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NG LC HC CNG TRNH
CHNG 1: DAO NG CA H C MT BC T DO
1.1 MT S KHI NIM C BN V L THUYT DAO NG
0
M
y
P(t)
Hnh 1.1
(1-1)
v(t ) Acos t
(1-2)
a (t ) A 2 sin t
(1-3)
C vn tc
v gia tc
r
a
Acost
0
t
Asint
Lc ny, tr s A c gi l
bin dao ng, cn vn tc gc
c gi l tn s vng ca dao ng
l s dao ng ton phn ca h thc
hin trong 2 giy.
r
v
s
Hnh 1.2
nn T
2 1
,
do
2 f
2
2 f
T
(1-4)
T 2
(1-5)
1 2
(1-6)
0
t0=
T
A
a)
t
0A
A
s
S (t ) Asin t-
2
T
2
S (t ) Asin t-
b)
S (t ) Asin( t)
c)
t0
Hnh 1.3
(a)
S 2 (t ) A2 sin t
(b)
A1 A2cos
A2 sin
(1-7)
tg
v gc lch pha , m:
A2 sin
A1 A2cos
(1-8)
(c)
A
A2
A2 sin
A1
A2 cos
Hnh 1.4
1.1.3 Lc cn v cc m hnh lc cn
Dao ng t do ca h do mt nguyn nhn tc dng tc thi no gy ra
ri mt i s khng tn ti mi, m s mt i sau mt khong thi gian. S d nh
vy l do trong qu trnh dao ng, h lun lun phi chu tc dng ca mt s lc
gy cn tr dao ng m ta gi l lc cn. Lc cn do nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra
nh : ma st gia cc mt tip xc m ta gi l lc cn ma st; sc cn ca mi
trng nh khng kh, cht lng hay lc ni ma st m ta gi chung l lc cn
nht.
Trong chuyn ng c hc, ngi ta thng chia lc cn thnh ba nhm
chnh:
1- Lc cn ma st c xc nh theo nh lut Culong
Rc C1.N
Trong :
(1-9)
C1 l h s ma st,
Rc C2 .v
(1-10)
Trong : C2 l h s cn nht
v l vn tc chuyn ng,
v = (t)
(1-11)
1, Lc cn Culng
1.2
a)
y(t)
yt M
b)
y(t)
y
P=1
c)
Rh
M
P(t)
Rc (t )
P(t)
z (t )
P(t)
z
M hnh tnh
d)
f)
Hnh 1.6
Hay
(1-12)
Phng trnh (1-12) l phng trnh vi phn (PTVP) dao ng ngang tng
qut ca h n hi tuyn tnh mt bc t do chu lc cn nht tuyn tnh. Trong
, C l h s cn c th nguyn l [ lc thi gian / chiu di]; K l cng ca
h, l gi tr lc t tnh ti khi lng lm cho khi lng dch chuyn mt lng
bng n v, v c th nguyn l [lc / chiu di ].
Phng trnh (1-12) cng c th c thit lp da vo biu thc chuyn
v. Tht vy, nu k hiu l chuyn v n v theo phng chuyn ng ti ni
t khi lng (hnh 1.6c) cn gi l mm ca h mt bc t do- th dch
chuyn y(t) ca khi lng ti thi im t do tt c cc lc tc dng trn h gy ra,
theo nguyn l cng tc dng s l:
&(t ) Cy&(t )
y (t ) P (t ) My&
&(t ) Cy&(t ) Ky (t ) P (t )
My&
Hay
Trong
chnh l
(1-12)
(1-13)
c gi l cng ca h.
Gii PTVP (1-12) s xc nh c phng trnh chuyn ng, vn tc, v
gia tc chuyn ng ca khi lng; T c th xc nh c cc i lng
nghin cu trong h. Sau y ta s gii bi ton trong mt s trng hp.
1.3
Hay l
&
y&(t ) 2 y (t ) 0
(1-14)
Trong
K
1
g
g
(M )
M M G yt
(1-15)
(a)
v t 0 v0
(1-16)
A2 = v0
(b)
Hay
v0
sin t
y (t ) y0 sin t+ + 0 sin t
2
(1-17)
(1-17)
Trong
arctg
(1-18)
2
0
y0
v0
(1-19)
K1
K2
K1
K2
K1
K2
P(t)
P(t)
P(t)
k i
Hnh 1.7
V D 1.1:
C
a)
G=Mg
(1-20)
ki
kisin2
10
cm 4 ; l=1m.
12
l
4
3l
4
P=1
b)
P=1
M
3
m
16
Hnh 1.8
10
1
EJ
3
1 2 3
3m3
3 1
16
2 3 16
256 EJ
4 4
(a)
3m3
2, 25kNm3
0, 75kN
256 EJ
256 EJ
(b)
256 2,1104 44
70, 6 s 1
2, 25 12 1003
(c)
2 2 3,1416
0, 089 s
70, 6
(d)
V D 1.2:
Trn khung ba khp c t vt nng trng lng G (hnh 1.9a). B qua nh
hng ca khi lng khung, lc ct , v lc dc ti din dng. Hy xc nh tn
s dao ng ring theo phng ng v phng ngang ca h.
