Verification Manual

of GEO5 Gravity Wall program

Written by: Ing. Veronika Van

e
ckov
a, Ph.D.
Edited by: Ing. Ji
r Laurin
Verze: 1.0-en

1989 - 2009 Fine Ltd.

www.finesotware.eu

INTRODUCTION
This Gravity Wall program Verification Manual contains hand-made calculation of
following problems:
calculation of earth pressures
calculation of hydrodynamic pressure
verification of the wall with the help of theory of limit states
dimensioning of wall section according to EN 1992-1-1 [1]
verification of the wall influenced by earthquake according to Mononobe-Okabe
theory [2], [3]
In general this Verification Manual has been made to show the ability of the GEO5
software to provide a solution consistent with the result of hand-made calculations or
textbook solutions.
Results of hand-made calculations are compared with the results from GEO5 Gravity
Wall program.
For further details please refer to our verification example file (Demo.gtz download
http://www.finesoftware.eu/references/verification-manuals/) using our program GEO5
Gravity Wall (http://www.finesoftware.eu/geotechnical-software/gravity-wall/).

Contents
1 Example 1
1.1 Problem description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Verification of the whole wall . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Bearing capacity of the foundation soil . . . . .
1.4 Dimensioning - analysis of wall section . . . . .
1.5 Verification of the wall - influence of earthquake
1.6 Bearing capacity of the foundation soil . . . . .
Reference

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

1
1
1
11
11
16
23
23

Verification Manual

1
1.1

GEO5 Gravity Wall

Example 1
Problem description

In Fig. 1 is shown example of gravity wall with inclined footing bottom (inclination
1:10). Earth body is compounded from two soil layers and terrain is inclined (1:10).
Top layer (depth 1.5 m) is formed from sandy silt (MS), lower layer is clayey sand
(SC) at front face and back face of the wall. Groundwater table is in the level of layer
SC, i.e. 1.5 m behind the wall and 3.7 m in front of the wall. Soil properties (effective
parameters) are mentioned in the Tab. 1. Wall is made from plain concrete (bulk weight
= 23 kN/m3 ). Verification analysis of the wall is performed with the help of theory of
limit states.

Figure 1: Wall - geometry

Soil parameters (angle of friction and cohesion) are reduced by coefficients

m = 1.1 a mc = 1.4. Design values used in calculation are in Tab. 2.
1.2

Verification of the whole wall

Wall is divided into 5 parts (Fig. 1).

Parts 4 and 5 are under groundwater table, therefore bulk weight of concrete is reduced,
Calculation of weight and centroid of the wall.

www.finesotware.eu

1989 - 2009 Fine Ltd.

Verification Manual

GEO5 Gravity Wall

bulk weight
bulk weight of satur. soil
angle of internal friction
cohesion
angle of friction struc-soil
Poisson ratio

sat

MS
18.000
20.000
26.500
12.000
15.000
0.350

SC
18.500
20.500
27.000
8.000
15.000
0.350

[kN/m3 ]
[kN/m3 ]
[ ]
[kPa]
[ ]
-

Table 1: Soil properties - effective values

angle of internal friction

cohesion
angle of friction struc-soil

d
cd
d

MS
24.091
8.571
13.636

SC
24.545
5.714
13.636

[ ]
[kPa]
[ ]

Table 2: Design parameters of soil

i.e. = 23 - 10 = 13 kN/m3 . In the Tab. 3 are shown dimensions of the parts of the
wall, their weights and centroids.
height
block hi [m]
1 0.350
2 0.350
3 0.200
4 0.600
5 0.230
TOTAL

width
wi [m]
0.700
0.700
2.300
2.300
2.300

area
Ai [m2 ]
2.450
1.225
0.460
1.380
0.265

b. weight
[kN/m3 ]
23
23
23
13
13

weight force
Wi [kN/m]
56.350
28.175
10.580
17.940
3.439
116.484

point of action
xi [m]
zi [m]
1.950 -2.550
1.367 -1.967
1.150 -0.700
1.150 -0.300
1.533 0.077

Wi xi
109.883
38.506
12.167
20.631
5.272
186.459

W i zi
-143.693
-55.411
-7.406
-5.382
0.264
-211.628

Table 3: Weight of construction and centroids of its parts

. Centroid of the construction:

5
P

x=

5
P

z=

Wi xi

i=1

Wi zi

i=1

Calculation of front face resistance.

