sng m nguy him bao ph
cng, nht l vo ma lnh.
Rc nhng ht m hng trn mt t, iu chnh c t l hp th tia bc
x, lm thay i ch nhit ti mt vng rng ln.
Nhn chung cc phng php ho hc tc ng vo thi tit cn rt t,
khng kinh t v th cha c s dng rng ri.
Con ng ch ng thi tit cn rng m, ang ch i cc nh ho hc tr
tm ra cc phng php tc ng mi, cc ho cht mi c hiu qu cao hn, r hn
v kh thi hn.
102. Th no l mc xi mng?
Xi mng c nhiu mc khc nhau: 200, 250, 300, 400, 500 v 600. Mc xi
mng ch ti trng (tnh bng kg lc/cm
2
) m xi mng ho rn c th chu c
khng b bin dng sau 28 ngy t khi trn vi nc.
103. nh gi cht lng xng nh th no?
Xng dng cho cc loi ng c thng dng nh t, xe my l hn hp
hirocacbon no th lng (t C
5
H
12
n C
12
H
26
). Cht lng xng c nh gi
qua ch s octan l phn trm cc ankan mch nhnh c trong xng. Ch s octan
cng cao th cht lng xng cng tt do kh nng chu p lc nn tt nn kh nng
sinh nhit cao. n-Heptan c coi l c ch s octan bng zero cn 2,2,4-
trimetylpentan c quy c c ch s octan bng 100. Cc hirocacbon mch
vng v mch nhnh c ch s octan cao hn cc hirocacbon mch khng nhnh.
Xng c ch s octan thp nh MOGAS 83 thng phi pha thm mt s ph gia
nh tetraetyl ch (C
2
H
5
)
4
hoc lu hunh. Cc ph gia ny gip lm tng kh nng
chu nn ca nhin liu nhng khi thi ra khng kh gy nhim mi trng, rt
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
hi cho sc kho con ngi. Hin nay, Vit Nam ch yu dng xng A90 hoc
A92 l loi xng c ch s octan cao - nhng loi xng ny khng cn phi thm
cc ph gia nn c hi v t gy nhim mi trng.
104. Bnh cha chy hot ng nh th no?
Kh CO
2
khng chy v khng duy tr s chy ca nhiu cht, nn ngi ta
dng nhng bnh to kh CO
2
dp tt cc m chy. Tuy nhin, mt s kim loi
c tnh kh mnh, th d Mg, Al,... khi t nng chy c trong kh CO
2
:
4 0
2 CO 2Mg C 2MgO
+
+ +
105. t n c s dng trong nhng ngnh kinh t quc dn no ?
t n l mt ho cht c rt nhiu cng dng. N c s dng trong
nhiu ngnh kinh t quc dn nh giao thng vn ti, cng nghip, nng nghip,
sn sut hng tiu dng v nht l lm nguyn liu trong cng nghip ho cht.
106. t n c sn xut t khi no?
Cui th k 19, t n (c trong thnh phn chnh l CaC
2
) mi ch c
sn xut 12 nc trn th gii. Thi gian ny, t n ch yu dng thp sng.
Da vo cc phn ng sau:
CaC 2H O Ca(OH) C H
2 2 2 2 2
+ +
5
C H O 2CO H O
2 2 2 2 2
2
+ +
Cho n nm 1911 vn cn ti 965 thnh ph s dng t thp sng
ng ph vo ban m.
Trong nhiu nm trc y, nc ta, t n c s dng thp sng
trong cc hm l khai thc v vn chuyn than. Ng dn mt s vng ven bin
dng t n vo vic thp sng nh bt c, tm do dng ca ngn n t
tng ng vi bng in c cng sut 60 - 80 W. nng thn nc ta, trong
nhiu nm trc y ngi ta cng dng t n thp sng trong nhng dp c
nh m hoc l tt.
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
107. n x oxi - axetilen dng lm g?
Kh axetilen sinh ra khi cho t n tc dng vi nc c dng lm nhin
liu trong n x oxi - axetilen hn ct kim loi do nhit ngn la c th ln
ti 3000
0
C.
sn xut c mt chic xe p ngi ta phi dng ti 3 kg t n.
Vic hn, ct kim loi bng n x oxi - axetilen c s dng khi ng mi
hoc sa cha cc con tu sng, bin hay xy dng, sa cha cc cy cu, cc cng
trnh xy dng.
Khi cn ct, ph cc con tu b h hng tn dng st, thp c phc v
cho ngnh luyn cn thp ngi ta cng dng n x oxi - axetilen.
108. Kh axetilen c dng lm nguyn liu sn xut cc cht
hu c nh th no?
Khi cng nghip ch bin ho hc du m cha pht trin (cho n khong
nm 1950) th kh axetilen sn xut t t n l nguyn liu chnh ca cng
nghip sn xut cc hp cht hu c.
+ Ngi ta cho kh axetilen tc dng vi kh hiroclorua c vinyl
clorua, sau trng hp vinyl clorua thnh polivinyl clorua.
C H CH + HCl CH
2
= CH - Cl
n CH
2
= CH - CH
2
- CH -
Cl Cl n
Polivinyl clorua (PVC) c coi l cht do vn nng. PVC dng sn xut
ra mng mng, bao b, da gi, thng ng ho cht, si chu ho cht, cc cu kin
xy dng... sn xut 1 tn PVC phi dng t 17 - 2 tn t n.
+ Cng trn c s cho kh axetilen tc dng vi kh hiroclorua ngi ta
c cc cng ngh tip theo chuyn i thnh butadien sn xut cao su nhn to
v hng lot monome c gi tr cng nghip nh acrilonitril, vinylaxetat, este ca
axit acrylic,...
Trng hp vinylaxetat ri thu phn ngi ta thu c polivinyacol. T
polime ny ko thnh si bn, p, chu c ho cht v thi tit, c ht m
cao c gi l vinylon. Nh vy axetilen l nguyn liu quan trng gii quyt
tt vn mc.
Xc tc
Xc tc
t
0
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
109. Kh axetilen c dng sn xut mui than nh th no?
Ngi ta cn dng kh axetilen t t n sn xut mui than gi l mui
axetilen.
Sau khi loi b cc tp cht, kh axetilen c cha vo bn ln ri dng
nhit cao phn hu axetilen to ra cacbon (C) tinh khit. Mui axetilen l
nguyn liu cao cp dng cho cc ngnh in t, sn, mc in, ch to thp cng,
chi than, ch bin cao su,... Ngnh sn xut pin tiu th rt nhiu mui than, bnh
qun sn xut 1 triu chic pin R20 phi cn t 2,7 3 tn mui than axetilen.
Nh my t n Trng Knh (Hi phng) l c s u tin trong nc sn xut
mui than axetilen cung cp cho ngnh pin v cc ngnh kinh t khc.
110. Trong nng nghip t n dng lm g?
- Trong nng nghip, t lu ngi ta dng t n rm qu xanh, kch
thch qu mau chn v chn ng lot cc kho, thng dng rm da, chui, c
chua... vo dp cui ma ng, u ma xun.
Ngi ta x l nn cy da bng t n, cy da s cho qu to ng u,
thm ngon, t l ng cao v nht l lm cho da ra hoa kt qu tri v.
t n cn dng sn xut phn m canxi xinmit (CaCN
2
) dng bn
cho cc loi cy trng nh la v nht l bng. Hng nm hng DENKA ca Nht
Bn dng t 300.000 n 500.000 tn t n xn xut phn bn canxi xianamit.
- Mt sn phm ph na m ngnh sn xut t n l kh cacbon oxit (CO).
l mt kh cng nghip c gi tr, c th dng ch bin ho hc hoc lm
nhin liu:

CaO + 3C CaC
2
+ CO
vi sng than cc
111. Cu to v nguyn tc hot ng ca pin mt tri th no?
Ngi ta dng cht liu l nhng t bo silic lm pin mt tri (pin quang
hc). T mt tinh th silic, ngi ta ct ra thnh phin nh, phin ny c tnh dn
in N (m). Trn b mt c dn lp tp cht Bo (B) c tnh dn in P (dng).
Gia P - N c lp phn cch mng. Trn b mt hai lp P - N c gn in cc
dn in ra ngoi.
l in
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Nguyn tc hot ng: Lp P c nhng l rt nh nh sng chiu ti lp
N. Cc tia nng cung cp nng lng vo lp N khin v s electron tch ra khi
nguyn t lp silic khuych tn v tch t in cc ( - ) hnh thnh in tch m.
Cn lp P do tc dng ca nh sng lun to thm nhng in tch dng v tch t
bn cc ( + ). Nu khp 2 mch in cc s c dng in.
112. Lm nn mu nh th no?
Ngy t (tt dng lch v m lch) nu chng ta c hng nn vi ngn la
lung linh, mu sc n giao tha th hay bit my.
Xin mch bn cch lm ra nhng cy nn mu. Thn nn mu , ngn la
cng c mu . Thn nn mu xanh, ngn la cng c mu xanh,... v cn to ra
mi thm quyn r na.
Cch lm:
- Thn nn lm bng parafin, c th mua parafin ti cc ca hng ho cht
hoc mua loi nn r tin ly parafin.
- Cht to mu cho thn cy nn l nhng cht mu c th tan trong parafin
nng chy nh metyl xanh (mu xanh) auramin (mu vng), rodamin, eosin (mu
),...
Cng c th to mu cho thn cy nn bng cch n gin hn l dng phn
mu bi ln cy nn.
- Bc nn lm bng si bng, si lanh,... khng dng si tng hp. bc
chy khng c tn cn tm bc bng dung dch natri borat hoc natri photphat ri
phi kh.
- Cht to mu cho ngn la l cc mui v c.
Ho tan ring tng mui v c vo nc c dung dch bo ho. Tm
bc vo dung dch mui bo ho ri phi kh.
Khi chy ngn la s c mu nh sau:
- KCl hay KNO
3
: Mu tm (bi K
+
)
- NaCl hay NaNO
3
: Mu vng (bi Na
+
)
- LiCl hay LiNO
3
: thm (bi Li
+
)
- CaCl
2
hay Ca(NO
3
)
2
: gch (bi Ca
2+
)
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
- BaCl
2
hay Ba(NO
3
)
2
: Xanh nn chui (bi Ba
2+
)
- CuCl
2
hay CuSO
4
: Xanh da tri (bi Cu
2+
)
113. Lm nn thm nh th no?
- Cht thm: Dng nc hoa hay tinh du c th ho tan vo parafin khi
nng chy.
Khi chun b xong parafin lm thn cy nn c mu v c mi thm;
bc nn tm dung dch mui v c to mu cho ngn la, ta tin hnh khun
c thnh cy nn.
Khun nn c th dng cc ng bng kim loi hay cht do c sn hoc
g bng st ty.
t bc vo khun, sao cho ng tm ri c nh pha di v pha trn. Nu
chy parafin ri vo khun. ngui v tho khun.
Parafin nng chy 50 - 55
0
C nhng cn un qu nhit ny. Thng
khun 60 - 65
0
C. Nu khun nhit thp hn, parafin s ng cng nhanh
v b mt nn khng nhn. nhit cao hn, nht qunh ca parafin thp lm
n d chy qu cc khe h ca khun.
C th c cy nn c nhiu mu, mi khc mt mu hoc c vn bng cch
c tng khc hay trn ln cc mu.
Cng c th dng mt cht va to mu cho thn cy va to mu cho
ngn la. Th d nh:
+ Nn xanh l cy: Dng Crom (III) oxit. Mu ngn la cng xanh l cy do
ion Cr
3+
. iu ch cht ny bng cch nhit phn mui amoni icromat hoc nung
nng natri icromat vi lu hunh.
+ Nn vng: Dng natri cromat lm mu cho thn nn. Ngn la cng vng
nh ion Na
+
.
Trong nhng ngy l ln chng ta c xem nhng mn pho hoa rc r,
mun mu. Pho hoa cng c ch to theo nguyn tc trn.
114. Th no l hiu ng nh knh ?
Chng ta rt hay nghe thy cm t Hiu ng nh knh, vy hiu ng nh
knh l g ? l hin tng lm cho Tri t m ln bi kh CO
2
. Kh CO
2
trong
kh quyn ch hp th mt phn nhng tia hng ngoi (bc x nhit) ca mt tri v
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
cho cc tia c sng t 50.000 n 100.000 A
0
i qua n mt t. Nhng bc x
nhit pht ngc li t mt t c bc sng trn 140.000A
0
b kh cacbonic hp
th mnh v pht tr li tri t lm Tri t m ln. V mt hp th bc x, lp
CO
2
trong kh quyn tng ng vi lp thu tinh cc nh knh dng trng
cy, x lnh. Do hin tng lm Tri t m ln bi kh CO
2
c gi l
Hiu ng nh knh.
Ngi ta cho rng nu trong kh quyn ca hnh tinh chng ta khng c
lng kh CO
2
th nhit mt t thp hn hin ti l 21
0
C. Ngc li nu CO
2

tng gp i so vi hin ti nn nhit s tng thm 4
0
C. sao Kim, lng CO
2
gp 60.000 ln Tri t nn nhit trung bnh ca sao Kim l 425
0
C.
Ch rng nhit mt t tng ln 1
0
C nh hng bt li cho sn xut
lng thc ca th gii. Nguyn nhn ca s tng hm lng CO
2
trong kh quyn
l vic s dng nhin liu trong nh my nhit in v cc nh my khc, l vic
ph rng. V vy v li ch chung hy bo v ly rng - l phi ca Tri t !!!
115. Tng ozon ang b suy gim nh th no ?
Trn tng cao ca kh quyn, cc mt t gn 25 km c mt lp ozon dy,
gi l tng ozon. N c tc dng ngn khng cho tia cc tm chiu trc tip xung
Tri t.
Do phn ng:
2
2 3
O h 2O
O O O
+ \
h\ c : 1600 2400 A
0

Tuy nhin gn y cc nh khoa hc pht hin thy mt s khu vc tng
ozon b bo mn, thm ch c ch b thng - gi l thng tng ozon.
Tng ozon b thng s khng cn tc dng ngn tia cc tm - ngha l tia cc
tm s chiu trc tip xung Tri t gy ra nhiu bnh ngoi da cho con ngi v
ng vt (v d nh ung th da, )
Nguyn nhn do mt s kh nh: freon (CFC), cc oxit nit. Cc freon, l cc
hp cht Clorofloro cacbon, v d nh CFCl
3
, CF
2
Cl
2
, c dng rng ri lm cht
y trong bnh phun, chy gy lnh trong t lnh v my iu ho nhit v cht
gy xp cho cht do. Di tc dng ca cc bc x mt tri ( : 1900 2250A
0
)
chng thc y qu trnh bin i O
3
O
2

H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
116. Mn khi git ngi xy ra u ?
Ngy 5 thng 12 nm 1952, nc Anh (nc c mnh danh l x s ca
sng m) ti Lun n xy ra s kin mn khi git ngi lm chn ng
th gii. Vic gim st mi trng cho thy hm lng kh SO
2
cao ti 3,8mg/m
3
,
gp 6 ln v nng bi khi ln ti 4,5mg/m
3
gp 10 ln so vi ngy thng. Dn
trong thnh ph thy tc ngc, kh th v ho lin tc. Ch trong vng 4, 5 ngy
c hn 4000 ngi cht trong phn ln l tr em v ngi gi, hai thng sau li
c trn 8000 ngi na cht.
Nguyn nhn ca mn khi git ngi thnh ph Lun n l do khi
than ca cc nh my quyn vo vi sng m bui sm ma ng gy ra.
117. Kh clo c dng lm v kh u v khi no ?
l x chiu ngy 24 - 4 - 1915 (th chin th nht 1914 - 1918) gia 2
ngi lng c tn l Steenstraat v Poel Kappelle (nc B) xut hin mt m khi
mu vng lc xut pht t phng tuyn ca qun c bay l l cch mt t 1 mt
theo chiu gi tin dn n phng tuyn qun Php. l khi ca 150 tn clo
cha trong 5830 thng iu p va c cc binh s ca trung on qun tin
phong 35 v 36 c th vo khng kh. Mi lm pht sau, b binh c c trang
b c bit bm theo m khi clo tn cng thng vo c im Php. S tc
ng ca kh c tht v cng gh gm. Hng trm binh s Php hn lon chy
ngc v pha sau tm khng kh th. Khi qun c ti ni h trng thy nhiu
xc cht vi gng mt xanh nht nm la lit bn nhng ngi hp hi, c th co
git d di, ming a ra mt cht dch mu vng nht. Kt qu l tuyn phng th
ca qun Php b ph v v kh clo git cht 3000 ngi v lm 7000 ngi b
thng.
118. Axit xitric c u ?
Trong thin nhin axit xitric c trong cc loi qu chua (chanh, tai chua),
trong mt s loi l cy (bng, thuc l, thng).
Axit xitric c cng thc ho hc l
HOOC CH
2
COOH
CH
2
CO O H
OH
C
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Tinh th c mu trng, t
nc
= 153
0
C, d tan trong nc. Axit xitric l sn phm
trung gian quan trng ca qu trnh trao i cc axit tricacboxylic trong c th.
Axit xitric dng lm cht bo qun, cht to v trong cng nghip thc phm.
Trong nghip thc phm, axit xitric chim hng u trong s cc axit hu c. Axit
xitric cn c dng trong dc phm v cc cht ty git
119. Vin kim cng ln nht ngn h nm u ?
Cc nh thin vn M va pht hin ra mt ngi sao kim cng c ng
knh 1500 km, cch Tri t khong 50 nm nh sng c gi l Lucy
Lucy hay BPM37093 c li c, nng ca mt ngi sao c tng chiu
sng ging nh mt tri. Tuy nhin, ngi sao c ny ngui, v co li. Cc nh
thin vn thng gi n l: Sao ln trng. Gn y cc nh thin vn pht hin ra
rng: cc v sao khng ch to sng m cn ngn vang ging nh mt chic
chung khng l. o nhng rung ng ny, ngi ta c th nghin cu thnh phn
bn trong ca Lucy. T , h pht hin ra rng cacbon bn trong Lucy cng li
to nn khi kim cng ln nht ngn h.
T , cc nh khoa hc phng on rng, Mt Tri ca chng ta, khi tn
li trong vng 5 t nm na s kt tinh to ra vin kim cng khng l trung tm
Thi dng h.
Metcalfe ni: Mt Tri ca chng ta s tr thnh mt vin kim cng vnh
hng.
120. Ai pht minh ra thp khng g ?
l nh khoa hc Anh H.Brearley. Trong chin tranh th gii ln th nht
ng c giao nhim v nghin cu ci tin v kh, c bit l vn nng sng b
mi mn rt nhanh. ng th pha crrom vo thp, song cha va nn bn qung
vo ng st g ngoi phng th nghim.
Rt lu sau ng thy mu th y vn sng lng lnh trong khi ng thp g
ht c.
Nm 1913 H.Brearley nhn c bng pht minh c quyn ca nc
Anh. ng sn xut thp khng g trn qui m ln v tr thnh ngi cha ca
thp khng g
121. Ai c trao gii Nobel ho hc u tin ?
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
l nh ho hc H Lan Jacobus H.Vant Hoff (1852 - 1911) ng c
nhn gii Nobet vo nm 1901. Cho n nm 2005 c 148 nh khoa hc c
gii Nobel ho hc.
122. Ai c gii Nobel ho hc nm 2004 ?
Hai nh khoa hc ngi Israel Aaron Ciechanover v Avram Hershko v mt
nh khoa hc ngi M Irwin Rose, nhn gii Nobel ho hc 2004 vi s tin
1,36 triu USD cho cng trnh ca h lin quan ti cch thc c th tm ra nhng
protein khng thch hp tiu dit v t bo v mnh khi bnh tt.
T u thp nin 1980, ba nh khoa hc trn pht hin ra mt trong
nhng qu trnh c tnh chu k quan trng nht ca t bo: qu trnh thoi ho
protein, qu trnh ny c kim tra ti tng chi tit, protein no khng thch hp
s c ng du bng mt phn t c bit c gi l n hn thn cht.
Nhng protein c dn nhn cht ny s c a vo gi rc ca t bo gi
l proteasomes, y chng b phn ra tng mnh nh v b hu dit. Phn t lm
nhn ny c gi l ubiquitin.
Khi vic thoi ho protein ny din ra khng ng, con ngi s b ung th.
Kin thc v protein iu tit ubiquitin s gip ngi ta bo ch thuc chng mt
s loi bnh.
123. Ai c gii Nobel ho hc nm 2005 ?
l 3 nh ho hc : Robert H.Grurbbs (M)
Richard Schorock (M) v Yves ChanVin (Php). Ba ng pht trin
phng php hon v trong tng hp hu c. Trong phn t cht hu c, cc nguyn
t C lin kt vi nhau v lin kt vi cc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t khc theo
mt trt t nht nh. Trong phn ng hon v, cc lin kt i b ph v hoc to
thnh do s i ch gia cc nhm nguyn t nh nhng cht xc tc c bit.
Phng php hon v c nhiu u im vt tri so vi cc phng php tng hp
c nh t phn ng hn, cn t nguyn liu hn, to ra t cht thi hn Gii Nobel
ho hc nm 2005 gm tm sc 1,3 triu USD (chia u cho 3 ngi) huy chng
Nobel v bng chng nhn.
124. Ng v l nhng v no v do cht g sinh ra ?
Ng v gm: chua, ngt, ng, cay, mn.
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
- V ngt do ng sinh ra, ng l ngun nhit lng ch yu cho c th
con ngi. V ngt c tc dng bi dng c th, gii c, lm gim s cng thng
cho c bp.
- V chua do axit hu c sinh ra. V chua c tc dng kch thch s thm n,
tng sc mnh cho gan, nng cao kh nng hp th photpho, can xi.
- V ng ch yu do kim hu c trong n sinh ra, c tc dng iu tit
gan, thn, li tiu.
- V cay ch yu do kim t sinh ra. V cay kch thch s co bp d dy, tng
cng s tit dch tiu ho.
- V mn ch yu sinh ra t mui n (NaCl). V mn c tc dng gi cn
bng p lc thm thu gia huyt dch v t bo, iu tit qu trnh trao i mui,
nc ca c th.
125. u tng c s dng nh th no ?
T u tng ngi ta ch bin ra nhiu mn n hp dn nh tng, u ph,
sa u nnh
Nhng ht u tng c hm lng nhng cht dinh dng rt cao, chng
cung cp canxi, st v vitamin nhm B cng nh cht m nhiu hn hu ht cc
loi thc phm khc.
126. Loi rau no c s dng nhiu nht trn th gii ?
T nm 1993, khoai ty nh bi cc loi rau khc trong a thc n ca
nhiu nc chu u. Khoai ty cn l mn n cung cp cht cacbohyrat nh
cm v bnh m.
127. V sao khng nn pha sa u nnh vi trng g hoc ng ?
Sa u ny c gi tr dinh dng rt cao, c tt c 8 loi gc axit amin cn
thit cho c th, rt tt cho vic bi b, tng cng sc kho. Axit bo khng bo
ho trong sa u ngoi tc dng ngn khng cho m ng tng trong c th cn
c tc dng lm p da mt. Vitamin B1 trong sa u c tc dng phng chng
bnh ph. Tuy sa u l loi n tt nh vy nhng cng cn phi bit cch
dng.
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
- Khng c ho sa u vi trng g v cht abumin trong lng trng trng
d kt hp vi cht tripxin trong sa u thnh nhng cht kh hp thu vi c th
ngi, lm mt i gi tr dinh dng.
- Khng c pha sa u vi ng v axit hu c trong ng c th
kt hp vi protein trong sa u, sinh ra nhng cht kh hp thu vi c th ngi.
Vi ng trng th khng c hin tng ny.
128. C phi n c rt c tc dng cha bnh ?
C rt khng ch l mt loi rau c gi tr dinh dng cao m cn l mt v
thuc c nhiu cng hiu.
Nhng nhn vin v tuyn in nn n nhiu c rt, bi cht carten trong c
rt c th chuyn ho thnh vitamin A lm cho mt ngi sng hn, phng c
cc bnh kh mt, qung g.
Gn y cc nh nghin cu li pht hin ra rng n nhiu crt s c kh
nng phng chng bnh ung th.
129. Gng c nhng cng dng g ?
Trong n ung gng c nhiu cng dng nh:
- Chng lnh cho thc n c tnh lnh nh bu b, cc loi ci, cc mn thu
sn (c, cua, c), gia cm ( min Nam, vt luc phi chm nc mm gng), gia
sc nh tht tru, tht b c hp gng l mn c sn.
- Lm dy mi thm bnh mt, ch, ru, bia
- Chng nhim vi sinh vt (da, kim chi )
Trong phng cha bnh, gng c nhiu tc dng:
- Cha cm lnh, ri lon tiu ho
- Trong gng c cht jamical c tnh dit nm, mecin c tnh dit khun.
- Lm gim m mu, h thuyt p, kch thch tiu ho... Do gng c nhiu
cng dng nn c cu dao:
"Chua, cay, mn, ngt tng.
Gng cay, mui mn xin ng qun nhau"
130. Nhng cht dinh dng no c trong sa b ?
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Sa gm c ch yu l nc v nhng git cht bo rt nh phn tn trong
n. Sa chua khi yn th cht bo s ni ln mt v c th nhn thy c nh
mt lp kem.
Sa l mt thc phm c cha nhiu cht dinh dng nh: vitamin v khong
cht ~ 0,7%; cht m ~ 3,3%; cht bo ~ 3,8%; cacbohyrat ~ 4,7% v nc
~87,5%.
Sa khng bo l sa m phn ln cht bo b loi ra khi sa bng my.
Sa khng bo tt cho sc kho hn v n c t calo v t cht bo hn.
131. Kem c tch ra khi sa bng cch no ?
Kem c lm bng cch gn thnh phn kem ra khi sa. Ngy nay kem
thng c lm bng my.
Kem c cha nhiu cht bo 48% cao hn mn kem trng ming (38%) v
kem c t cht bo (18%).
Thnh phn ca kem gm: Vitamin v cht khong ~ 0,5%; cht m
~1,5%; cht bo (48%); cacbohyrat ~2% v nc ~ 48%.
132. B c lm nh th no ?
Ngy nay chic my lm b c truyn c thay bng mt c my phc
tp. N lm nhng git cht bo trong kem dnh li vi nhau lm thnh b. Sa
b, mt sn phm ph c lc b. Sau b c ct ra v gi vo giy kim loi
hoc giy ph sp ong.
Thnh phn ca b gm: Vitamin v cht khong ~1,5%; cht m ~0,5%;
cht bo ~83% v nc ~15%.
133. Lm phomat nh th no ?
Bin sa thnh phomat l mt phng php c truyn bo qun sa.
