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xdkbkef;MuD;ausmif;ESifhqufum axmifhrSef  (Right  Angle)  usum 15-aycefY

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ußGefawmfonf xl;jcm;cJhonf/ *Gusol jzpfcJhavonf/

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qkdonfukd ußGefawmfMudKuf\/

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ao;onf/ toufq,fhig;ESpfxJ a&mufonfhtcgü yif tjcm;tdrfwtdrfü
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&dwfay;avonf/ ußGefawmf\ zcifum; ,ckuG,fvGefonfrSm (15)ESpf
ausmfvGefavNyD/

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&m bkef;MuD;rSm NyHK;íomaeavawmhonf/

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aeojzifh cHkzdeyfESifh taygufcH&í acgif;aygufzl;\/ xdktcgrS ußGefawmf\
&efjzpfzufudk vkdufav&m acgif;rl;írrSD? xkdvdkufonfhtcsdeftxdu owåd
aumif;yg\/ acgif;rl;vmí acgif;prf;MunhfrS aoG;awGjrifojzifh acgif;ayguf
rSef;odaomtcg ußGefawmf idkavawmhonf/ owådacoGm;avawmhonf/
&G,fwluav;csif;rsm;ay:wGif wcgwav tEdkifusifhcsif onfh pdwfum;
&dSavonf/ wcgwGifum; bkef;BuD;ausmif;aepOf ezl;om;rsm;udk Muufawmif
pdkufí Muufawmif&dkuf upm;ae&if;rS ausmi;fom;ESpfa,muf &efjzpf&m
ausmif;om;wa,muf xdyfayguf\/ odkYjzpfí xdyfaygufcH&aom ausmif;
om;rdbrsm;u bkef;BuD;tm; vma&mufwkdifwef;&m bkef;MuD;u þupm;
enf;rsdK;udk tm;vkH;ausmif;om;rsm;onf ausmif;0if;twGif;rSmaomf¤if;?
tjyifrSmaomf¤if;? rupm;&[k ynwf&avonf? xdkynwfcsufudk ußGefawmf
ESifh nDtudk0rf;uGJrsm;u oabmrusojzifh tmPmzDqefum &GmxJwGif
upm;Muavonf/ ußGefawmfwkdY upm;aeonfudk tjcm;ausmif;om;wOD;
ESpfOD;ujrifojzifh bkef;BuD;tm;oGm;a&muf wkdifwef;aomtcg bkef;BuD;u
ußGefawmf\ rdcifESifh OD;av;rsm;udkyg ac:í ¤if;wkdYa&SYwGifyif ußGefawmfwdkY
tm; jyif;xefpGm&kdufESufavawmh\/ ußGefawmfrSm yXrBudwfrdSwfí cHaomf
vnf;aemufydkif;wGif owådraumif;EdkifawmhyJ idkavawmhonf/ ußGefawmfonf
xkdokdYoGm;a&mufwdkifwef;ol ausmif;om;udk ,aeYwkdif tcJrauscsifvS/
þuJhodkY tvkyfydk arwåm&d rsufESmvdkrsufESm& txufvlMuD;tm; wkdifjcif;
awmjcif;udk i,fi,fuav;upí ,aeYwdkif ußGefawmf txl;pufqkyf
vSonf/ ,ckacwfopf ausmif;rsm;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;tm; þtusifhrsdK;udk
tm;ray;bJ azsmufzsufapoihfavonf/ þtusihfrsdK;um; tusifh,kwf
jzpfavonf/ ußGefawmfwkdYrdbum; ypönf;Opöm tawmftwef&dS\/ aMuG;&Sif
ajr&Sifjzpf&m qif;&Jom;rsm;ESifh trsm;tjym; qufqH&avonf? ußGefawmf
wdkY\ rdcifrSm "e&Sifuav; twef;tpm;xJwGif ormorwf&dSí pdwfaumif;
&dSavonf/

odkYyifjzpfaomfvnf; &Hzef&Hcg qif;&Jom;rsm;u aMuG;rsm;rqyfEdkifí Mudrf;

armif;aomtcg ußGefawmf txl;yif pdwfraumif;jzpfrdonf/ xkdtcgu
ußGefawmfum; aiGwdk;MuD;pepfqkd;0g;ykHudk rsuf0g; xifxif awGYcJh&avonf/
rsm;pGmaom qif;&Jom;wkdYrSm aMuG;wcg,lrdvSsif aMuEdkifp&m taMumif;
r&dSay/ þpepfudk ,aeYacwfwGif tvsiftjrefjyifqifoihfonf/ ¤tjyif
,ckvuf&dS qif;&Jom;aMuG;jrDrsm;udk tm;vkH;avSsmfypf&ef oihfavonf/
xdkaMuG;rsm;rSm twkd;\ tnGefYaMuG;rsm;om &dSawmhrnfrSm ußGefawmf ,kHrSm;
oHo,r&dSay/ ußGefawmfum; MuGm;&rnfqkdvSsif rsdK;MuD;aqGMuD;rS aygufzGm;
oljzpfonf/ ußGefawmfwkdY a&S;tquftEG,fwkdYrSm yk*Hjynf w&kyfajy;
rif;vufxuf (*sif*spfcH) trSL;&dSaom w&kyfwdkY 0ifa&mufaESmuf,Suf
aomtcgwGif EdkifiHjcm;om;wkdY\ vufatmufwGif raevdkí vGwf&mußGwf&m
,ck ußGefawmfarG;zGm;&m a'ookdY pkefqif;vmcJhavonf[k OD;av;wa,muf
u ajymbl;avonf/

tavmif;bk&m; wwd,EdkifiHawmf xlaxmifpOftcgu wdkif;jynfrSm z&dkz&J

jzpfíae&m a&Tbkde,frS OD;atmifaZ,s xí ußGefawmfwdkY\ tquftEG,f
yif;rif;MuD;OD;jr (bGJYtrnf aumif;aumif;rrSwfrd) qdkolrSmvnf; rdrd e,fudk
tkyfpD;acgif;aqmifí ArmhxD;eef;xlaxmif&ef MuHavonf/ aemufrS
tavmif;bk&m; taMumif; Mum;ojzifh vlrsm;apvTwfpkHprf;apí tavmif;
bk&m;\ bkef;vuf&kH;taMumif; Mum;odonfhtcg tavmif;bk&m;xH
0ifa&mufí oufpGefYMudK;yrf;trIxrf;avonf[k rSwfom;&bl;onf/