186.459
= 1.601 m
116.484

211.628
= 1.817 m
116.484
Depth of soil in front of the wall is 0.6 m.

Pressure at rest is considered.

. For cohesive soils the Terzaghi formula is used for computing of coefficient of earth
pressure at rest Kr:
www.finesotware.eu

1989 - 2009 Fine Ltd.

Verification Manual

GEO5 Gravity Wall

Kr =

0.35

=
= 0.538
1
1 0.35

. Hydraulic gradient (hw - water tables difference, dd - seepage path downwards, du

- seepage path upwards):
i=

hw
3.7 1.5
=
= 0.606
dd + du
3.03 + 0.6

. Unit weight of soil in the area of ascending flow:

= sat w i w = 20.5 10 0.606 10 = 4.439 kN/m3
. Vertical normal effective stress z in the footing bottom:
z = h = 4.439 0.6 = 2.664 kPa
. Pressure at rest r in the footing bottom:
r = Kr z = 0.538 2.664 = 1.434 kPa
. Resultant force of stress at rest Sr :
Sr =

1
1
r h = 1.434 0.6 = 0.430 kN/m
2
2

. Resultant force Sr is horizontally oriented, therefore:

Srx = Sr = 0.430 kN/m

Srz = 0 kN/m

. Point of action of resultant force Sr :

x=0 m

z=

h
0.6
=
= 0.200 m
3
3

Construction is at interface between soils MS and SC

divided into two levels, in each is calculated geostatic pressure z , active pressure a
and resultant force Sa (Fig. 2).
Calculation of active pressure.

www.finesotware.eu

1989 - 2009 Fine Ltd.

Verification Manual

GEO5 Gravity Wall

Figure 2: Geostatic pressure z and active pressure a

. Coefficients of the active pressure in both levels (back face inclination of the structure = 0 , inclination of terrain 6= 0 ):
cos2 (d )

Ka =

"

cos2 cos( + d ) 1 +

Kac =

#2

1
= 5.711
10

cos2 24.091
"

cos 13.636 1 +

Kac1 =

sin(d +d )sin(d )
cos(+d )cos()

cos d cos cos(d ) (1 + tan() tan )

(1 + sin(d + d )) (cos + d )

1 = arctan

Ka1 =

#2 = 0.410

sin(24.091+13.636)sin(24.0915.711)
cos 13.636cos(5.711)

cos 24.091 cos 5.711 cos 13.636 (1 + tan 0 tan 5.711)

= 0.594
(1 + sin(24.091 + 13.636 5.711)) cos 13.636

www.finesotware.eu

1989 - 2009 Fine Ltd.

Verification Manual

GEO5 Gravity Wall

2 = arctan

18 tan 5.711
1 tan 1
= arctan
= 5.557
2
18.5
cos2 24.545

Ka2 =

"

cos 13.636 1 +

Kac2 =

#2 = 0.402

sin(24.545+13.636)sin(24.5455.557)
cos 13.636cos(5.557)

cos 24.545 cos 5.557 cos 13.636 (1 + tan 0 tan 5.557)

= 0.588
(1 + sin(24.545 + 13.636 5.557)) cos 13.636

. Unit weight of soil SC in the area of descending flow:

2 = sat w + i w = 20.5 10 + 0.606 10 = 16.561 kN/m3
. Vertical geostatic stress z in 2 levels:
z1 = 1 h1 = 18 1.5 = 27.000 kPa

z2 = z1 + 2 h2 = 27 + 16.561 3.03 = 77.179 kPa

. Active pressure a in 2 levels:
a1 = Ka1 z1 2 cd1 Kac1 = 0.410 27.000 2 8.571 0.594 = 0.886 kPa

a2a = Ka2 z1 2 cd2 Kac2 = 0.402 27.000 2 5.714 0.588 = 4.121 kPa

a2b = Ka2 z2 2 cd2 Kac2 = 0.402 77.179 2 5.714 0.588 = 24.274 kPa
. Depth h0 in the first layer of soil MS, where is neutral active pressure (a = 0 kPa):
h0 =

2 cd1 Kac1
2 8.571 0.594
=
= 1.380 m
1 Ka1
18 0.410

. Resultant forces of the active pressure Sa and horizontal, resp. vertical components:

www.finesotware.eu

1989 - 2009 Fine Ltd.