Trong sut qu trnh ny sa c lm cho hi chua. Mt loi enzim c bit gi l
rennet c thm vo v cht ny kt cht m trong sa c li thnh sa ng
c. Sn phm lng, gi l nc sa, c loi b cn li phomat c khun
chn ti. Cc loi phomat c lm chn v thm hng v bng nhiu cch khc
nhau.
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Trong phomat c: vitamin v cht khong ~ 3%; cht m ~26% cht bo
~33% v nc ~ 38%.
134. Lm sa chua nh th no ?
Mt loi vi khun v hi c trong sa, gi l khun sa n to ra axit lactic
3 2
CH CH COOH
OH
| |
|
\ .
nhit m. Vi khun ln men sa, nh to
thnh sa chua. Thng cho thm ng v tri cy tng hng v v s b
dng ca sa chua.
Thnh phn ca sa chua gm: Vitamin va cht khong ~ 2% ; cht m ~
5%; cht bo ~0,5%; cacbonhyrat ~12%; nc ~ 80,5%.
135. Bnh m cha nhng cht dinh dng no ?
Bnh m l loi thc phm ch yu trn th gii. Bnh m c lm t bt
la m, nc v men. Bt b nho c t trong mt ni nng, m men sn sinh
cht kh lm bt m nho dy ln. Bt m nho c th lm ra c trm loi hnh dng
bnh khc nhau.
Thnh phn ca bnh m gm: Vitamin v cht khong ~1%; cht m ~9%; cht
bo ~2%; cacbohyrat ~ 42%; nc ~ 38% v cht x ~ 8%.
136. Trng cha nhng cht dinh dng no ?
Chng ta n nhiu loi trng chim t nhng ci trng nh b ca chim ct
n ci trng khng l ca iu. Tt c chng u giu cht m, vitamin v
cht khong, c bit l cht st. Lng trng l mt kho dinh dng.
Mu sc, hnh dng nhng qu trng ca cc loi chim khc nhau th khc
nhau v khng lin quan n ch dinh dng ca chim.
Khi trng c nu ln, cht m s ng c li. Bng cch dng nhng
thnh phn hoc cch ch bin khc nhau, trng c lm thnh rt nhiu mn n
trn khp th gii.
137. Ai pht minh ra m n lin ?
M n lin do mt ngi Nht tn l Antohaiacphc pht minh vo nm
1958. Khng bao lu sau, m n lin nhanh chng c s dng Nht Bn v
c qung b ra ton th gii. Mi si m n lin dng ti di khong 65cm, mi
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
gi c khong 79 si. Nh vy tng chiu di cc si m trong 1 gi l 51m. Hin
nay, Nht Bn sn xut 454.700 vn sut m n lin dng gi, cc, bt mi nm.
138. V sao rau qu thng c ngm gim ?
Mt s thc n, thng l rau qu c ngm vo gim v sau ng vo
mt ci chai kn gi. Gim l dung dch axit axetic (CH
3
COOH) c nng 5%.
N ngn c s pht trin ca vi khun cho nn thc n c bo qun.
Hnh v da chut l nhng thc n c ngm gim thng gp.
139. Cht bo khng calo l cht g ?
V mt nng lng, 1 gam cht bt cng nh mt gam cht m cung cp 4
calo, cn 1 gam cht bo cung cp 9 calo.
Thng 1 nm 1996, cc qun l thc phm v dc phm M (FDA) cho
php dng loi du nhn to olestra trong ch bin thc phm.
Trong phn t ng, ngi ta to thnh cc polieste bng 6 axit bo lin kt
vi gc gluxit. Lin kt ny rt bn, khng c mt chuyn ho ho sinh no ph v
c. Khi vo h thng tiu ho ca c th, phn t tng hp ny tuy c y
tnh cht vt l nh cht bo thng thng nhng khng tham gia trao i cht,
khng chuyn ho, tng t nh cc cht x.
Mt s loi bnh trc y phi rn bng du, m nay thay bng olestra th
gi tr calo ca chic bnh gim mt na m n vn bo ngy nh rn bng m.
140. Thc phm no dng cho cc nh du hnh v tr ?
Cc nh du hnh v tr phi n nhng thc n sy kh - ng lnh. Nhng
thc phm sy kh - ng lnh rt nh nhng vn gi c hnh dng v mu sc
ca chng. Mi v ca chng khng c thm ngon bng thc n ti nhng
chng l ngun cung cp nng lng v dinh dng di do.
141. Cn ch g trnh ng c ch ?
Cc dng bng gm c hm lng ch cao khi gp cht c tnh axit trong
sa b, c ph, bia, nc ng, nc hoa qu, nc rau th lp ch phn mu s
dn dn b n mn v ho tan vo n. Qua n ung, ch s xm nhp vo c th,
khi n tch t n mt mc nht nh s gy ra nhng chng bnh do ng c
ch nh: hn m, au u, suy nhc c th, l ln au khp.
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
trnh b ng c ch, ta khng nn dng cc ng thc n bng s c
mu vng, mu lam v mu hng. Ch nn dng loi s khng mu hay cc gm
m mt ngoi trn nhn; v cc cha rt t ch, hu nh khng ng k.
cn thn, khi mua ng thc n bng gm v nn ngm vo gim n
trong mt thi gian di kh ch.
142. Cn ch g khi dng nhm ?
nhm hu nh c ph bin trong mi gia nh mi quc gia trn
th gii. Ngi ta a nhm v n sch s, nh, p mt, tin li m li r tin.
Nhm c hi cho c th, nht l i vi ngi gi.
Bnh l ln v cc bnh no khc ngi gi, ngoi nguyn nhn do c th
b lo ho cn c th do s u c v tnh ca cc nu n, ng bng
nhm. T bo thn kinh trong no ca ngi gi b mc bnh no c cha rt nhiu
ion nhm (Al
3+
) nu c dng nhm trong thi gian di s lm tng c hi ion
nhm xm nhp vo c th, lm nguy hi ti ton b h thng thn kinh no.
V th khng nn dng nhm ng thc n, khng nn n mn n
ng trong nhm qua m, khng nn dng nhm ng rau trn c
trn trng g v gim.
143. Cn ch g khi n rau ci trng ?
Ci trng l loi rau rt giu vitamin v cht dinh dng nhng n cng
ng thi cha mt lng kh ln mui ca axit nitric (HNO
3
). Nu sau khi nu
chn ri trong thi gian qu di do tc dng ca vi khun, mui ca axit nitric s
bin thnh mui ca axit nitr (HNO
2
) l cht d gy ra ung th. V th khng nn
n rau ci trng nu chn qua m. Sau khi nu chn nn cho thm vo rau
mt t gim n tng tc dng d phng.
144. Lm th no trnh b d ng khi n da ?
Da va c v chua, va c v ngt, c mi thm hp dn v lng dinh
dng cao.
Trong da c mt cht anbuminoit c tc dng lm tng cng s phn gii
protein v th sau khi n nhiu tht c c lng protein qu cao, kh tiu th nn n
mt t da kch thch tiu ho.
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Chng d ng da l do cht anbuminoit trong da gy ra. Cht ny lm tng
tnh xuyn thm cho nim mc ca d dy, dn n hin tng protein trong ng
rut thm vo mu do gy ra chng d ng.
Triu chng ca d ng da nh nn ma, au bng, da b pht nga li
ming b t, ra m hi, ht th kh khn...
trnh d ng da, sau khi gt v ct da thnh ming nh, th vo
nc mui nht ngm mt lc hoc cho vo nc sau lm tng nhit ty
cht anbuminoit trong da.
145 - Giy c pht minh t khi no ?
ng Thi Lun thi ng Hn, Trung Quc pht minh ra giy cch y
hn 1900 nm. T ngh lm giy lu truyn ra cc ni trn th gii.
Phng thc sn xut giy t g nh hin nay ch t sau nm 1873 mi c.
146. Bt ch c t khi no ?
Cch y hn 430 nm, Pollod nc Anh pht hin m ch en. Lc by
gi ngi ta ct nhng thi ch en thnh que di, kp gia 2 ming g, ly dy
buc li vit. l cy bt ch u tin.
Khong 250 nm trc, tc l nm 1975, Congtai ngi Php pht minh ra
phng php trn than ch vi t st ri em nung cng thnh rut bt ch.
Cho n nay, ton th gii vn dng phng php ca CongTai lm rut
bt ch.
- Cch lm bt ch mu th no ?
Nguyn liu lm rut bt ch mu khng phi l t st v than ch m l bt
mu v bt hot thch... v cng khng phi nung la nn rut bt tng i mm.
Sau khi lm xong rut bt, cc bc khc ging nh lm bt ch thng.
147. Dim c t khi no ?
Ra i nm 1831, dim c k tha kt qu ca s pht trin ca ngnh
cng nghip ho cht. Nhng que dim u tin c nhng vo hn hp cha
photpho. Loi dim ny rt d bt chy v kh nguy him.
Hai mi nm sau, anh em Lundstrom ngi Thu in lm ra loi dim
mi, u tin c nhng vo mt th h c cha lu hunh. Dim bt chy khi
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
c xit vo b mt pht pho : Loi dim ny c an ton cao nn gi l dim
an ton.
148. Cht gy m c s dng t khi no ?
Nm 1846, nha s ngi M tn l William Morton l ngi u tin dng
ete gy m. Nm sau clorofom c dng trong mt ca . Hi ca cc cht
gy m y c ht vo qua mt n lm bnh nhn ng thip i v mt ht cm
gic.
149. Thu tinh c t khi no ?
Vo khong 3000 nm trc cng nguyn ti Syri hoc nhng nc lng
ging ln u tin thy tinh c ch to. C l n c pht hin do tnh c khi
nung ct trn ln vi mui qung ca t.
Trc khi sn xut thy tinh, ngi ta s dng thu tinh t nhin mu en
c tm thy gn ni la.
Nhng dng c u tin bng thu tinh c lm ra bng cch gia c nhng
khi thu tinh hoc nung nng chy ri khun.
Vic thi thu tinh c pht minh ra khong 100 nm trc cng nguyn
cng ti Syri.
150. Thuc sng bt u c s dng t khi no ?
Ngi Trung Quc pht hin ra cch sn xut thuc sng khi trn mui n
vi than g v lu hunh. H s dng chng t khong nm 650 ca cng
nguyn dng cho pho hoa v chun b nhng v n.
Ti Trung Quc, thuc sng c nhi trong ng tre lm ra bom v tn
la (ho tin). Ngi ta cho thm vo nhng vin v nhng mnh snh.
tng s dng loi thuc n ny lm nhng qu n i bc xut hin trong
c ngi Trung Quc t hi .
151. Du m l g ?
Du m l loi vt cht c th t chy, con ngi thng dng du m lm
nhin liu cho cc ng c ca cc phng tin giao thng. Du m cng l
nguyn liu sn xut cht do. Du m l loi ti nguyn quan trng nht trn
th gii hin nay.
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Theo s liu thng k, tng tr lng du m ca ton th gii l 121,5 t
tn, vi tc khai thc 2,9 t tn mt nm nh hin nay, tr lng du m ch cn
khai thc trong hn 40 nm na.
152. Ngun gc ca du m th no ?
Du m, kh t t nhin v than u l di th cc sinh vt t thi c i,
bin i qua hng triu nm m to thnh, do chng cn c gi l nhin liu
ho thch. Tr lng du m v than trong lng t u l c hn, trong tng
lai nht nh s b khai thc ht. do chng ta phi bit qu trng ngun ti
nguyn qu gi ny, khng c lng ph.
153. Du m c thnh phn nh th no ?
Cc thnh phn nguyn t ch yu trong du th l cacbon 83 -> 87%; hidr
11-> 14%; lu hunh 0,1 - 4,5%; oxi v nit 0,54 - 3,6%.
Hp cht ch yu l hircacbon v t l cc nguyn t ni trn c th thay
i theo khu vc.
154. Du m c khai thc t khi no ?
Ngy 27 - 8 - 1859, gn Titusvile Pensylvanie, ng William Drake
khoan thnh cng n su 21 mt trong lng t. Mt cht mu en v nhn lin
phun ln trn mt t. l du m.
155. Kh du m c s dng u tin t khi no ?
Ln u tin con ngi s dng khi du m ti Anh vo nm 1727. Nm
1760, Geore Dixon l ngi u tin thp sng bng kh. nh sng do kh t
cung cp sng hn n du.
156. Du m c ch bin nh th no ?
Du th c a vo thp chng ct ca nh my lc du phn tch, c
th phn chia cc sn phm du theo th t trong lng t nh ti nng nh sau:
Du d bay hi, xng, du ho, du ma dt v du nng.
Du th khi a vo nh my lc du s c un nng bin thnh hi, sau
dn dn lm ngui, mi nhit khc nhau s thu c sn phm ho lng
khc nhau, ng thi phn tch ring ra tng sn phm.
157. Cht n hot ng nh th no ?
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Khi mt cht n hot ng, ch trong khong thi gian rt ngn cc cht ho
hc m n cha bn trong sn sinh ra mt lng ln kh v nhit. Cc cht kh nng
ny t ngt tng th tch v to ra s n. Di s gin n , sng xung kch
c to ra v truyn vo khng kh.
158. Th no l bom nguyn t (bom A)?
Bom nguyn t c sc n mnh hn rt nhiu ln so vi bom dng cht n
l cc cht ho hc. Bn trong bom A c mt lng urani hoc plutoni, l nhng
cht phng x.
to n, ngi ta bn hai na hnh cu c cha cc cht ny trong tri
bom vo nhau. Khi c mt phn ng dy chuyn s xy ra. Ht nhn ca cc
nguyn t urani hoc plutoni b v ra di s bn ph ca cc ht ntron. Mi ht
nhn b ph v li gii phng cc ntron v cc ntrn ny khuych i thm s
bn ph... Tt c nhng qu trnh trn ch din ra trong mt phn giy v s phn r
ca ht nhn gii phng ra mt nng lng khng l. Nng lng ny to thnh
sc p ca v n, nhit lng v tia phng x nguy him.
159. Th no l bom hir (bom khinh kh ) ?
Nng lng ca bom hiro (bom H) khng phi sinh ra t s phn r ht
nhn ca cc nguyn t nng nh bom nguyn t (bom A) m l t s tng hp ht
nhn ca cc nguyn t nh: Hiro.
S gii phng nng lng khng l ca bom H c sinh ra t phn ng
nhit hch:
2
1
2 H>
4
2
He
(teri) (Heli)
S tng hp ht nhn ny din ra vi s mt i ca vt cht, n chuyn ho
thnh nng lng trong mt phn nh ca giy. Do vy m sinh ra s n.
cho phn ng tng hp ht nhn xy ra, cn phi c nhit rt cao do
mt qu bom A nh to ra chm mi cho qu bom H.
160. L phn ng ht nhn hot ng nh th no ?
Trong l phn ng, ht nhn ca cc nguyn t urani b ph v di s bn
ph ca cc ntron v gii phng rt nhiu nhit lng. Khi b ph v chng gii
phng cc ntron khc v n lt mnh cc ntron ny tr thnh cc ht bn ph..
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
phn ng dy chuyn ny c kim sot bi cc thanh than ch (grafit) nhng
trong l phn ng v hp th mt phn cc ntron ny.
Cht dn lu c s dng thng l nc hoc kh CO
2
. N dng lm
bay hi lng nc trong mt thit b trao i nhit. Sau khi lm quay tuc bin
ca my pht in, hi nc ny ngng t tr thnh nc ri li i v pha thit
b trao i nhit hoc l phn ng.
161. Oxi c vai tr nh th no i vi s h hp ?
Khng kh l hn hp gm 72,9% nit; 20,94% oxi v mt lng nh
khong 0,16% gm cc kh cacbonic, agon, xenon, heli...
Khi h hp, ta ht khng kh vo v th ra kh CO
2
, N
2
, v mt lng nh O
2
cha s dng ht, ngoi ra cn c thm mt lng nh cc cht l sn phm ca
nhng phn ng sinh ha phc tp din ra trong c th nh cc loi hirocacbon,
ru, amoniac, axit fomic, axit axetic, anehitfomic v thm ch c xeton na.
C th cn c b sung oxi thng xuyn. Di p sut thng, nu hm
lng oxi thp di 16% l bt u hin tng thiu oxi, gy ra bt tnh t ngt.
Tuy vy, chng ta khng th th bng oxit tinh khit m phi th bng oxi c
pha long bng kh nit. Nu th bng kh oxi tinh khit th ngay c ngi kho
mnh cng ch sau 2 - 3 ngy m l bt u b ph phi.
162. CO
2
lng v rn c nhng cng dng g?
Anhyrit cacbonic (thng gi l kh cacbonic) iu kin thng l kh
khng mu, nng hn khng kh (t khi so vi khng kh l
44
1,51
29
= ). Ngi ta
thng nn kh cacbonic n ho tan nhiu trong cc nc gii kht, nh bia,
coca cola to ra loi nc c ga.
Kh cacbonic iu kin 40
0
C v nn di p sut 197,4 atmotphe th
chuyn thnh dng lng.
Cacbonic lng l mt loi dung mi siu ng v dung mi ny khng c so
vi cc loi dung mi hu c khc, gi r v khng s chy, n.
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Dung mi cacbonic c dng rng ri trong cng nghip thc phm nh
tch cafein trong cafe hoc chit hubln trong hoa hubln dng trong cng nghip
sn xut bia. Ngi ta cng dng CO
2
lng chit cht bo trong cc ht c du.
Cc cht c chit trong cc thit b chu p, sau a ra ngoi, p sut
thng th dung mi bay hi ht cht cn li l cafein, cao hublon, du bo v.v...
M ngi ta th dng CO
2
lng kh cc cht hu c lm nhim
t. Ngay thuc tr su DDT khng b phn hu khi lu trong t cng c
cacbonic lng chit ra.
Ngy nay, cacbonic lng c dng nhiu trong ngnh cng nghip sn.
u tin n c lm dung mi lm sch b mt vt liu cn sn, ch yu l ty
sch cc cht bo.
Cacbonic lng c dng lm dung mi sn nh mt thit b chuyn dng
c kh nng iu tit qu trnh sn. Sn tng ng vi loi dung mi c bit ny
l sn bt hoc sn nc.
Cng nghip in t coi cacbonic lng l dung mi cc tt lm sch cc
vi mch, mi ni, dy dn. Cc dng c quang hc, cc thit b c kh chnh xc,
phc tp cng c ty sch bng dung mi cacbonic lng.
Trong cng nghip sn xut dy cp quang c cng on kim tra bng my
qut . Khi dy cp quang qua my ny th phi c mt loi du nh bi trn. Ch c
dng cacbonic lng lm dung mi mi lm si cp quang t cc ch tiu k thut.
Trong i sng hng ngy, vic git l, ty hp "kh" git "kh" thng
dng dung mi hu c ty bn. Cacbonic lng cng ang c kho nghim
trong lnh vc ny.
Anhyrit cacbonic dng rn cn gi l "bng kh" hay "nc kh" hoc
"tuyt cacbonic", khi bay hi chuyn sang dng kh c th lm nhit h xung
ti - 78,5
0
C.
Cc loi xe lnh c my lnh lm vic trong sut chng ng tiu hao nhiu
nhin liu cho my lnh, ng thi dung tch chuyn ch v ti trng ca xe cng
gim v phi dnh ch cho my lnh cng nh ti trng ca n. Ngy nay ngi ta
ch to mt loi xe ng lnh m ngun lnh c cung cp bi CO
2
rn. Loi xe
mi ny c trang b my tnh iu tit s bay hi ca CO
2
rn. Xe m bo gi
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
lnh trong sut 24 gi vn chuyn vi nhit t 2 - 6
0
C, c loi cn c th gi
lnh n - 18
0
C. c bit xe cn vn chuyn cc sn phm c ch gi lnh khc
nhau trn cng mt chuyn.
163. Thm ho nhim c thu ngn xy ra u?
Nm 1932, sau khi nh my ho cht Chisso, Nht Bn i vo hot ng th
h dng lun vnh Minamata lm ni cha cht thi c cha thu ngn hu c
ca nh my. Sau nhiu nm tch t, mi trng bin b nhim nghim trng
v y l v nhim mi trng cng nghip ln nht Nht Bn trong th k XX.
Hu qu l lm cho hng nghn ngi nhim c thu ngn v hng trm ngi
khc n nay vn cn nh hng ti sc kho.
Nhng ngi dn y, trc n c nh bt trong vnh pht bnh.
Triu chng ban u thng gp l th lc gim, ni kh khn, c cc cn co tht,
nhng ngi nng hn th b co git, bt rt, pht in v cui cng l t vong.
Theo con s thng k, trn 900 ngi b cht v n thng 4/1997 c trn
17.000 ngi c xp vo din nh nc phi cp giy chng nhn "nn nhn
Minamata" v trn 12.000 ngi khc c ghi nhn nhim c thu ngn.
Trong nhiu nm, nhng nn nhn b nhim c thu ngn u tranh i
bi thng thit hi. Nm 1973 ln u tin nh my Chisso phi bi thng mt
s tin l 18 triu yn. Nm 1996 chnh ph Nht ch th cho cng ty Chisso
phi bi thng tip 25,8 triu yn cho 10.353 nn nhn trc y cha c cng
nhn l nn nhn v cha c bi thng.
Sau hn 26 nm duy tr lnh cm, u nm 1998 chnh quyn thnh ph
chisso mi bi b lnh cm v cho php hot ng tr li cc dch v nh bt c
ti vng vnh Minamata, do tnh trng nhim thu ngn ti khu vc ny c
khc phc.
164. Khi thuc l c hi nh th no?
Trong khi thuc l c n 300 cht. Hu nh tt c cc cht hu c u c
mt trong khi thuc l: hyrocacbon no v khng no, vng thm v vng thng,
stearin, ru, ete, axit, phenol, ancaloit (nicotin v dn xut), cc hp cht v c
ca asen, ng, st, thic, mangan, amoniac, oxit cacbon, oxit nit, axit
xianhyric...
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A
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M
Nhng ngi khng ht thuc m ht phi khi thuc thng b au u,
vim mi v c nguy c b ung th phi t 30 - 40%. Cn ngi ht thuc so vi
ngi khng ht thuc th nguy c ung th phi l t 1000 - 2000 ln nhiu hn.
Php, hng nm c ti 60.000 ngi cht v cc bnh c lin quan n vic
ht thuc l v ht phi khi thuc l. M, hng nm c ti 12.000 ngi cht v
ung th phi do ht phi khi thuc bi sng chung vi ngi nghin thuc l.
Nn nhn u tin l tr em. Ngi m ht thuc sinh ra nhng a con nh
cn hn nhng a con ca ngi khng ht thuc ti 200g. Nhng b nh cn ny
c nguy c b ung th, chm pht trin v tr tu v thng c tng ngi thp b.
Nhng a tr sinh ra t cc b m ht thuc c nguy c b cc bnh hen, eczma,
my ay tng gp 4 ln. Cc b m ht thuc hay b sy thai.
Nhiu vic iu tra cho thy 42% tr c b (hoc m) ht thuc v 51% tr
c c b ln m u ht thuc b au amian hoc si vm hng trong khi t l y
cc tr m b m khng ht thuc ch l 28%.
Rt nguy him cho tr 3 - 4 tui thng xuyn chu nh hng ca khi
thuc v lc y phi ca tr ang thi k pht trin mnh nn d b hen suyn,
sng phi.
Nhn thc c s nguy him khi ht phi khi thuc l, nhiu nc cm
ht thuc nhng ni cng cng nh bn tu, bn xe, trn tu, xe v nhng ni
lm vic, hi hp...
165. Nhng nguyn t vi lng no cn cho c th?
C th con ngi c cha ti 18 nguyn t ho hc. C 4 nguyn t a lng
l cacbon, oxi, hiro, nit. Chng to thnh nc, protein, xng, c v chim ti
96% trng lng c th. S cn li ch chim 4% nn gi l cc nguyn t vi lng
(NTVL).
Cc NTVL h tr cc phn ng ho hc trong t bo, gip c th s dng
cht m, m v ng, gip lm vng chc xng v iu khin c, thn kinh.
Cc NTVL cn tng tc vi cc cht khc nhau nh cc vitamin.
Cc NTVL, tuy ch cn mt lng rt nh song li rt quan trng v khi thiu
chng, chng ta s mc nhng cn bnh nguy him. Tt nhin cc NTVL nm
trong thnh phn ca cc hp cht v c th c cung cp bi thc n.
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Sau y l cc NTVL rt cn thit cho c th:
- It: it iu ho s pht trin bnh thng ca xng, s pht trin ca h
thn kinh trung ng tr nh. Thiu it tuyn gip s to ra, gy nn bnh biu c.
Hng triu ngi trn th gii b khuyt tt v tm thn do c th thiu it. It c
nhiu trong hi sn. Hng ngy chng ta nn dng mui it (trn 25mg KI vo 1kg
mui n).
- St: St rt cn hnh thnh hemoglobin trong hng cu. St cng l
thnh phn ca nhiu loi enzim. Thiu st s b thiu mu, biu hin qua ln da
nht nht, mt mi, kh th v gim sc khng.
Thc n cha st c th d hp th bao gm gan, tim v b dc. Nhng thc
n khc cha nhiu st nhng kh hp th hn l lng trng, c, tm, cua, s,
hn, bt m v rau xanh.
- Km: gn 10 loi enzim cn c km hon thnh cc phn ng ho hc
trong t bo. Mt i mt lng nh km lm cho n ng st cn, gim kh nng
tnh dc v c th mc bnh v sinh. Ph n trong thi k mang thai m thiu km
s lm gim trng lng tr s sinh, thm ch thai c th cht. Mt s ngi c v
gic hay khu gic bt thng do thiu km. Km cng cn thit cho th lc, km
gip c th chng li bnh tt. Bch cu cn c km chng li nhim trng v
ung th.
Ngun thc n giu km l t ng vt nh tht sa, trng g, c, tm, cua...
- Mangan: mangan gp phn vo s vng chc ca xng. Ph n ln tui b
long xng c lng mangan trong mu thp hn so vi ph n cng tui khng
b long xng. Mangan cn c vai tr quan trng trong vic kim sot lng
insulin trong c th.
Cc thc phm giu mangan gm go, rau ci xanh, tht, trng, sa...
- Crom: Cc nh nghin cu ti B nng nghip M cho bit thiu crom lin
quan n s h ng huyt lm cho bnh nhn chng mt, cn co, nhp tim p
lon x.
Go, tht, men bia, phomat l nhng th cha nhiu crom.
H
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C
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A
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C
.
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M
- Flo: Flo l NTVL quan trng i vi sc kho. Mt hp cht ca flo gi l
florua c 30 quc gia cho thm vo nc my v cht florua phng ngi hiu
qu cc bnh gy tn thng rng. Ngun flo rt phong ph trong l ch.