rif;wkef;bk&ifvufxufwGif oufawmf&Snftrwfjzpfaom crf;ywfrif;MuD;rSm

ußGefawmfwkdY\ trsdK;tEG,fyifjzpfonf[k Mum;bl;onf/ rif;wkef;bk&if\
orm;awmfwOD; (vltrnfrSm OD;ausmfZH jzpfavonf? bGJYudkum;rod)
rSmvnf; ußGefawmfwkdY\ trsdK;taqGyifjzpfavonf/ pkHeHYomjrdKifa&;aom
q&maMumhrSm OD;ausmfZH\ ajr;yifwnf;/ t&Sift*¾rrm"drSmvnf; ußGef
awmfwdkY trsdK;[kyif od&onf/ ußGefawmfwdkYab;rSm ewfarmufjrdKY
olMuD;jzpfavonf/ pmwwfonf? OmPfxufonf? vufajrmufonf onf?
pdwfxufonf[lí Mum;embl;avonf/ rdrdtxufjrdKY0efESifh rwJhí tvkyf
jyKwfojzifh rEåav; a&TjrdKYawmfodkYwufí t&mcHaeqJ tedpöa&mufavonf[k
wcgu yk&ydkufrSwfwrf;wckwGif bwf&bl; avonf/

(pum;tvsOf;oifhí a&;&OD;rnf? a&S;uvnf; 'dkif,m&Dac: aeYpOfrSwfwrf;

&dSavonf/ tac:ta0:um; arhoGmavjyD/ ußGefawmfwkdY(ab;) tdrfMuD;wGif
awGYbl;aom yk&ydkufrsm;wGif ußGefawmfwkdYab; aeYpOf bmvkyfonf
b,foGm;onf ponfwkdYudk rSwfom;xm;csufrsm; awGY&avonf/)
ußGefawmfwdkY ab;wGif tpfudkMuD;wa,mufESifh nDESpfa,muf&Sdonf[k
od&onf/ tpfudkMuD;rSm &efukefqdyfurf;tkyf jzpfonf[k od&onf/
nDti,fwa,mufrSm wvkyfjrdKY0ef OD;bGm;,l[kac:\/ jrifuGef;- jrif;ckH
wdkifwdkY\ i,fq&mjzpfonf/ ¤if;rif;om;rsm;txwGif jrif;uGef;rif;om;
wkdYtwGuf "m;jywkdufí aiG&Smay;& avonf/ xdktcsufudk aejynfawmfu
odaví OD;bGm;,l&mxl;rS usavonf/ ußGef,kH\ opömMuD;rI aMumifh¤if;?
trIrxif&Sm;í¤if;? rif;wkef;rif;uJhokdY odrfarGYaom rif;vufxufjzpfí¤if;?
toufcsrf;om &avonf/

emrnfausmf OD;rif;a&mif (Adkvfva&mif) rSm ußGefawmfwkdY tzGm;\

wlawmfonf/ OD;rif;a&mifum; vuf&kH;tm;udk;jzpfonf/ trdkufqkH;
qkdolrsm;ukd wynfhvkyfxm;onf/ ¤if;\ wynfhwa,muf (emrnfum;
rrSwfrd)onf ZmwfyGJrsm;wGif vlysufysufonfhtcsdef vlrsm;&,fwkH;r&,f?
trsm;&,fjyD;rS wa,muf wnf; us,favmifpGm tMumMuD;&,fwwfonf[k
od&onf/ þuJhokdY t&GJYwkduf&,fonfudk Adkvfrif;a&mifawGYí tm;&um
qkcsavawmhonf/ wcgvnf; ¤if;wynfhESifh ¤if;\nD jrdKY0efOD;rif;armif\
wynhfwkdYonf ¤if;wkdY\bGm;r r,fawmfysHwGif vufa0SYxkd;Muonf/
OD;rif;a&mif\ wynfh&IH;onf? nDjzpfol OD;rif;armifu rdrdwynfhEdkifojzifh
yk0gwydkif; qkcsavonf/ xkdtcg Adkfvfva&mifu rcHcsifí rdrd wynfhukd
&IH;vsufESifhyif ykqdk;wxnf qkcsavonf/

wcgvnf; Muufom;[if; pm;vdkí nDOD;rif;armiftm; Muuftowf

ckdif;avonf/ OD;rif;armif um; Adkvfva&mifESifhrwl vlajymhav;jzpfonf/
apmif; pnf oDcsif;qdkawmfonf/ pum;ajym csdKomonf/ txufvlMuD;\
tcspfawmfwOD;[k od&onf? OD;rif;armif MuufrowfEdkif xkdYaMumifh
Adkvfva&mifu oludk,fwdkifowfí csufpm;avonf/ ydkYonfh[if;udk
nDtm;raußG;yJ acG;außG;ypfaom[l\/
(þum; ußGefawmf\ trsdK;tEG,ftaMumif; odorSsyifwnf;/)