Verification Manual

GEO5 Gravity Wall

Sa1 = 0.5 a1 (h1 h0 ) = 0.5 0.886 (1.5 1.38) = 0.053 kN/m

Sax1 = Sa1 cos d1 = 0.053 cos 13.636 = 0.052 kN/m

Saz1 = Sa1 sin d1 = 0.053 sin 13.636 = 0.013 kN/m

Sa2 = 0.5 (a2b a2a ) h2 + a2a h2

Sa2 = 0.5 (24.274 4.121) 3.03 + 4.121 3.03 = 43.019 kN/m

Sax2 = Sa2 cos d2 = 43.019 cos 13.636 = 41.807 kN/m

Saz2 = Sa2 sin d2 = 43.019 sin 13.636 = 10.142 kN/m

. Points of action of resultant forces Sa :
x1 = 2.300 m

z1 = 0.8 2

(1.5 1.38)
= 2.840 m
3

x2 = 2.300 m
1
1
3.032 (24.274 4.121) + 3.032 4.121
2
+ 0.23 = 0.927 m
z2 = 6
1
3.03 (24.274 4.121) + 3.03 4.121
2
. Total resultant force of the active pressure Sa and horizontal, resp. vertical component:

www.finesotware.eu

1989 - 2009 Fine Ltd.

Verification Manual

GEO5 Gravity Wall

2
X

Sax =

Saxi = 0.052 + 41.807 = 41.859 kN/m

i=1

2
X

Saz =

Sazi = 0.013 + 10.142 = 10.155 kN/m

i=1

Sa =

2 + S2 =
Sax
az

41.8592 + 10.1552 = 43.073 kN/m

. Point of action of the resultant force Sa :

2
P

x=

2
P

z=

Sazi xi

i=1

Saz

Saxi zi

i=1

Sax

0.029 + 23.327
= 2.300 m
10.155

0.147 38.738
= 0.929 m
41.859

The heel of a structure is sunk into permeable subsoil,

which allows free water flow below the structure. Therefore acting of hydrodynamic
pressure is considered and its resultant force is calculated (Fig. 3).
Calculation of water pressure.

. Horizontal water pressure w at interface of level 1 and 2:

w1 = w h1 = 10 2.2 = 22.000 kPa
. Resultant forces of water pressure Sw in 2 levels:
Sw1 =

1
1
w1 h1 = 22 2.2 = 24.200 kN/m
2
2

Sw2 =

1
1
w1 h2 = 22 0.83 = 9.130 kN/m
2
2

. Points of action of resultant forces:

x1 = 2.300 m

www.finesotware.eu

z1 = 0.6

2.2
= 1.333 m
3

1989 - 2009 Fine Ltd.

Verification Manual

GEO5 Gravity Wall

Figure 3: Hydrodynamic pressure w

z2 = 0.6 +

x2 = 2.300 m

0.83
= 0.323 m
3

. Total resultant force of the water pressure Sw :

Sw =

2
X

Swi = 24.2 + 9.130 = 33.330 kN/m

i=1

. Total point of action of the resultant force Sw :

x = 2.300 m
2
P

z=

Swi zi

i=1

Sw

32.267 2.952
= 1.057 m
33.330

The moment rotates around the beginning of

system of coordinates (left bottom corner of the footing).
Checking for overturning stability.

. Resisting moment Mr is reduced by coefficient of overall stability of structure

s = 0.9:

www.finesotware.eu

1989 - 2009 Fine Ltd.

Verification Manual

GEO5 Gravity Wall

Mr = 0.9 (116.484 1.601 + 10.155 2.3) = 188.833 kNm/m

Result from program GEO5 Gravity Wall:

Mr = 188.83 kNm/m

. Driving moment Mo :
Mo = 0.430 0.2 + 41.859 0.929 + 33.33 1.057 = 74.017 kNm/m
Result from program GEO5 Gravity Wall:

Mo = 74.02 kNm/m

. Usage:
Vu =

Mo
74.017
100 =
100 = 39.2 % O.K.
Mr
188.833

Result from program GEO5 Gravity Wall:

Checking for slip.