- Selen: T nm 1957 cc nh khoa hc nhn thy mt loi bnh tim c
nguyn nhn do thiu selen. Nhiu nghin cu cho thy selen c th gip phng
nga ung th, bnh tim v mt s bnh khc.
- Kali: Kali gi vai tr quan trng trong vic hnh thnh cc protein v ph
v cc cabohydrat. N cng cng tc vi natri truyn nhng xung thn kinh gia
cc t bo v trong vic iu tit s cn bng nc.
Tri cy rt giu kali, nht l chui, cam, qut. Thc phm ti cha nhiu kali
hn thc phm nu chn. Nhn chung s thiu ht kali him khi xy ra.
Ngoi cc NTVL trn, mt s NTVL khc cng cn cho c th nh: asen,
bo, ng, niken, silic...
C th cng cn mt lng ln cc cht khong bao gm canxi, photpho,
magi, natri, kali v clo.
Cc NTVL rt cn thit cho c th nhng ch cn mt lng nh, nu d tha
chng th li c hi. Chng hn nh qu nhiu st s nguy him v lm tn thng
tim, gan, tu. Qu nhiu km trong c th c th gy hi nh nn ma, au d dy,
yu c v tn thng thn kinh. Nhng nghin cu gn y cho bit hm lng
km cao trong c th c lin quan n bnh mt tr, hay gp ngi cao tui.
Cc bc s khuyn chng ta rng cch tt nht c th nhn va cc
NTVL l cn i khu phn n hng ngy gm hn hp cc thc n ch bin t la
go, rau qu, tht c, trng sa.
166. Nhng mn thng c trong ngy tt c ngha ho hc v nhn
vn nh th no?
- Mm ng qu: Tt nguyn n l tt ln nht trong nm. Ngy tt, trn
bn th nh no cng c mm ng qu (5 loi qu). Mm ng qu th hin lng
thnh knh v tng nh ca con chu vi t tin. Mu sc v hnh dng ca cc
tri cy trong mm ng qu to nn s hi ho v sang trng ca bn th, ng thi
H
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A
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.
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cng gy cho con ngi cm gic hng phn, sng khoi, tnh thm m, gn gi vi
thin nhin.
Trit l c bn ca mm ng qu l: "con s 5 l s trung tm ca v tr; v
tr hnh thnh do tp hp ca ng hnh: kim, mc, thu, ho, th".
S 5 i vo tim thc ca ngi Vit nam nh ng tng, ng quan, ng
sc, ng v, gy trc 5 t, o b ba 5 cc...
Ng qu y l g? Tu theo cy, tri mi min m mm ng qu cng khc
nhau.
min Bc, mm ng qu gm 2 loi qu ch o l ni chui xanh v qu
bi to cn nguyn cung vi cnh l. Ba loi qu khc thng l pht th, cam,
qut, to, hng xim...
min Nam mm ng qu cng ly ni chui lm ch o. Ba loi tri cy
khc thng l da, xoi, u , mng cu... ngha d dm l nm mi "cu
xi".
V ngha ho hc, mm ng qu cung cp cho ta ng glucoz cng
nhiu loi sinh t (A, B, C,... ) cc axit hu c v cc cht x rt cn thit cho h
tiu ho.
- Xi gc: Xi gc l mt loi thc phm sang trng thng c dng trong
cc dp l, tt nh ngy tin ng To v Tri, l cng giao tha. Mu ca xi gc
th hin lng trung thnh v s tn nghim. Mu l mu ca nhit tnh v hi
vng, ch v v tha, quyn lc v bng lc. V ngt ca xi gc l do ng
saccaroz pha ch vo, ng thi cng l v ngt ca glucoz do tinh bt thu phn
to ra.
Mu ca xi gc ch yu do caroten l licopen c trong gc.
Caroten c cng thc phn t C
40
H
56
(cht mu vng da cam c nhiu trong
c c rt) cha 11 lin kt i C = C, hai u mch l hai vng | - ionon to nn
mt h lin hp nhng nhm mang mu. Caroten c 3 ng phn o, |, trong
ng phn | c hot tnh cao hn c. Sinh t A hay caroten trong gc gip tr con
chng ln, tng th lc v cha cc bnh v mt lm cho vit thng mu lnh.
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O
C
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A
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C
.
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M
Licopen cng c cng thc phn t l C
40
H
56
(cht mu c nhiu trong
qu c chua chn) c 13 lin kt i C = C trong phn t.
V mt dinh dng, c 100 gam xi gc cho ta nng lng khong 287,6
Kcal. Nng lng ny to ra do s chuyn ho ca 4,97 gam protein; 7,43 gam
lipt, 48,37 gam gluxit, 5,53 gam caroten, 0,08 gam vitamin B1...
Nh vy xi gc l thc phm sang trng, mang tnh thm m v giu nng
lng.
- Mn c: Cc mn n trong ngy tt rt phong ph v a dng phn ln
c ch bin t tht ln (heo) v tht gia cm.
Cc mn n ch bin t tht ln nh gi, ch, nem, ninh, mc... d lm cho ta
ngy khi n. T xa, ng cha ta thy r iu nn nhiu a phng c tp
qun ch bin mn n trong ngy Tt t c.
Trong c c nhiu nguyn t selen, c th chng ta cn selen cu thnh
loi enzim, ngn cn nhng gc t do gy hi v l ngun gc ca s gi nua. Nh
vy selen trong c gp phn chng lo ho, n thanh xun ho con ngi.
Cc nh khoa hc pht hin rng ngi Eskimo Bc cc n ton m c
khng b d cholesterol, rt t b cao huyt p. M c c cc axit eicosapentaeoic v
docosahexaeoic c gi chung l "Omega - 3 cha no" gy phn ng chuyn ho
lipoprotein, gim tng hp apolipoprotein beta, tng lng lipoprotein t trng cao
l thnh phn tt ca cholesterol, gip to ra mng t bo cng hocmon steroit v
axit mt. Lipoprotein t trng thp mi l thnh phn c hi, gy tc ng mch.
Ngi Nht c thi quen n mi tun t 3 n 5 ba c v thng n c vo
cc dp l tt hoc chiu i thng khch. Do n nhiu c, t n tht m tui th
trung bnh ca ngi Nht thuc hng cao nht trn th gii.
167. Gm thu tinh c tnh cht g ?
Cc nh khoa hc mt trng i hc ca c ch to c mt loi gm
thu tinh kt hp c c tnh cht ca thu tinh v kim loi. C th gia cng n
trn my khoan, my phay, c th ren, nh bng, lm nhm. Nhng chi tit bng
loi thu tinh ny c ni vi nhau bng ren vt nh kim loi. bn ho hc ca
vt liu rt cao.
168. Dng hli lm nhin liu cho tn la c u im g ?
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A
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Ai cng bit hli rt tr v mt ho hc; kh to thnh hp cht vi cc
nguyn t khc. Nhng, cc nh khoa hc M ti Trung tm hng khng v du
hnh v tr iu ch c hli phn t, khng bn v rt d b phn hu di tc
dng ca nhit. Khi phn hu thnh nguyn t, hli s to ra mt nhit lng rt
ln, ti 200 kcal/g, ngha l ln hn sinh nhit ca phn ng mnh nht l H
2
v
F
2
n 40 ln. Cc nh bc hc ngh dng heli phn t lm nhin liu cho tn la.
N c sc y ln hn cc loi nhin liu khc, tr nhin liu ht nhn, li c u
im l khng cho sn phm chy c hi, lm nhim m ch to ra kh tr heli.
169. Tng hng khng ly t nha thng c u im g ?
Cc chuyn gia Bungari ch to thnh cng tng hng t cc sn phm
ch bin du m. V nhiu tnh cht, tng hng nhn to vt tng hng thin
nhin ly t nha thng v c dng sn xut cc loi keo cao cp, dng trong
cng nghip giy - xenlulz.
170. B lc kim loi gm c ch to nh th no ?
Vin k thut Vrnez (Nga) nghin cu c mt loi b lc mi bng
kim loi - gm, bng cch nung chy bt niken di p sut. B lc ny dng
lm sch kh khi bi bn. bn, chu nhit v chu ho cht cao, ti sinh n
gin.. khin n s c dng trong nhiu ngnh khc nhau ca ho hc, ho du v
luyn kim.
171 Mn chn nhit lm bng cht g ?
Qua knh ca s ca nhng ngi nh hin nay, nh sng lt vo d dng,
nhng nhit thot ra cng d dng. trnh hin tng , ngi ta tm ra mt
loi mn chn mi, treo trn khung ca s. Mn l mt tm plyeste, c ph
bng phng php chn khng mt lp nhm cc mng, nh sng qua mn bnh
thng, nhng 90% nhit b gi li.
172. Nylon c n bng ct dng lm g ?
Nylon c n bng ct t ra l mt nguyn liu tuyt diu ch to
cc chi tit ca t. Nguyn liu ny rt r v cht n c th ln ti 73%. tng
tnh kt dnh vi nylon, ct c x l s b bng nha pxy hoc rsol trong
dung dch axton v xy kh 75
0

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173. Ch to si t chai l nh th no ?
Anh, ngi ta a vo sn xut nh my sn xut si thu tinh t v
chai l b i, v c t nhng mnh chai l v. Trc tin, chai l c nu chy ri
n khi thu tinh nng chy ny qua m phun si bng thp v cun vo ng sut.
Loi si thu c dng n cho cht do.
174. To c th thay th than c khng ?
Cc nh khoa hc Califocnia th nghim thnh cng v mt ngun nhit
nng mi, n gin v r tin. H thnh lp mt trang tri di y bin trng
to nu Micro - cystis pyrifera. Loi to ny ln nhanh phi thng, mi ngy di
thm c 60 cm v c th hp th c cc cht dinh dng t nc bin. To l
ngun cht hu c phong ph. Di tc dng ca vi khun, n b phn hu v tch
ra kh mtan. Khi nhit phn, n cho nhng cht tng t nh thnh phn du m.
175. Hn bng nc ct nh th no ?
Cc k s c tm ra mt phng php hn rt c o. hn nhng
tm thp, h ch dng nc ct v hai in cc c in p cao. Ti ni cn hn,
di tc dng ca dng in, lc u nc ct b phn hu thnh oxy v hyr, sau
, cc kh ny trong vng h quang in s li tham gia vo phn ng kt hp.
Nhit chy s t ti 3400
0
C.
H ch to c mt thit b ring iu chnh c in cc. Thit b ny s
kim tra qu trnh theo thi gian, khi hn im nh, v hn khng nhng kim loi
en m c kim loi mu na.
176. C th dng cht polime lm knh quang hc khng ?
Gi tr ca my nh thng c xc nh bng gi tr ca nhng lng knh.
Ch to mt lng knh quang hc rt cng phu: Trc ht, phi nu chy thu tinh
quang hc, ct, mi nh bng v.v T lu, cc nh chuyn mn m c thay th
thu tinh bng cht do trong sut, x l n gin hn v nhanh hn.
Vin nghin cu Ho hu c c t nhng thnh cng to ln trong
lnh vc ny. H tng hp c lt loi plyme cng, hon ton c th thay th
thu tinh. Vt liu ny nh hn thu tinh 2,5 ln v r hn n 3 ln. T , ngi
ta lm knh eo mt, ng nhm, knh cho my nh, my quay v chiu phim, cng
nh mi th knh quang hc khc.
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A
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.
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M
K thut lm lng knh rt n gin: ch cn p chnh xc, khng cn mi,
nh nhn, v sn phm c ngay mt nhn l tng. Nng sut ch to cao hn
vt liu thy tinh hng chc ln.
177. C vng t trn tri ri xung khng ?
Mt nhm cc nh bc hc Anh a ra cu hi: c phi vng trn Tri t c
ngun gc thin th khng ? H chng minh rng chnh nhng thin thch ri
xung Tri t trc y mang theo kim loi qu ny.
178. Thu tinh titan cn u im g ?
Cc nh ho hc nh gi cao titan ch n rt bn chng n mn trong cc
thit b tng hp. Cc nh ch to my bay cho bit n l vt liu l tng ca
ngnh mnh.
Gn y, cc chuyn gia cng nghip thu tinh li quyt nh: a Titan vo
thnh phn ca thu tinh thay cho nhng kim loi khc. Th nghim thnh cng.
Ngi ta ch to c nhng lng knh c khi lng ring nh, bn mi mn v
c ch s chit quang kh cao.
179. Aspirin c ch hn khi dng lng hay dng vin ?
Hng nm, ngi M tiu tn ti 500 triu la vo aspirin vin. Nhng
khng phi dng vin bao gi cng c li. N c th gy ra vim d dy, d ng v
nhng hin tng khng mong mun khc.
Cc bc s M i n kt lun rng dng aspirin di dng lng l hp l
hn. Sau khi khc phc c kh khn la chn dung mi (bin tnh bng
glixerol), thuc s c v ngt ca hoa qu.
180. Cht dn in hu c c nhng tnh cht g ?
Ti trung tm nghin cu ca cng ty IBM, ngi ta iu ch c cc
tinh th hu c, khng thua kim loi v tnh cht dn in. Nhng tinh th ny gm
hng lot phn t mang in tch dng v m. Dng in i qua c nhng phn
t ny. nhit thng, dn in ca cc tinh th hu c l trung gian gia
mt s kim loi v cht bn dn. H nhit ti nhit ng bng ( - 40
0
C),
dn in ca chng tng ln, nhng nu tip tc h nhit , chng s c tnh bn
dn.
181. C th ch nam chm t cht hu c khng ?
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A
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.
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M
Cc nh vt l Php ch to c nam chm t nhng hp cht hu c.
Nhng tinh th, cha nhng nhm nitrooxyl bn vng (chng hn ttramtyl
- Piperiinol - xyl) c tnh cht st t. Nam chm phn t y l nhng gc t
do. Mc d nam chm hu c cha tm thy ng dng trong thc t, nhng n v cng
thun tin i vi nhng th nghim thun thu khoa hc.
182. Dng mng mng plyamit cch in c u im g ?
u tu in cao tc chy trong thnh ph ca Cng ty Deutsche
Bundesbahn (c) dng loi ng c c cch in bng mng mng Kapton
(mt loi Poliamit ) ca Cng ty Dupont. Nh cch in bng loi vt liu ny, sc
ko ca ng c tng thm 20% m khng cn tng kch thc ca n. V
Kapton c tnh cch in tt v rt bn dai nn c th gim 50% chiu dy ca lp
cch in bc dy dn ca rto v stato nn khng cn tng kch thc ca ng
c.
Lp cch in ca dy dn gm 2 lp: mt lp Kapton dy 25 micron v mt
lp Tflon gi nhit dy 12,5 micron.
183. M than di y bin nm u ?
Gn b bin pha Ty ca Chu phi, di y bin su 4000m, ngi ta
pht hin ra mt m than rt ln.
Theo kin cc nh bc hc, m than ny chng minh gi thuyt cho
rng xa kia Chu Phi v nam M l mt di t lin. Sau ny, trong thi k hnh
thnh i Ty Dng, lc a chung ny b ph hu, tch ra thnh 2 phn (Chu
Phi v Nam M). Phn gia b vi su di bin. Nhng rng cy rm rp qua hng
triu nm bin thnh m than ny.
184. Dng c g lm sch c nc ?
l mt dng c in t c sn xut M, kch thc nh chic bt ch,
trong 10 - 20 giy, c th bin nc ao, h thnh nc ung c. Bt ch khi
c ni vi pin lm xut hin nhng bt nh trong nc, trong bo ho nhng
ion c kh nng st khun v cc vi trng gy bnh thng hn, t, kit l v cc
loi vi trng gy bnh khc.
185. Dng sn si m nh th no ?
nhng x lnh, mi bung thng phi b tr mt l si in hoc hi,
bng kim loi. Do vy, lng kim loi dng trong mi cn nh qu ln. Liu c
H
O
C
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O
A
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O
C
.
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M
cch gii quyt khc khng ? Cc k s Anh a ra mt gii php th v. H sn
tng bng mt loi sn dn in. By gi ch cn u 2 thanh gp bng ng ca
mt ngun in th 12V vo tng, Khi , lp sn va l mt ngun pht nhit
si phng va l mt chic c quy. Lp sn bn c 40 nm lm vic lin tc.
186. To lp ph g bng cht do nh th no ?
Ngi ta phun hoc qut ln mt g mt loi nha mnme urtan bo,
sau khi trng hp trong khng kh, to thnh mt lp ph n hi ( dn di
400%), c th chu c hon ton tc dng ca kh quyn, cc cht ho hc v
nh sng.
G c th b un nt m mng phim vn khng b rch. Hn na, nh sng
khng lm vng mng phim do tnh cht bo ca nha; khc vi cc vc-ni thng
thng, cht ny khng h b nt rn hoc bong thnh vy.
187. Vitamin v thuc c chit xut t g loi cy g ?
Cc nh nghin cu ca Nga hon thnh nhng phng php c bit
chit xut t g nhiu ho cht dng cha bnh.
T g cy lc dip tng (mleze) cha nhiu cht thuc nhm vitamin P, ly
c dng tinh khit cht ihirqucxtin c tc dng cng c thnh mch vi
huyt qun v gip cho hot ng ca gan c d dng, khng c i vi c th;
ngoi ra c th lm ph gia bo qun thc phm.
Ngi ta cng rt c t g cy thng cht pinsinvin v este- mntilic
ca pinsinvin, l 2 cht c c tnh chng nm. T l kim ca cy tng bch cng
chit xut c mt cht sinh hc gip cho vic tng phm cht sinh hc gip v
gi cc hng thm.
188. Ch phm no dng ra cc bnh ng thuc tr su ?
Nhng thit b dng cha v phun thuc tr su bnh thng kh ra
sch, v trong qu trnh s dng c trn thm t, bi, tro, du m, dung mi.. Mi
y, x nghip lin hip ho cht Xbkin (Nga) sn xut ra mt ch phm dng
dung dch c kh nng phn hu ng thi cc tp cht v cc thuc tr su cn st
li thnh nhng cht mi t c Ch phm c t tn l complex gm c natri
pecborat, sa, mui ca cc axit bo tng hp, tritanlamin, mtanol v nc.
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
85
0
C v trong thi gian 4 gi, n c th phn hu ti 98% mtimeckaptpht v
80% thuc 666.
189. Ho cht no dng dit mm cy ?
nhng cy n qu, nu c nhiu mm v chi non hoc c cc bi c rm
mc quanh s t qu, nhng mm non v c s ht mt nhiu cht dinh dng ca
cy. khc phc, trc y, ngi ta vn dng phng php cht mm v nh c.
Hin nay, Anh, ngi ta nghin cu mt cch gii quyt mi v c cng
nhn l tt hn dng xng, cuc, dao ko nh lm trc y: l dng ho
cht iu ch trn c s o - naptil ca axit axetic v cc ru thuc nhm alifatic.
Thuc ny c phun vo thng 5 khi mm v chi non cao khong 10 - 15 cm, sau
vo gia ma h li phun mt ln na v nh th l c th dit c ht chi non
v c rm.
190. Pho mt v scola gy nn bnh au u ?
Cc bc s Anh nghin cu v gi thuyt rng mt trong nhng nguyn
nhn gy bnh au u gh gm c th l nhng hp cht ho hc c trong phomat
v scla nh cc cht tiramin v phninltilamin. Tiramin c th b phn hu
thnh norarnalin, cht ny c tc dng iu ho hot ng ca no. Trong c th
ca nhng ngi kho mnh, nhng hp cht ny b phn hu nhanh chng, cn
nhng ngi yu au khng c kh nng phn hu, nn gy ra au u gh gm.
191. Dng keo dn no thay cho hn ?
Nu mt ng ng dn khi t di nc b thng, ngi ta thng dng
phng php hn in c bit di nc, nhng mi hn ny thng khng
chc, khng chu c p sut cao, nn thng l ngi ta kho cc ng ng li
v mang on ng hng ln mt t hn. Lm nh vy kh lu, li tn km, i
khi cn t hn l thay mt ng ng mi.
Vin nghin cu cc hp cht cao phn t thuc Vin Hn lm khoa hc
Nga, iu ch ra mt loi keo dn pliurtau c th hn di nc. Thnh phn
keo dn ny cn c cht hot ng b mt, khng cho nc lm t ch ng b
thng. Loi keo ny ho rn nhanh di nc v to ra mt mi hn rt bn, nn
cng vic sa cha nhng ng ng t di nc khng c cn l vn phc
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O
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O
A
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.
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M
tp. Ch cn t mt ming v c trng lp keo poliurtan ln ch ng b thng
v sau t pht, ng ng li hot ng bnh thng.
192. S dng li lp xe c nh th no ?
Ngi ta va nghin cu ra mt phng php s dng li lp xe c va gii
phng c ch , va lm sch nc thi.
Nhng lp xe c c nghin thnh bt mn v c dng lm cht hp ph
x l nc thi. Khi nc thi i qua th nhng kim loi nng nh ch, cban
b gi li hon ton. Cht hp ph chnh l than en trong bt lp -t (t l ca n
chim khong 1/3 trong lp). to nn mi trng kim, ngi ta cho thm vi
vo. Ngoi ra, bt lp xe c cn c th pha vi nha ng lm vt liu ri ng
rt tt.
193. Plime no c tnh cht kim loi ?
Vin nghin cu Penxibau (M) va iu ch ra mt loi cao phn t
nitrua lu hunh (SN)
x
, dng mng mng ly tn l Politiazin. Cht ny c
nhiu tnh cht ging kim loi: cc tinh th ca (SN)
x
d b chuyn dch nn c th
p thnh nhng tm mng. dn in ca loi polime mi ny gn bng dn
in ca thu ngn. V cc mch cao phn t ca loi vt liu mi ny c sp
xp song song vi nhau nn kh nng dn in ca chng theo chiu dc tt hn
theo chiu ngang.
194. C phi t cng nhiu cht do th cng cn t xng ?
Hin nay, trung bnh mt chic t con ca M dng ti 80 kg cht do.
Theo d kin th cc chi tit bng cht do trong mt chic t con c th tng ln
gp i v nm 1985 s tng ln gp 3 ln. Khng phi ch nhm mc ch thm
m v gii quyt vn nguyn liu m cng nhiu chi tit, ph tng bng cht
do, t cng nh i, v chc chn l tiu hao nhin liu cng thp hn.
195. Bng dnh bng cht g c th dng hn tu ?
Mi y, ngi ta iu ch ra mt th ho cht dng hn nhng tu nh
c b thng. Cc nh ho hc ca Vin nghin cu cao phn t thuc Vin hn lm
khoa hc Ukrain iu ch ra mt loi bng dnh bng cht do thu tinh. Trong
qu trnh hot ng, nu tu b hng mt ch no th ngi ta khng cn phi
hn m ch p ln ch thng mt tm bng dnh bng acrilat c bn vng cao.
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O
A
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.
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M
Tm bng dnh ny c th kh cng trong khng kh m hoc ngay trong nc
nhit t 0 - 35
0
C. Cht kt dnh l mt sn phm phc tp gm cc este ca axit
mtacrilic, imtil anilin v peroxit benzin. Tu c hn bng phng php trn
c th chy an ton trn bin 3 nm lin.
196. Dng pliurtan lt bnh cha c u im g ?
Cng ty Shell ca Anh gii thiu mt phng php mi chng n mn
cho cc thng cha kh ho lng bng cch phun ln b mt bn trong ca thng
cha bt pliurtan. Bt pliurtan cn l cht cch nhit v bao ph tt. N c th
ph c nhng thng ch amoniac nhit - 50
0
C . Dng cht bao ph mi ny
cho php gim thi gian ch to thng v gim gi thnh i 10%.
197. Sn xut giy t plitilen nh th no ?
, ngi ta nghin cu mt cng ngh sn xut cc vt liu tng hp
dng lm nguyn liu sn xut giy v cctng. Vt liu mi ny gm cc si
plitilen mng (2-4 micron), c b mt ring ln (30 - 50m
2
/g) c an vi nhau.
Xenluloz tng hp d b phn tn trong nc, c th trn theo bt k t l no
vi xenlulz thng. Ngi ta vn c th dng cc thit b sn xut giy bnh
thng sn xut loi giy mi ny.
198. Dng cht do lm vt liu ch to mng lc c nhng u im g ?
Ngi ta mi tm thm mt cng dng ca cht do xp dng lm vt liu
ch to cc b phn lc cho cc ng c pittng ca my bay. Cht do xp c kh
nng gi li nhng ht bi rt nh thng lm bn ch ho kh, kh b rch, khng
mt tnh bn c hc. Nhng ph kin lc lm bng cht do xp r hn 8 ln cc
loi vt liu khc thng dng trc y.
199. Sn xut cht do t ng da trn nguyn l no ?
T ng, ngi ta iu ch ra glucz v t glucz sn xut ra cht do.
l nguyn l chung nht do cc nh bc hc Nht xng (v Nht khng c
du m nhng li c ng). Loi cao phn t mi sn xut t ng c gi l
Polulen. Polulen ho tan trong nc nhng cng c th khng tan nu em x l
thm. Ngi ta d kin rng loi polime mi ny c th dng sn xut si v
keo. u im ca n l khng sinh ra cht c khi t, nn khng cn c bi rc;
di tc dng ca vi sinh vt, n b phn hu.
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.
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M
200.Cht chng m cho knh t l cht g ?
cho knh t khng b m, ngi ta thng ph bng mt lp mng
mng loi plime trong sut c kh nng thm nc nh cht polixitil mtacrilat.
Nhng rt tic l cc mng acrilat thng bo ho nc v khi dng s mt kh
nng chng nc. Cc loi coplime ca cc silic hu c v oxialkilen li c tc
dng khc, lm gim sc cng b mt ca nc v ph hu cc ht nc to thnh.
Nhng nhng cht ny li tan trong nc, nn khng bn vng bng cc mng
acrilat. Mi y, cc nh bc hc M thnh cng trong vic lai ging hai loi
trn v thu c mt loi mng c kh nng chng m lu di cho knh. Thnh
phn ch yu ca cht mi ny cha c cng b, song ngi ta cng cho bit l
trong poli-xitil mtacrilat vn l cht chnh.
201. Loi cht do no dng lm bao gi trnh nhim mi trng ?
Nhng cht do dng trc y lm bao gi thng kh x l sau khi s
dng. Anh nghin cu ra mt loi cht do mi lm bao gi. Nhng cht do
thng dng nh PVC, plitilen, plipropilen, plistirol c em pha trn vi
tinh bt theo t l t 10 - 40%. Loi cht do ny d b phn hu trong t v trong
nc bin, do trnh c nhim mi trng. H thng cng nghip u tin
sn xut loi cht do mi ny c xy dng Anh vi cng sut 185 triu bao
gi/nm.