ausmif;om;b0

ußGefawmf\ rdcif? bcifESpfOD;pvkH;rSm OmPfaumif;aom trsdK;jzpfavonf/

ußGefawmf\ bcifonf a&SYae pmar;yGJwGif ArmwjynfvkH; wwd,pGJ
cJhavonf/ ußGefawmfwdkY nDtudktm;vkH;vJ OmPfaumif;Muonf/ odkYaomf
'kwd,tpfudkMuD;um; pmoiftxl;ysif;vSí tjcm; nDtpfudkuJhodkY ayguf
aygufa&mufa&muf ynmrwwfay/ ußGefawmf\ tpfudkrsm;? 0rf;uGJ
nDtpfudkrsm;? OD;av;rsm;rSm rdrdwkdYqkdif&m ausmif;pmar;yGJwGif xdyfwef;usus
atmifjrifMuolcsnf; jzpfavonf/ ußGefawmfwdkY\ rdbrsm;onf ynm
udkvnf; txl;vdkvm;Muonf/ ußGefawmf\ tpfudkrsm;udk ig;ESpfom;
t&G,frSpí ausmif;xm;cJhavonf/ ußGefawmfwa,mufom ti,fqkH;jzpfí
tvdkvdkufxm;ojzifh touf 8-ESpf a&mufrSomvSsif ausmif;pae&ayonf/
ußGefawmf ausmif;aevm&if;ajym&OD;rnf/ ußGefawmf\txuf tpfudk
atmifoef;tm; touf 11-ESpfcefYwGif &SifjyKavonf/ xdktcg udkatmif
oef;onf jrefrm 6-wef;wGif&dSonf/ ußGefawmhfrSm touf-8ESpfxJ
a&mufaomfvnf; ausmif;rae&ao;acs? &SifjyKtcrf;tem;jzifh tudkatmif
oef;wkdY &Sifavmif;qifaomtcg ußGefawmfvJ &Sifavmif;jzpfcsifojzifh
rdciftm;ylpmao;onf/ xdktcg rdcifu &Sifavmif;vkyfwJhvlonf
pmwwfrSmjzpfrnf[k ajymojzifh ausmif;aeygawmhrnf[k uwday;um
xdkwGifrS ausmif;paejzpfonf/ wef;ausmfwufcJh &jyefojzifh av;eSpfESifh 10-
wef;atmifjrifonf/ t*Fvdyf-jrefrm owårwef;pmar;yGJwGif ArmwEdkifiHvkH;
e0rpGJcJhí txufwef;paum;vm;&Spf &cJhonf/ Ak'¨bmomausmif;eSifh
trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;wGif yXrpGJcJhí OD;a&Tcdk qkudk &&dScJhNyD;aemuf
&efukefwuúodkvfwGif 6-ESpfcGJrSs aecJhonf/ EdkifiHa&;pdwfoefrIaMumifh
ausmif;pmrsm;udk ravhusufojzifh (bD-at) twef;txd atmif,kHom
atmifcJhonf/

(bD-at) txufwef;ESpfwGif ausmif;om; oydwfacgif;aqmif wOD;jzpfí

tvkyf&SKyfojzifh (bD-at) pmar;yGJukd wESpfrajzyJ aecJh&onf/ aemuf (bD-
t,fvf) twef;udk wufcJhonf/ twef;vnf; rSefrSefrwuf? pmtkyf
vnf;r&dS? rSwfpkvnf;rxm;? pmvnf;rMunhf? rdrdpdwfoef&m EdkifiHa&;udkom
vkdufpm;ojzifh (bD-t,fvf) yXrESpf pmar;yGJ &SKH;avonf/ þonfum;
ußGefawmhfb0wGif yXrqkH;ESifh aemufqkH; us&SHK; jcif;aywnf;/ us&SKH;
aomfvnf; Oya' &mZ0ifjzpfaom yXrar;cGef;wGif ußGefawmf yXr&cJhonf/
'kwd, (bD-t,fvf) ESpfwGif ESpfaphatmif ußGefawmfraeawmh/ Oa&my
wkdufwGif jrL;epfpmcsKyf rcsKyfqkdrD ppfjzpfrwwf tajctaeESifh ArmjynfwGif
t"du&kPf; tajctaersm;udk axmufqí wdkif;jynftwGuf udk,fxd
vufa&muf vkyfudkif&ef ausmif;rS ESpf0ufwGifxGufí ocifb0odkY ajymif;
cJhonf/

jrefrmpmoif bkef;MuD;ausmif;ae&pOfu ußGefawmf txl;raysmfydkufonfh

tcsufwcsuf &dSavonf/ xdktcsufrSm upm;ckefpm;jcif; uav;bmom
opfyifwuf? a&ul;? tvkyfrsdK; ydwfyifjcif;yif jzpfonf/ þtcsufwGif
usaemfwkdY rdbrsm;vnf; woabmwnf;avmufyif &dSonf/ ußGefawmfwdkYrSm
opfyifwufjcif;? a&ul;jcif;paom udk,fvufusef;rm usifvnfrIudk
avhvmcGihfr&? opfyifwufonfudkjrifvSsif tqdk?tjrnf cH&onf/ a&ul;
onfudkodvSsif t&dkufcH&onf/ xdkYaMumifh ,aeYtxd usaemhfrSm OmPfynm
bufrS tcGifhtvrf;&cJhí aygufajrmufoavmuf udk,fvufusef;rm
usifvnfa&;wGif tcGifhtvrf; r&cJhí rsm;pGm csdKY,Gif;aeayonf/ a&eHacsmif;
trsdK;om;ausmif; jzpfonfhtwkdif; qif;&Jojzifh upm;ckefpm; avhusifh
&mae&m? ud&d,m? wefqmyvmrsm; rxm;Edkifíyif jzpfonf/

ArmjynfwGif bkef;MuD;rsm;ESifh a&S;vlMuD;rsm;\ wcsdKYt,ltqrsm;udk acwf

ESifhavsmfatmif jyKjyifoihfayonf/ odkYr[kwfvSsif ynmqkdonfrSm pmtkyf
pmwrf; wufí pmodrIudk ynm[k rqdkomay/ ynmonf twdkif;tqrxif
tvGefus,fajym eufeJvSayonf/ urÇmay:&dS pmtkyftm;vkH;yifvSsif
ynmtm;vkH;udk avmujyifus,fwnf; [laom ausmif;MuD;ü ußGEkfyfwkdYonf
ykcufwGif;rSonf ajrMuD;xJa&mufonftxd ynmoifom;rsm; jzpfaeMu
aponf xkdYaMumifh ynmoifMum;rIonf trSefpifppftm;jzifh ol\ wouf
yefwGif ukefqkH;onf[k rqkdEdkifay/ ynmwwfolonf avmu&dS t&m&mudk
tcGifhtvrf;vdkuf qifjcifokH;oyf edkifpGrf;aom OmPftm;udkvnf;aumif;?
rdrdOmPftjrift& pdwfaepdwfxm; pdwf"mwfwkdYudk vnf;aumif;  (Emotion of 
the  Education)  jyKjyifjyKpk pDrHxm;cJholomvSsif jzpfonf/ bDatyif
atmifapumrl? ynmqkdaom obm0 t"dyÜm,fudk aumif;pGmokH;oyf
em;vnfjcif; r&dScJhaomf wu,ft&mra&muf tokH;r0ifEdkifay/