Vu = 39.2 % O.K.

Slip in the inclined footing bottom is checked. (Fig. 4).

Figure 4: Forces acting in the footing bottom - normal and shear soil reaction N and T , total
vertical and horizontal forces acting on the structure Fvert and Fhor

. Total vertical and horizontal forces Fvert and Fhor :

Fvert = 116.484 + 10.155 = 126.638 kN/m

www.finesotware.eu

1989 - 2009 Fine Ltd.

Verification Manual

GEO5 Gravity Wall

Fhor = 0.430 + 41.859 + 33.330 = 74.758 kN/m

. Normal force in the footing bottom (inclination of footing bottom b = 5.711 , see
Fig. 4):
N = Fvert cos b + Fhor sin b

N = 126.638 cos 5.711 + 74.758 sin 5.711 = 133.449 kN/m

. Shear reaction in the footing bottom:
T = Fvert sin b + Fhor cos b

T = 126.638 sin 5.711 + 74.758 cos 5.711 = 61.786 kN/m

. Eccentricity of the normal force (inclined width of the footing bottom d = 2.311
m):
Mr
188.830
Mo
74.017
2.311
d
=
0.9
= 0.138 m
e = 0.9
2
N
2
133.449
. Maximal allowable eccentricity:
ealw =

d
2.311
=
= 0.770 m
3
3

>

e = 0.138 m O.K.

. Resisting force Hr :
Hr = s (N tan d + cd (d 2 e))

Hr = 0.9 (133.449 tan 24.545 + 5.714 (2.311 2 0.138)) = 65.316 kN/m

Result from program GEO5 Gravity Wall:

Hr = 65.38 kN/m

. Driving force Hd :

www.finesotware.eu

10

1989 - 2009 Fine Ltd.

Verification Manual

GEO5 Gravity Wall

Hd = T = 61.786 kN/m
Result from program GEO5 Gravity Wall:

Hd = 61.79 kN/m

. Usage:
Hd
61.786
100 =
100 = 94.6 % O.K.
Hr
65.316

Vu =

Result from program GEO5 Gravity Wall:

1.3

Vu = 94.5 % O.K.

Bearing capacity of the foundation soil

Bearing capacity of the foundation soil is set as Rd = 100 kPa and is compared with
stress in the inclined footing bottom.
. Usage - eccentricity:
Vu =

e
ealw

100 =

0.138
100 = 17.9 % O.K.
0.770

Result from program GEO5 Gravity Wall:

Vu = 17.4 % O.K.

. Stress in the footing bottom:

=

N
133.449
=
= 65.570 kPa
(d 2 e)
(2.311 2 0.138)

Result from program GEO5 Gravity Wall:

= 65.20 kPa

. Usage:
Vu =

65.570
100 =
100 = 65.57 % O.K.
Rd
100

Result from program GEO5 Gravity Wall:

1.4

Vu = 65.2 % O.K.

Dimensioning - analysis of wall section

Cross-section in the level of the x-axis in Fig. 5 is analysed. Rectangular section (width
b = 1 m, height h = 1.4 m) is made from plain concrete C20/25 (characteristic strength
of concrete in tension fctk = 2200 kPa, characteristic cylindrical strength of concrete in
compression fck = 20000 kPa). Verification of cross-section made from plain concrete is
realized according to EN 1992 1-1 [1].
www.finesotware.eu

11

1989 - 2009 Fine Ltd.

Verification Manual

GEO5 Gravity Wall

Figure 5: Dimensioning of cross-section

Calculation of weight and centroid of the wall.

. Weight of the construction:

W = 23 (3.5 0.7 + 0.5 3.5 0.7) = 84.525 m

. Centroid of the construction:
23 (3.5 0.7 (0.7 + 0.35) + 0.5 3.5 0.7
x=

84.525

23 (3.5 0.7
z=

2 0.7
)
3
= 0.856 m

3.5
3.5
+ 0.5 3.5 0.7 )
2
3 = 1.556 m
84.525

In the first level is same active pressure as in the

verification of the whole wall (part 1.2). Centroids of all forces are recalculated.
Calculation of active pressure.