202. C loi c quy mi no dng cho t in ?
Mi y, ngi ta ch to ra mt loi cquy mi dng cho t in. Nhng
ngi ch to ra loi acquy ny khng nh rng n c nhiu u im hn cc loi
c quy c trc y. Ngi ta trang b cho t kiu Mustan 1975 loi cquy
mi ny (trng lng 360 kg, dung lng 42 kwh, in th 150v) cng vi mt
ng c in. Trong iu kin chy trn ng ph, cquy ny c th cung cp
in chy 190 km m khng cn np li.Trong khong 23 giy c th tng tc
ln 120km/h v tc ti a l 130 km/h.
Ngi ta dng sunfua st lm in cc dng ca cquy, cn in cc m l
hp kim liti-nhm. Dung dch in gii l hn hp liti v kaliclorua.
203. iu ch kh t t cht thi nng nghip nh th no ?
Anh, hng nm lng cht thi nng nghip c th ln n 60 triu tn.
Nhng cht thi ny phn ln l cht hu c, l nguyn liu qu sn xut kh
t. s dng nhng cht thi ny, ngi ta ch to ra hai thng to kh vi
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O
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A
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O
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.
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M
sinh vt dung tch 227 v 1362 lt. My to kh ny l mt thng bng cao su, trong
mi trng cc cht thi dng lng nh phn chung. Cc vi khun pht trin to ra
kh mtan. Dng nhng thit b to kh kiu ny c th cung cp kh cho vng
ngoi thnh ph Anh lm nhin liu t, si m cho cc gia nh. Ngi ta
cn ang nghin cu nhng thng c dung tch ln dng cho cc trang tri.
204. Loi sn no chng bng tuyt ?
Phn lan ngi ta nghin cu ra mt loi sn k nc (thnh phn gm c
nha pxi v cht ng rn) c kh nng lm bng tuyt khng bm vo tu. Sn
ny to ra trn b mt kim loi mt lp mng rn chu nc, ng thi li c h s
ma st thp. Ngi ta dng loi sn ny sn tu nh c trn bin Bc. Khi i
bin, tu khng b bng tuyt bm vo, v do h s ma st ca mng thp, nn tu
chy nhanh hn.
205. Dng tia laze pht hin bn ca nc nh th no ?
kim tra bn ca nc, ngi ta dng tia laze. Khi chiu tia laze
xung nc th nh sng phn chiu ca n c thu li qua mt my phn tch
quang hc. my ny s ghi li cng , phng ca nhng tia phn chiu. Cng
phn chiu khc nhau tu theo bn ca nc. Bng phng php ny, ngi
ta c th tm c s lng, tnh cht ca cc cht bn trong trong nc su
ti 8 mt.
206. C phi nc kn l cht khng sinh ?
Nm mi nm v trc, c mt loi sinh vt di c t phng Nam sang
nc M: kin la. Khi t, kin tim vo vt thng mt cht c, nhng khng
nguy him cht ngi. Cho ti gn y, ngi ta vn cha xc nh c bn cht
ca nc kin mc d c gi thuyt cht c y ng thi l mt cht khng
sinh. Nhng nghin cu mi nht khng nh iu ny. Nc kin lm cht
nhng loi nm mc v a s vi khun, trong s c cc vi khun gy bnh nh
lin cu khun (streptocoque) v t cu khun (staphi-locoque).
207. Ct lng cu bng phng php ho hc nh th no ?
Vin nghin cu khoa hc nng nghip Php va tm ra c mt phng
php rt c o thu hoch lng cu v lng th lm len. Ngi ta ch vic cho
chng ung mt liu lng nht nh cht xiclofotfamit, hon ton khng c hi
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O
C
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O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
i vi chng. Cu th sau mt tun s rng lng, cn th th ch sau 12 pht t
nguyn r b b lng dy v mt ca mnh, trong khi nu ct lng bng phng
php thng, mt t ra l na gi. C iu phi gi nhng con vt ny 3 tun
trong ch m ch chng mc lng.
208. C th dng mt ong lm cht ch th nhim mi trng khng
?
Chnh loi mt ong bnh thng li l cht ch th tt cho ta bit nhim
mi trng. Nh khoa hc D-Liak ti trng i hc Cornell kt lun nh vy. ng
ly nhng mu mt ong t ti nhiu v tr khc nhau: bn cnh ng t, nh
my, m qung v so snh vi mu mt ong nguyn cht. Trong nhng mu th
nghim pht hin ra nhm, bari, ng, niken, mangan, mlipen.. tng s ti 47
nguyn t, ngha l gn mt na bng tun hon.
209. Sn kh cc nhanh, kh nh th no ?
Php, ngi ta bt u s dng mt loi sn kh trong chp mt, di
tc ca tia t ngoi. Sn ny gm mnme v cc cht, khi b tia t ngoi chiu vo
lp tc bin thnh hp cht cao phn t. Loi sn mi rt vn nng v dng c
i vi bt c b mt nh th no. N c bit thch hp vi vic in ofset nhiu
mu, v hin nay tc in ca my ch ph thuc vo tc kh ca mc.
210. Si tng hp no dng lm qun o cho cc nh du hnh v tr ?
B qun o ca nhng nh du hnh trn con tu v tr Lin hp 19 c
may bng mt loi si tng hp gi l Lola. Theo cc chuyn gia, vi cc tnh
cht c o ca n, loi si ny c th dng trong cc ngnh luyn kim v tt c
nhng ni cn cc mt hng dt chu ho cht v nhit ln ti trn 1000
0
C. Vi
dt t Lola trng ta nh len v hon ton cch in. Khng nhng Nga m cc
x nghip nc ngoi rt ch n loi si ny.
211. Cao su no c dng trong my thay tim ?
Cc nh nghin cu thuc cng ty Goodycar Tire Rubber Co sau10 nm phi
hp nghin cu cng vi cc thy thuc tm ra mt loi cao su plilfin mi,
rt thch hp sn xut cc my y c, thay th cho hot ng ca c tim. Vn
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O
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O
A
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O
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.
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M
ng mu c gii quyt bng cch pht trin mt loi nhung plyeste mi c
ph plyurtan dn in. Nhng tri tim nhn to ny c th nghim th vi
ngun nng lng ngoi v lm vic thnh cng trong sut 94 ngy.
212. Xc nh hm lng vng bng my gia tc nh th no ?
Vng c khp ni trong thin nhin. Trung bnh c 1000 tn t cha khong
5g vng. Thng thng, cn x l hng chc nghn mu cc loi t mi xc nh
c vng nm trong lp t no. Mt nhm cc nh nghin cu thuc Vin cc
vn vt l Mascva pht hin cch s dng my Btatron phn tch cc
mu t ny. Cc in t c gia tc hot ho cc nguyn t vng, pht ra tia X
v ch cn o lng bc x ny trong khng y 1 pht c th xc nh c hm
lng vng trong mu t. My xc nh c nhng lng vng v cng nh b,
c nng 1: 1300.000.
213. Knh hin vi in t tham gia sn xut phn bn nh th no ?
nng cao hiu qu ca cng tc nghin cu v sn xut, Vin ho v c
Ustinad Zabun (Tip khc) kt hp knh hin vi in t PSEM - 500 vi cc thit
b tnh ton, v p dng ti cc nh my. Thit b t hp ny nghin cu tnh
cht c l ca phn bn tm ra mi lin h trc tip gia tnh cht vt l ca sn
phm, cu to t vi ca chng v ch k thut, t iu chnh tr li qu
trnh sn xut. Nh t ng ho cao, thit b mi lm vic c nng sut cao
hn cch phn tch v iu chnh sn xut c nhiu ln.
214. Trm zn ln nht th gii u ?
Mascva (Nga) xy dng xong mt trm pht sinh zn ln nht th
gii, c kh nng mi ngy x l 200.000m
3
nc ung. Do s dn tng ln v
thnh ph c m rng khng ngng, nhu cu v nc ngy cng ln, buc phi
hin i ha v m rng cc c s cung cp nc. Ring x l nc pha ty
thnh ph, trm phi cung cp 200 kg zn trong 1 gi.
215. Protein ch t ph liu xenlulz nh th no ?
Trng i hc tng hp Luisana (M) nghin cu thnh cng mt
phng php mi ch to protein n bo v ang a ra cng nghip. Loi
protein ny u tin c dng lm thc n cho gia sc v tin ti lm thc phm
cho con ngi.
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O
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O
A
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O
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.
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M
Nguyn liu sn xut ra n l ph liu xenlulz cnh cy, giy vn, vi
vn c v cc loi rc khc. Sau khi x l tp cht ngi ta dng mt loi vi
khun pht trin ht sc nhanh chng, to ra mt cht bt cha 50% protein. Nm
1978, sn phm mi ny ph bin trn th trng.
216. Nc no c chic tu v l nh my sn xut axit H
2
SO
4
?
Ti thnh ph Sxin (Ba Lan), ngi ta ng mt loi tu c o: tu nh
my. Hng ho a xung tu l lu hynh lng, mt nguyn liu ni ting v rt
phong ph ca Ba Lan. Trn ng i, nguyn liu ny c ch bin v khi tu
cp bn (thng l ti nc ngoi, hng ho bc r ln l.. axit sunfuric. Tht
tin li: nhng kh thi trong qu trnh sn xut thot ra ngoi bin khi, nn khng
gy nhim mi trng nh trn t lin. Nhit d t cc phn ng c dng
ct nc bin thnh nc ngt dng cho cc thu th kim cng nhn sn xut ho
cht trn tu, pha vo axit v dng cho tuycbin hi nc ca tu.
217. Phng php no sn xut oxi r nht ?
Cc nh khoa hc mt trng i hc ca c ch to mt loi thit b
mi sn xut oxi nh ry phn t, gi li kh ny t khng kh. Kt qu thu c
hn hp kh cha 80% oxi. Cho n nay, phng php ny l phng php n
gin nht v cho kh oxi r nht trong cng nghip.
218. Nng cao cht lng ca gang bng cch no ?
Thm nguyn t t him ytri vo gang xm nng chy lm tng r rt tnh
cht ca gang: bn, do, tnh chu nhit. Thay i t l ytri c th iu chnh
c tnh cht ca gang trong mt gii hn rng. Khng nhng lm gang thm bn,
nguyn t ny cn c tc dng kh cc tp cht c trong gang. Loi gang ny s
dng trong ngnh ch to my v nng cao c cht lng v tui th nhiu thit
b.
219. L so thy tinh c u im g ?
Cc nh khoa hc Nga ch to c mt loi l so bng thu tinh c
bn ln v n hi cao. N c tnh u vit hn l so bng thp ch khng b n
mn trong mi trng xm thc, chu nhit v khng c bin dng d. K thut c
bit cho php khc phc c tnh rn ca thy tinh. Nhng chic l so mi ny
bt u thay th thp trong ampe k, vn k, cn chnh xc, dng c o a chn v
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O
C
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O
A
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O
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.
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ng h, c bit nhng chic l so bng kim loi qu v t tin trong cc dng
c vt l chnh xc.
220. S n mn c li khi no ?
Cc chuyn gia M gii quyt vn nhim bn thin nhin nh hin
tng n mn. Cc loi rc di dng bao g bng kim loi, cht do, giy, g
phi vt vo nhng thng rc va c sn xut hng lot, c hai lp v bng 2 th
kim loi khc nhau (nh st v nhm chng hn), gia, c mt lp mui, d ht
m. ng hp li, cc thng rc tr thnh nhng chic pin, v qu trnh n mn
in ho bt u xy ra. Qua vi tun, nhng thng rc ny bin thnh mt ng
bi xm nh.
221. iu kin no nc c tinh kim loi ?
Ngy nay, ngi ta iu ch c hng chc loi tinh th nc khc nhau
nh p sut, nhng mi y li pht hin thm mt loi nc na. nhit -80
0
v di p sut hng triu at-mt-phe, nc , kp gia 2 tm kim cng, s c
nhng tnh cht ca kim loi: t cht in mi in hnh thnh cht dn in. Tnh
cht ny ca nc th hin c trong khong khng gian v tr.
222. Kim cng tng hp c iu ch nh th no ?
Cc nh ho hc Nga ln u tin thu c kim cng tng hp di p
sut thng. So vi nhng thit b nng n v cng sut ln trc y th thit b
mi ny rt n gin. N ch bng thu tinh, v khng cn n cc vt liu chu p.
Vic ch to kim cng i hi phi cc k chnh xc. Ch mt sai st rt nh so
vi iu kin lm vic ti u cng lm cho kim cng b ph mt lp graphit. Kim
cng iu ch trn thit b mi khng khc lm so vi kim cng thin nhin.
223. Hp kim nhm c bit c u im g ?
Sau nhiu nm nghin cu, cc nh khoa hc Anh nghin cu ra mt loi
hp kim nhm, t tn l Surpral. Vt liu ny c nhiu tnh cht qu bu: dn
nhit v dn in rt tt, bn cao, sng bng, ng thi li c tnh do phi
thng. Mt mu Supral un nng nh c th ko di ra 10 ln. T hp kim ny c
th ch to cc vt c hnh dng rt cu k, nn c dng lm khun c cht
do. Ngi ta cho rng cng ngy vt liu mi ny cng c nhiu ng dng k
thut.
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O
C
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O
A
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O
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.
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224. Sn xut glucoz khng cn axit nh th no ?
Cc chuyn gia c ngh mt phng php hon ton mi sn xut
glucoz khng dng axit m dng men phn hu tinh bt. Hiu sut so vi
phng php c tng gp i. Nhng ngi ta cho rng u im chnh ca phng
php l ch: glucz thu c c cht lng siu tinh khit
225. C cch no xc nh nhanh nit trong t ?
Mt phng php mi, nhanh chng v chnh xc nh lng nit trong
t ra i M, rt ngn thi gian phn tch c 20 ln. Ch vic trn t vi mt
loi sn c bit, c tnh cht hp th cc cht m trong t, v tng cng
mu. Mang so snh vi mu tiu chun, s bit trc tip nng cc hp cht ca
Nit.
226. Lp v bo qun rau qu bng cht g ?
Cc nh ho hc Nht tm ra mt cng thc ch to cc lp v cho qu,
rau, trng, b.. cn phi bo qun trong mt thi gian di. Thnh phn ch to
lp v tng hp l zlatin, tinh bt khoai ty, sa v mt vi cht ph gia khc.
Bng lp v ny, c th gi cc sn phm ni trn ti lu hn gi trong t lnh
n 5 ln.
227. Qun o ngi nhi bng silicn c tc dng g ?
Cc nh ho hc Nht Bn phi hp vi cc nh sinh vt ch to nhng b
qun o ngi nhi dng cho th ln bng silicon. N gip cho ngi ta lu hn
di mt nc hon thnh mt cng vic no . B qun o ngi nhi ny
gm nhiu lp silicn, c kh nng hp th oxi tan trong nc v thi trc tip c
kh cacbnic qua mt n th.
228. Tc dng kp no cho ng ca thuc tr c?
Hungari tng hp v s dng rng ri mt loi thuc tr c cho ng, gi
l Hungazin. Ngoi tc dng tr c rt hiu lc v tc dng 2 - 3 nm, n cn
kch thch s sinh trng ca cy ng, rt ngn thi gian trng trt. Hungazin p
ng y nhng tiu chun ghi trong lut bo v mi trng.
229. Hp kim ca kim cng c u im g ?
l tn gi ca mt loi vt liu mi do cng ty Dunlp (M) sn xut.
Tuy khng phi hp kim, nhng thnh phn ca n gm niken v kim cng tng
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
hp dng bt. Khi hm lng kim cng trong vt liu ln ti 30%, bn mi
mn ca n rt cao, thun tin ph ln cc chi tit hot ng ca my mc thit
b. Ni chung, thi gian lm vic ca cc chi tit c ph vt liu ny tng ln ti 6
ln.
230. Sn chng chy ngn cn s chy th no ?
Hungari, ngi ngi ta ch to c mt loi sn chng chy cho cc
vt liu d bt la nh g, giy, cactng Ch cn ph ln b mt mt lp sn: di
nh hng ca nhit , n s phng ln v ngn cn s chy. Khi nhit d ln ti
120
0
C, sn bin thnh mt lp xp, c tnh cch nhit v c kh nng dp tt chy.
Thm cht ph gia c bit, loi sn ny chu c nhit 900
0
trong 3 - 5 gi.
231. Lm cho rm r c v ngt nh th no ?
Vin nghin cu v chn nui Ukrena nghin cu cho kim tc dng
ln rm r p sut 150 atmtphe; xenluloz s chuyn ho thnh ng saccrz
v mt s cht khc d ng ho. Nh th rm c mi thm, v ngt v hm
lng cht dinh dng tng ln gp i.
B c n loi rm ny c th tng trng t 1000 - 1200 g/ngy.
232. Lp bo v ng ng dn du bng cht g ?
Nhng tp cht cha trong du nh H
2
S, CO
2
, cc loi mui v mt s cht
khc na lm cho kim loi nhanh chng b n mn. bo v cc ng ng dn
du, ngi ta trng bn trong mt lp ph mi c tnh cht khc hn cc loi
thng dng: ch gm hai cu t kh ph bin l nha phnol focman-hit v
epoxy. Hn hp ny d dng trng ln ng ng v rt mau kh trong bt c iu
kin no, ngay c nhit gn 0
0
C.
233. C phng php sinh ho no tiu hu cht thi ?
Anh, mi y sn xut ra mt loi cht sinh ho c gi l Fenobac.
Cht ny cho php gim c tc dng c hi n mi trng xung quanh ca cc
ho cht nh du m, sn phm du m cng nh cc cht hu c khc.
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Loi thuc phn hu bng phng php sinh ho ny dng x l cc
ngun nc n. Trong mt gam Fenobac cha 1 t vi khun rt phm n nhng
cht nh benzen, xng, phnol, naphtalen v du m.
234. C phng php no lm sch kh thi ca t ?
Cc chuyn gia Anh va ch to c mt my lc thu hi ch t khi
thi ca t chy bng xng c ch s c tan cao.
Thnh phn chnh ca my lc gm mt li bng bng thp m hiroxit
nhm v natri phtpht hoc kali cacbonat.
Vic t my lc vo t lm tng gi t ln 10 bng Anh v khng nh
hng n hot ng ca ng c. My lc ny cng c th t vo cc loi t
khc chy bng du izen lc mui than v cc tp cht khc trong khi.
235. Sn xut axit phtphoric tinh khit theo cng ngh mi nh th
no ?
Ti Php, ngi ta sn xut axit phtphoric tinh khit theo hng php
mi quy m cng nghip. giai on u, ngi ta chit axit phtphorc bng
izbutanol v ra phn chit bng xt. Tu theo yu cu v tinh khit sn phm,
tip tc chit axit bng izbulanl, dung dch kim, nc hoc axit phphoric
long, Izbutanl sau khi tham gia vo qu trnh c tch khi axit bng cch
chng ct.
236. Loi cht do no nhy vi nh sng ?
Trc y, ngi ta dng loi knh en bo v mt th hn khi b nhng
tia sng chi khi hn. Loi knh ny c nhc im l th hn lun lun b mt
mu en che kn mt, kh quan st cht lng mi hn. Ngy nay, ngi ta ch
ra mt loi cht do rt nhy cm vi nh sng gi l Compound-224 sn xut
knh cho th hn. Khi hn, nhng tia chi chiu vo cht do lm cho cht do lp
tc b en li v c th gi c 99% nh sng. Sau mt giy, khi ht nh sng hn
, cht do ny li tr li trong sut nh trc.
237. Phn bn t ph liu nh my thuc da c u im g ?
Vin nghin cu khoa hc thuc cng nghip giy da ti Ukren ngi ta
nghin cu ra mt phng php x l ph liu da lm phn bn cho rau. Sn
phm l mt loi bt mu xm c cha 9 - 14% m, 5% cht bo, 3-4% oxit crm,
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
, 7-8% tro. Ngoi ra, sn phm ny cn giu nguyn t vi lng nh km, ng, bo,
mlipden, man-gan. N c th c s dng nh l mt loi phn phc hp bn
cho rau, nho, cc loi cy c tinh du.
Ngi ta tin hnh th nghim 2 nm loi phn bn ny trn cc cnh
ng v khng nh hiu qu s dng cao ca n: thu hoch khoai ty tng 30%, c
chua 35%.
Ti nh my lin hp giy da, ngi ta xy dng xng sn xut phn
bn, v qua tnh ton kinh t k thut, d tnh rng vn xy dng xng s c
hon li sau mt nm.
238. Keo dn gch v thch anh c u im g ?
Acmni, ngi ta nghin cu thnh cng mt loi keo dn nhit
cao trn c s cc hp cht v c mn oxit km, oxit silic, bo v axit octo -
phtphoric. Keo ny ng rn nhit tng i thp (khong 150
0
C) v bn
vng nhit rt cao 1150
0
C. N c th dn gch, graphit, kim loi, thc anh v
thu tinh. C th s dng n vo vic che ph bo v, chng n mn.
239. Nhng ngi nh bng ct c xy u ?
Trn nhng khu t v hoang Kha-u-d-khan gn th trn Tt -gien (Tuc-
m-ni), xut hin nhng ngi nh xinh p. Nhng to nh c xy bng
ct ly ti ch, trong xa mc Ka-ra-Kum
Nhng nh bc hc Mat-sc-va xut vic dng ct l nguyn liu
xy dng ch yu. Phng php ny va n gin li va c o: ct c trn vi
ximng, bt nhm v b tt theo t l xc nh. Sau khi x l hn hp bng khng
kh nng, ngi ta c mt cht liu xp, gi l ga-d-b-tng, bn vng nh
gch nung, nh bng na b tng thng, v cch nhit tt.
Gia nhng cn ct ca xa mc Ka-ra-Kum, ngi ta xy dng nh my
u tin sn xut nhng cu kin nh lp ghp bng nguyn liu ny.
240. Ngc xa phia nhn to c sn xut u ?
Mt phng th nghim t ng sn xut nhng vin ngc xa phia nhn to
bt u hot ng ti Vin nghin cu n tinh th Khc - cp. Ln u tin, trong
nhng l in mnh, ngi ta to ra c nhng vin ngc c cc hnh dng,
khng phi x l thm na.
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Ngc xa phia c nhng c tnh c bit khng c cht g thay th c. N
vn trong sut nhit m cc kim loi bt u nng chy, v ngi ta c th
dng ch to nhng n chiu sng cc mnh.
241. Pht hin ngi nghin ru bng cch no ?
Bc s Spencer -Shau v nhm cng tc vi ng Bnh vin Brenx (Niu -
Ooc) nghin cu thy rng trong huyt tng ngi nghin ru c mt lng
rt ln axit amin-n-butyric. Trong huyt tng ngi bnh thng vn c mt axit
amino ny, nhng ngi nghin ru t l axit amino t nht cao gp i v t
l vn duy tr d ngi nghin nhn ru trong nhiu ngy. Ngi ta cha
gii thch c nguyn nhn lm tng t l axit amino-n-buturic trong huyt tng
ngi nghin ru.
242. B tng cht do, bn hn nha ng nh th no ?
Thng thng ngi ta ph mt ng bng mt lp nha ng gm c
nha, du ho trn vi hoc si. Sau nhiu nm nghin cu, cc cng ty SCREG
v Rhne Pou-lenc (Php) thnh cng s dng quy m cng nghip nha than
lm cht kt dnh, trn vi mt t l cao cc ph liu PVC cn vn, to thnh
mt loi b tng hyrcacbon c nhng c tnh u vit ph mt ng.
Loi btng mi ny khng nhng cho php s dng nha than v cc ph
liu PVC c rt nhiu, m cn gip gii quyt nhiu vn ; chng g, chng h
hng mt ng do du ho, xng v cc nhin liu, lm lp ph cc cng trnh
ngh thut, lm nn nh cng nghip v.v...
Ngoi ra cn tit kim c nguyn vt liu v loi b tng mi ny rt rn
chc nn c th gim b dy ca lp ph mt ng.
243. C than hot tnh dng si khng ?
Cho n nay, than hot tnh ch c dng bt hoc ht. Ngi ta ch to
c n dng si. y l kt qu nghin cu ca 2 vin nghin cu Nht Bn,
dng nguyn liu c bn l si pliacrilnitril. bn ca n i vi khng kh ln
hn than hot tnh bt v ht. S hp th cc dung mi hu c hoc cc kh c ln
hn t 1,5 - 3 ln.
244. C iu b n g h Komek ?
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
H Komek, vng xa mc pha Ty nc Tuc -m-ni (Nga) mang trong
lng n mt iu b n. V sao nhit nc h gn y ln ti 50
0
C, cn mt nc
ch c 9
0
C ?
Trc kia ngi ta cho rng, c nhng mch nc nng ngm. Nhng ngi
ta pht hin: nc h gm 2 lp khng trn ln nhau, do khi lng ring khc
nhau. Lp trn mt l nc ma cn lp di th mn, y h li c bn en nn
hp thu nhiu nhit lng ca nh nng mt tri hn lp nc trn mt h. Hin
tng ny gip to ra loi bn hydr sunfua c th dng cha bnh, khi lng
c tnh ln ti hng nghn mt khi.
245. bt nhn to dng lm g ?
Nhiu loi phn c dng trong xy dng, lm b tng nh: tnh nh
ca chng l do cu trc xp c to ra khi ni la n.
c hon thnh phng php sn xut mt loi bt nhn to, gi l
zitan, ch bin t t st to ht trong mt thit b c bit, bt chc hot ng n
ca ni la. Zitan rn chc v c kh nng n hi, chu c tc dng ca hi
nc v nc .
246.. C loi n bo hiu ban m no khng tiu th nng lng bn
ngoi ?
M va ch to mt loi n bo hiu ban m khng tiu th nng lng
bn ngoi. Thn n l mt ng hunh quang bng thy tinh borsilicat, bn trong
np kh tritium, khi bc x s lm n sng. nh sng loi n ny c th chiu xa
n 180m v tui th c th c hng chc nm.
247. Xng nhn to lm bng cht g ?
Ngi ta th nghim thay mt vi xng nhn to cho mt con ch th
nghim .Xng nhn to ch bin trn c s hirxiapatit, xit nhm xp hoc san
h trong trng hp ny l canxi cacbonat) nhng khng mt trng hp no b sai
khp hoc nhim trng ch tip xc. Dn dn xng nhn to c bc sn v sau
chng khc g xng tht.
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
248. Si siu bn c iu ch t cht g ?
Mt cng ty Nht Bn nghin cu phng php r tin iu ch cacbua
silic thnh si dng cho vt liu nhiu lp. Si ny c kh nng lm vic nhit
ti 1.200
0
C. Nguyn liu iu ch cacbuasilic l imtilcloxilan, nhit phn
trong chn khng 1.300
0
C. Nu tng nhit n 1.500
0
C, tnh bn ca si
gim. Gii hn bn ca si c ng knh t 10 - 20 micrm l 350kg/cm
2
trong
khi si bng ng v niken c cng ng knh th gii hn bn ch l 40 - 60
kg/cm
2
.