Gii: Chuyn v n v theo phng ng g, v phng ngang ng ti ni t
khi lng c tnh theo cng thc Maxwell Mohr. T cc biu m men
n v trn hnh 1.9b, v c, ta c:
l3
l l 1 2 l 1
2
4 2 2 3 4 EJ 48 EJ
(a)
h.l 2 1
h 3 h 2l
h.h 2
h l
2 3 EJ
3EJ
2 3
(b)
g
ng
48 EJg 1
Gl 3 s
ng =
G ng
3EJg
1
G h 3 h 2l s
11
P=1
P=1
G
h
(EJ=hng s)
a)
b)
c)
Hnh 1.9
1.3.2 Dao ng t do c lc cn
Khi coi lc cn t l vi vn tc, PTVP dao ng t do tng qut c dng:
&(t ) Cy&(t ) Ky (t ) 0
My&
(1-21)
Hay
&
y&(t ) 2 y&(t ) 2 y (t ) 0
(1-21)
y ta t
c
M
cng c gi l h s cn
(1-22)
y (t ) e t A1e
(a)
y (t ) A1e 1t A2e 2 t
2 2 t
A2 e
s c dng:
2 2 t
(1-23)
KM
y(t)
2 2
t
0
Hnh 1.10
12
(1-24)
(b)
(1-23)
(1-25)
thay vo (1-23) ta c:
y (t ) e t A1 A2 cos 1t i A1 A2 sin 1t
hay l,
Trong ,
y (t ) e t B1 cos 1t B2 sin 1t
B1 = A1 + A2 ;
B2 = i ( A1 A2 )
(1-23)
(c)
B2 = ( v0 + y0 ) / 1
(d)
(1-26)
13
Trong ,
A =
v y 0
y 0
1
2
0
= arctg (
(1-27)
y 0 1
)
v 0 y 0
Ae t
A
yn+1
0
yn
T1
Ae t
T1 = =
1
2
2 2
(1-28)
An
Ae t sin 1t
e t
t T1
t T1 eT1 = hng s
An 1 Ae
sin1 t T1 e
Suy ra,
An
T1 = ln ( A
n 1
)=
(1-29)
14
2, i vi kt cu g
3, i vi cc kt cu b tng ct thp
T1 = (0,016 0,032)2 0,08 0,2
4, i vi cu thp
5, Vi cu b tng ct thp:
--- = 0,31
6, Vi dm b tng ct thp:
An / A n+1 = 0,5.
= ln(A n/A n+1) = ln0,5 = 0,693.
= 0,693 / T1
1 =
2 2
= 0,6931 / 2 = 0,111
suy ra,
hay
= 2 0,111 2 = 0,994 .
15
= T = . = 2;
Do :
An
T
=
e
= e 2 = 529.
A n 1
Ngha l bin dao ng sau mt chu k gim i 529 ln, hay ni cch
khc, khi h chu lc cn trung bnh, h gn nh khng dao ng m ch chuyn
ng tim cn dn ti v tr cn bng ban u. iu ny nht qun vi kt lun
c cp ti mc a.
1.4
Phng trnh vi phn dao ng tng qut trong trng hp ny, theo (1-12) s l:
&(t ) Cy&(t ) Ky (t ) P0 s inrt
My&
Hay l
(1-30)
P0
s inrt
M
&
y&(t ) 2 y&(t ) 2 y (t )
(1-30)
(a)
1.4.1 Xt trng hp lc cn b:
Nghim y0(t) tnh theo (1-26), cn nghim ring y1(t) c th xc nh bng
nhiu cch, v d phng php bin thin hng s Lagrange.Song thun tin hn,
y ta gii bng phng php na ngc nh sau:
Gi thit nghim ring di dng tng qut sau
y1(t) = A1sinrt + A2cosrt
Hay l
y1(t) = A0 sin(rt - )
(1-31)
2
&
y&
1 (t ) r A0 sin( rt )
(b)
16
(c)
Biu thc (d) phi bng khng vi mi t ty ; Mun vy, cc biu thc h
s ca sinrt v cosrt phi bng khng. T suy ra:
A0 =
P0
M r cos 2r sin
(1-
32)
tg =
2r
r2
2
(1-
32)
Thay (1-32) v (1-32) vo (1-31) ta c nghim ring y 1(t); Ri li thay
(1-26) v (1-31) vo (a) ta c nghim tng qut ca PTVP dao ng (1-30) l:
y (t ) A sin(1t ) A0 sin(rt )
Trong :
(1-33)
(1-34)
17
T (1-32) ta c,
ri thay vo (1-32) c:
A0 = P0 cos / M(2-r2)
(f )
1
2
M =
Cos(artg) =
(g)
1 2
Ta c,
P0
2
2
A0 = M r
2r
1 2 2
r
P0
M r
2
r 2 2r
2
r2
hay
P0
A0 = M 2 r 2 4r 2 2
2
K hiu:
.P0 yt( P0 )
P0
r2
4r 2 2
1 2
4
K =
Th ta c
r2
1 2
4r 2 2
4
A0 yt( P0 ) .K
(1-35)
(1-32)
18
1
r2
1 2
(1-36)
r
0
th
K 1
th
K 0
r
1
th
19
4
3
=0
0,2
0,5
0,3
c
2 kM
2
0,4
0,6
1
0
=1
0,5
1,5
b) Lc cn b
b) Xt trng hp lc cn b:
Trong trng hp ny, K khng nhng ph thuc t s r/, m cn ph
thuc vo h s cn . Trn hnh 1.12b cho ta cc ng cong quan h ny ng
vi cc h s cn khc nhau, v thy rng:
b1- H s cn cng ln th K cng nh; Thm ch khi
C 2
KM
cng tc l
K
2M
(1-37)
20
= 0 suy ra
1 2
2
c2
<1
2
2M 2 2
(1-
37)
(B qua bin i chi tit)
Tuy nhin s sai khc ny l nh, nn thc t vn coi gn ng K t gi tr
ln nht khi r/ 1.