. Vertical geostatic stress z2 in the second level:

z2 = 27.0 + 16.561 2 = 60.121 kPa
. Active pressure a2b at the end of second level (value at the beginning is same, i.e.
a2a = 4.121 kPa):
a2b = 0.402 60.121 2 5.714 0.588 = 17.424 kPa

www.finesotware.eu

12

1989 - 2009 Fine Ltd.

Verification Manual

GEO5 Gravity Wall

. Resultant force of the active pressure Sa2 and horizontal, resp. vertical component:
Sa2 = 0.5 (17.424 4.121) 2 + 4.121 2 = 21.545 kN/m

Sax2 = Sa2 cos d2 = 21.545 cos 13.636 = 20.938 kN/m

Saz2 = Sa2 sin d2 = 21.545 sin 13.636 = 5.079 kN/m

. Points of action of resultant forces:
z1 = 2.84 + 0.8 = 2.040 m

x1 = 1.400 m

x2 = 1.400 m
1
(17.424 4.121) 22
6
= 0.794 m
4.121 2 + 0.5 (17.424 4.121) 2

0.5 4.121 22 +
z2 =

. Total resultant force of the active pressure Sa and horizontal, resp. vertical component:
Sax = 20.989 kN/m

Saz = 5.092 kN/m

Sa = 21.598 kN/m

. Point of action of resultant force Sa :

x = 1.400 m

z=

Calculation of water pressure.

2.040 0.052 0.794 20.938

= 0.797 m
21.598
Water pressure grows with height (h = 2 m).

. Horizontal water pressure w in the level of analysed cross-section:

w = w h = 10 2 = 20.000 kPa
. Resultant force of the water pressure Sw :
Sw =

www.finesotware.eu

1
1
w h = 20 2 = 20.000 kN/m
2
2

13

1989 - 2009 Fine Ltd.

Verification Manual

GEO5 Gravity Wall

. Point of action of the resultant force:

x = 2.300 m
2
z = = 0.667 m
3
Shear and normal force, bending moment and shear
strength of cross-section are calculated.
Verification of shear strength.

. Design shear force:

VEd = 20.989 + 20 = 40.989 kN/m
Result from program GEO5 Gravity Wall:

VEd = 40.94 kN/m

. Design normal force:

NEd = 84.525 + 5.092 = 89.617 kN/m
Result from program GEO5 Gravity Wall:

NEd = 89.57 kN/m

. Area of cross-section:
Acc = b h = 1 1.4 = 1.4 m2
. Stress in cross-section area:
cp =

89.617
NEd
=
= 0.064 MPa
Acc 1000
1.4 1000

. Design strength of concrete in compression (coefficients cc.pl = 0.8, c = 1.5):

fcd = cc.pl

fck
20
= 0.8
= 10.667 MPa
c
1.5

. Lower value of characteristic strength of concrete in tension:

2

fctk.005 = 0.7 (0.3 fck3 ) = 0.7 (0.3 20 3 ) = 1.547 MPa

. Design strength of concrete in tension (coefficients ct.pl = 0.8, c = 1.5):
fctd = ct.pl
www.finesotware.eu

fctk.005
1.547
= 0.8
= 0.825 MPa
c
1.5
14

1989 - 2009 Fine Ltd.

Verification Manual

GEO5 Gravity Wall

. Limit stress:
c.lim = fcd 2

c.lim = 10.667 2

fctd (fcd + ff ctd )

0.825 (10.667 + 0.825) = 4.508 MPa

. Shear strength:
v
u
u
t

2
fctd

fcvd =

fcvd =

max(0, cp c.lim )
+ cp fctd
2

v
u
u
t

0
0.8252 + 0.064 0.825
2

!2

!2

= 0.857 MPa

. Design shear strength (k = 1.5):

VRd =

fcvd Acc
0.857 1.4
=
= 799.523 kN/m
k
1.5

Result from program GEO5 Gravity Wall:

VRd = 799.37 kN/m

. Usage:
Vu =

VEd
40.989
100 =
100 = 5.1 % O.K.
VRd
799.523

Result from program GEO5 Gravity Wall:

Vu = 5.1 % O.K.

Verification of cross-section loaded by bending moment and normal force.

Mo-

ment turns around the cross-section centroid.