ynm[lonf pmtkyfrsm;xJüom &dSonfr[kwf/ pmtkyfrsm;udk ausmfí

jrifEdkifpGrf;jcif;udk aqmifEdkif&ayrnf/ ynmonf vl\OmPfudkom jyKjyif
wkd;csJY,kHomr[kwf/ vl\ pdwfaepdwfxm; t,ltqrsm;udkvnf; wkd;wuf
ap&rnf/ vl\qE´tm; vkyftm;udk El;nTwfap&rnf/ &mZ0if od,kHom
r[kwf &mZ0ifudk zefwD;Edkifap&rnf/ avmu"mwfynmudk od,kHomr[kwf?
avmu"mwfynmudk wdk;csJY Edkifap&rnf/ yXrynmudk od,kHomr[kwf
ajropf? a&opf? awm? awmifwkdYudk &SmazG pkHprf;EdkifpGrf; ap&rnf/ avmu
taMumif;udk em;vnfap,kHomr[kwf? onfhxufaumif;aom avmuudk
zefqif;Edkifap&rnf/ þum; ynm\ o&kyftusOf;rSsyifwnf;/ ynmonf
umva'o? ya&m*ESifh ,SOf&rnf/ OmPfMuD;om wdk;wufí onm
r&dSygrlvnf; þrSsydkrdk qef;Mu,f tajymus,fvSaom acwfopftaMumif;udk
em;rvnfEdkifay/ avmu"mwfynmudk rwwfrodyJ avmu"mwf ynm
OmPfudkom &vSsif avmu"mwf ynm\wefzkd;udk 'if;jynhf rokH;Edkifay/
wdkif;jynf tajctaejyoem? acwf\tajctaeESifh r,SOfygrl wkdif;jynf
axmifjcif;? acwfjyifjcif; rjyKEdkifay/ arG;uwnf;u aoonftxd t,l0g'
tajymif;tvJr&dSolonf ynmwwfonf[k rqkdEdkifay/ vlwa,muf\
oufwrf;wGif tpyXru odjrifvmaom pdwfaepdwfxm; 0g'wdkYonf
trSefcsnf;r[kwf? jyKjyif ajymif;vJ&rnfomwnf;/ ,aeY t,ltqESifh
eufzeft,ltqwdkYrSm wlcsifrS wlrnf? trSefum; vlwOD;\ wb0wGif
ußGEkfyfwkdYonf t,l0g' ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;udk awGYaomtcg xdkvlonf
orm"drwnf? a&SYaemufrnD[k xifrSwfrSm;wwfavonf/

orm"drwnfjcif;rSm udk,fusifhw&m; azmufvGJazmufjyef jzpfjcif;aywnf;/

0g'ajymif;vJrIrSm OmPftjrif\ ajymif;vJrIaMumifh orm"d rwnfjcif;
r[kwfay/ wenf; wdk;wufjcif; aywnf;/ trSeftm;jzifh orm"dqkdaom
pum;udk eufeufeJeJ qifjcifvSsif avmu&dS vltaygif;wkdYrSm orm"d
vufudkifMu&ol &Sm;ayonf/ orm"d qdkonfrSm avmu\ taumif;?
tqdk;? tusdK;? tjypf? tysuf pepfpkHudk ydkif;jcm;xifxif odjrifí
qif;&Jvnf; 0rf;renf;? csrf;omvnf; 0rf;rom? yuwdpdwfxm;
OmPftjrift& vlcsD;rGrf;? vluJh&JhrI ab;'ku© tEå&m,fudk rxdwfrvefY
worwfwnf; wnfNidrfpGm &dSjcif;udk qkdavonf/ bk&m; tp&Sdaom
olawmfaumif;wkdY\ pdwfwnfaeykHrsdK;wnf;/

okdYjzpf&m omrefudk,fusifhw&m; trlt&m? tajymtqdk? brf;jywnfNidrfrIudk

vltaygif;wkdYu orm"d[k omrn ajymprwfjyKMuavonf? trSefpifppfum;
xkdbrf;jy wnfNidrfrIaemufwGif rnfrSs twGif;azmufvGJazmufjyefrIrsm;
wdk;yGm; rsm;jym;vmonfudk vltaygif;wkdY rpOf;pm;rdMuacs/ ußGefawmfonf
£ajE´MuD;í rsufESmxm; tvGefwnfol wa,muf[k todtrSwfjyK cH&
avonf/ ußGefawmf\ udk,ftrlt&m pdwfxm;o&kyfwkdYonf azmufvGJ
azmufjyef oabmudk rjyay/ odkYaomf tu,fyif ußGefawmfonf orm"d
&dS\/ rnfrSs orm"dudk ydkifqkdifay oenf;/ ußGefawmfomvSsif ußGefawmf\
twGif;vSKyf&Sm;rIwkdYudk þpmtkyfudk zwf&if;zwf&if; awGYjrif Mu&ay
vdrhfrnf/