1.5
0
Hnh 1.13: Ti trng kch
ngng
(1-38)
hay
P0
f (t )
M
&
y&(t ) 2 y (t )
(1-39)
(1-39)
21
y&(t )cos( t)
ta c:
&os t y 2 sin t yc
&os t
y&sin t yc
&
P0
f (t )sin t
M
P
d
d
y&sin t ycos t 0 f (t )sin t
dt
dt
M
Hay
(a)
y&sin
t
t0
y cos
t
t0
t0
P0
f ( ) sin d
M
(b)
y ( ) t y0 ; y&( ) t v0
0
(c)
P0
f ( ) sin( ) d
M
(1-40)
P0
f ( )cos( ) d
M
(1-40)
(d)
Ta c
22
P0
f ( )sin (t ) d
M
Suy ra
P0
v0
sin (t t0 ) y0cos (t-t 0 )
M
y (t )
f ( )sin (t )d
t0
Hay
v0
P0
sin (t t0 ) yt
y (t ) y0cos (t-t 0 )
f ( ) sin (t ) d
t0
(1-41)
(P )
Trong , yt P0 l chuyn v tnh ca khi lng do lc c tr s bng
0
P0 t tnh gy ra.
(1-41) l nghim tng qut ca PTVP (1-39), trong c cha tch phn
t
K (t ) f ( )sin (t )d
(1-42)
t0
(1-43)
Ch : Li gii (1-41), hay (1-43) l li gii tng qut khng nhng cho trng
hp ti trng kch ng nh trnh by trn, m cho ti trng ng bt k c th
biu din c dng (1-38).
Hm K(t) ng vai tr nh hng ca tc dng ng, n l hm ca thi
gian, c gi l hm nhn t ng hay l hm ng lc. Gi tr ln nht ca K(t)
chnh l h s ng. Trong thc t tnh ton, ta cn xc nh gi tr ln nht ny.
23
K(t)
1) Lc khng i tc ng
t ngt vo khi lng.
th hm cht ti nh
2
trn hnh 1.14a; Lc ny c:
1
P = P0
f(t) = 1 (t 0)
(a)
Nn,
t
K(t) =
2T
sin(t-) d
= 1 cost
(b)
ta c:
K(t) = 1 cost
Khi t1 t ,
(c 1)
t1
t
) sin(t- 1 )
2
2
(c2)
t1
c th hin trn hnh 1.15c. R rng l, khi t 1 cng ln, trng hp ny
T
T
l c th coi nh trng
2
k(t)
2
P(t)
P
0
t1
a)
Dng cht ti
5
t1 T
4
max k(t)
T
t1
10
1
0
b)
t1
2
t
4t1 5t1
t1
T
1
0
0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8
c) Quan h gia K vi
Bin i ca K(t) ng
vi cc t1 khc nhau
Hnh 1.15
3- Ti trng tng tuyn tnh ri sau khng i (nh trn hnh 1.16a.)
t
sint
K(t) = t - t = t ( 2 t )sint
1
1
1
1
Khi t1 t,
c P = P0;
(d1)
(d2)
2
l chu k dao ng t do.
t1
nh trn hnh 1.16c. Ta
T
25
k(t) t T
1
4
t1
10T
3
max k(t)
P(t)
P
0
a)
t1
t1
b)
2t1
t1
T
0
1
3t1 4t1
c)
Hnh 1.16
t1
,
2
Khi 0 t
2t
c P = 2( t )P0;
1
c:
2t
t1
( t )sint
1
(f1)
Khi
2t
t1
t t1, c P = (2- t )P0;
2
1
2t
2t
Cn f(t) = (2- t ); Nn ta c:
1
P = 0;
(f2)
Cn f(t) = 0; Nn lc ny ta c:
(f3)
k(t) t 5T
1
4
t1
T
4
P(t)
P
t
0
a)
t1
nh trn hnh 1.17c. V ta thy K lun lun nh
T
t1
max k(t)
2
0
b)
t1
2t1
3t1 4t1
t1
T
1
0
1
c)
Hnh 1.17
v0
J
M
(g)
***********
27
M2
P2(t)
Pn(t)
.....
.
.....
.
y
y1(t)
y2(t)
Mn
yn(t)
Hnh 2.1
28
(a)
(b)
(c)
( k = 1, 2, ,n)
Song trong trng hp ny, s dng biu thc chuyn v t ra thun tin hn.
Chuyn v ca cc khi lng ti thi im no , gi s xt khi lng
th k,
yk(t) = k1 F1(t) + k2 F2(t) +..+ kn Fn(t)
(d)
................................................................
yn (t ) n1 F1 (t ) n 2 F2 (t ) .... nn Fn (t )
(f)
29
....
yn (t )
11 12
22
21
.... ....
n1 n 2
....
....
....
....
1n F1 (t )
F (t )
2
2 n
....
....
F
nn n (t )
(f)
N ....21 ....22
n1 n 2
.... 1n
M1
.... 2 n
; M
....
.... ....
.... nn
C11 C12
C
C
C
....21 ....22
Cn1 Cn 2
.... C1n
.... C2 n
.... ....
.... Cnn
y1 (t )
y (t )
y (t ) 2 ;
....
yn (t )
y&1 (t )
y&2 (t )
;
y&(t )
....
y&n (t )
M2
.... ....