. Design bending moment:
MEd = 84.525 (0.856 0.7) 5.092 0.7 + 20.989 0.797 + 20 0.667 = 13.355 kN/m
Result from program GEO5 Gravity Wall:

MEd = 13.32 kNm/m

. Normal force eccentricity:

e=

www.finesotware.eu

MEd
13.355
=
= 0.149 m
NEd
89.617

15

1989 - 2009 Fine Ltd.

Verification Manual

GEO5 Gravity Wall

0.9

1.4
h
= 0.9
= 0.63 m
2
2

>

e = 0.149 m

. Effective height:
= h 2 e = 1.4 2 0.149 = 1.102 m
. Design normal strength ( = 1.0):
NRd = fcd = 1.102 1 10.667 = 11754.239 kN/m
Result from program GEO5 Gravity Wall:

NRd = 11758.56 kN/m

. Usage:
Vu =

NEd
89.617
100 = 0.8 % O.K.
100 =
NRd
11754.239

Result from program GEO5 Gravity Wall:

1.5

Vu = 0.8 % O.K.

Verification of the wall - influence of earthquake

Second stage of calculation shows the same wall with the influence of earthquake. Calculation of earthquake effects is made according to Mononobe-Okabe theory [2], [3]. Factor
of horizontal acceleration is kh = 0.05 (inertia force acts horizontally in unfavorable direction) and factor of vertical acceleration kv = 0.04 (inertia force acts downwards).
Coefficients of reduction of soil parameters and coefficient of overall stability of construction are equal to one (m = mc = s = 1.0). Therefore design soil properties are same
as characteristic values in Tab. 1.
Weight of the wall W = 116.484 kN/m (see part
1.2) is increased by weight force from earthquake.
Calculation of weight of the wall.

. Horizontal and vertical component of weight force from earthquake:

Weq.x = kh W = 0.05 116.484 = 5.824 kN/m

Weq.z = kv W = 0.04 116.484 = 4.659 kN/m

www.finesotware.eu

16

1989 - 2009 Fine Ltd.

Verification Manual

GEO5 Gravity Wall

Pressure at rest on front face of the wall is

considered same as in part 1.2, i.e. resultant force is Sr = 0.430 kN/m.
Calculation of front face resistance.

Active pressure a and resultant force Sa are calculated similarly as in the calculation without earthquake (part 1.2), geostatic stress z is
same, i.e. z1 = 27.000 kPa and z2 = 77.179 kPa.

Calculation of active pressure.

. Coefficients of the active pressure in both levels:

cos2 26.50

Ka1 =

"

cos 15 1 +

Kac1 =

#2 = 0.371

sin(26.5+15)sin(26.55.711)
cos 15cos(5.711)

cos 26.5 cos 5.711 cos 15 (1 + tan 0 tan 5.711)

= 0.562
(1 + sin(26.5 + 15 5.711)) cos 15

Ka2 =

cos2 27
"

cos 15 1 +

Kac2 =

#2 = 0.363

sin(27+15)sin(275.557)
cos 15cos(5.557)

cos 27 cos 5.557 cos 15 (1 + tan 0 tan 5.557)

= 0.556
(1 + sin(27 + 15 5.557)) cos 15

. Depth h0 in the first layer of soil MS, where is neutral active pressure (a = 0 kPa):
h0 =

2 12 0.562
2 c1 Kac1
=
= 2.019 m
1 Ka1
18 0.371

>

h1 = 1.5 m

Active pressure is in the whole first level equal to zero.

. Active pressure a in the second layer of soil SC:
a2a = Ka2 z1 2 c2 Kac2 = 0.363 27 2 8 0.556 = 0.903 kPa

a2b = Ka2 z2 2 c2 Kac2 = 0.363 77.179 2 8 0.556 = 19.126 kPa

. Total resultant force of the active pressure Sa and horizontal, resp. vertical component:

www.finesotware.eu

17

1989 - 2009 Fine Ltd.