todqkH; jzpfayonfh ußGefawmf\ twGif; vSKyf&Sm;rIrsm;um;? orm"dw&m;udk

vkH;0rydkifqdkifao;jcif;\ trSwf vu©Pmyifwnf;/ ,ckvnf; ußGefawmf
orm"dw&m;udk ykdifNyDavm/ vkH;0 rydkifqdkifao;ay/ xdkYaMumifh vlwdkif;
ykdifqkdifjcif; r&dSao;aom orm"dw&m;udk pum;vkyfí rqdkMuygESifhOD;/
vlwa,muf\ OmPftjyif vSKyf&Sm;rI 0g'ajymif;vJrIudk orm"drwnf[k
wHqdyft&dkuf rapmoihfMuay/ Oyrmtm;jzifh vGefcJhaom ESpfrsm;u t&Sif
tm'dpö0Ho qkdaom udk,fawmftm; omoemwGif bdu©LeDrrsm; &dSoifhonf[k
pmtkyfwtkyf a&;om;rIaMumifh 0dkif;y,fMu\/ oydwf arSmufMuukef\/
trSefum; ol\ ajymif;vJrIonf rSm;csifvJ rSm;ayvdrhfrnf/ odkYaomfvnf;
ykxkZOfwkdY\ *wdtvm;jzifh trSm;r&dSol r&dS/ trSm;odrS trSef jrifavonf/
trSm;wcgvkyfrdvSsif trSm;ESpfcgvkyfrdaomtcg rSefvmayvdrhfrnf/ okdYaomf
vnf; rSm;yifrSm;apumrl rdrdOmPftjriftavSsmuf ajymif;vJrIrIrSm &dStyf
onfomwnf;/ avSeH "m;xpfqkdaom tvkyf tajym tawG;wkdYrSm ynm\
t"dyÜm,f qefYusifbufaywnf;/

Ak'¨a*gwronf oAÁnKwa&TOmPfawmfudk ajcmufESpfwkdifwkdif trSm;trsdK;rsdK;

udkausmfum &SmazGawGY&dScJhavonf/ xdkOmPfawmf &SmazG&ef pdwfykdif;jzwfaom
tpü od'¨wårif;om;onf rdrdOmPf tjrift& tEkrme rsufrSef;&rf;qí
ajymif;vJrI &dSavonf/ tvS,fvS,f tajymif;ajymif; taomif;tuaom
armif;rrdóH ajcG&Hy&dowfwdkYESifhwuG eef;aqmifokH;0,f rif;pnf;pdrfudk
pGefYy,fí aomifrjrif urf;rjrif &aoh&[ef; toGif? avSsmfaw ouFef;udk
0wfqifí bdu©LeD avm,mpe oDavmwd bdu©L [lonfESihftnD?
olawmif;pm;b0rsdK;okdY ajymif;vJrIonf omrefyuwd rsufpdtm;jzifh
MunhfvSsif &l;rdkufonf[k qkd&ayrnf/ rdrd\ rif;pdwf rif;0g'udk qefYusif
aom avmupdwf avmu0g'tm; þodkY ajymif;vJcJhavonf/

(AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;)
atmifqef;Zmenf
azaz:0g&D q,fhoHk; [m
AdkvfcsKyfarG;aeUyg?
wpfaxmifhudk;&mwpfq,fhig;
a&SUae OD;zmom;?
Zmwd ewfarmuf rauG;c&dkif
odMursm; ckwdkif?
BuHhBuHhcdkifwJh ZmenfbGm;
rdcifa':pkom;?
wpfaxmifhudk;&mav;q,fhcGef
ajymif;MuG wrvGef?
rsuf&nfjzdKifvdkU b0ifndI;
Zlvdkif wpfq,fhudk;/
jynfaxmifvGwfa&; BudK;yrf;atmif
jynfcspf'dkYacgif;aqmif
qdk&S,fvpfabmifvrf;pOfrsm;
AdkvfcsKyfcsrSwfoGm;/
jynfaxmifpk&JU aus;Zl;&Sif
AdkvfcsKyf wdkUzcif?
aumif;apcsifwJh rSmpum;
igwdkU rarhtm;/
atmifqef;Zmenf
azaz:0g&D q,fhoHk; [m
AdkvfcsKyfarG;aeUyg?
wpfaxmifhudk;&mwpfq,fhig;
a&SUae OD;zmom;?
Zmwd ewfarmuf rauG;c&dkif
odMursm; ckwdkif?
BuHhBuHhcdkifwJh ZmenfbGm;
rdcifa':pkom;?
wpfaxmifhudk;&mav;q,fhcGef
ajymif;MuG wrvGef?
rsuf&nfoGefvdkU b0ifndI;
Zlvdkif wpfq,fhudk;/
jynfaxmifpk&JU aus;Zl;&Sif
AdkvfcsKyf wdkUzcif?
aumif;apcsifwJh rSmpum;
igwdkU rarhtm;/

(rluGJ)
 "Invictus" 

Out of the night that covers me, 
Black as the Pit from pole to pole, 
I thank whatever gods may be 
For my unconquerable soul. 

In the fell clutch of circumstance 
I have not winced nor cried aloud. 
Under the bludgeonings of chance 
My head is bloody, but unbow'd. 

Beyond this place of wrath and tears 
Lies but the horror of the shade, 
And yet the menace of the years 
Finds, and shall find me, unafraid. 

It matters not how strait the gate, 
How charged with punishments the scroll, 
I am the master of my fate: 
I am the captain of my soul. 
Engrave this quote in Our Store! | Rate this 
Quote! | Tell a Friend 

­William Ernest Henley, 1875
 tEdkifrcH

ightm; zkH;vTrf;xm;aom vuG,foef;acgif

þtarSmiftwGif;rSaeí tEdkifrcH t&IH;ray;wwfaom
ig\pdwf"mwfudk zefqif;ay;onfh ewfodMum;wkdYtm; igaus;Zl;wif\/
avmu"Hw&m;wdkY\ &ufpufMurf;MuKwfaom vufqkyfwGif;odkY
usa&mufae&jim;aomfvnf; igum; rwkefvIyf ridkaMuG;
uHw&m;\ &kdufykwfjcif; 'PfcsufwdkYaMumifh
ig\ OD;acgif;onf aoG;oHwkdYjzifh &J&JeD\ nGwfum; rnGwf
þavmba'gowdkY MuD;pdk;&mXme\ tjcm;rJhüum;
aojcif;w&m;onf iHhvifhvsuf&Sd\/
odkYaomf ightm; rwkefvIyfonfudk awGY&tHh/
aemifudkvnf; b,fawmhrS raMumufonfudkom awGY&tHh/
ok*wdodkY oGm;&m wHcg;0onf rnfrSs usOf;ajrmif;onfjzpfap
,rrif;\ acG;a&yk&ydkufü ightjypfwdkYudk rnfrSsyif rsm;pGm
rSwfom;xm;onfjzpfap igum; *&krjyK
igomvSsif ighuH\ t&Sifocifjzpfí
igomvSsif ighpdwf\ tMuD;tuJ jzpfownf;/