;
....
M n
(2-1)
y&
&
1 (t )
&
y&(t )
y&(t ) 2
;
&
....
&
y&
n (t )
P1 (t )
P (t )
P (t ) 2
....
Pn (t )
( 2-2)
30
Rc (t ) R1 (t )
R2 (t ) .... Rn (t ) C y&(t )
T
(2-3)
(f)
y, [E] l ma trn n v cp n.
k11 k12
k
k
1
K N ....21 ....22
kn1 kn 2
....
....
....
....
k1n
k2 n
....
knn
(2-4)
(2-5)
(2-6)
v gia tc
yk (t ) Ak sin(t )
(2-7)
2
&
y&
k (t ) Ak sin(t )
(2-8)
M A K A sin(t ) 0
2
K A M A K M A 0
2
nn,
(2-9)
(2-10)
11
M 1 2
k21
k12
22
M 2 2
....
k1n
....
k2 n
....
....
....
....
kn1
kn 2
....
nn
(2-10)
M n 2
32
1
) c:
2
1
N M 2
2 N K
2
2 E N M
Hay
A 0
A 0
(2-9)
u
1
2
(2-11)
Hay
(2-11)
M 111 u
D
M 1 21
....
M 1 n1
M 212
M 2 22 u
....
M 2 n 2
....
....
....
....
M n1n
M n 2 n
0
....
M n nn u
(2-11)
Nh vy, phng trnh tn s c th biu din qua ma trn cng hoc qua
ma trn mm. Tuy nhin trong thc t, ngi ta hay dng ma trn mm hn, v cc
phn t ca n c xc nh d dng hn nh cng thc tnh chuyn v
Maxwell- Mohr quen thuc.
V D 2.1
Xc nh cc tn s dao ng ring ca dm cho trn hnh 2-2a. Bit dm c
E J = hng s, M1 =M2 =M, khi tnh b qua khi lng dm.
33
Bi gii
Bi ton ny c hai BTD, nn phng trnh
tn s l nh thc cp hai sau:
11M1 u
12 M 2
22 M 2 u
21M1
=0
(a)
ik = M i M M M k
0
i
M1
a)
3l 3
12 21
512 EJ
3l
4
Pk=1
Mk
4
P2=1
M2
3l
32
u2
e)
Mk
l
f)
px
1
48EJ
EJ
6,9282
3
u1
Ml
Ml 3
3
7 Ml
768EJ
suy ra 2
l
Pk=1
(c)
Ml 3
48EJ
suy ra 1
32
M1
23l 3
11 22
;
1536 EJ
P1=1
(b)
Cc biu m men n v v c d)
nh trn hnh 2-2b,c,d,e; Thc hin nhn cc
biu ta c:
M2
g)
y
Hnh 2.2
1
109, 72 EJ
EJ
10, 4745
3
u2
Ml
Ml 3
34
ai a1i
a2 i
.... ani
.... aki
(2-12)
(2-9)
ai a1i 1
a2i
.... aki
.... ani
(2-12)
35
A a1
a2
a11 1
a21
.... an
....
an1
a12 1
....
....
....
....
a22
....
an 2
a1n 1
a2 n
....
ann
(2-13)
Cng cn phi ni thm rng, (2-9) hay (2-9)l bi ton tr ring in hnh,
nn vic gii phng trnh (2-9) xc nh cc tn s dao ng ring v cc
dng dao ng ring tng ng nh trnh by trn, thc cht l xc nh cc
gi tr ring v cc vc t ring tng ng ca bi ton tr ring ny nh ta quen
thuc trong i s hc.
B- Tnh cht trc giao gia cc dng dao ng ring
Cc dng dao ng ring ca h nhiu bc t do c tnh cht trc giao.
Tht vy, xt hai dng dao ng th i v th k. Thay i v k vo (2-9) ri chuyn
v, ta c:
Vi i c:
K ai M i2 ai
(a)
Vi k c:
K ak M k2 ak
(b)
ai K i2 ai M
T
(c)
ai K ak i2 ai M ak
(c)
ai K ak k2 ai M ak
(b)
2
2
Tr hai phng trnh cho nhau: (c) ' (b) ' i k ai
V i k, ta suy ra:
ai M ak 0
T
M ak 0
(2-14)
36
M1
a1i
a2i
..... ani
....
M2
.... ....
....
M n
a1k
a 2 k
a1i M 1a1k a2i M 2 a2 k .... ani M n ank
....
a nk
a ji M j a jk 0
(2-14)
j 1
(2-15)
B b1
b2
b11 b12
b
b
.... bn 21 22
.... ....
bn1 bn 2
....
....
....
....
b1n
b2 n
....
bnn
(2-13)
B M B E
T
(2-15)
bi ai
(2-16)
Trong di l mt h s.
37
di2 ai
M ai
(2-16)
K hiu ma trn
12
n2
2
2
(2-17)
K B M B
(a)
B K B
T
(2-18)
y (t ) B q(t )
(2-19)
M B q&&(t ) K B q(t ) 0
(b)
q&&(t ) q(t ) 0
(2-20)
(2-21)
( i = 1,2, ...., n)
Gii (2-21) (Xem chng 1- h mt BTD) ta c cc nghim q i(t), ri thay
vo (2-19) ta c li gii ca bi ton.
38
V D 2.2
Xc nh cc tn s dao ng ring v cc dng dao ng tng
ng ca dm conson trn c t hai khi lng tp trung nh trn hnh 2-3a.