249. Lm pin mt tri r tin t cht g ?
Hin nay ngi ta nghin cu k thut sn xut pin mt tri trn c s
sunfat ng v caimi. Gi ca loi pin ny ch c 1 la mt mt vung, v hiu
sut vo khong 7,8%. Pin mt tri khc c hiu sut t 15 - 20%, nhng gi t nht
l 150 la mt mt vung.
250. Hn nhm nh th no ?
Nhng chuyn gia trung tm khoa hc Kha-ru-ele (c) nghin cu
thnh cng mt phng php n gin hn nhm. Trong iu kin bnh thng,
nhm khng hn c, v trn b mt nhm lp tc to thnh mng oxit, v que hn
khng lin c vi mng ny. hn hai b mt nhm, trn b mt ca n trong
chn khng, ngi ta ph mt lp bt niken mng. Khng cn lm sch b mt v
trong chn khng s xy ra tc dng ho hc gia nguyn t niken v mng mng
oxit. S t nng t nhin trong khi hn khng lm gim bn ca lp bc v lc
kt dnh vi nn nhm.
251. Cht g xua i ch v mo ?
Canaa va a ra bng pht minh mt ch phm mi xua ui ch v
mo. Trong thnh phn cht y, ngoi paraphin v du khong, cn c
mtilnnixeton (CH
3
(CH
2
)
8
- COCH
3 .
Mi ca cht ny, rt t hp dn i vi khu
gic rt thnh ca ch v mo. Rc cc hin, l si v cc ng i, loi thuc
ny lm cho ch v mo phi lnh xa.
252. Dng laze iu ch thu tinh kim loi nh th no ?
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Di tc dng ca tia laze CO
2
rt mnh, c th to c mt mng mng c
bn vng cao gi l thu tinh kim loi. Trong khong khc, tia laze lm chy
mt lp mng trn b mt kim loi hoc hp kim, m nhit ln ti hng nghn
. Khi ngt tia laze, kim loi ngui rt nhanh trong phn nghn ca giy. Lc
trn b mt kim loi hnh thnh mt mng mng dng thu tinh gi l thu tinh
kim loi. Qua nghin cu, mng mng c cng v chng n mn rt cao so vi
bn thn kim loi hoc hp kim thng thng. Ngi ta thu c thy tinh kim
loi trn nn hp kim niken v cban.
253. C phi silic oxit chng hin tng vn cc ?
Trong qu trnh sn xut cc loi phn ho hc, tnh c ngi ta thy rng
silic oxit c tc dng ngn cn hin tng vn cc ca cc loi phn ho hc. Cn
trong khi bn cc loi thuc chng su bnh cho cy trng, cc nh khoa hc thy
rng silic oxit li c tc dng hp thu cht gy hin tng vn cc.
254. Hp kim than AT - 3 l hp kim g ?
Nga ngi ta nghin cu ch to c mt loi hp kim titan mang
nhn hiu AT-3, thay th c cho thp khng r. Trong thnh phn ca n c cc
cht nh nhm, crm, st, v silic, vi hm lng khng qu 2 - 3%. Hp kim ny
c tnh chng n mn rt cao. N khng b n mn bi nc bin, peoxit hyr
m c v axit pha long, thm ch cn chu c cc hp cht nng ca clo, v
trong dung dch axit sunfuric un nng ti 275
0
C p sut 60 t -mt-phe trong
2000 gi. Th nghim vi axit nitric cng thu c kt qu nh vy. Di tc dng
ca cc cht kim. AT-3 khng h b ph hu. Hp kim AT-3 cn c mt lot u
im na l bn, d hn, v gi nguyn c tnh do nhit -195
0
C.
Qua nhiu th nghim ngi ta thy rng: hp kim mi ny tt hn hn thp
khng g khi dng trong cng nghip ho cht. Cn phi ni thm l hp kim AT-3
c th s dng rt rng ri.T hp kim ny c th lm cc sn phm rn, cc tm
cn ngui, ng, dy, kim loi dt mng ti 0,07mm..
255. C th dng khi nh my nhit in lm phn bn khng ?
Mt nh my cng sut 1500 - 2000 mga-ot, chy bng than mi ngy thi
vo khng kh 50 tn ioxit lu hunh (SO
2
) rt c. Cc nh Bc hc Ba-lan
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
tm cch trung ho n, da vo hin tng thng xy ra trong thin nhin l ioxit
lu hunh tham gia vo phn ng vi amonic trong khng kh.
Theo phng php mi ny th amonic c cho thm vo khi s to ra
amonisunfat trong khng kh. Gi s ri phn bn ny trong mt vng rng ln.
Phng php mi ny ln u tin c s dng ti nh my in thnh ph
Turv.
256. C xch xe p bng cht do khng ?
M va a ra th trng mt loi xch xe p bng cht do, c ct bng
thp. Loi xch ny nh hn xch thp 75%, khng cn bi trn v khng gy ting
ng. Trong thnh phn cht do (pliuretan), c cho thm ph gia phn x, nn
ban m xch s sng di nh n pha -t, lm cho ngi i xe p m an ton
hn.
257. C th st trng bng phn bn khng ?
Cc vi khun, nm, giun trn sng trong t, gy tc hi rt ln cho cy
trng trong nng nghip. tiu dit cc loi c hi ny, ngi ta xng khi t
bng cc cht c ho hc. Kh nng mc bnh ca cc cy thc vt gim xung,
nhng khng st trng c hon ton.
Gn y, ngi ta khm ph ra mt phng php tt hn nhiu, bng cch
s dng phn m thng thng. V d: nu trung tm gy bnh ca khoai ty
trc mt s tun, ngi ta a vo trong t mt lng ur (1,5kg/m
2
), th trung
tm gy bnh b tiu dit hon ton.
Vin Bo v thc vt ca Nga p dng th phng php ny bo v cy
bng khi cc bnh nguy him nht - nh bnh ho l do verticillium.
Nhng th nghim ti ur vo t (3 - 5g/1kg t) chng t c th hon ton
hoc gn nh hon ton ngn nga c bnh cho cy bng. Kt qu st trng
t ra c hiu qu cho c nhng nm sau.
258. C t bc cht do khng ?
nhng t du lch, cht do tr thnh rt quen thuc. Gn y cc vt
liu plime c s dng trong ch to thit b qun s. M thng bo ch
to cc loi xe hi bc thp, trong cc tm plicacbonat c dng rt rng ri.
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
V t bc thp mi c ch to nh sau: v ngoi l loi thp ccbon
thng, bn trong l mt lp poliuretan dy 25mm (cch m v cch nhit) trong
cng l lexan, cc tm kn chn gi th lm bng 3 lp lxan khc nhau, loi cht
do ny sng thng bn khng thng.
Loi t bc thp mi ny nh hn xe c cng loi ti hng tn, mt khc li
r hn: ch gi khong 9000 la.
259. Nhin liu g c th ly t h Ki-vu ?
H Ki-vu nm vng ni thuc Trung Phi, c th tr thnh ngun nguyn
liu quan trng pht trin cng nghip cho cc nc gn . Nc h ny cha
ti 60 t mt khi mtan di dng ho tan, lng hi t ny c kh nng sinh
nhit tng ng vi 60 triu tn du la. Kh ny sinh ra di tc dng ca vi
sinh vt, cng nh trong cc h v cc m ly, c rt nhiu cht hu c phn hu
trong iu kiu thiu dng kh.
Ngi ta bt u nghin cu khai thc kh thin nhin nhin c o ny.
Phng php tin hnh rt n gin : ht nc su 300 m, v cng vi s gim
p sut, ho tan ca kh cng gim nn kh qu bo ho c tch ra.
Trong nhng nm gn y, ly ra khong 20 triu mt mt khi kh mtan
t h Ki-vu.
260. C th hn graphit khng ?
Graphit khng nhng khng hn c m cng khng chy lng. Mt s nh
nghin cu xut lt ming m nhm vo mi hn graphit, sau p cht chi
tit v t nng ch ni cho n nhit , m nhm v cacbon bt u phn ng vi
nhau (khong 1800
0
C). Cacbua nhm sinh ra s ni cc chi tit, lc li nng
nhit ln thm 500
0
C. 2300
0
C cacbua nhm bay hi, cn cc chi tit bng
graphit th gn cht li. Chu trnh hn ny (1800
0
C - 2300
0
C - 1800
0
C) c lp li
5 ln. Ton b thi gian hn khong na gi. Sau khng cn nhm trong mi
hn, cn cc chi tit grapht c lin kt rt bn vng.
261. Thuc tr su t bin c u im g ?
Nhiu sinh vt sng bin cho nhng hot cht dng lm thuc cha
bnh. Mt ging giun bin thn t, c cha trong v mt c t thn kinh gi l
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
nereistexin (hi c t), l mt amin c tc dng lm t lit thn kinh trung ng
ca nhiu su b.
Nhng ngi nh c Nht bn t lu bit rng nhiu loi khi n phi
ging giun bin trn th cht. Nhng mi n nm 1934 nh nghin cu Nht bn
Nitta mi tm ra c t trn.
Ngy nay 20% thuc tr su tiu th Nht l Paan, c hot cht l mt
dn sut tng hp nhn to ca nereisteixin. Thuc tr su Padan c bn ra th
trng nc Nht t1967, tiu dit c nhiu ging rp, b cnh cng, mt ng
cc v mi, k c nhng ging tr vi cc loi thuc tr su hu c cha pht
pho v clo, nhng khng c vi ng vt mu nng v chng b phn hu trong
cc m sinh vt v ngoi tri.
262. Li mt h k l u ?
Ci h k l ny m ngi a phng gi l h ngt nm Uran, vng
Tchliabinsk. Qu tht nc h y c v hi ngt. Mt c im na: ngi ta
c th git qun o m khng cn x phng, c cc vt du bn cng sch trn.
Lm sao gii thch c hin tng ny ? Cc nh ho hc phn tch
nc v nhn thy n cha xt (NaOH).
263. C th tnh tui ca v tr theo rni nh th no ?
Gn y, 2 nh bc hc M ngh xc nh tui v tr theo t l cc ng
v ca osimi v rni: ng v phng x trong thin nhin ca rni 187 sau khi
phng x bta chuyn thnh ng v osimi 187 v c chu k bn hu l 40 t nm.
Cc nh bc hc y xc nh t l asimi v rni trong cc thin thch v tnh ra
tui ca v tr l 18 - 20 t nm.
264. Nc nho v ru vang dit siu vi trng ?
Nc nho, ru vang lm gim tui th ca siu vi trng gy bnh, th d
siu vi trng plimlit. Nhng nh sinh vt hc Canada nui siu vi trng
trong cc nc ung y, c iu chnh pH v nhn thy rng kh nng gy bnh
ca plimlit trong nc nho ( pH = 7.0 v nhit 4
0
C) gim hng nghn ln
sau 1 ngy. Ru vang tc dng km hn nc nho ti. Ngi ta gii thch
rng hiu lc git siu vi trng l ca cc hp cht phnl c trong nc nho nhiu
hn trong ru vang.
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
264. Cht do no c dng trong ng h ?
Xng sn xut ng h rvan mi nm tit kim c 60 vn rp nh thay
mt s chi tit truyn thng kim loi trong ng h bng cht do t bi trn: cc
ng trng hp ca foocmalhit vi ixlan v trixanvi ixlan.
265. B m xi ho c u im g ?
Riazan, ngi ta th nghim cho thm vo bt m 0,3 - 0,5% bt m bin
tnh bng cch xi ho vi hn hp 3 mui: kali brmat, kali pecmanganat v kali
hipclorit. Bnh m sn xut ra phng hn, ngon hn, lu khng b cng, m gi
thnh khng cao hn bnh m thng thng.
266. Loi thuc dit nm no khng cha thu ngn ?
Mt cng ty an mch v mt chi nhnh ca cng ty khc Thu in va
sn xut c mt loi thuc dit nm mi, t tn l panctin, theo mt qu trnh
sn xut gm 5 giai on. Hot cht trong panctin l 9 az 1,17-
iaminoheptacan axtat ca guaniin, t nguyn liu l axit bo. Cc cng ty
trn xy dng mt nh my c cng sut 4.000 tn/nm t nm 1978.
267. Xng ci tin nh th no ?
Nhng nh nghin cu Vin Ho hu c thuc Vin Hn lm khoa hc ca
Nga bo m rng thm 10% ru iz - prpilic vo xng s lm cho tnh cht ca
xng tt hn Hn hp 98% xng AU- 93 v 10% ru iz-prpilic tt hn xng
nguyn cht: t mui hn trong bung t, gim tnh c ca kh thi, t l nguyn
liu chy khng ht t hn, m ng c khng b gim cng sut.
268. Nha xp ccbon c ch to nh th no ?
Nha xp cacbon l mt vt liu rt bn, nh v chu nhit. Phng php ch
bin thng thng i t nha pliurtan v phnlalhit, nhng qu trnh ch bin
rt di v tn tht nhiu nguyn liu. Vin nghin cu khoa hc ca Nga nghin
cu phng php ch bin mi, t pliacrilnitril. to bt, nha pliacriloonitril
c ho tan trong dung dch km clorua hay natri sunfoxianua, ri khuy mnh.
Bt sinh ra trc ht c un nng n 160 - 230
0
xi ho, sau cacbon ho
bng cch nng dn nhit n 600 - 700
0
C. Phng php ny va nhanh v tit
kim hn phng php c.
269. Keo ym kh l keo g?
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Ci tn nghe kh k l. Nhng chnh loi keo ny, ngy nay ang c cng
ty Anh - M "Loctait" s dung. trng thi lng, khi khng c khng kh, n tn
ti nh mnme, v nu c khng kh, n trng hp nhit phng. Ch cn bi
mt lp keo ny gia hai vt liu cn gn cht vi nhau, ta s c c mt mi ni
bn vng khng b gy, ging nh PVC.
270. Dng bt tinh ch kh thi nh th no?
Cng ty Thy in "Anpha - Lavan" nghin cu mt loi bt thch hp
lc kh thi cc nh my luyn kim v cc nh my in. Khi nhng ht bi (hoc
tro) tip xc vi bt (rt nh) th bt v ra, bin thnh git, cht lng ko c ht bi
vo thit b c bit. Ti y, cn s c tch khi cht lng. Sau cht lng ny
c th li c to thnh bt trong ng khi.
271.Du ho ch t rc nh th no?
Khi nu "qu chn" rc thnh ph, thit b th nghim ca cng ty Hitachi
(Nht Bn) sinh ra hi qu nhit, thch hp sn xut in nng, nhin liu lng
ging nh du ho v mt hn hp kh t c nhit lng cao. Cng ngh x l rc
hu c bao gm mt qu trnh nghin rc, lm m v x l nhit. Ph liu cui
cng ca qu trnh ny l phn bn loi tt, c cha cc nguyn t vi lng.
272. Dng axit xitric kh cc hp cht ca lu hunh nh th no?
Khi cc nh my in c cha oxit lu hunh, lm cht cy ci v c hi
i vi sc kho con ngi. M gn y th nghim phng php kh cc
hp cht lu hunh ny, bng cch to ra trong ng khi mt cn ma c bit:
ti xung u n mt dung dch mui natri xitrat v axit xitric. Cc hot cht ny
hp th lu hunh v bin n thnh kt ta dng bi, l nguyn liu ho cht rt c
gi tr.
273. Than c ch cho vic trng rau khng?
Than nu cht lng thp (linhit) trn vi cc hp cht nit, mt ca hoc
cc ph liu hu c khc, l mt loi phn phc hp tuyt vi trng rau. Cc nh
nng hc Rumani bn phn ny cho t ct. Theo quan st ca h, mt s cy
khng nhng tng sn lng m cn tng c t l vitamin, ng v prtin.
274. Plime thay st ty lm v hp c u im ?
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
o, M, Nht ngi ta th ng hp u cve, tht ln, c chua trong
hp bng loi plime mi. u im ca loi bao b mi ny rt r rt (bn nh, hp
v sinh v khng b n mn). Ngi ta d on rng sau 5 - 8 nm na, cht do s
hon ton thay th thu tinh v st ty trong cng nghip hp trn ton th gii.
Nhng sn phm ng trong hp plime s tt hn v bo qun c lu hn.
275. G lai cht do c u im g?
Cng ty Anh "Sertex" bt u bn ra th trng vt liu xy dng nhit do
"Sanwood", l hn hp PVC vi bt g. T vt liu , c th ch to cc tm vn,
cc ng ng, cc cu kin rng v bt g lm tng rt nhiu cng ca PVC.
Vt liu ny chu mi mn, chng un gp tt, khng b trng, khng thay i
hnh dng trong khng kh m, nh bng d dng.
"Sanwood" c th gia cng trn cc my, ng c inh, dn c v sn
c nh g thng. V gi c, vt liu mi ny c th cnh tranh c c vi g.
276. Than bn c nhng ng dng g?
Vin than bn Nga ch bin c than hot tnh cht lng cao t than
bn v a vo sn xut trn quy m cng nghip. Vin cng nghin cu cng
ngh sn xut men n cho gia sc t than bn. l nhng cht protein cc k cn
thit cho s sng.
T than bn, ngi ta cn tch ra axit xalic sn xut cht ty ra c
bit, ty cn cho ni hi.
Vin cn nghin cu c cng ngh sn xut sp t than bn. Sp khng ch
lm nn m dng trong 50 ngnh cng nghip khc nhau.
277. Si "Lola" v "Oxalon" l nhng si g?
l tn ca cc loi si tng hp do cc nh ho hc Nga ch to ra
dng vo nhng mc ch c bit.
Si "Lola" c tnh bn nhit, khng bt la ngay c trong ngn la n x
propan, nng 1200
0
C. Ngi ta d kin dng loi si ny sn xut qun o
chng chy, vi trang tr khng chy, v vi lc cc kh chy.
"Uglen" trong mi trng kh tr chu c nhit 3.000
0
C, nhng khi c
oxi th ch chu c c 250
0
C. "Uglen" dn in v c th c dng sn xut
giy dn in, cht do, cao su v cht thay th da c tnh chng tnh in.
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
"Oxalon" cng lm mt loi si chng chy, nhng li lm bng nguyn liu
g. Vi dt t "oxala" l vi lc kh chy tuyt vi trong cc x nghip luyn kim
mu v luyn kim en, trong cng nghip ch to mui than, cng nghip xi mng
v m. V cho ti nay cha c vt liu no tt hn "oxalon" sn xut si cor
bn nhit cho sm lp.
278. Chic o "bt" bo v cy nh th no?
bo v cy trng khi b bng gi, ngi ta bt u s dng cc loi bt
lm t polime ho tan trong nc; gilatin, pli-vinilalcol v mt s cht hu c
khc. bt khi b ph hu, ngi ta cn thm vo cc cht ph gia hot ng b
mt, thng di dng mui amoni. Th l thu c mt tm "o bng bt",
khng gy bng ho hc cho cy trng v khng b h hng nhit - 3
0
C.
Th nghim chng t nhng chic o bt mi ny chng nhng gi c
nhit cho cy m cn bo v cy trng chng c nhiu loi bnh tt khc.
279. Ho hc gip xy dng nh th no?
Trong khi xy dng cc to nh mi th Vin, cc nh kin trc ngi
o gp cc lp nn t m khng n nh. H bn cu cu n ho hc nh
phng php in phn. H khoan nhng l c chiu su 15 mt, xung
dung dch mui v axit cha flo, silic v bo, ri cm vo l khoan nhng in cc
ni vi li in. Cc in trong dung dch chuyn t ant sang catot, tham gia phn
ng vi cc thnh phn v c trong t m. Kt qu l to ra nhng cht kh tan,
lm t cht li. V nh phng php in phn , ngi ta xy dng y
nhng to nh chc tri.
280. C phn xng bng thu tinh u?
Mt phn xng ton bng thu tinh xut hin ti x nghip "Verra" sn
xut kali ca c, phn xng nhn b ngoi chng c g c bit. Nhng y,
i a s vt liu t ng dn, on ni, b phn phn phi n thit b phn ng
u c ch to bng thu tinh. Trong nhiu qu trnh ho hc, thu tinh t ra
tt hn kim loi, gm, s, cht do. tin cy trong vn hnh ca thu tinh cao
hn, gi thnh li r hn. Cc nh ho hc t lu nh gi cao thu tinh v
nhng tnh u vit ca n, nhng y qu l ln u tin h mi mnh dn s dng
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
lm cc thit b trong mt phn xng. Th nghim ny chng t phng php
dng thu tinh lm vt liu ch to thit b c nhiu trin vng.
281. C th dn tri tim khng?
Trong thi gian gn y, ngi ta dng keo dn nhng vt thng thay
cho kim ch gii phu, va nhanh vt thng li va mau lnh v khng li so.
Nhng keo c mt nhc im c bn: chng l nhng cht "l" i vi c th con
ngi, nn nhiu khi gy nhng hu qu khng lng trc c.
Cc nh khoa hc c thnh cng trong vic ch to mt loi keo dn
dn cc m sng bng chnh cc m sng. Nguyn liu l mt loi abumim ca
mu (fibrogen), ho trong dung dch ca mt thnh phn khc ca mu l trombin
v mt s cht tm thi gi b mt, gi l "Factor - 3": Loi keo mi ny c dng
trong phu thut, t ra tt hn hn cc loi c. N thun tin c bit trong phu
thut cc c quan ni tng: tim, thn, phi,... Cc c quan "tip nhn" keo
mt cch t nhin v sau khi lnh vt thng, keo ho tan trong c th.
282. Dng keo dn ng dn nh th no?
Hin nay, khi cc on ng dn b h hng, ch yu l thng do g, ngi ta
phi thay th bng on ng mi. Cc chuyn gia c p dng thnh cng mt
phng php mi sa cha ng ng dn du cng nh cc ng ng khc
trong cc nh my ho cht. Di p sut, ngi ta phun ln ch hng huyn ph
ca keo dn trn c s cao su. Sau khi kh hnh thnh mt lp cng, gn rt cht v
rt bn, bt kn ch h hng. Phng php mi c dng sa cha 450km
ng ng. Hiu qu ca vic s dng phng php mi ny l tit kim c
hng triu Mc (tin ca c).
283. Nhit v nh sng ly t rc nh th no?
Trong nhiu thnh ph M, rc c dng nh ngun b sung nng lng.
Chng hn, ti thnh ph Aym, t 2 nm nay, ngi ta xy dng mt thit b
cng nghip x l rc thnh ph thnh nhin liu cho cc nh my in. u tin,
rc c nghin nh, ri dng nam chm in tch ht cc kim loi cha st...
v cho i qua b phn loi b cc tp cht khng chy c. Lc ny, trong rc ch
cn giy, cht do v cc cht hu c khc, theo ng ng i vo bung t ca
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
my pht in. y l nh my u tin dng rc lm ngun cung cp nhit si
m v nh sng trong thnh ph.
284. C th ly uran t nc bin khng?
Trong my nm qua, Nht Bn v c cng b kt qu nhng th nghim
ly uran t nc bin.
c ngi ta trng trong nc bin nhng loi rong c bit, c kh nng
tch t uran trong thn. Cn Nht li ch to cc my lc c o, c th gi li
nhng phn uran nh nht tan trong nc bin. Nht c c k hoch di hn
hng vo ti ny. Theo k hoch, t nm 1990, cc thit b s thu hi hng nm
ti 3400 tn uran t nc bin. Cn nh li rng, theo tnh ton, nc bin trn ton
tri t cha ti 4 t tn uran.
285. Loi n pin no c tui th cao?
Nhng chic n pin bnh thng nu bt sng, ch sau vi gi nh sng s
yu dn ri tt hn. Nhng chic n pin va c cc nh cc nh ho hc ch to
mi y th khc hn, c th bt sng lin tc ti 10 nm lin m sng ch gim
mt na. Khng dng pin in, c cu ca n khc hn. N c mt knh bng thu
tinh bor-silicat, ph mt lp cht pht quang. Trong hp n cha y triti, pht ra
lin tc dng in t, p vo mt knh lm n pht ra nh sng. sng ca n
ln hn ca n pin thng.
286. Giy st trng dng lm g?
Mt nh my giy Nga a vo sn xut mt loi giy c bit: l giy
st trng. Ngi ta dng phng php ho hc "gn" nhng cht st trng hoc
khng sinh ln xenlulz trc khi xeo vo hon tt giy. Giy st trng s c ng
dng rt rng ri: dng p ln cc vit thng, mn nht hoc vt m, lm vt
liu lc khng kh cho cc x nghip dc phm hoc phng m, v nhiu mc ch
khc na.
287. C bao nhiu loi vi khun n cht do?
Cc nh khoa hc Nga pht hin c khong 160 chng loi nm, vi
khun, c th ph hoi cc cht plime. Cc vi khun khp mi ni trong khng
kh, trong t v trong nc. Cc cht plime c cha cc cht n hu c li cng
d b ph. Ngc li cc cht do c sn xut t nha pxi t b e do hn. Cc
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
thc nghim cho thy ch sau vi thng, mt s sn phm cht do b mt
bng p v mt dn cc tnh cht vt l ca n, do tc dng ph hu ca nm. Cc
nh khoa hc thuc Vin Vi sinh vt Mascva nghin cu v ngh vi cc
ngnh cng nghip, hy thay th cc thnh phn "n c" ca cc loi cht do
bng nhng loi bn hn, chng c nm ph hu.
288. Dy in thoi bng thu tinh c dng u?
Cc y vi nm, mt ng dy in thoi u tin c cng sut cao
c gii thiu Harlow (thuc nc Anh) trong cc tn hiu ni c truyn i
nh dao ng ca tia sng lade thng qua nhng si tc thu tinh rt manh. Do
ngi ta xy dng mt ng dy th nghim di 9km bng si dn nh sng
c bc trong dy cp c ng knh l 7mm. Theo cng b ca cc nh ch to
th cc ngun lade c thi gian lm vic lu hn 20.000 gi, mi khong cch xa
3km ngi ta lp 2 my khuch i nhm tng cng v lm sch cc tn hiu.
289. t chy bng nit c pht minh u?
Anh, mt s kiu ng c mi c ng k sng ch, ng c ny
chy nh nng lng c gii phng ra khi nit lng bay hi. Theo cng b ca
nh sng ch th lng nit tiu tn cho 100km l 5,5lt. Mc d gi bn ca xng
v nit bng nhau, im u vit c bit ca ng c l khng lm nhim mi
trng xung quanh v cc cht c khng b ng li trong ng x.