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;

(tdk;a0r*¾Zif;? twGJ 6 trSwf 1? 1936 ck)

 ]]AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ b0NzpfpOfae hpGJrsm;}}

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf olYuGsefrcHvdkol OD;rif;a&mif\aNr;Nzpfí a&SYaeMuD;

OD;zmESifh a':pkwdkY\om;Nzpfonf/

1915/ / azaz:0g&Dv 13 &uf? 1276 waygif;vqef; 1&uf paeae hwGif

rauG;wdkif;ewfargufNrKd hüzGm;Nrifonf/aA'if q&muZmwmwGif xdefvif;[k
trnfa&;aomfvnf; tudkNzpfolatmifoef;ESifhvdkufzuf&ef atmifqef;[kac:
wGifcJ honf/

1922/ / touf(7) ESpfwGifewfarmufNrKdY q&mawmfOD;aombdwxHwGif

ausmif;aecJ honf/

1928/ / a&eHacsmif;trsdK;om;txufwef;ausmif;odkY aNymif;aecJYonf/

1930/ /owÅrwef;atmifum OD;a&T&dk; paumvm;&Spf&onf? wpfv 10

NzifhoHk;ESpfpmpaumvm;&Spf&cJ honf/

1932/ /a&eHacsmif; trsdK;om;txufwef;ausmif;rS txufwef;atmifum

&efukefwuÅodkvfa&mufonf/

1934/ /Oypmwef;atmifonf(pmar;yGJcHktrSwf231)/ wuotrSLaqmif

a&G;aumufyGJ&SHK;edrfhonf/

1935-36 / /wuotrSLaqmifa&G;aumufyGJ0if&m ta&G;cH&onf/ tdk;a0

r*¾Zif; t,f'DwmtNzpfaqmif&Gufonf/xdkodk haqmif&GufpOf tdk;a0r*¾Zif;ü
]acG;o&rf;MuD;vGwfaeonf} (Hell  Hound  At  large) aqmif;yg;a&;oludk
xkwfaz:raNymíwuÅodkvfrSxkwfy,fcH&onf/

1936/ /wuo 'kOuÅXa&G;cs,fcH&onf? &efukefNrdKY *sLbvDa[mcef;rü

usif;yaom ArmedkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;nDvmcHwGifrdefYcGef;aNymMum;
onf/
1937/ /t*Fvdyfpmay? Oa&my&mZ0if? edkifiHa&;aA'bmom&yfrsm;Nzifh
0dZÆmwef;atmifNrifonf/

1937-38 /wuo'kOuúXtNzpfaqmif&GufNyD; ArmedkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;

rsm;or*¾ OuúXtNzpfvnf;aqmif&Gufonf/

1937/ /&efukefwuúodkvf yJcl;aqmif o[m&ESifhpmzwftoif; OuúXtNzpf

aqmif&Gufonf?yJcl;aqmiftcef;trSwf(113)wGifaecJYonf/

1938/ /Oya'oifMum;ae&mrS4if;? ArmedkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm; or*¾

OuúXae&mrS4if; ESKwfxGufonf/
t*FvdyfbmomNzifhxkwfa0aom e,l;bm;rm; owif;pmt,f'DwmtzGJYwGif
acwÅ0ifa&mufvkyfudkifonf/ yxrOD;qHk;wuúodkvfausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f
wuúodkvfaumifpD0iftNzpf wifaNrSmufNcif;cH&onf/ atmufwdkbmvwGif
ocifudk,fawmfrSKdif;OD;aqmifaom wdkYArmtpnf;t&Hk;odkY 0ifa&mufonf/

1938-39 / wuoOuúXtNzpfaqmif&Gufonf/

1939/ /Zefe0g&DvwGif &efukefta&;wMuD;vHkNcHKa&;tufOya'Nzifh (15) &uf

zrf;qD;axmifcscH&onf/ azaz:0g&Dv(25)&ufaeY oef;acgifausmf 2em&DcGJ
wGifusif;yaom ArmedkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ toif;tvkyf
trSLaqmiftpnf;ta0;odkY wufa&mufonf/
azaz:0g&Dv 26&uf nae5em&DFcGJwGif ArmNynfeef;&if;0ef? NrdKYrdNrdKYz tzGJY0if
vlMuD;rsm;ESifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; (ausmif;om;oydwfta&;ESifh
pyfvsOf;í) awGYqHkaqG;aEG;onfh tpnf;ta0;odkY wufa&mufonf/ {NyD 6
&ufrS 9 &uftxdusif;yaom armfvNrdKifnDvmcHwGif twGif;a&;rSL; tNzpf
wm0efcH aqmif&Gufonf/ Mo*kwfv13 &ufaeYwGif &efukefa&ausmf&yf
wdkYArmtpnf;t&Hk;wnf&mXmeü ocifatmifqef;? ocifvSaz? udkodef;az?
udkA[def;? rpöwm'wÅm;wdkYonf wdkYArmtpnf;t&Hk;twGif;wGif uGefNrLepftzGJY
av;w&yf pwifzGJ hpnf;onf/ Mo*kwfv 15 &ufae hwGif&efukefta&S hydkif;
49vrf;tdrfeHygwf 188wGif ArmNynfuGefNrLepfygwDudkvsdK h0SufpGmwnfaxmif
zGJYpnf;NyD; ocifatmifqef;u taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;tNzpf wm0ef,l
cJYonf/ pufwifbm 1 &ufwGif a'gufwmbarmftdrfüusif;yaom tpnf;
ta0;ü xGuf&yf*dkPf;\ twGif;a&;rSL;tNzpf wifaNrSmufNcif;cH&onf/
edk0ifbm 18 &ufaeYwGif aNratmufawmfvSefa&;A[dktzGJYudk pwifwnfaxmif
um ocifatmifqef;tm; Nynfyacgif;aqmiftNzpf wifaNrSmufMuonf/
1939 'DZifbmvrS 1940 Zefe0g&Dv twGif;Armwpf NynfvHk;odkY
w&m;vSnfhvnfa[maNymcJhonf/