Dm c EJ khng i v b qua khi lng dm khi tnh. Cho M =
ml
( m l
4
Bi gii:
H c hai BTD. Cc chuyn v n v tnh c theo cng thc MaxwellMohr v cho kt qu nh sau:
M1=2M
a)
M2=M
2
3,05472
b)
y
3,05472
c)
0,65472
0,65472
y
1
Hnh 2-3
11
l
;
24 EJ
22
l3
;
3EJ
12 21
5l 3
48 EJ
(a)
1, Xc nh cc tn s dao ng ring
Cng nh v d 2-1, thay (a) vo phng trnh tn s (2-11) ta c mt
phng trnh bc hai i vi u, gii phng rnh ny ta c (b qua tnh ton chi
tit):
u1 0,1004
ml 4
,
EJ
suy ra
3,156 EJ
l2
m
(b)
39
v
2,
u2 0, 0043
ml 4
,
EJ
suy ra
16, 258 EJ
l2
m
a1 a11
a21 1, 0 3, 05472
T
a2 a12
a22 1, 0 0, 65472
T
1,0
1,0
11
12
[A] =
a 21 a 22 3,05472 0,65472
(c)
1,0
Suy ra d1 = 3,3662
40
1,0
1,0
0,2971
{b1} = d {a1} =
3,3662 M 3,05472
1
0,90747
{b2} =
1
1
{a } =
d2 2
1,55842 M
1,0
0,64168
- 0,65472
- 0,42012
1
M
1
M
0,641677
1
M
(d)
....
P(t )
Pk (t )
....
....
P (t )
n
(a)
P (t )
'
'
'
P21 (t ) P22 (t ) .... P2i (t ) .... P2 n (t )
2
..........................................................
....
....
..........................................................
'
'
'
'
P
(
t
k
)
Pk1 (t ) Pk 2 (t ) .... Pki (t ) .... Pkn (t )
....
...........................................................
....
...........................................................
P (t )
P ' (t ) P ' (t ) .... P ' (t ) .... P ' (t )
n
n2
ni
nn
n1
(b)
41
(2-22)
P (t ) P (t )
'
1
'
11
P (t ) P (t )
'
2
'
12
P (t ) P
'
n
'
1n
(2-23)
Trong :
Mk l khi lng th k
aki l bin dao ng ca khi lng th k tng ng vi dng dao ng
th i [xem (2-12)]
Hi(t) l hm tng ng vi dng chnh th i, cha bit m ta phi xc nh.
p dng (2-23) cho tt c cc khi lng, ta c vc t ngoi lc ng tc
dng ti cc khi lng tng ng vi dng dao ng th i.
42
P1'i (t ) M 1a1i H i (t )
'
P2i (t ) M 2 a2i H i (t )
..........
..........
'
Pki (t ) M k aki H i (t )
..........
...........
P ' (t ) M a H (t )
n ni
i
ni
P2i (t )
....
Pi ' (t ) P ' (t )
ki
....
'
Pni (t )
M2
....
Mk
....
M n
a1i
a
2i
...
H i (t )
aki
...
ani
P (t ) M a H (t )
'
(2-24)
(c)
ai P(t ) ai M a1 H1 (t ) ai M a2 H 2 (t ) .... ai M ai H i (t )
T
.... ai
M an H n (t )
(d)
ai P(t ) ai M ai H i (t )
T
ai P(t )
H i (t )
T
ai M ai
T
hay
(2-25)
43
P (t ) M a
i
ai P(t )
T
ai M ai
T
'
(2-24)
Ch :
1- Khi s dng cng thc (2-24) cn lu : (2-24) c hai tha s, (mi
tha s c t trong du ngoc n), v phi tnh ring tng tha s; Tha s
th nht l mt vc t c n phn t; tha s th hai cho ta mt con s; Tch hai
tha s ny l mt vc t c n phn t chnh l vc t ti trng tng ng vi dng
dao ng th i.
Ln lt cho ( i= 1, 2, ..., n) vo (2-24); ta xc nh c n vc t ti trng
tng ng vi n dng dao ng ring ca h, c tch ra t h ti trng cho
ban u. C th kim tra s ng n ca php phn tch t cng thc (b), hoc
(2-22).
2- Bng cch tng t, ta cng c th phn tch chuyn v theo cc dng
dao ng ring.
Nh phn tch h ti trng cho theo cc dng dao ng ring, v nhiu
khi c chuyn v, m sau ny, khi nghin cu dao ng cng bc ca h nhiu
bc t do, ta cng c th chuyn vic gii bi ton h nhiu bc t do phc tp v
gii nhiu bi ton nh h mt bc t do n gin c nghin cu k
chng 1.
2.4
P (t ) P (t )
*
*
1
(2-26)
44
P(t ) P1 (t )
P1* (t )
M1
P2 (t ) .... Pn (t )
P2* (t )
P1 (t )
P2 (t )
M1
M2
(2-27)
Pm* (t )
.....
.
M2
.....
.
.....
.
Mn
Pn (t )
Mn
.....
.
Hnh 2.4
v
*ik l chuyn v n v ti khi lng th i do lc bng n v t ti lc
P*k(t) gy ra;
ij l chuyn v n v ti khi lng th i do lc bng n v t ti khi
lng th j gy ra. Khi , chuyn v ti cc khi lng th (1, 2, , n ) do h lc
{P*(t)} gy ra, bng chuyn v ny, do h lc thay th {P(t)} gy ra, ngha l:
y1 (t ) 11* P1* (t ) 12* P2* (t ) ... 1*m Pm* (t ) 11 P1 (t ) 12 P2 (t ) ... 1n Pn (t )
....