Verification Manual

GEO5 Gravity Wall

Sa = 0.5 (a2b a2a ) h2 + a2a h2

Sa = 0.5 (19.126 0.903) 3.03 + 0.903 3.03 = 30.344 kN/m

Sax = Sa cos 2 = 30.344 cos 15 = 29.310 kN/m

Saz = Sa sin 2 = 30.344 sin 15 = 7.854 kN/m

. Point of action of the resultant force:
x = 2.300 m
1
1
3.032 (19.126 0.903) + 3.032 0.903
2
+ 0.23 = 0.826 m
z = 6
1
3.03 (19.126 0.903) + 3.03 0.903
2
Earthquake increases the effect

Increase of active pressure caused by earthquake.

of active pressure.
. Seismic inertia angle in the first layer of soil MS:
1 = arctan

kh
0.05
= arctan
= 2.752
1 kv
1 + 0.04

. Seismic inertia angle in the second layer of soil SC, where is restricted water:
2 = arctan

sat kh
20.5 0.05
= arctan
= 5.362
(sat w ) (1 kv )
(20.5 10) (1 + 0.04)

. Coefficients Kae for the active pressure in both levels:

Kae =

cos2 ( )
"

cos cos2 cos( + + ) 1 +

www.finesotware.eu

18

#2
sin(+)sin()
cos(++)cos()

1989 - 2009 Fine Ltd.

Verification Manual

GEO5 Gravity Wall

cos2 (26.5 2.752)

Kae1 =

"

cos 2.752 cos(2.752 + 15) 1 +

#2 = 0.410

sin(26.5+15)sin(26.52.7525.711)
cos(2.752+15)cos(5.711)

cos2 (27 5.362)

Kae2 =

"

cos 5.362 cos(5.362 + 15) 1 +

#2 = 0.443

sin(27+15)sin(275.3625.557)
cos(5.362+15)cos(5.557)

. Normal stress d for calculation of earthquake effects (stress grows from the bottom
of the wall - d2 is in the footing bottom level and d0 is in the terrain level):
d2 = 0 kPa

d1 = 2 h2 (1 kv ) = 16.561 3.03 (1 + 0.04) = 52.186 kPa

d0 = d1 + 1 h1 (1 kv ) = 52.186 + 18 1.5 (1 + 0.04) = 80.266 kPa

. Increase of the active pressure from earthquake effects in the first layer of soil MS:
ae0 = d0

(Kae1 Ka1 )
(0.410 0.371)
= 80.266
= 3.014 kPa
1 kv
1 + 0.04

ae1a = d1

(Kae1 Ka1 )
(0.410 0.371)
= 52.186
= 1.959 kPa
1 kv
1 + 0.04

. Increase of the active pressure from earthquake effects in the second layer of soil
SC:
ae1b = d1

(Kae2 Ka2 )
(0.443 0.363)
= 52.186
= 4.003 kPa
1 kv
1 + 0.04

ae2 = 0 kPa
. Resultant forces of increase of the active pressure Sae and horizontal, resp. vertical
components:

www.finesotware.eu

19

1989 - 2009 Fine Ltd.

Verification Manual

GEO5 Gravity Wall

Sae1 = 0.5 (ae0 ae1a ) h1 + ae1a h1

Sae1 = 0.5 (3.014 1.959) 1.5 + 1.959 1.5 = 3.730 kN/m

Saex1 = Sae1 cos 1 = 3.730 cos 15 = 3.603 kN/m

Saez1 = Sae1 sin 1 = 3.730 sin 15 = 0.965 kN/m

Sae2 = 0.5 ae1b h2 = 0.5 4.003 3.03 = 6.064 kN/m

Saex2 = Sae2 cos 2 = 6.064 cos 15 = 5.857 kN/m

Saez2 = Sae2 sin 2 = 6.064 sin 15 = 1.569 kN/m

. Points of action of resultant forces:
x1 = 2.300 m
1
1
1.52 1.959 + 1.52 (3.014 1.959)
3
= 3.603 m
z1 = 2.8 2
1.5 1.959 + 0.5 1.5 (3.014 1.959)

x2 = 2.300 m

z2 = 0.23

2
3.03 = 1.790 m
3

. Total resultant force of increase of the active pressure Sae and horizontal, resp.
vertical component:

www.finesotware.eu

20

1989 - 2009 Fine Ltd.