1940/ / rwfv 22 &ufaeY tdE´d,ekdifiH &rf;*g;NrdKYwGifusif;yaom

tdE´d,trsdK;om; uGef*&ufnDvmcHodkY ocifoef;xGef;? ocifcifatmif?
ocifwifarmif?ocifqif*lywm;?udkxGef;&Sdef(Adkvf&efedkif)?udkA[def; wYdkESifhtwl
wufa&mufcJhum arv 5 &ufü &efukefNyefa&mufonf/ ZGefv 29 &ufwGuf
[oFwc&dkif &mZ0wf0efrpöwmaZ;AD;,m;u ZGefv 1 &ufae hZvGefNrdK hü
csif;awmiftaMumif;a[maNymrINzifh ocifatmifqef;udkzrf;&ef 5 usyfwef
0&rf;udkxkwfcJ honf/ Mo*kwfv 8 &ufae hwGif ocifvSNrdKifESif htwl [dkifvD
trnf&SdoabFmNzifh ArmNynfrS w&kyfNynfodkY vsdKY0SufpGmxGufcGmcJYMuonf/
Mo*kwfv 24 &ufaeYwGif w&kyfNynf trGdKifodkY a&muf&Sdum xdkrSwqiYf
edk0ifbm 12 &ufaeYwGif *syefNynf wdkusdKNrdKYodkY a&muf&SdcJYonf/

1941/ / rwfv 3 &ufaeYwGif ArmNynfodkYNyefvmNyD; rwfv9 &ufaeYü

&JabmfoHk;usdyfxJrS yxrtokwfvli,fwpfpkudk wygwnf;ac:,lNyD; *syef
NynfodkY vsdKY0SufpGmNyefvnfxGufcGmcJYonf/ rwfv 27 &ufaeYwGif *syefNynf
wdkusdKNrdKYodkY Nyefvnfqdkufa&mufcJYonf/ xdkESpfedk0ifbmv 0&rf;aNy;aepOf
wuúodkvftkwfcsKyfa&;tzGJYrS ESkwfxGufonf/ 'DZifbm 27 ? 1941 paeae hn
1 em&DtcsdefwGif ,dk;',m; NynfbefaumufNrdKY&Sd rsdK;cspfyk*¾dKvfMuD;OD;vGef;
az\aetdrfwGif bDtdkifat ac: ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfudk pwifzGJ hpnf;
NyD; vufarmif;aoG;azgufaomufMuonf/

1942/ / Zefe0g&Dv 1 &uf wGif t*Fvdyftpdk;&u ocifatmifqef;udk

bm;rm;vpf (Burma  List) ac: t*Fvdyftpdk;& \&efolawmfpm&if;wGif t
rSwfpOf 5 tNzpfaMunmcJhonf/ ZlvdkifvwGif AdkvfrSl;MuD;&mxl;Nzifh Armhum
uG,fa&;wyfrawmf ppfaoemywdtNzpfaqmif&Gufonf/ No*kwfv 1 &uf
wGuf bDtdkifat ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfrS bD'Dat ArmhumuG,fa&;
wyfrawmftNzpfodkY aNymif;vJ&mwGif AdkvfrSL;MuD;&mxl;Nzifh bD'Datwyfrawmf
\aoemywdNzpfvmonf/ pufwifbmv 6 &ufwGif a':cifMunfESifh
vufxyfonf/ vufxyfyGJudk aq;&Hk ,ckppf&Hk;csKyfay:üyif usif;yonf/
edk0ifbmv 8 &ufwGif NrdKYawmfcef;rüusif;yaom acwfopfq&mNzpfoifwef;
wGif aoe*FAsL[mppfynm taMumif;a[maNymonf/
1943/ / rwfvwGif AdkvfcsKyf&mxl;odkY wdk;NrSifhNcif;cH&onf/ rwfv 17
&ufwGif a'gufwmbarmfESifhtwl *syefNynf wdkusdKNrdKYodkY zdwfMum;Ncif;cH&NyD;
1943 rwfv 22 wGif *syeftifyg,m\ bGJYxl;*kPfxl;wHqdyf (Order  Of 
The  Risingsun) NzifY csD;NrSifhNcif;cH&onf/ Mo*kwfv 1 &ufwGif Armh
wyfrawmf ppfOD;pD; aoemywd &mxl;tNyif ppf0efMuD;tNzpfaqmif&Gufonf/
*syeftpdk;&\ (  First  Class  Order  Of  The  Sacred  Treadsure) csD;NrSifh
Ncif;cH&onf/ atmufwdkbm 2 &ufwGif OD;0dpm&aMu;½kyfESifh ausmufwdkif
zGifhyGJwGif rdefYcGef;aNymMum;onf/

1944/ / No*kwfv 4 &ufwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifNyD; zufqpf

wdkufzsufa&;ESifYNynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJYcsKyfMuD; (zqyv)udk yJcl;NrdKY Armh
wyfrawmf wdkif; 4 pcef;ü vsdKY0SufpGm zGJYpnf;cJYonf/ xdkodkYzGJYpnf;&mü
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf zqyv A[dkOD;pnf;tzGJYwGif4if;? zqyv A[dk
ppfaumifpDwGif4if;? ppfa&;acgif;aqmiftNzpf wifaNrSmufNcif;cH&onf/
Mo*kwfv 23 &uf Ak'Æ[l;aeYwGif &efukefNrdKYywfvrf;ESifh OD;xGef;Nrifh
vrf;axmifh&Sd ppf0efMuD;AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;\aetdrfü Armhwyfrawmf
ArmNynfuGefNrLepfygwDESifh NynfolYta&;awmfyHkygwDwdkY yg0ifzGJYpnf;aom
zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; NynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJYcsKyfudk NyefvnfzGJ hpnf;onf/
pufwifbm 3 &ufwGif AdkvfrSL;MuD; apmMum'dk;? AdkvfMuD; apmpHbdk;oif?
AdkvfrSL;&JxGwf? AdkvfcsKyfuawmfa':cifMunfESifhtwl aNrmif;NrNrdKYodkY a&mufvm
Muonf/ pufwifbmv 7 &ufwGif AdkvfrSl;MuD;apmMum'dk;? AdkvfMuD;
apmpHbdk;oif? 'kAdkvf odef;aq?G AdkvfrSL;MuD;aZ,s? AdkvfrSL;&JxGwf wdk hESifhtwl
ykodrfc&dkif uefMuD;axmifh&Gmodk hc&D;xGufMuonf/