................................................... ................................................
* *
* *
*
*
yi (t ) i1 P1 (t ) i 2 P2 (t ) ... im Pm (t ) i1 P1 (t ) i 2 P2 (t ) ... in Pn (t )
....
................................................... .................................................
*
yn (t ) n*1 P1* (t ) n*2 P2* (t ) ... nm
Pm* (t ) n1 P1 (t ) n 2 P2 (t ) ... nn Pn (t )
(c )
N *
11* 12*
*
22*
21
.... ....
*
*
n1 n 2
.... 1*m
.... 2*m
.... ....
*
.... nm
(2-28)
P (t ) N P(t )
*
(c)
45
Suy ra,
P(t ) N
N *
P (t )
*
(2-29)
(a)
( i = 1, 2, , n)
Khi , i lng nghin cu S (c th l ni lc, chuyn v, phn lc, v.v.)
ti tit din K no trn h c tnh theo nguyn l cng tc dng nh sau:
S K (t ) S KP (t ) S K 1Z1 (t ) S K 2 Z 2 (t ) ... S Kn Z n (t )
(b)
46
(2-30)
Trong ,
S KP0
Zi
(c)
ng thi,
Trong ,
iP (t ) iP0 s inrt
(d)
2
&
y&
i (t ) r i s inrt
Z i (t ) M i &
y&
i (t )
Z i (t ) M i r 2 i s inrt=M i r 2 yi (t )
Hay rt ra:
yi (t )
1
Z i (t )
M ir 2
(f)
(2-31)
47
1
Z
...
i1Z1 i 2 Z 2 ... ii
sin rt 0
i
in
n
iP
0
M i r 2
(g)
(2-32)
( i = 1, 2, , n)
Trong ta k hiu,
1
ii* ii
M i r 2
(2-33)
( i = 1,2,,n)
Gii h phng trnh (2-32) ta c bin ca cc lc qun tnh. Nu kt
qu tnh ra dng, th chiu gi thit ban u ca lc l ng; Nu kt qu tnh ra
m, th chiu gi thit l sai v phi i ngc li. t cc lc qun tnh v cc lc
kch thch theo ng chiu , v c tr s bng bin ca chng; ta s xc nh
c i lng cn tm bng l thuyt tnh hc c trnh by trong gio trnh
c hc kt cu.
V D 2. 3
Cho dm di l = 6m, trn t hai m t, trng lng mi m t l G = 10
kN. Khi m t th nht quay vi vn tc n = 450 v/pht to ra lc ly tm P 0 = 5
kN. Xem hnh 2.5a.
Yu cu : Xc nh cc tn s dao ng ring, v v biu bin m men
ng, v biu m men tng cng ca dm. Bit dm c: J = 8880 cm4;
E = 2,1. 104 kN/cm2; Ly g = 981cm/s2 v b qua khi lng v trng lng ca
dm trong tnh ton.
48
P(t)=P0sinrt
M1
a)
M2
G1
b)
2
P0l
9
c)
d)
G2
l
P0
54,855
58.41
M Po
M t( M )
kNm
20
20
P1=1
2
l
9
Md
kNm
M1
P2=1
M2
M tc
kNm
78.41
74,855
2
l
9
Hnh 2.5
Gii:
1, Xc nh cc tn s dao ng ring
M 212
0
M 2 22 u
(a)
4l 3
;
243EJ
12 21
7l 3
486 EJ
(b)
12
Nn
Thay
5Ml 3
u2
162 EJ
1 162 EJ
;
u2
5Ml 3
22
1 486 EJ
u1
Ml 3
(c)
G 10kNs 2
kNs 2
1, 02
; l 6m v EJ vo (c), ta c
g 9,81m
m
1 52,5s 1
2 203s 1
49
(d)
*
21Z1 22 Z 2 2 P0 0
m
;
kN
12 = 21 = 1,67. 10-4
m
kN
m
;
kN
(b)
(f)
gin hn, bi v:
1P0 P0 .11 5kN .1,908
2 P0 P0 . 21 5kN .1, 67
m
9,54.104 m
kN
m
8,35.104 m
kN
(g)
Z2 = 25,65 kN
(h)
3, V cc biu ni lc yu cu
C hai cch v biu bin m men ng
a, Cch v trc tip:
Theo cch ny, ta t vo h cc lc c tr s bng bin cc ngoi lc
ng v bin cc lc qun tnh, ri tnh ton nh vi bi ton tnh di tc
dng ca cc lc ny.
50
(i)
tng qut, h s K ti cc tit din khc nhau l khc nhau. Nh vy, khc vi h
mt bc t do, i vi h nhiu bc t do, ta khng c mt h s K chung cho tt
c cc tit din ; cng nh khng c mt h s K chung cho tt c cc i lng
nghin cu. Tuy nhin nh sau ny s thy, n gin trong tnh ton , ng thi
thin v an ton, i vi mt i lng nghin cu ta cng c th dng mt h s
K chung, l K ca tit din c tr s K ln nht. V d trng hp ang xt,
h s ng c tr s ln nht i vi m men l ti tit din t khi lng M2:
Max K =
58,855
3,335
= 16,4.
(k)
51
Trong ,
r=
(c gi l tn s c bn ca lc kch thch)
T
1
a0 =
T
P t dt
0
k
ak =
T
P t
sinkrt dt
(2-
34)
bk =
k
T
P t coskrt dt
0
(2-35)
Hay
(2-35)
(2-36)
52
( i = 1, 2, ...., n)
Trong , Bij (i, j = 1,2,....,n) l cc phn t ca ma trn chun ha B .