290. Cht do termoplen dng lm cht g ?
Cc chuyn gia nh my Plastin (Nga) va a ra mt mt hng mi: Cht
do Termoplen, c co rt cao khi chu tc dng ca mt nhit khng ng k,
chng hn nhit ca bn bay. Tnh cht ny rt qu khi dng lm bao gi, nht
l gi nhng vt c hnh dng phc tp, thc phm, cc thit b in t, chai
l, dng c th nghim. Termoplen s bc rt kht cc vt .
V bn cht, termoplen l plitilen. c co rt cao, ngi ta ch vic
chiu vo mng mt chm in t nhanh. Termoplen c cun thnh nhng cun
ln hoc lm thnh tm c kch thc khc nhau.
291. Bao gi cho tht sng lm bng cht g?
c ngi ta lm ra mt loi bao gi mi cho tht sng, c th rn v
nu c. l nhng tm mng trong sut bng plieste v pliprpilen, ph
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
bng mt lp plivinilclorua. N chu c nhit 120
0
C trong mt thi gian di,
cho nn bao gi c th lm kh trng cho sn phm v bo v trong 3 thng m
khng lm gim cht lng ca tht. Loi bao gi ny ang c dng rng ri
bo v nhiu sn phm lng thc d b h hng khc na.
292. Thc vt sn xut hir t nc nh th no?
Mt phng nghin cu nng nghip M pht hin ra mt h thng rt
n gin, nh c th sn xut hir t nc trong nhng iu kin "nh nhng".
H thng l thc vt cng sinh ca hai loi: rong xanh Ana-bena azolla v
dng x nc Azolla m rong sng trn l ca n. Rong hp th nit t khng kh
v hyr t nc. Trn l dng x, N
2
v H
2
s kt hp vi nhau thnh amnic.
Nu nh thm vo dung dch mt lng nh phn m, th H
2
thu c t rong s
khng dng n lm thnh "thc n" na v nh th c th ly ring H
2
ra. Cn
mt kh nng khc na: Gi rong trong bu kh quyn N
2
d, th H
2
cng khng b
tiu th chuyn ho thnh amnic.
293. Tch uran t nc thi nh th no?
Ai cng bit nguyn t mang s 92 ny trong bng tun hon ngy mt
him. n v Nht Bn thu hi uran t nc bin. Anh v Canaa khai thc uran
t lp qung thi sau khi lm giu than. V gn y Tip Khc cng p dng
phng php ca mnh sau khi nhn thy nc thi ca nhiu nh my ho cht
cha nhng vi lng uran. Cc nh khoa hc nh n vi sinh vt. Trong qu
trnh sng, mt vi loi tch lu uran trong cc t bo ca minh. Vi khun thch hp
nht tch uran chnh l nhng vi khun dng trong nhng nh my sn xut
penixilin. Sau 10 gi sng trong nc thi, sinh khi ca chng tng ti 2,5 gam
trong mt lt nc. Lc, x l vi xoa, ngi ta thu c mt ngun nguyn liu
thu hi uran, ng thi nc thi li sch hn.
294. Dng cht pht sng tit kin c nng lng nh th no?
Cng ty Gneral Electric (M) sn xut mt loi n hunh quang mi
cng sut 35W cha mt cht pht quang mi, to ra mt lng nh sng tng
ng vi loi n 40W hin nay, do tit kim c khong 14% in nng.
Cht pht quang gm 2 thnh phn: Thnh phn th nht pht ra nh sng
mu vng, cn thnh phn th hai to mt phn nh trong phn quang ph mu
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
xanh, nhng nh sng tng hp ca loi n mi ny cng ging nh ca cc loi
n bnh thng.
295. Cht do Flex dng lm g?
Cht do Flex c coi l loi vt liu cch in vn nng mi, c sn
xut ti Buc-gas (Bungari). N l mt cht lng qunh c pha ch thnh nhiu
mu khc nhau, chu c nhit t - 35
0
n + 90
0
C, chu va p, nn v ko.
Ngi ta dng sng phun ph cc b mt kim loi. Cht lng cch in ny c
th dng trong xy dng dn dng v cng nghip.
296. Si kh chy c tnh cht g?
Di s hng dn ca gio s tin s B. Laszkiewics, trng i hc Bch
khoa Lodz (Ba Lan) ch to c mt ho cht kh chy lm ph gia cho si
visc v cht do. Cc loi si c cht ph gia ny ch chy khi tip xc trc tip
vi ngn la. Nu khng c ngn la trc tip th s tt ngay, khng chy m nh
cc loi si khc.
297. Cht lng lm kh g l cht g?
Vin K thut Lm nghip Mascva tm ra mt phng php mi lm
kh g bng dung dch natri nitrat NaNO
3
un nng. Vi phng php ny th g
khng nhng kh nhanh hn so vi cc phng php sy kh bng i lu thng
thng m cn t b co ngt v nt n.
298. Du m lm t sm lp c nh th no?
Lp xe t c lm t du m... iu y ai cng bit. Nhng gn y, ti
Anh xy dng mt xng th nghim lm iu ngc li: T cc loi sm lp
t thi ra, hng nm vi s lng hng triu tn, ngi ta tin hnh nhit phn
trong cc thit b phn ng c bit v thu c du m c cht lng cao, trc
ht dng lm nhin liu v sau khi chng phn on, c th chuyn ho thnh
nhiu sn phm ho cht c gi tr. Ngoi ra, sn phm ca xng nhit phn lp
t c ny cn c mui than, kim loi nu chy li v mt s ho cht v c na.
299. Tm vng theo mi nh th no?
Tm vng theo mi l iu ngi ta bit t lu, v rng, qung vng cng
nh ng lun lun c "ngi bn ng" l thu ngn bc hi, xuyn qua mt t
v i vo kh quyn. Ngi ta ch to mt my phn tch kh c bit tm ra
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
m vng v ng theo mu sc v mi ca khng kh. Nhng tt c cc dng c
ny u khng nhy v km chnh xc. Gn y, Vin a ho hc v Tinh th hc
cc nguyn t him thuc Nga ch to my phn tch kh hp th nguyn t
xch tay "ngi" lp khng kh thot ra t l o su di t. Hi thu ngn s
c hp th trn mt cht c bit, em i nh lng v t tm ra mt s m
vng. Dng c ny cc k chnh xc v nhy: n c th pht hin mt phn trm
triu miligam thu nhn trong mt lt khng kh.
300. Plyme lin minh vi kaolanh nh th no?
PVC thuc loi cht do hin nay b thi ra nhiu nht trong ph liu sinh
hot. t th khng c li v sinh ra cc cht kh rt c. Cc k s Nht Bn
tm ra mt cch s dng cc cht do c ny. T ph liu PVC, ngi ta ch to
cc tm lt sn trong cc nh my ho cht: bn, khng s axit v kim, chu la...
Ngi ta xy dng mt quy trnh k thut nghin PVC thi, trn vi kaolanh
v p p sut rt cao trong nhng khun kim loi nng.
301. Cha bnh thi c chua nh th no?
Khi bo qun c chua, trn v thng xut hin cc vt en loang rng dn
v lm c chua b thi. Nguyn nhn l do mt loi vi khun pht trin v ph hoi
c chua. Mt Vin nghin cu M tm ra phng php khc phc tnh trng
ny mt cch ht sc n gin v c hiu qu. Trc khi chuyn ch hoc a c
chua mi thu hoch vo kho, ch cn nhng c chua mi thu hoch vo nc, trong
c thm vo mt t nc Javen (natrihipocloit). Nh vy cha c bnh thi
c chua do vi khun vi hiu qu ti 92%.
302. Lm phn bn hu c t rm r nh th no?
Trc y, ngi ta thy rng nu rm r trn mt rung trc khi tr
thnh phn bn, rm r b phn hu rt chm, lm t b "bc mu" i. V rng, cc
vi khun sng trong t cn mt lng ln nit ng ho licnhin ca rm r.
M v c, ngi ta thc hin thnh cng nhng th nghim tn dng rm nh
nm vesenka. Loi nm ny dng nit ca khng kh phn hu licnhin. Kt qu
l t 1 tn rm kh, ngi ta thu c 1 tn nm n rt giu protein v 220 kg phn
bn hu c. C th thm vo rm r mt t giy c.
303. Licnhome l g?
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
l tn mt sn phm mi ca cc nh ho hc Ba Lan, do ghp 2 t
"Lignus" l g v plime. sn xut Licnhome, ngi ta tm vo bn trong g,
gia nhng th si mt mnme ri cho trng hp. Licnhome c cng cao hn
g 4,8 ln, bn un hn 50 - 150%, bn nn theo chiu ngang hn 6 ln v theo
chiu dc hn 2 ln. Ngoi ra, vt liu ny cn khng b chy, chng c nhng
loi vi khun ph hoi g. C th khoan, bo, c... ging nh gia cng nhng
vt thng lm bng g.
304. My bng cht do lm ma nh th no?
Cc chuyn gia ang nghin cu thc hin mt n c bit nhm m bo
nc cho vng sa mc kh cn C-oet. H ch to nhng m my bng cht
do, b ngoi trng nh mt tm khn tri ging khng l, bn trong cha mt
lng ln cht kh. Khi mt tri lm nng cht kh, n n ra v lm cho m my
bay ln. Nh dy cp, m my s c hng vo phng xc nh trc.
Khng kh t ct b nung nng ca sa mc bc ln, va chm vi b mt tng i
lnh ca m my cht do. Lng m cha trong khng kh ny ngng t li, ri
xung t thnh ma.
305. Ngi ta bit bao nhiu hp cht ho hc?
Bng b nh ca my tnh, theo di trn cc tp ch khoa hc, tnh n thng
11 - 1977, ngi ta ghi nhn c 4.039.907 hp cht ho hc khc nhau. Trung
bnh mi tun, khong 6000 hp cht mi xut hin, 96% l cc cht hu c. Trung
bnh cc hp cht ny cha 43 nguyn t, nhng 22 nguyn t l hir. C
khong 120.000 plime v 258.000 hp cht phi tr. Hin cha xc nh c cu
to ca trn mt na s hp cht. c chng 3.000 hp cht c ng dng trong
thc t nhng mc khc nhau.
306. Cht do niplon c u im g?
Vin nghin cu cht do thuc Lin hp sn xut "Plastmass" Nga nghin
cu quy trnh cng ngh sn xut mt loi cht do mi vi tn thng mi l
"Niplon". Cc sn phm trn c s cht do ny khng h b gim cht lng di
tc dng lu di ca mi trng n mn mnh, nhit cao v cc bc x. Dng
nhng cng thc pha ch khc nhau, Niplon c gia cng thnh nhiu sn
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
phm rt bn vi tc dng ca dung mi hu c, axit v c v kim. Do vy, chng
s c dng rng ri trong cng nghip ho cht.
307. Bo qun trng g bng parafin nh th no?
Trng g l mt trong nhng loi thc phm kh bo qun lu di, v mt gi
tr dinh dng nhanh chng v b thi. Cc chuyn gia Nga tm ra mt phng
php mi gi nguyn phm cht ca trng trong thi gian t 10 n 12 thng.
Trc ht, nhng trng vo mt b cha parafin. Sau xp trng vo bung cha
zn trong mt thi gian nht nh. Ozn s xy ho lp parafin trn v trng, bin
n thnh mt mng bo v c tnh st khun rt cao.
308. Dng cy ci pht hin nhim mi trng nh th no?
xc nh mc nhim mi trng, c nh tnh v nh lng, phi
dng nhng dng c phc tp. Nhng nhn bit cc cht c trong khng kh,
ngi ta c th da vo phn ng ca cc loi cy nhy cm vi mi trng. Da
trn nhn xt ny, cc nh khoa hc H Lan ngh trng cc loi cy quanh
nh my ho cht v ch dn cch da vo chng pht hin mc nhim
khng kh: c linh lng v cy thuc l dng pht hin ozn, rau cn ty v cy
c chua nhy cm vi xit nit, khoai ty nhn bit c tilen.
309. Tm l chn tia bc x lm bng cht do no?
Ti Nht Bn ngi ta sn xut nhng tm bo v khi tia bc x cho
nhng ngi lm vic trc tip vi tia Rnghen v cc bc x khc bng vt liu
mi: cht do. Nha pliacrilic pha 30% ch c dng vo vic ny. Tm bo v
c u im rt ln l trong sut, nhng cng mang theo nhng u v nhc im
c hu ca cht do nh dai va p cao, n gin khi gia cng, nhng li d bt
chy v b bin dng do nhit . iu quan trng l sau khi chiu lu di bc x
gamma (vi cng 10
5
Rad), trong sut ca tm chn bo v bng cht do
khng b thay i. Mt tm nha acrilic dy 33,4 mm c tnh nng bo v ngang
vi tm ch dy 1,6 mm.
310. Tinh bt kt bn vi cht do c u im g?
Mt cng trnh nghin cu c h thng gn y xc nhn: c th ghp ln
i phn t tinh bt nhng mnme khc nhau v thu c cht do c tnh cht
tt. Chng hn ghp ln tinh b stiren v mtilmtacrilat, thu c cplime gin
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
v cng, nhng ch thm mt lng butilacrilat th plime li rt n hi, c tnh
bn c hc cao, ging nh da. Mt iu ng lu l cc cht do trn c s tinh
bt li c th phn hu vi sinh vt, gim c kh khn trong chng nhim mi
trng do cht thi rn.
311. Cht do dng lm v tu c u im g?
Trong nhiu nm, ngi ta tm kim nhng vt liu tt nht ch to v tu
ngm, vi nhiu yu cu rt khe kht, v ch mi gn y mi i n kt lun: vt
liu tt nht l cht do. Cng ty Anh "Vikers" sn xut hng lot tu ngm c
v bng cht do. Nhng chic tu mi va nh, bn, va hon ton khng cn bo
v chng hin tng n mn ca nc bin.
312. Ai dng nhm thay th bc trng gng?
Cc nh ho hc Rumani a vo sn xut phng php trng gng mi,
trong thay bc bng nhm. Nhng tm gng trng nhm r ra c cht lng
cao hn gng trng bc, nhng u im c bn l nhm r hn bc rt nhiu. Nu
nh trc y, 1m
2
knh cn 5,7 g bc th nay ch cn 3 g nhm. Qu trnh trng
nhm ln gng thc hin trong chn khng.
Do c nhiu u im, nn ch mt nm sau khi c pht minh, phng php
mi ny c p dng cho 60% s gng sn xut Rumani.
313. Vi th plytylen dng lm g?
Nga ngi ta a ra mt quy trnh cng ngh sn xut mt vt liu c
bit: vi th t plytylen. l mt loi "vi khng dt", c kh nng lc rt tt
v c th dng bc cc ng ng chm di t hoc thng xuyn tip xc vi
cht hu c hay v c. Cc tm lc bng plytylen tt hn v r hn cc tm lc
bng vi thu tinh, thng c s dng hin nay, nn thay th n trong nhiu
ngnh k thut.
314. Lu hunh siu dn c ch to th no?
Vin Vt l p sut cao (thuc Nga) pht hin ra mt dng th hnh mi ca
lu hunh c tnh nng c bit: tnh siu dn. thu c dng th hnh ny,
ngi ta phi nn lu hunh di mt p sut kh cao, tng ng vi sc nn
khong 10 tn trn 1 mu lu hunh c ng knh 0,2 mm. Di p sut ln y,
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
in tr ca mu gim i 10 vn ln (c th nghim thy gim 10 triu ln).
5.7
0
K, in tr ca dng th hnh ny l 4.10
-3
m.
315. C bao nhiu tro trong than?
Hm lng tro trong cc loi than thng dao ng t 1 n 45%. Than cng
t tro, nhit tr cng cao v cng c gi tr. Phng php xc nh tro thng thng
l t ri cn, tuy n gin nhng li mt thi gian. Cc nh khoa hc Ba Lan
xut mt phng php mi: phng php o bc x. Cc cht v c bao gi cng
hp th tia bc x mnh hn than. Ch cn o s thay i cng bc x, nh mt
bng tnh ton sn, c th tr li ngay c bao nhiu tro trong than.
316. Hocmon chng au l cht g?
Cc nh khoa hc M va pht hin trong mu ngi c mt loi hocmn
chng au v t tn hp cht mi tm ra ny l anin. Tim th anin ny vo
v no, ngi ta chng minh n c tc dng nh mocphin v tc dng gim au
trong nhiu gi. Anin chnh l loi hocmon c nh hng n gic ng cng nh
s tnh gic ca chng ta.
317. btng dng nc bin c c khng?
Khi btng, cn nc. Tip xc vi nc, xi mng dnh kt nhanh chng
to ra nhng khi cng kt, gn ct v dm li vi nhau. Nc khng sch s rt
phin phc: to thnh l rng, lm xu tnh cht c hc ca b tng. Nhng gn
y, cc nh khoa hc li thnh cng trong vic btng bng nc bin vi
mn l 42g mui trong 1 lt nc. Mun dng nc mn, ngi ta phi thm mt
hn hp ph gia, bao gm 18 thnh phn v dng nhit cao hn. D sao thnh
cng ny gii quyt c kh khn cho vic xy dng ca nhiu nc v nhiu
vng trn th gii.
318.Nhin liu ht lm t ph liu g?
Ngi ta mi tm ra mt phng php tn dng ph liu ca cc nh my
x g nh v cy, mt ca, v bo. Cng ging nh rm, v lc, b ma, nhng ph
liu ny c chuyn thnh dng nhin liu p thnh ht. Khi chy, lng tro cn
li rt nh (khong 2%) trong khi t than , lng tro ln ti 13%. Ti M, nhin
liu ny cn r hn kh thin nhin.
319. Bt chng n mn l cht g?
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
chng n mn cho cc ng ng dn kh v dn du, ngi ta dng
mng plime. Th nhng lp "o" ny kh t tin. Cc nh khoa hc Nga a
ra mt loi vt liu mi: bt nho, dng thay cho plime. Bt nho trong n
pha ch gm mt s thnh phn: thu tinh lng, mt s cht ph gia v bt . Sau
khi trn, chng ging nh va. Vt liu chng n mn ny c "sn" ln b mt
ng nh phng php dao ng in v trt ln cc ch ni ng. Bt nho r,
bo v tt v chu c lnh.
320. ng thng gi bng cht do g?
Cc ng thng gi lp t trong cc hm m cho ti nay u lm bng kim
loi. Vic lp chng trong cc knh o thng ng v ti cc ca kh kh khn.
Ngoi ra chng b g v phi thng xuyn thay th. Mt nh my Buapest
(Hungari) bt u sn xut cc ng ny t vi pliamit, tm mt thnh phn khng
chy l silicn, ng thi bo m chng tnh in. Cc ng c kch thc di 60
cm c gia c bng li thp. Tnh cht ca cc ng mm thng gi loi ny tt
hn hn ng kim loi: lp rp nhanh chng, bn cao hn vi ln v r hn.
321. Prtin lm t c nh th no?
Cc k s Hungari th nghim thnh cng vic sn xut prtin nguyn
cht t c linh lng, l ng v mt vi loi c khc. Vic tm ra ngun m mi ny
dng lm thc n cho con ngi c nh gia ngang vi vic tm ra in nguyn
t trong ngnh nng lng. T nay, ti Hung, mt hecta trng c c th thu c 3
tn prtin c cht lng cao, ngha l nhiu hn 6 ln lng cht m thu c khi
trng la mch.
Trc ht, ngi ta nn l c thnh vin, p ly nc ri lm ng t s thu
c prtin nguyn cht, ch vic em sy kh. V gi tr dinh dng, n cao hn
u nnh v cha rt nhiu vitamin. Hin nay, ngoi vic dng nhiu lm thc n
cho gia sc ngi ta cn dng lm ko bnh. Mt nh my sn xut prtin loi
ny cng sut 50 T/gi c xy dng xong.
322. Cht g thay th DDT?
Cc nh ho hc Hungari a vo sn xut mt loi thuc tr su mi
tuyt i khng c i vi ngi v ng vt mu nng, khng c mi, khng gy
nhim mi trng v bo v cy trng rt tt. Hot cht l pirtrin tng hp,
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
ging nh hot cht c trong cy cc tr su. Loi thuc ny c thng huy
chng vng ti Trin lm ho hc th gii t chc ti Tip Khc.
323. Kh hn mi l kh g?
Cc nh ho hc Ba Lan ngh thay th axtilen trong vic ct v hn kim
loi bng mt hn hp kh gm prpan, prpilen v mt vi loi kh thi khc trong
qu trnh ch bin du m. Khi chy, hn hp kh ny to ra mt nhit lng ln
hn ca axtilen nhiu. im c bit l trong mt bnh tiu chun, c th cha
mt lng hn hp kh ln hn axtilen ti 4 ln, do vic chuyn ch cc bnh
ny s thun tin hn.
324. Sa hot tnh dng lm g
Vin Ho l v in ho Praha (Tip Khc) ng k mt bng pht minh ra
khp th gii v rt c hoan nghnh: pht minh ra sa hot tnh, mang tn
AKSO (aktivna soda). Ai cng bit rng kh thi t ng c -t cha nhiu cht
c, ch yu l kh sunfur. Akso hp th cc k nhanh chng v hon ton cht
ny. So vi nhng my lc kh tt nht, n kh SO
2
nhanh hn ti 10 ln nhit
120 - 160
0
C, tc l nhit bnh thng ca kh thi. Ngoi ra, Akso cn c cng
dng c bit trong ngnh giy v xenlulz.
324. T mt trm lt xng lm ra c nhng th g?
Mt trm lt xng nu dng lm nhin liu cho t, th trung bnh c th
chy c mt nghn cy s. Nhng nu dng lm nguyn liu cho ngnh tng
hp hu c th s bin thnh 21 chic o smi nam hoc 160m ng dn nc, hoc
nu quay tr li vi t, th lm c mt b xm lp t.
325. Cht g dng thay xng v axeton ty m?
Cc nh nghin cu Vin Ho v c Nga nghin cu sn xut mt loi cht
mi, mang tn "Termos" ty m cho cc chi tit trc khi sn, trng men v m
in, thay cho xng v axton thng dng trc y, c mi v d chy. "Termos"
l dung dch mt cht nh ho trong du izen, pha trn vi dung dch mt cht
hot ng b mt t bt trong nc v cht c ch. "Termos" ci tin c iu
kin lao ng trong cc phn xng sn xut.
326. Lm mng bo v b tng nh th no ?
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Nga ngi ta nghin cu c mt phng php bo v cc kt cu b
tng ct thp khng b h hng do n mn; dn ln b mt cn c bo v mt
mng mng plytylen x l bng din tch, nh mt lp keo pxi - cao su n
hi.
Lp bo v ny c bn ho hc rt cao i vi cc tc nhn n mn mnh
nh axit, kim Khi dng lp bo v ny, ngi ta thy hiu qu kinh t rt cao.
327. Phn ng m thanh xy ra trong dung dch g?
Ngi ta bit phn ng n t lu, trong sn phm ca phn ng l cht
kh. Nhng 3 nh ho hc H Lan pht hin ra mt loi phn ng mi: phn ng
m thanh xy ra trong dung dch, ng thi pht ra nhng m thanh rt ln. Chng
hn phn ng gia dung dch clorua km v dung dch pipazin. Khi cc tinh th
dipipazin km hnh thnh, km theo nhng siu m v c nhng m thanh nghe
c.
Ngi ta cha bit c nhng nguyn nhn ca vic xut hin m thanh
nhng chc chn n lin quan n s chuyn nhanh chng nhng tinh th nh
thnh tinh th ln.
328. Tn dng b thi ca nc thi nh th no?
Cc k s Bungari thuc nh my thu phn Razlog tm ra phng php
sn xut khi c c giu prtin - vitamin t bn lng b x l nc thi sau khi
lm sch bng phng php sinh ho. Khi c c ny l thnh phn c gi tr i
vi nng nghip v cha 15 amino axit quan trng v cc vitamin. Thm vo khu
phn n ca gia sc, tc tng trng cn cao hn so vi cc sn phm giu
vitamin - prtin m cng nghip ang sn xut.
T 200kg bn, ngi ta thu hi c 1kg khi c c giu prtin - vitamin
ny.
329. Acquy chi caimi c u im g?
Vin Acquy v Pin Poznan (Balan) a ra sn xut mt loi cquy mi vi
in cc l chi - cadimi. Ngoi c tnh l dung lng rt cao, loi cquy ny rt
bn vi va chm v lm vic c trong mt khong nhit rt rng t - 40
0
C n
+ 50
0
C. Dung lng ca chng ln ti 10 nghn ampe/gi.
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Trn th gii, ngoi Balan, ch c mt vi nc sn xut cquy loi ny l
M, c v Php.
330. Tm vi khun n cht do lm g?
Sau khi pht hin c cc loi vi khun sng bng cc sn phm du m,
ngi ta tin hnh tm kim cc loi vi khun n cht do v t c kt qu
bc u. Hin nay, loi vi khun qu gi ny ang c th nghim th tiu
cc loi nha tng hp v cht do c trong ngun nc thi.
331. To mng chng lng cn bng cht g?
c, ngi ta bt u p dng mt phng php mi chng hin
tng to cn trn thnh ni hi, thit b c dc v chng ct. Bn cht ca phng
php rt n gin: ch vic thm vo nc mt lng rt nh axit plyacrylic
(khong 5 phn triu trong nc). Hp cht ny to ra trn thnh thit b mt lp
mng plime rt mng. Cn bm vo mng t hn nhiu so vi bm trn kim loi.
V khi cn bm n mt dy no , mng s t bong ra, ri xung y v ly
ra d dng.
332. Chng nc rn bng cht g?
Ngi ta pht hin ra rng cht c ch cho phn ng gc t do t ra c tc
dng kh c c nc rn (trong , nhiu cht ph hu qu trnh sinh tng hp
albumin v axit nuclic). Chng hn, mt cht c ch c hiu qu nht l
prpylgalat c tc dng kh c nc c ca rn lc, rn h mang v mt s loi
rn khc. Nu tim dung dch 0,75% cht ny vo bp tht ca chut th sau t 1
n 6 pht k t khi b rn cn, tt c s chut u c cu thot cht, nhng nu
sau 15 pht tr ln th tt c u cht.
333. Cht kch thch sinh trng thc vt c ch t nguyn liu g?
T l da v m ng vt, ngi ta iu ch mt cht kch thch sinh
trng thc vt mi. Cht ny khi x l trn thc vt u giai on pht trin, s
tc dng chn lc trn t bo, to thnh nhng m mi v khng lm nh hng ti
nhng b phn khc ca cy. Cht kch thch mi ny khng c, khng gy ra
nhng hin tng ph khng mong mun v c th x l trn mt din tch rng
ln bng cch phun thng thng.