1945/ / rwfv 17 &ufwGif &efoludkwdkufcdkuf&eftwGuf wyfrawmf

udkOD;aqmifí ppfaNrNyifodkYxGufcJYonf / rwfv 27 &ufaeYwGif zufppf
*syefrsm;udk pwifawmfvSefonf/ arv 16 &ufwGif AdkvfcsKyfpvif;ESifh
yxrOD;qHk;tMudrf awGYqHkonf/ ZGefv 20 &ufwGif t*FvdyfppfoabFm
urfbmvif ( H.M.S.  Cumberland) ay:ü tNcm;edkifiHa&; acgif;aqmif
rsm;ESifhtwl bk&ifcH qma':refprpfESifh awGYqHkaqG;aEG;onf/ Mo*kwfv 19
&uf aeol&drftpnf;ta0;wGif rdefYcGef;aNymMum;onf/ Mo*kwfv 29 &uf
NrdKYawmfcef;rüusif;yonfh ta&SYtaemuftoif; ( East  And  West 
Association) wGift*FvdyfbmomNzifh a[maNymcJYonf/ pufwifbmv 4
&ufwGif ta&SYawmiftm&Sqdkif&maoemywd avmharmifhbufwefESifh Armh
wyfrawmf qufvufwnfwHha&;twGuf aqG;aEG;&ef ocifoef;xGef;? Adkvf
vuFsm? Adkvfae0if;? OD;bazwdkYESifhtwl oD[dkuGsef; *EÆD NrdKYodkYoGm;onf/
1946/ /Zefe0g&D 20 &ufwGif a&Twd*Hk tv,fypö,Hüusif;yaom edkifiHvHk;
qdkif&m zqyv nDvmcHwGif zqyvOuúXtNzpf wifaNrSmufcH&onf/ rwfv
4 &ufwGif ocifNr? [oFmwOD;Nr? OD;atmifpHazwdkYESifhtwl &efukefrS &cdkifodkY
c&D;xGufonf/ rwfv 6 &ufwGif awmifukwfa&mufonf/ rwfv 7
&ufwGif awmifukwfü w&m;a[monf/ rwfv 10 &ufwGif ppfawGudk
a&mufNyD;? rwfv 11 &ufaeYü ppfawGNrdK hwGif w&m;a[monf/ rwfv 26
&ufwGif px&if; a[mfw,fütdEd́,acgif;aqmif y@pf ae&l; ESifh 3
em&DMumaqG;aEG;onf/ arv28 &uf nae 4 em&D tcsdefü NynfolY
&JabmfwyfzGJYtm;vHk;udk avmif;0pf vrf;XmecsKyf tzGJ hwnf&mXmeü Mo0g'
rdefYcGef;ay;onf/ pufwifbm 26 &ufwGif bk&ifcH\trSLaqmifaumifpDü
'kobmywd tNzpf&mxl;vufcHí tpdk;& tzGJ htopf udkzGJ honf? edk0ifbmv
2 &uf NrpfMuD;em;&Sd wdkif;&if;om; ucsifppfwyf udkppfaq;onf? edk0ifbmv
14 &ufrS edk0ifbmv 30 &ufaeYtxd txufArmNynfodk hc&D;xGuf
onf/ 'DZifbmv 23 &ufaeYwGif u,m;Nynfe,f vG,faumfNrdKYü
usif;yonfh u&iftrsdK;om; ESpfopful;yGJawmfodkY wufa&mufonf/
'DZifbmv 24 &ufaeY eHeufwGif awmifMuD;NrKdYanmifa&Ta[mfü apmfbGm;rsm;
ESifhyxrqHk;tMudrf aqG;aEG;onf/

1947/ / Zefe0g&Dv 2 &ufwGif ocifNr? OD;wifxGwfwdkYESifYtwl bdvyfodkY

oGm;onf/ Zefe0g&D 5 7ufaeY nae 5 em&D 10rdepftcsdefwGif a'vDa&'D,dkrS
ArmNynfodkY[laom rSmMum;csufrdefYcGef;udktoHvGifhonf/ at&SnDnGwfa&;oYdk
[laom AdkvfcsKyf toHoGif;rdefYcGef;udkvnf; xdkaeYn 8 em&DcGJtcsdefwGif
a'vDa&'D,dkrS toHvGifhonf/ Zefe0g&Dv 13 &ufwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
OD;aqmifaom udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJYESifh NAdwdosS0efMuD;csKyftufwvD acgif;
aqmifaom NAdwdosSudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJYwdkY aqG;aEG;yGJudk vef'efNrdK htrSwf 10
a'gif;eif;vrf;&Sd NAdwdosS 0efMuD;csKyfa*[mü usif;yonf/ Zefe0g&Dv 28
&ufwGif atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyftm; vufrSwfxdk;onf/ azazmf0g&Dv 2
&ufaeY &efukefNyefa&mufonf/ azaz:0g&Dv 8 &ufaeY &Srf;Nynfawmifydkif;
yifvHkNrdKYodkY oGm;a&mufonf/ azaz:0g&Dv 12 &ufae hyifvHkpmcsKyfvufrSwf
a&;xdk;onf/ azaz:0g&Dv 28 &ufaeY NrdKYawmfcef;rwGif usif;yaom
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