Nghim ca phng trnh (2-36) c biu din qua tch phn Duhamel
(1- 41) nh bit mc (1- 5). Thay cc nghim q i(t) vo (2-19) ta c li gii
ca bi ton.
Cch 3: Da vo (2-24) ta phn tch vc t ti trng {P(t)} theo cc dng chnh,
sau gii n bi ton nh h mt BTD c trnh by chng mt.C th l:
( B qua cc bin i chi tit):
Phng trnh chuyn ng ca khi lng th k di tc dng ca h lc
ng {P(t)} l:
n
yk (t ) aki Si (t )
(2-37)
i 1
(2-38)
************
53
Chng 3
3.1
(a)
q(z,t)
z
b)
Mi quan h gia ng n
hi ca trc thanh c tit din thay
i vi ti trng ngang phn b trn
thanh, trng hp ti trng tnh,
c nghin cu trong gio trnh Sc c)
bn vt liu:
Z(z,t)
Rc(z,t)
Hnh 3.1
d2
d2
EJ
y z q z
2
2
dz
dz
(b)
z 2
2
EJ
(
z
)
y ( z , t ) p ( z , t )
2
z
(3-1)
54
V lc cn phn b:
R(z,t)
2
y( z, t )
t 2
(c)
(d)
P( z , t ) q( z , t ) Z ( z , t ) R( z, t )
Do ta c:
P ( z , t ) q ( z , t ) m( z )
hay l
2
y ( z, t ) R( z , t )
t 2
(3-2)
2
2
EJ
(
z
)
y
(
z
,
t
)
m
(
z
)
y ( z, t ) R( z , t ) q( z , t )
z 2
t 2
(3-3)
Trng hp ring, khi tit din thanh l hng s, th phng trnh (3-3) c
dng n gin hn:
2
2
2
EJ
y ( z, t ) m 2 y ( z, t ) R( z , t ) q( z, t )
2
2
z
z
t
(3-3)
y ( z, t ) 0
z 4
EJ t 2
(3-4)
(3-5)
55
Hay chuyn v c:
EJ 1 d 4 y z
1 d 2S t
m y z dz 4
S t dt 2
(f)
Hai v ca (f) ph thuc hai bin khc nhau nn chng ch bng nhau khi c
hai v cng c gi tr bng mt hng s no , gi s k hiu l 2. Nh vy, t
(f) ta c th biu din PTVP o hm ring cp bn (3-4) bng hai PTVP thng
(ch ph thuc mt bin).
d 2 S (t )
2 S (t ) 0
dt 2
(3-6)
d 4 y z m 2
y z 0
dz 4
EJ
(3-7)
Nh , thay cho gii mt PTVP o hm ring (3-4) phc tp, ta gii hai
PTVP thng (3-6) v (3-7) n gin hn nhiu.
3.2.2
Phng trnh vi phn (3-6) chnh l PTVP dao ng t do, khng lc cn,
ca h mt bc t do (1-14) c trnh by trong chng 1, nn nghim tng
qut ca n theo (1-18) s l:
s (t ) Asin( t+ )
Hay
s (t ) sin( t+ )
(3-8)
(g)
Nn ta c:
4 k4 = 0,
vi k hiu
1,2 = k;
k4 =
m 2
EJ
(3-9)
3,4 = ik
(h)
(i)
S dng quan h
Chx
1 x x
e e
2
Shx
1 x x
e e
2
(k)
Th (i) tr thnh:
y ( z ) Achkz Bshkz Ccoskz+Dsinkz
(3-10)
vng
y(z) = 0;
v
d 2 y z
=0
dz 2
b, Ti ngm cng c:
c, Ti u t do c:
d y z
dz
=0
d 2 y z
= 0;
dz 2
(3-11)
v
d 3 y z
Q(z) = 0 =>
=0
dz 3
C1 C3
C C4
C C3
C C4
; B= 2
; C= 1
; D= 2
2
2
2
2
(3-12)
57
(3-13)
ch kz cos kz
;
2
Bkz =
sh kz sin kz
;
2
Ckz =
ch kz cos kz
;
2
Dkz =
sh kz sin kz
;
2
(3-14)
Bkz
Dkz
(m)
Ckz = k Bkz
Dkz = k Ckz
Ckz
M (z)
y ''( z )
k 2 C1Ckz C2 Dkz C3 Akz C4 Bkz
EJ
Q( z )
3
y '''( z )
k C1 Bkz C2Ckz C3 Dkz C4 Akz
EJ
(3-15)
2, Ti ta z = 0, gi tr cc hm bit:
A(0) = 1,
cn
(n)
(3-5)
58
M0
;
EJ
y(0) = -
Q0
EJ
(3-16)
; C2 =
y '0
k
; C3 =
M0
k 2 EJ
; C4 =
Q0
k 3 EJ
(3-
17)
Thay cc hng tch phn tnh theo (3-17) vo (3-13) v (3-15) , ta c cc
biu thc biu din dng dao ng (bin dao ng) ca chuyn v, gc xoay,
m men, v lc ct ti tit din c ta z bt k trn kt cu.
y0'
M
Q
Bkz 2 0 Ckz 3 0 Dkz
k
k EJ
k EJ
M
Q
y '( z ) y0 kDkz y0' Akz 0 Bkz 2 0 Ckz
kEJ
k EJ
Q
M ( z ) EJy0 k 2Ckz EJy0' kDkz M 0 Akz 0 Bkz
k
3
' 2
Q( z ) EJy0 k Bkz EJy0 k Ckz M 0 kDkz Q0 Akz
y ( z ) y0 Akz
(a )
(b)
(3-17)
(c )
(d )
59
i 1
i 1
(3-13)
Lc ny,
y ( z , t ) yi ( z ) si (t )
hay
i 1
(3-5)
i 1
y cc [C1i, C2i, C3i, C4i ] c tnh theo cc biu thc (3-17), trong
phi thay k bng cc ki. Tng t, ta c cc biu thc y(z,t); M(z,t); Q(z,t).