334. Thm mt cht ngt nhn to na l cht g?
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Mt nhm cc nh ho hc Hungari mi tng hp c mt cht hu c
mi, ngt hn ng saccarz hng nghn ln. ng "siu ngt" ny c gi tn
l "Hinin - 401". Hin nay, cha c s nh gi vai tr ca n trong cng nghip
thc phm tng lai, nhng qua nhng th nghim u tin v c tnh i vi c th,
ngi ta cho rng "Hinin" c th s thay th sacarin.
335. Vi c bit lt ng lm bng cht g?
Tip khc va a vo sn xut mt loi vi hon ton mi, thuc loi vi
khng dt. Nguyn liu ca vi ny l si plyprpilen v plyeste, khng b mc
bi nm mc v c bn ho hc v c hc rt cao. Cng dng ca vi cng rt
"c o": ph ln mt ng x. Vi c tc dng khng cc lp t khc
trn ln vi nhau, c th dng nh mt tm lc loi tr hn hp ct, dm trong
xy dng ng x. Mt s ng t ca Tip khc c lt nhng tm vi
ny.
336. Dng kh chy dp tt la l kh g?
Theo phng php c in, dp tt cc m chy trong m than, ngi ta
phi cho kh tr vo nhng ch nt n. Nhng khi m chy ln, lng kh tr cn
dng rt nhiu; nu khng th tai nn ny cng thm phc tp. Phng php mi
thay th kh tr bng mt kh t ph bin l mtan. Kh ny c sn hn nhiu v
mun trnh nguy him ch cn duy tr nghim ngt mt t l nht nh vi khng
kh. Bm mtan trn y vo ch nt la s tt.
337. Cht g trong la khng chy, trong nc khng chm?
Hai k s Tip khc c gii thng quc gia ca Tip khc nm 1978
a ra sn xut mt loi cht do mi, ly tn l Resitek. Khi a tm vt liu ny
cng vi mt tm st vo ngn la n kh th kim loi chy, Resitek vn khng h
thay i tnh cht. Nh tnh cch nhit, vt liu ny c lm mt s chi tit
trong l cao. Do khi lng ring nh, Resi-stek ni trn mt nc. Cc nh khoa
hc cho rng Resistek s l mt trong cc vt liu ca k thut phc tp trong
tng lai.
338. Vitamin no c tc dng chng n mn kim loi?
Axit ascorbic vi ci tn ph bin l vitamin C va c pht hin l c kh
nng chng n mn kim loi. Nu ph ln b mt kim loi sch mt lp axit
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
ascorbic cng vi bt mlipen, th lp tc n lin kt vi kim loi thnh mt lp
bo v bn. Mt s cng ty ln bt u dng axit ascorbic "vitamin ho" cc
kim loi nhm mc ch bo v chng, thay th cho axit crmic i hi phi x l
phc tp hn.
339. Gch c xenluloz c ch to nh th no ?
Ngi ta bit rng nu ch to c gch xp th rt c li: gch b v v
li cch nhit tt, mt tnh nng rt qu khi dng xy tng. Nhng to ra nhng
l xp trong gch khng n gin. c, ngi ta tm c cch ch to gch
xp ny. Ly ph liu ca nh my giy, gm xenlulz v cc cht hu c khc
thu hi t nc thi, thm vo t st trc khi nung. Th l ngi ta thu c gch
c xp rt cao m tnh c hc khng h gim st. Ngoi ra, gi thnh ca gch
cn h xung.
340. Dng du thng chy t c c khng ?
Mt nhm cc nh nghin cu Henxinki (Phn Lan) cng b mt thnh
cng mi: dng hn hp xng v du thng tinh khit vi t l cao hn xng
chy t. Tiu th hn hp nhin liu ny trn cng qung ng thp hn tiu th
xng nhiu. Ti Phn Lan, mt nc c nhng cnh rng thng rng ln, cc x
nghip gia cng g hng nm c th thu hi c 40 nghn tn du thng gi r, t
cc ph liu g. Hin nay, c k hoch tng cng thu hi du thng khng
nhng tit kim xng cho t m cn dng chy ng c cho vn ti ng st.
341. Aming tng hp dng lm g ?
Tr lng aming hu nh cn, trong khi yu cu vt liu ny lm
cht bo n ca cng nghip li tng ln, Cc nh khoa hc M tm ra mt quy
trnh mi to ra si t xit nhm, silic, crm v zirconi. Vi dt t si gm cc
loi xyt ny rt bn khng nhng nhit cao m cn bn vi axit v kim na.
ngi ta dng chng bc l cao v cc ng dn hi nc. Cng c th may
thnh qun o cho "lnh" cu ho, tt hn qun o trc y dt t si aming.
342. Nhin liu dng si c sn xut nh th no ?
Phng tiu chun quc gia M quyt nh cho php s dng rng ri mt
loi nhin liu mi do cc nh khoa hc bang Oregon ch to, V nhit lng,
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
nhin liu mi ngang vi than nhng khi chy khng lm thot ra kh c l
xyt ca lu hunh v nit. Nguyn liu chnh sn xut ra loi cht t mi ny
l cc vt liu dng si: v cy, rm r, than bn loi xu, b ma, v lc, li ng,
mn ca v nhiu ph liu khc. Tt c c nghin nh, sy kh, trn ln vi mt
loi du v cht kt dnh, sau em p thnh ht, c ng knh 6,6mm, di
20mm. Cht t mi r ch bng na kh thin nhin.
343. Dng plime trong khoan thm d nh th no ?
Trc y, ngi ta thng dng dung dch t st trong cng tc khoan
thm d du kh. Hiu qu ca n c th thch trong thc t lu di. Nhng
cc chuyn gia Bungari (ti Hc vin ho k thut Burgas) xut mt phng
php mi; thay dung dch t st bng mt loi polime ho tan trong nc. Khi th
nghim, cc nh a cht nhn thy dung dch polime c nhng tnh cht tt hn
hn: n hi ln hn, gim c s dao ng ca mi khoan, cho php tng
nhanh tc khoan. Nh vy tng c nng sut lao ng v tui th ca thit
b khoan.
344. Phn tch bt c nguyn t no trong 110 nguyn t nh th no?
Lm th no phn tch c thnh phn nguyn t cha trong ht bi m mt
thng khng thy? My phn tch mang tn "Lamma - 500" ca cng ty thit b
c c th lm c vic ny. My c kch thc v trng lng bng mt chic
xe du lch, bao gm knh hin vi quang hc v laze, bm siu chn khng, my
khuych i quang in t, b phn lm lnh... dng xung lng laze lm bc hi
v ion ho mu cn nghin cu. Sau , tin hnh phn tch m my ion bng khi
in t v quang ph k. N c th phn tch bt k nguyn t no trong bng tun
hon v ch 3 giy sau l c th tr li trn my tnh in t.
345. S c tr nh nh th no?
T lu, ngi ta ni n mt vi kim loi (nh niken, titan) c th "nh"
li hnh dng ban u ca mnh nhiu ln thay i hnh dng. Ngy nay, ngi ta
pht hin ra ngay c s cng c tr nh nh vy. Cc nh khoa hc trng i
hc Bristol (Anh) bt ng tm ra mt loi s khi un nng th bin dng, nhng
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
ngui, li tr v hnh dng ban u. Qu trnh hi phc li hnh dng c xy ra
tng i chm. Ngi ta ang tp trung tm kim kh nng s dng hin tng
mi pht hin ra ny.
346. Oxalon v Uglen l loi si g?
y l tn hai loi si tng hp c sn xut dng vo nhng mc ch
c bit. Si OXALON dng dt thnh vi lc trong ngnh luyn kim v ch
bin mui than. N cng c dng lm vi mnh trong ch to lp xe hot ng
trong iu kin nhit cao. UGLEN gi c bn ti 3000
0
C trong kh tr v
250
0
C trong mi trng xy. V c tnh dn in rt tt nn n c gia cng cng
vi cht do, sn, chng hin tng tch in.
347. Hm rng bng hyrn c u im g?
Trong nhng nm 60, cc nh bc hc Tip Khc pht minh ra mt loi
plyme c bit, gi l hyrn, dng lm lng knh do p st vo nhn cu, thay
th knh thng thng cho nhng ngi cn th v vin th. Mi y, cc nh bc
hc M dng loi plyme khng c hi ny hn rng rt nhanh. Hyrn hon
ton khng kch thch cc m xng v li. Do dn n khi ng rn, n s trm kn
c c nhng l nh nht trong k rng. Nh nha ny, c th hn rng trong
vng mt pht.
348. Aspirin ci tin l cht g?
Anh, ngi ta va a ra sn xut mt cht thay th mi cho aspirin, mt
loi thuc thng dng nht hin nay. Cht ny c tc dng gim au nhiu hn
aspirin v khng gy nhng hin tng ph khng mong mun ca aspirin thng
thng. Tn thng mi ca th thuc l dlbit. Hp cht ny c bn cht ho
hc ging nh aspirin (axit axtylsalixilic) ch khc ch trong phn t, gc
axtyl c thay th bng nhm ifluophnyl. Danh php y ca Dlbit l 2,4
- ifluophnyl - salixilic axit. Loi aspirin ci tin ny rt c hoan nghnh v bt
u c s dng rng ri.
349. Lm th no mng khng b dnh?
Mng plytylen khi bo qun thng b dnh vi nhau, nhiu khi cht n
ni khng th bc ri ra. Cc nh khoa hc Php tm c cch khc phc hin
tng ny. Khi gia cng, h thm vo thnh phn pha ch mt cplyme khi hoc
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
cplyme nhnh ca tylen v styrol, mtylstyrl hoc clostyrl. Hm lng cht
thm vo khng qu 5%. trong sut ca mng khng b xu i.
350. Vi chng axit c dt t si g?
Nh my dt lin hp Nga sn xut mt loi vi may qun o bo h
lao ng cho cng nhn ngnh ho cht. Trong mt thi gian di, n khng cho
axit sunfuric v clohyric m c, kim 10%, amnic 25%, clorua vi 10% thm
qua. Sau khi git sch trong peclotylen, tnh cht bo v ca vi khng thay i.
Axit sunfuric 93% khng thm t ln b mt ca vi. Mt trong cc thnh phn
chnh ca vi l si plyprpylen, v sau khi dt, tm thm mt lp hp cht hu c
cha flo.
351. Hyr c tinh khit cao c sn xut nh th no?
Nh my ho du Linen (c) a vo hot ng mt thit b mi c
cng sut cao sn xut hyr c tinh khit 99,999%. Nguyn liu sn
xut l sn phm reforming hi, cha 70 - 75% H
2
, cn li l CO, CO
2
v CH
4
.
Vic hp ph c tin hnh qua nhiu thp hp ph cha zlit v than hot tnh
p sut 20 - 25 atmphe. Sau khi tinh ch, hyr cha di 10
-3
% CO v hu nh
khng cn vt CO
2
. Cht hp ph c ti sinh hon ton.
352. Cht g c trong ht bng?
T mt tn ht bng, c th chit ra 60 kg m dng lm thc phm, 4kg
gsipol, trn 12kg phitin, 3kg ng cng nh mt lng ng k dung mi, ru
k thut, linhin. Trong ht cn c mt s cht dng lm dc phm l tkphrol,
strin.
353. Giy tng hp c u im g?
Cc nh my v Vin nghin cu giy Nga bt u sn xut giy tng
hp t cht do. So vi cc giy tng hp thng thng, giy ny bn c hc hn,
n hi hn, chu c nc v nhit kh cao, khng b nm v vi khun ph
hoi. Trong b ngoi, n ging nh giy can, nhng c th vit bng tt c cc loi
bt. Do gi thnh cn cao, nn mi ch c dng trong mt vi lnh vc nh in
bn , bn v v cc s .
355. Cc cht chng kch n mi l cht g?
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Thng thng, ngi ta vn pha ttratyl ch vo xng chng hin tng
n sm, nhng cht ny rt c v gy nhim mi trng. Vic tm kim cc cht
mi c tnh nng tng t c tin hnh nhiu nc. Hng lot hp cht c kim
c tm ra v t ra c nhiu trin vng, nh xyclpentaienitricacbnyl
mngan, tributyl thic, trimtyl ch, pentacacboonyl mangan. Cc cht chng kch
n tt nht l cc hp cht ca mangan trong ng thi cha mt nguyn t silic
v ch.
356. Cht siu do dng lm g?
Vin plyme mang tn Cargin (Nga) va tm ra mt cht siu do
(superplastifiant) cho b tng. Ch cn thm mt lng rt nh (1 - 2%) cht siu
do ny (tnh theo lng xi mng) c th lm cho bn c hc ca sn phm
tng ln 20 - 40%. B mt btng li nhn hn v d trang tr hn. Hiu qu kinh t
rt ln: thm cht siu do lm cho mi mt khi btng tit kim c 50kg
ximng m khng b gim bn. Cht siu do ny khng cha in clo gy n
mn btng v c sn xut t ph liu ca nh my ch to cht do acrylic.
357. Van an ton bng cht do c u im g?
Mt k s Nht va ch to thnh cng van an ton kiu mi cho cc ng
dn. Chi tit c bn ca van ny l mt vng cht do. nhit thng, vng
khng h nh hng n dng chy ca cht lng hoc cht kh, nhng nu c s
c l chy hoc n, nhit tng ln, vng s b chy ra, to thnh bt bt kn ngay
ng ng. Ch cn thay i c cu, c th dng van vo mc ch ngc li: t
ng m mt ng dn ang b ng khi gp s c.
358. Cht xc tc crckinh mi l cht g?
Vin cng nghip ch bin du kh Mascva nghin cu thnh cng mt cht
xc tc crcking mi cho cc phn on nng v nh ca du m. Cht xc tc ny
cho hiu sut olfin v xng c ch s ctan cao hn hn cc cht xc tc thng.
Thnh phn chnh ca n l mui silic v zircn trn cht mang l zlit. Cht xc
tc ny c sn xut di dng hnh cu, c bn nhit cao v rt d dng ti
sinh.
359. C phi thuc tr su ly t l c chua?
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Thuc tr su thin nhin quen thuc nht l piretrum, chit t cy cc tr
su, cc nh ho hc M tm ra mt loi thuc tr su thin nhin mi, gi l 2 -
tricalon, ly t l ca mt loi c chua di. Trong c chua thng trng cng c,
nhng hm lng nh hn 10 ln. Ngi ta cho rng nu ghp c chua thng
trng vi c chua di th s c nguyn liu iu ch mt loi thuc tr su thin
nhin c hiu lc.
360. Kh trng bng mat-tit nh th no?
Vin Ho l thuc Vin Hn lm khoa hc Bilrut sn xut th mt loi
mt - tt gn sn nh, gi l "Spungi". Sn phm ny khng nhng c tnh cht kt
dnh rt tt m cn c mt tc dng ph na l kh trng cho sn v bu khng kh
trong phng. Trong thnh phn ca Spungi c mt cht st trng khng c i vi
ngi v gia sc.
361. Ly stronti t apatit nh th no?
Nhu cu v stronti rt ln, nn ngi ta phi i tm nhng ngun cung cp
mi. Mt trong nhng ngun mi c tn dng l qung apatit, cha khong 2,5%
nguyn t ny. Mt quy trnh cng ngh mi c p dng: dng axit chuyn ho
qung iu ch H
3
PO
4
sn xut phn ln, stronti sunfat s kt ta. Nhng nu
dng HNO
3
phn hu qung, stronti natrat ho tan v c tch ra bng cch
chuyn ho thnh cacbnat. T 1 tn apatit c th ly c 20kg SrCO
3
.
362. Ru dng chy ng c nh th no?
Ba Lan l mt trong nhng nc u tin chu u thm ru do chng
kh g vo nhin liu tit kim xng. Ti x nghip lin hip, ho du Plock,
sn xut nhin liu hn hp cha 20% metanol. Nhin liu ny khng lm gim
cng sut ca ng c m li x t kh c hn.
363. Phn bn lm t giy nh th no?
Thu in, trong trng rau, ngi ta s dng ph bin mt loi giy, gi
l Agroprox, tm bitum, sp, cht m v thuc dit nm ph nhng lung rau.
Agroprox chng nhng gi cho cy khi b mt nhit m cn tr cc bnh nm cho
rau. n v trng trt tip theo, ngi ta cy ln Agroprox vi t, v n vn pht
huy tc dng phn hu thnh phn bn v ci to t, gi cho t khi b kh hn
v chng xi mn.
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
364. B mt no ph gia khi sn xut hp kim ng ch?
Hp kim ng ch lm vic trong iu kin c ti c n 600
0
C. Nhng
trong k thut i hi nhng vt liu va dn nhit tt nhng nh ng, va chu ti
v lm vic trn di 1000
0
C. Cc nh khoa hc M mi tm ra c mt hp
kim ng tho mn cc yu cu y. B mt ca k thut l lng xyt nhm, beri
v ziriconi thm vo.
365. Dng nc bin lm cht in ly trong acqui nh th no?
c cng b mt bng pht minh mi: cquy dng nc bin lm cht
in ly. Dung lng ca n cn ln hn cquy ch. Mt in cc l li nhm, cn
in cc th hai l mt khi xp bng mt hp cht ca nhm. Acquy n gin, tit
kim, nhng c mt nhc im: ngng lm vic khi b dao ng. Loi cquy ny
bt u c dng cho tu bin.
366. Men thu tinh mu cho kim loi c u im g?
Vin Ho hc v c Nga nghin cu thnh cng mt loi men thu tinh
bo v kim loi, dng lm cc cu kin xy dng, dng gia nh, trang sc
v bt k sn phm no bng kim loi. Men thu tinh ny khng nhng chng n
mn rt tt m cn c mu sc p, bn v ng nh, tit kim c nng lng v
khng b nt v.
367. i th ca aming l cht g?
Ngi ta cho rng loi si tng hp Armid - T c nghin cu ti Nga qu
l i th ca aming. N rt thut tin may qun o cho lnh cu ha, th hn,
lm vt liu bo n cho cc ng dn v vi lc kh nng v cht lng n mn. c
tnh quan trng ca loi si ny l chu c lu di nhit cao (300
0
C) v khng
b bin dng. N cn c dng lm cht n cho cht do c cng dng c bit
trong k thut in t.
368. Lm kim loi c cu to ging thu tinh nh th no?
Nu lm lnh kim loi t hng nghn xung nhit thng trong khong
mt phn ca giy th n s c cu to ging nh thu tinh. Ngi ta thc hin
c trn nhng si dy bng st c pha bo, phtpho v crm. c im ca dy
ny l khng c cu to ht, do c bn chng n mn rt cao. Trong tng
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
lai, nhng si dy ny c th thay th c thp khng g trong nhng thit b lm
vic thng xuyn 300
0
C.
369. Keo dng tm opoxy dng lm g?
Keo gilatin c in dng dn g di dng tm khng phi l chuyn
l, nhng keo pxy di dng tm th ch c sn xut gn dy, v c dng
trong cng nghip my bay. Tm keo poxy c t gia 2 chi tit cn gn vi
nhau, sau a vo ni hp nhit 120
0
C. Keo s rn li v ni rt chc cc
chi tit . Ngi ta kt lun my bay dn bng keo thay cho hn v tn inh s
nh hn 15% v r hn 20% so vi my bay trc y.
370. Thuc tr su c hiu cho cam qut l cht g?
Phtphamit l loi thuc tr su c hiu nht i vi cc loi su cam,
chanh, qut, bi. Thiu cht ny, sn lng hng nm cc loi qu y gim i
30%. Nhng ngi ta va a ra mt bo ng: su b ph hoi cc loi qu y
bt u quen thuc, v ngh s dng lun phin phtphamit vi cc loi thuc
khc, d km hiu lc hn, nhng "l" i vi loi su y. Bng cch mi c th
duy tr tnh c hiu ca phtphamit.
371. Nhng chic ti ho tan dng lm g?
hn ch n mc ti thiu s tip xc ca ngi vi thuc tr su, mt
cng ty M ngh a thuc vo t trong nhng ti cht do. Tt nhin ti
ny phi bng cht do ho tan, dn dn di tc dng ca nc ma v nc
ngm, s gii phng thuc tr su. bo v thuc khi chuyn ch v bo qun,
phi bc nhng ti bng mng plyme, thng bn vi nc.
372. Axit trn giy c tc dng g?
Giy ngy cng c dng nhiu lm bao b (hp) ng cc loi thc phm.
Cc nh nghin cu pht hin ra rng nu ph bn trong hp giy mt lp mng
dung dch axit sorbic th thi gian bo qun tng ln rt nhiu. Th d; nu sa chua
ng trong hp ny v gi trong t lnh th sau 40 ngy vn khng thy men pht
trin ng k.
373. Vin tr mui trong ma h cha cht g?
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Hng Zoecon sn xut vin tr mui c cha cht mtpren di tn
thng phm Altosid, ho tan c trong nc v th thuc ny trong ma h t
nm 1976. Trong nm 1977, hng ny tin hnh th nghim m rng nhanh
chng a vo sn xut trn quy m cng nghip. Vin Altosid c dng nhng
ni mui sinh sn nh cng rnh, nc thi, m khng th dit mui bng
phng php phun thng thng.
374. Mt loi ng ho hc mi c tn l g?
Hng Tetead Lyle (Anh) ang nghin cu sn xut mt loi ng ho hc
mi gi l Talin. Loi ng ny l dch tinh ch ca hp cht Taumatin, ly t qu
ca mt loi cy tng t nh cy cao su Thaumatococcus danielli mc vng Ty
Phi. ngt ca ng ho hc mi ny gp 4000 ln ng ma, ngha l ngt
hn saccarin.
375. Cc cht ho hc trong ti c tc dng cha bnh nh th no?
Hnh v ti l nhng gia v cho nhiu mn n nhng t lu cng c bit
n nh l nhng v thuc. Ti tng dng lm thuc cha chng pht ban, vim
bch cu, vim phi v ri lon ng rut trc khi c nhng bit dc c hiu.
Ngy nay ngi ta hiu bit kh chi tit v thnh phn ho hc trong
hnh, ti. Hng trm hp cht c phn lp v phn tch cu trc cng nh
nghin cu v dc l. Nhng hp cht quan trng nht ly t hnh, ti thng
cha t mt hoc nhiu nguyn t lu hunh (S) trong cu trc. l cc hp cht
thiosunfua, polisunfua. Chng c mi v hot tnh sinh hc cao. Tuy vy, cho n
gn y nhng b him v c ch tc dng sinh hc ca nhiu hot cht mi c
tm ra. Chng hn nh pht hin ra cht etyletan disunfinat c tc dng ngn nga
bnh ung th. Y hc khng nh hm lng nitrit cao trong d dy l mt c t
lin quan n s xut hin ung th d dy. Th m xt nghim cho thy ngi
c thi qun n ti sng, sau khi n xong, hm lng nitrit trong d dy gim hn.
Ngi ta cng chng minh c tc dng c ch pht trin ung th ca cc hp
cht polisunfua khng no. Chng hn nh cht ajoen l mt hp cht cha 3 nhn
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
chit tch t ti c tc dng dit t bo ung th lympho. Cht diallyl diunfua cn c
kh nng lm gia tng sinh trng cc enzym kh c.
Ti cn tc dng h hm lng m v cholesterol trong mu. Nhng ngi
c bnh tim nu thng xuyn s dng tinh du ti s lm gim nguy c nhi mu
c tim hay nghn mch bi cht ajoen v dithin c trong tinh du ti. Tc dng c
ch kt t tiu cu l do cc cht adenosin, allixin, ajoen v cc polysunfua khc c
trong ti.
Sau khi n ti, hi th c mi kh chu, l mi ca cc hp cht
allylmetyl sunfua, disunfua, diallylsunfua; 2-poropen thiol.
Xoa ti di gan bn chn th sau vi gi c th pht hin mi ti trong hn
th, l do l cht allixin sau khi thm qua da c th tan trong m v hp th trong
h lympha, khng b phn hu trong mi trng khng cha cistein v protein v
thot ra theo ng bi tit. Cn n ti th allixin s phn ng lp tc vi cc nhm
cistein chuyn thnh nhng cht c ch sinh ho quan trng.
Nh vy, ti va l gia v, va l mt v thuc qu.
376. Tc c thnh phn ho hc v cu to nh th no?
Tc, sng, mng cha mt loi protein kh bn gi l kratin.Trong kratin
c cc lin kt isunfua ni cc mch di peptit li vi nhau, ngoi ra cn c cc
lin kt hiro, lin kt cc cu mui, lin kt vander walls... to thnh cc vng
xon. C hai loi kratin anpha () v beta (|). Tc qun t nhin l tc c nhiu |
kratin. Mu ca tc do hai sc t quyt nh: sc t lumelanin lm cho tc c mu
t hung nht n en tuyn, sc t phomelamin lm cho tc c mu t hoe vng,
vng ng, n , kratin trong tc ngi cha n 12% xistin. Nu lm gim s
lin kt isunfua ca tc bng cch kh bng ho cht th tan ca kratin tng
ng k, tc s mm ra c th un theo bt k kiu g cng d. Vic x l cc sn
phm kh bng cc cht oxiho s a v trng thi ban u l kratin. l cch
x l tc un tc.
377. Plasma l g?
Plasma thng c gi l trng thi th t ca vt cht v n khng phi l
cht rn, khng phi l cht lng v cng khng phi l mt cht kh bnh thng.
Plasma l mt kh ion ho, t mt tng th nguyn t c bin thnh cc ion mang
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
in tch dng hoc m. Tuy khng thng gp trn tri t, nhng trong v tr n
chim ti 99%. Mt tri l mt qu cu la plasma.
Do c thnh phn phc tp nn plasma rt kh ch ng, plasma c phn ra
lm plasma "nng" hnh thnh nhit cao v plasma "lnh" to ra bi cc in
trng. Ngi ta d bo plasma "lnh" s tr thnh mt trong nhng k thut ch
cht trong th k 21.
Plasma c dng ty sch b mt c cha vt du, m, sp hoc cc tp
cht khc. Plasma cn dng ty cc l nhm v bnh l bng cht do dng
ng thc phm trong cng nghip ch bin, kh trng cc dng c gii phu
hoc cy trng trong y hc, sinh hc...
Ty ra sch bng plasma d cho t bo sng bm dnh v pht trin, gip d
dng cy cc t bo.
378. Cc nguyn t ho hc hnh thnh trong v tr nh th no?
khong khng gian gia cc v sao t hng t nm trc c cc my kh
hiro v bi. Mt lng ln vt cht ny to nn mt trng hp dn khng l, khi
b nn thnh mt khi. Ti tm ca khi ny nhit ln ti hng triu . Trong
iu kin ny xy ra cc phn ng tng hp ht nhn, dn n s hnh thnh cc
nguyn t ho hc khc nhau. Th d nh cc phn ng sau:
2 4
1 2
2 H He
4 12
2 6
3 He C
12 4 16
6 2 8
C He O +
379. Vn ho tru cau c ngha ho hc v nhn vn nh th no ?
Truyn thuyt dn gian "tru cau" c lu truyn t i Vn Lang n nay.