Verification Manual

GEO5 Gravity Wall

Saex =

2
X

Saexi = 3.603 + 5.857 = 9.460 kN/m

i=1

Saez =

2
X

Saezi = 0.965 + 1.569 = 2.535 kN/m

i=1

Sae =

2 + S2 =
Saex
aez

9.4602 + 2.5352 = 9.794 kN/m

. Point of action of the resultant force Sae :

x = 2.300 m
2
P

z=

Saexi zi

i=1

Saex

12.981 10.485
= 2.480 m
9.460

Water pressure is same as in the verification of the

whole wall (part 1.2), i.e. resultant force of the water pressure is Sw = 33.330 kN/m.
Calculation of water pressure.

The moment rotates around the beginning of

system of coordinates (left bottom corner of the footing).
Checking for overturning stability.

. Resisting moment Mr :
Mr = (116.484 + 4.659) 1.601 + (7.854 + 2.535) 2.3 = 217.810 kNm/m
Result from program GEO5 Gravity Wall:

Mr = 217.83 kNm/m

. Driving moment Mo :
Mo = 0.430.2+29.310.826+9.462.48+33.331.057+5.8241.817 = 93.377 kNm/m
Result from program GEO5 Gravity Wall:

Mo = 93.43 kNm/m

. Usage:
Vu =

www.finesotware.eu

Mo
93.377
100 =
100 = 42.9 % O.K.
Mr
217.810

21

1989 - 2009 Fine Ltd.

Verification Manual

GEO5 Gravity Wall

Result from program GEO5 Gravity Wall:

Vu = 42.9 % O.K.

Slip in the inclined footing bottom is checked. (Fig. 4).

Checking for slip.

. Total vertical and horizontal forces Fvert and Fhor :

Fvert = 116.484 + 4.659 + 7.854 + 2.535 = 131.531 kN/m

Fhor = 0.430 + 29.310 + 9.460 + 33.330 + 5.824 = 77.494 kN/m

. Normal force in the footing bottom (inclination of footing bottom b = 5.711 , see
Fig. 4):
N = 131.531 cos 5.711 + 77.494 sin 5.711 = 138.589 kN/m
. Shear reaction in the footing bottom:
T = 131.531 sin 5.711 + 77.494 cos 5.711 = 64.022 kN/m
. Eccentricity of the normal force (inclined width of the footing bottom d = 2.311
m):
e=

2.311 217.810 93.43

d Mr Mo

= 0.258 m
2
N
2
138.589

. Maximal allowable eccentricity:

ealw =

d
2.311
=
= 0.770 m
3
3

>

e = 0.258 m O.K.

. Resisting force Hr :
Hr = 138.589 tan 27 + 8 (2.311 2 0.258) = 84.981 kN/m
Result from program GEO5 Gravity Wall:

Hr = 85.07 kN/m

. Driving force Hd :
Hd = T = 64.022 kN/m
Result from program GEO5 Gravity Wall:

www.finesotware.eu

Hd = 64.05 kN/m
22

1989 - 2009 Fine Ltd.

Verification Manual

GEO5 Gravity Wall

. Usage:
Vu =

Hd
64.022
100 =
100 = 75.3 % O.K.
Hr
84.981

Result from program GEO5 Gravity Wall:

1.6

Vu = 75.3 % O.K.

Bearing capacity of the foundation soil

Bearing capacity of the foundation soil is set as Rd = 100 kPa and is compared with
stress in the inclined footing bottom.
. Usage - eccentricity:
Vu =

e
ealw

100 =

0.258
100 = 33.5 % O.K.
0.770

Result from program GEO5 Gravity Wall:

Vu = 33.1 % O.K.

. Stress in the footing bottom:

=

N
138.589
=
= 77.178 kPa
(d 2 e)
(2.311 2 0.258)

Result from program GEO5 Gravity Wall:

= 76.72 kPa

. Usage:
Vu =

77.178
100 = 77.2 % O.K.
100 =
Rd
100

Result from program GEO5 Gravity Wall:

Vu = 76.7 % O.K.

References
[1] Czech normalization institute: EN 1992-1-1, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete
structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings. CNI, Prague, 2006
[2] Mononobe N., Matsuo, H.: On the determination of earth pressure during
earthquakes. In Proc. Of the World Engineering Conf., Vol. 9, pg. 176, 1929
[3] Okabe S.: General theory of earth pressure. Journal of the Japanese Society of
Civil Engineers, Tokyo, Japan, 1926

www.finesotware.eu

23

1989 - 2009 Fine Ltd.