Ngy nay cn rt t ngi n tru nhng ming tru i vo i sng vn ho,
tnh cm v phong tc ca dn tc ta hng my ngn nm vn hin. Vn ho "Tru
cau" mang tnh c o ca ngi Vit Nam. Tch truyn "Tru cau' c in
nh Vit Nam dng thnh phim truyn hp dn, cn ca khc v tch "tru cau"
c t trc cch mng thng 8 (1945)
- ngha ho hc :
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Trc y ngi ta thng mi nhau n ming tru cho vui, cho m ngi,
cho thm ming... c ng n tru s lm cho vui, m v sch ming hay khng ?
L tru c cha t 1,8 - 2,4% tinh du, ch yu l chavibetol v chavicol
cng mt s phenolic khc. Nc p l tru c tc dng tng p, gim mch ngoi
vi v tnh khng sinh rt mnh. ng y dng tru nh gi, cha cm cm, bng,
cha vt thng.
Trong ht cau (y hc c truyn gi l - inh lang) c khong 18% tanin, 14%
cht du, 2% mui khong v cc hp cht ancaloit, c bit l arecolin
(C
6
H
13
NO
2
) chim 0,5%. Chnh arecolin c tc dng lm tit nc bt, lm co ng
t mt, kch thch thn kinh ph giao cm.
Tru cau khng th thiu vi, khng c vi ming tru khng th chuyn
sang mu . Vi l cht kim, khi tc dng vi arecolin, cht ny c tnh c v
chuyn thnh arecaidin khng c m c tc dng gy hng phn.
Ngi ta thng thm vo ming tru mt lt v r cy chay. V c tc dng
tng thm tanin cho ming tru. Nhai ming tru khong 15 - 20 pht, bt u
"gip b tru", nhit c th 37
0
C, cc phn ng ho hc, phn ng sinh mu
gia cc phenolic, arecolin, arecaidin, tanin v cc cht khc trong mi trng
kim xy ra. Chnh cc phn ng ny to cho ngi n tru cm gic say, hng
phn, m p lm cho da mt hng ho, mi thm, chng cm cm, dit khun,
lm sch ming, lm cht chn rng. n tru chnh l mt cch trang im ca
ngi ph n trc y. Ming tru lm cho i m thm hng, i mi thm
thm, cho lng thm say.
- ngha nhn vn:
L tru, qu cau l hai th khng th thiu trong cc t l, th cng thn
thnh, t tin. Ngi ta thng ni "hng, hoa, ph, tu, bc l chi nghi" (hng,
hoa, tru, ru, bc l l nghi thc).
Ming tru c mt trong mi l nghi, ci hi, gi chp, tang gia... tr
thnh phong tc, truyn thng ca ngi Vit Nam. Ngy nay tuy khng n tru
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
nhng trong cc l nghi ngi ta vn gi phong tc truyn thng ngha l vn c
tru, cau. L dm hi cn gi l l "b ci tru".
Ming tru mang rt nhiu ngha:
- Ming tru dng trong giao tip, ming tru l u cu chuyn:
"Tin y n mt ming tru
Hi rng qu qun u chng l "
- Ming tru dng trao duyn:
"Tru ny tru qu, tru hoa
Tru Loan, tru Phng, tru ta, tru mnh"
- Ming tru dng trch ngi bn trai chm chn:
"Ba ng mt m tru cay
Sao anh khng hi nhng ngy cn khng
By gi em c chng
Nh l c chu, chim lng bit sao "
- Ming tru dng khuyn nh la i
"C phi duyn nhau th thm li
ng xanh nh l, bc nh vi"
- Ming tru dng ni khi gip vic ci xin:
"Gip cho quan tm tin cheo
Quan nm tin ci li o bung cau"
- Ming tru dng trang im:
"Tru ny tru tnh, tru tnh
n vo thm mi mnh, mi ta"
- Ming tru dng o thi gian:
"Lng ging n u
Ch em n gip b tru em sang
i ta cng mt lng
Cng i mt ng vi vng chi anh"
Hoc l:
"Ngi chi mi gip b tru
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Mong anh nn li, i cu gii by"
ng cha ta dng ming tru din t cc cung bc ca tnh cm.
Cy cau, gin giu (tru) i vo vn th ca.
Th Nguyn Bnh:
"Nh em c mt gin giu
Nh ti c mt hng cau lin phng
Thn oi ngi nh thn ng
Cau thn oi nh giu khng
(-)
thn no ? "
V:
"Ci ngy em i ly chng
Giu khng dy chng bun leo vo gin"
Dn ca quan h Bc Ninh"
"Cau non snh vi tru vng
Con non kt bn, tru vng kt duyn"
Hay:
"Tng t mi d su
Cha n m thy say ming tru"
V:
"Say nhau quan h cng say
Nng niu mt ming tru ny mi nhau
thng n tn vn cau
yu xin gi ming tru lm tin"
V lc gi bn:
"Ming tru cnh phng hng mi
Dt do cu ht ngi i ng v"
380. Vn ho tr c ngha ho hc v nhn vn nh th no ?
T xa xa, ngi Trung Hoa coi ung tr l mt ngh thut mang m
mu sc vn ho. H c rt kinh nghim, bit s dng trit cc cng nng

-
Giu khng l tn cy cho l n tru (n giu)
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
ca tr vo vic phng v chng bnh tt. l cc tc dng nh gii kht tiu
thc, kh m, sng mt, li tiu, sng khoi tinh thn, tng cng kh nng
khng ca c th. Tuy nhin, tr cng c hiu ng tiu cc nu s dng khng
ng cch. V d trc khi i ng nu ung tr s lm cho ta kh ng hoc mt
ng. Bui sng ng dy cha n sng ung tr s lm bng cn co. Nhng
ngi b mc cc chng cao huyt p nng, bnh tim, lot d dy cn phi thn
trng khi ung tr. Nhng ngi b chng suy nhc thn kinh, mt ng, bnh
tuyn gip th khng c ung tr. Ph n mang thai khng c ung tr qu
c, qu nhiu, khng c ung thuc vi tr, nht l cc loi c st trong thnh
phn. Ngi gi khng nn ung tr c, tr nh khng nn ung tr lnh.
Thnh phn dinh dng v cng hiu ca cc loi tr khng ging nhau.
Hm lng vitamin C v mt s cht khc trong tr xanh (tr lc) nhiu hn nhiu
so vi tr en (hng tr), tr xanh c cng hiu cao hn trong khng bc x,
phng x cng huyt qun, gim m mu, tng t bo bch huyt, chng nhim
khun. V mt y hc, ung tr xanh tt hn ung tr en.
Gn y ngi ta cn pht hin nc tr xanh c kh nng tiu hu t bo
ung th. Allan Conney, Vin i hc New jersey (M) cho bit: Trong s chut
c co lng, tip xc vi tia t ngoi (UV) vi liu lng cao trong 20 tun. Sau
, c xoa ln lng mt dung dch tr xanh c cha cafeine v gallate
d'pigallocathecine (GEGC), th so vi l chut i chng ch c 30% b ung th
da.
- Tn dng ht kh nng v dinh dng ca tr :
Trung Quc, theo tp tc, dn nhiu vng khng ch thch ung tr m
sau khi ung ht nc h cn n ht c b tr.
D ung nc tr hay n b tr u rt c ch i vi c th con ngi. V
trong tr c cha rt nhiu vitamin v mt lng ng k protein, axit bo, cht
khong.
Ung tr v mt khoa hc khng tt bng n tr. Nu n, vitamin trong tr
c hp th tt hn, lm tng kh nng hot ng co bp ca d dy, y nhanh
tc bi tit cht cn, lm d dy tiu ho v hp th thc n tt hn.
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
- Ung tr c th bo v th lc:
Cht tm vng mc trong mt l do vitamin A hp thnh. Khi nhn lu(xem
tivi hay nhn mn hnh my vi tnh) cht ny b tn hao, nu khng b sung kp thi
bng mt lng vitamin A th s lm gim th lc, dn ti chng qung g. Trong
tr c cha nhiu vitamin, trong c vitamin A.
Y hc hin i pht hin ra nc tr c tc dng tiu tr nhng cht
phng x c hi i vi c th con ngi. Trong tr cha nhng cht c kh nng
hp th cht phng x, bo v cng nng to mu, khng s bc x, gia tng
bch huyt cu.
- Nhng iu nn bit khi ung tr:
Tr gng c th tr bnh l; tr ng c li vi ng rut, tr hoa cc lm
sng mt, ung tr qu nng s lm bng ng tng, ung tr sau khi n s c tc
dng tng s tiu ho thc n, ung tr sau khi ung ru c tc dng gii ru,
ung tr bui sng lm tnh to tinh thn; ung bui ti s kh ng, ung tr khi
bng i lm ri lon tinh thn, ung tr qu nhiu lm gy ngi, vng da, ung
tr ng cch s tng tui th.
- Trung Quc l mt quc gia trng ch, ch bin ch, ung tr sm nht th
gii. T khi ngi ta nm cc loi cy c v pht hin ra ch c tc dng gii kht
v lm hng phn tinh thn th ch c s dng rng ri Trung Quc. n i
ng, Lc V em kinh nghim ung tr ca mnh vit thnh mt cun sch
"Tr kinh" (kinh nghim ung tr).
Ngy nay tr c cng nhn l ung t nhin c li cho sc kho ca
con ngi.
Cy ch thng trng nhng vng c kh hu nng, m v c trng theo
tng vn. Ngi Trung Quc c lch s trng ch hng my ngn nm, sm nht
l vng T Xuyn sau n lu vc sng Trng Giang v sau cng l cc tnh
vng duyn hi.
SriLanka l quc gia c sn lng ch nhiu nht trn th gii, tip theo l
Trung Quc v n .
Vit Nam ch c trng nhiu cc tnh trung du ca Bc B nh Ph
Th v cc tnh Nam Trung B nh Lm ng...
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
- Qui trnh ch bin ch:
Tr mun ngon th phi t tay hi nhng bp non trn cy, l gi th c th
dng my thu hoch.
Bp ch qua qu trnh ln men th chuyn t mu xanh sang en. Trong qu
trnh lm tr, v qu trnh ln men khc nhau nn sn phm tr c cht lng v
phong v khc nhau. Tr xanh th khng cn qua ln men. Cc bc ch bin c
bn nht l:
- Bp ch hp a sang lm lnh.
- Va trn va sy kh tr bng hi nng
- V tr tht k cho n khi l ch nh di l c.
T nhng bp ch ch thnh tr ung l c mt qu trnh v v sao nhiu ln.
- Cc loi tr:
- Tr xanh: L loi tr khng qua qu trnh ln men. Bp ch hi xong c
sao nhanh qua la. Khi pha, tr c mu xanh nn gi l tr xanh. Tr hng l tr
xanh p hoa m thnh.
- Tr en c sn xut t bp ch c ln men, nc c mu hung , v
thm du.
- Tr lipton: Bp ch sau khi sao c v k, tip theo cho ln men y
trong mt thi gian cn thit. C 4 loi tr lipton l lipton to, lipton nho, lipton
cam, lipton pht th.
- Tr long: ch qua mt na cng on ln men, c phn ra lm 3 loi tr
c mc ln men cao, thp hay va. Mt loi rt c trng ca tr ny l tr long.
- L ch, ngoi cht c hng (tinh du), cht kch thch (cafein) cn cha
mt lng ng k tanin (t 6 n 12%, c khi 20%). Cht ny qua ch bin cho v
cht v hng v c bit l th ca tr.
Cc nh khoa hc cho rng tanin trong tr l mt phc cht, c th qui vo
catechin, leucoanthocyanin v mt s hiroxi axit.
Khi ta pha tr, cc chuyn cht ca tanin v tinh du s thm tan ra trong
nc tr lm cho nc tr c mu vng chanh hoc vng nu. Nu gp phi nc
cng cha nhiu ion Ca
2+
v Mg
2+
nc tr c mu vng nu hay nu.
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
- Ung tr tr thnh nhu cu thit yu trong i sng hng ngy ca con
ngi. Cng vi tin b ca x hi, ngi ta ngy cng coi trng ngh thut ung
tr. Mun ung tr ngon th phi bit ngh thut pha tr.
Cc loi tr khc nhau, cn dng nc nhit khc nhau pha tr.
Khi pha tr xanh nn dng nc un si, ngui ti khong 70 - 80
0
C l
tt nht, cn tr en cn nc c nhit khong 80 - 85
0
C bi v nu dng nc
si sng sc pha tr s lm ph hoi vitamin C trong tr v lm gim gi tr dinh
dng ca tr. Trc tin phi ra sch m pha tr, cho tr vo m, nc si ch
khong 1/3 dung lng m. yn khong 5-> 10 pht ri mi cho thm nc vo.
Lm nh vy s gi c gi tr dinh dng v hng v ca tr. Pha c tr cn
rt ra ngay trnh cht tanic trong l ch ngm ra nc, khi ung s ng.
- Phng php pha tr vi ng:
Mun c chn tr thm ngon v ngt c th pha nh sau:
Dng mt tch pha tr sch, nc si vo trc ri cho thm mt t
ng trng hay ng , khuy cho tan ht ri cho tr. yn khong 5 pht,
sau rt ra chn ta s c chn tr va thm va ngt. Trong tr c cha nhiu loi
kim thc vt, trong s ch yu l cht caphein, cht ny rt d ho hp vi
ng glucoz hoc saccaroz.
Ngy xa cc c thng coi: ung tr l mt ngh thut cng phu, c nng
ln thnh "Tr o". Ngy nay ung tr tr nn ph bin khp th gii.
Cc dn tc vng Chu thch tr vi hng v cht m, hu v ngt du, c
thm mi ca cc loi hoa: Sen, nhi, ngu.. hoc cc loi tho mc cha cht
thm nh qu...
Cc dn tc vng Chu u, Chu M li thch ung tr c v cht va phi,
hu v ngt, c mu nc nu gi l tr en.
chn m pha tr th ngy xa cc c c cu: "Th nht Th c gan g,
th nh Lu Bi, th ba Mch Thn". l tn cc loi m pha tr ca Trung Quc
c bn H Ni (thi nh vn Nguyn Tun).
Khi thng thc hng v ca tr, theo ngi xa ch cn ung mt chn,
ung n chn th hai l v kht nc qu cn chn th ba, th t th qu l... ngu
m (ung nh tru)
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
- bo qun tr c lu, cn cho tr vo ti nilong sch, h ming ti qua
ngn la cho kn ri bo qun trong t lnh. Lm nh vy tr s gi c nguyn
mi v trong mt nm.
381. Ch ng l loi ch g ?
Vit Nam cy ch ng l loi cy c th mc hoang d trn ni cao
Cao Bng, cy cao ti 33
m
, ng knh thn to t 60 n 120 cm. Ngoi ngha
tho dc qu him, vi hng thm c bit, v ng du nhng sau ngt mi...
to nn mt nt mi ca vn ho Tr Vit m ci th thng thc cng ging nh
cc tr truyn thng khc.
Trong l ca cy ch ng c ti 16 axit amin chim 55,92% thnh phn ca
l. Vi 5 nhm cht: Saponintritecpen, Flavonoi, axit hu c, polyssa charid v
carotenoid c trong l ch ng u l nhng nhm cht c nhiu tc dng sinh hc
quan trng. Cng dng ca ch ng l tng cng min dch, gim m, gim
cholesterol, iu ho huyt p, an thn, gii c, gii ru, kch thch tiu ho, ng
tt...
Hn 2000 nm trc, ngi Phng ng bit n gi tr dc liu ca
cy ch ng.. Trc y, ch ng l mt tho dc qu him dnh cung tin nh
Vua di nhiu triu i. Ngy nay ch ng i vo sinh hot thng nht ca
mi ngi.
382. Vn ho ru c ngha ho hc v nhn vn nh th no
Ru ung tn ho hc l etanol c cng thc C
2
H
5
OH. Ru trng l dung
dch ca C
2
H
5
OH trong nc vi nng khc nhau. ru l phn trm th tch
ca ru trong dung dch nc. Ru 40
0
l loi ru m 100 ml dung dch ru
ny th c 40ml ru v 60ml nc. Ru c nng cao khong 80
0
90 gi l
cn.
V ho hc, ru l dn xut ca hidrocacbon trong mt hoc nhiu
nguyn t hiro c thay th bng nhm hidroxyl (OH). l khi nim chung
v ru, nhng ch c etanol mi ung c. Trn th gii, chng dn tc no
khng dng ru, c khc chng ch l khu v tng vng.
Ru l con dao hai li, nu dng t v hp l th c li cn khi lm dng
dn n nghin li l k th nguy him.
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
V mt y hc, ru c tnh gy ng v an thn, c ch thn kinh, gim au,
nu ung t s tng tit dch v, tng hp th, tng nhu ng rut, n ngon ming...
V vy s l bt cng v thiu khch quan nu ch hon ton ln n ru, coi ru
l k th nguy him nh ma tu v thuc l.
Ngy xa, cc c c cu: Nam v tu nh k v phong ni ln tc dng
hng phn ca ru. Ru ngm thuc gi l ru thuc dng cha bnh v tm
b c th.
Ci nguy him l ai cng bit ung nhiu ru l c hi nhng hay b qu
chn v d nghin khi nghin th rt kh t b . i vi mt s ngi n nh
tnh yu. Nh th Tn vit:
Say sa ngh cng h i
H th h tht, say thi (th) vn say
Trong cc cuc vui chng ta nn tu bt kh p v ngn ng Nga c cu:
Khi say bin ch n u gi m nghin th Tri ch b bng vung. L Bch
mt nh th ln i ng Trung Quc, qu say khi lm th m nhy xung
sng vt nh trng vng.
T chc y t Th gii ku gi mi ngi b ru v qu nhiu tc hi: hng
nm tiu tn 50 t la M; 96 t mc c; 70% tai nn xe c; t l nghin v
cht cao (26% do ng c cp bi cc tp cht c hi nh anhit, metanol c
trong ru).
Th nhng, mt s nc nh Lin X (c), C - oet cm ru m khng
thnh cng. Chng ta khng khuyn khch ung ru, nhng ru vn tn ti trong
cuc sng hng ngy. V vy cng nn tm hiu v vn ho ru (Drrinking
Culture)
Ru c 2 loi: Loi ch t hoa qu v loi ch t ng cc.
- Ru ch t hoa qu, trc tin phi k n ru nho (vang nho). C vang
trng, vang (cho ph n) vang Bordeaux, Alsace (Php), vang Alazan (Georgie),
vang Mnavi, vang Bungari v.v...
Loi vang si bt, sm banh mang a danh Champagne (Php) c bit vng
Reims, cch th Pari (Php) 140 km. Hng Piper - Heidseik vng ny, thnh
lp t 200 nm trc, c hm ru di ti 16 km, thng xuyn cha c 15 triu
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
chai v mt bo tng di lng t chuyn lu gi cc loi sm banh ca hu ht
cc vng trn Tri t.
Cu k hn l ru Cognac. Cogac l mt a danh cch Pari 600 km. Ru
Cognac t v c lm t loi nho c bit do c chn ging k. Qua qu trnh
ln men chng ct, trong cc thng g si c sn (loi si Limousin hoc Troncais
do nh nc qun l) vi thi gian kh di t 3 n 40 nm.
Nu trong khong 3 - 5, ru c nhn V
*
S
*
; nu trn 5 nm: nhn
VSOP; t 25 - 35 nm: nhn XO. Loi ny c 4 hng sn xut: Hennesy, Martel,
Remy Martin, hay Martel c gi t vi trm n vi ngn la. C loi Cognac
dnh cho vua cha hay t ph - nhn XO tr gi 19000 franc Php, hoc 4000 USD
(40 triu ng Vit Nam).
nc ta do iu kin kh hu, th nhng khng c cc loi nho ngon nn
dng vang to, m, mn, du... cng theo nguyn tc ln men, chng ct ni trn v
ch trong thi gian ngn. H Ni c lng ru M ni ting, tn ti cch
y 6, 7 trm nm vng Bch mai - Hong Mai - Tng mai nay l x Hong
Vn Th, Trng nh thuc qun Hai B Trng. l ru ngon nht H Thnh,
bt m bt tri k v.
Trong Tam Quc, To Tho v Lu B ung ru m mi khi bn lun
anh hng. Vua Tn khi u c vi Chung V Dim cng dng ru m.
- Ru ch t ng cc (tinh bt); trc ht phi k n ru Whissky, tiu
biu v thng gp l Whissky Chivas Regal vng Scotland pha Bc nc Anh.
Whisky loa ny c lm t mch nha vi 3 loi thun chng: Glenlivet, Long
mann v Glen Grant do mt th chuyn nghip pha ch. Ru c trong thng
g si t nht 12 nm. Ru c sn xut t nm 1801, do hng Chivas and
Glenlivet Group thnh lp t nm 1786. Vi ngt 2 th k kinh nghim, hng
cho ra th trng mt loi ru ngon c ting, khong 43
0
, mi nm 3 triu thng,
mi thng 12 chai 750 ml, 150 nc trn th gii.
Sau ny c hng Seagram Spiret to hn, bao trm c Whisky Bourbon, Canda
v Bc M, cn c gi l ng hong Whissky (Prince of Whisky)
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Nga, Ba Lan, ng u c Vodka cng l ru trng, ngon nu t ng cc.
Cu ba c ru Rhum t ma, Nht c ru Sak t go, Trung Quc c ru
Mao i, ch t cao lng, chng ct v trong 6 nm ti mt a danh tn l mao
i cch Bc Kinh 700 km. Ru Mao i c huy chng vng hi ch
Panama do M t chc nm 1913.
Vit Nam c La Mi, ru ( min Nam). u l cc loi ru ch
t ng cc, c nng cao t 40 - 60
0
. min Bc ngy xa c ru Tm, ru
Ngang. Ru Tm l loi ru m khi lc mnh chai cho tm ru bc mnh ln
nh reo, ri chai ng yn, th tm ln ngay lp tc. Ct 10 lt ru thng mi
ct c mt chai ru tm, v th nn mi c cu : Gip em mt thng xi v,
mt con ln bo mt v ru tm. Cn ru Ngang l th ru trng m ngi
bn phi ng vo bong bng, tht ngang lng che mt cc nh thi hnh php
lut, v ngy xa cm nu ru lu.
Ngy nay, trong cc quy ru ta cn gp mt th gi l liqu (liqueur).
Chng cng c ch t ng cc (go, ng, khoai, sn...) ri qua chng ct cng
nghip thnh ru nng (trn 90
0
) sau tinh ch loi b bt cht c (anehit,
metanol; thu c cn thc phm c cn thp hn, khong 40 - 60
0
. Cc
c s sn xut ru dng loi cn thc phm ny pha thm ng, mu thc phm
v tinh du chanh, cam, du, to...thnh cc loi liqu nh, ngt m d ung m ta
vn quen gi l ru mi (ru mu).
nc ta, trong phong tc truyn thng, th cng t tin, ma chay, ci hi
u phi c tru v ru, l nhng th khng th thiu c, nht l khi ci
hi:
Cao tay nng chn ru hng
Mng em, em sp ly chng xun nay
383. V sao ru gi c th lm cht ngi?
Ung ru gi c th b ng c, c trng hp m c mt, thm ch c t
vong. Nhng ngi lm ru gi khng phi em ru trng trn thm nc v lm
nh vy s bit ngay bi n nht. Thng bn chng dng ru metylic thay
mt phn ru etylic. Loi ru gi ny rt c.
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Ru etylic v ru metylic c cng h nhng tnh cht ca chng khc
nhau. Ru etylic l cht lng trong sut, mi thm d chu, khng c. Ru
metylic c phn t khi b hn, n chnh l cht lng trong sut rt c, n c
nhiu ng dng, n c th thay xng lm nhin liu nhng khng dng pha
ung.
Ru metylic rt c i vi c th ngi. N tc ng vo h thn kinh v
nhn cu, lm ri lon chc nng ng ho ca c th gy nn s nhim c axit.
Sau khi ung khong 8 gi bt u triu chng nhim c axit, hn m, au u,
bt tnh, lo s, co git, m mt, nn ma, th lc gim nhanh, trng hp nng c
th b m hn. Nghim trng hn l mch p nhanh v yu, h hp kh khn cui
cng dn n t vong.
384. Ngi c i ung ru c hng v g ?
Ngi c a Neolitic cng ung ru khng km chng ta hin nay. Cc
nh khoa hc Hoa K pht hin ra rng dn Trung ng tng say sa t nht l
7000 nm trc y, sm hn 2000 nm nh ngi ta tng. Tuy nhin nhng
loi ru m ngi c i thng thc li c mi nha thng.
Patrick Mc.Govern v cc ng nghip mt trng i hc Phiadelphia
(Hoa K) pht hin ra lp cn mu vng trong mt bnh gm c c tm thy
vng Haji Firunz Tepe ca Iran. Phn tch bng cacbon phng x ngi ta bit c
cc bnh c lm ra vo khong 5400 - 5000 trc cng nguyn: Lp cn mu
vng l du hiu ca ru nho bi v trong c vit ca axit lactric. Loi axit ny
c nhiu trong qu nho. Ngoi ra trong lp cn ny cn thy c nha thng l mt
cht ph gia cho vo ru thi c i, cht ny c tc dng dit vi khun, trnh
ru ln men thnh gim.
385. Hm" ru ln nht trong v tr nm u ?
Cc nh khoa hc ngi Anh l Geof Mac Donald (nh thin vn Trng i
hc tng hp Kent) v Tom Miller (nh bc hc v ton hc trng i hc
tng hp a phng) pht hin mt m my khng l ton ru l lng trong
khng gian, cch Tri t khong 10.000 nm nh sng (mt nm nh sng tng
ng 9500 t km).
H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M
Cc nh nghin cu Anh , phi hp vi mt nhm nghin cu trng
i hc Tng hp Ohio (M) pht hin ra ru trong chm sao Aigle m ngi
sao chnh l Altair.
m my khng l ny khng thy c bng mt thng m ch bit c
nh vo vic phn tch cc sng v tuyn thu nhn c qua mt ng ten cao
4000 mt trn nhng ngn ni la tt Mauna Kea Hawaii. T trng ca m
my rt thp: c khong vi ngn phn t C
2
H
5
OH trong mt m
3
, trong khi ti cc
xng sn xut bia, s lng cc phn t C
2
H
5
OH hng t t ln ln hn. Tuy t
trng thp nhng m my li chim mt khng gian khng l, bn knh c 3 nm
nh sng.

H
O
C
H
O
A
H
O
C
.
C
O
M

385 Cau Hoi Ve Hoa Hoc - Doi Song

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