Ch :
Trong thc t, ch c tn s ring b nht, hay hn na l tn s ring th
hai, th ba l c ngha . Cc tn s cao hn khng c ngha thc t, v c th
n khng hnh thnh do bn thn chng gy nhiu lon cho nhau; hoc chng c
hnh thnh nhng gy ra bin rt nh.
m=hng s
b)
1, Xc nh cc thng s ban u:
Ti u ngm (z = 0) ta c:
c)
y0 = 0; y0 = 0;
cn M0 0; Q0 0; cha bit
2, Xc nh cc tn s dao ng ring.
d)
Ti u t do (z = l) ta c:
Ml = 0; Ql = 0
(a)
0,774l
(b)
0,5l
0,368l
Hnh 3.2
60
Q0
Bk 1 0
k
kM D Q A 0
0 k1
0 k1
M 0 Ak1
A kl
kD
kl
1
Bkl
k
A kl
M0
0
Q0
(c)
A kl
kD kl
Bkl
k 0 ;
A kl
D chk1.cosk1+1=0
hay
(d)
(d) l phng trnh tn s ca bi ton ang xt, l phng trnh siu vit
nn s c v s nghim. Nh ni chng hai, i vi h nhiu BTD, quan
trng nht l hai, hay ba tn s u tin. y ta gii gn ng phng trnh (d)
xc nh c ba nghim u tin nh sau (khng trnh by chi tit cch gii
phng trnh ny):
tng t ta c
k1 l 0,6 1,88;
suy ra
1 =
3,515
l2
k2 l 1,49 4,68;
suy ra
2 =
22
l2
3 =
61,7
l2
EJ
m
EJ
m
EJ
m
61
Bi
l2
EJ
m
(3-18)
2
2
EJ
(
z
)
y
(
z
,
t
)
m
(
z
)
y ( z, t )
2
2
(3-19)
(a)
yk ( z, t ) yk ( z )sin(k t k )
(b)
d2
d2
EJ
y i z m z i2 y i z
2
2
dz
dz
(c)
Nhn hai v ca (c) vi dng dao ng th k,[ yk(z)], ri tch phn trn ton
b chiu di thanh, ta c,
l
yk z
0
d2
dz 2
EJ z
d2
y i z dz y k z m z i2 y i z dz
2
dz
0
l
(c)
62
Tnh tch phn bn tri bng phng php tch phn phn on ta c,
2
i
m z y k z yi z dz EJ z
d2
d2
y
z
y i z dz
k
dz 2
dz 2
(d)
2k m z y k z y i z dz EJ z
d2
d2
y
z
y i z dz
k
dz 2
dz 2
(f)
m( z ) y ( z) y ( z)dz 0
i
(3-20)
EJ z
0
d2
d2
y
z
y k z dz 0
i
dz 2
dz 2
(3-21)
d2
d2
0 yi z dz 2 EJ z dz 2 y k z dz 0
l
(3-21)
2k m z y k z dz y k z
0
d2
dz 2
EJ z
d2
y k z dz
2
dz
(3-21)
Da vo tnh cht trc giao ny, ta c th phn tch ti trng q(z,t), chuyn
v y(z,t) theo cc dng dao ng ring. Nh , c th chuyn bi ton dao ng
cng bc ca h v hn BTD v gii cc bi ton dao ng cng bc h mt
BTD nh s nghin cu cc phn sau
q ( z, t ) qi ( z, t )
i 1
(3-22)
qi ( z , t ) m( z ). yi ( z ).H i (t )
(3-23)
m( z) y ( z ) H (t ) dz
q( z, t ) yi ( z )dz yi ( z )
i 1
H i (t )
(3-22)
q( z, t ) y ( z )dz
i
H i (t )
m( z ) y ( z )
i
(3-24)
dz
q( z, t ) y ( z )dz
i
qi ( z , t ) m( z ) yi ( z ). l
m( z ) y ( z )
i
(3-23)
dz
m z y z
l
dz 1
(3-20)
th dng dao ng c biu din bng hm yi z ny c gi l dngchun ca
dao ng ring . Tng ng vi dng chun, hm ti trng c dng n gin:
64
qi ( z , t ) m( z ) y ( z ) yi* ( z )q ( z , t )dz
*
i
(3-23)
V hm
(3-24)
Ch :
a, Trng hp trn thanh c cc lc tp trung P j(t) tc dng. Lc ny ta c
th lm gn ng bng cch thay lc tp trung bng h lc phn b tng ng.
Nh vy,(b qua bin i chi tit) ta c hm Hi(t) nh sau:
P t y z
n
Hi(t) =
j1
m z y z
i
(3-25)
2
dz
Cn ng vi dng chun,
P t y z
n
H i(t) =
j1
(3-
25)
y, n l s lc tp trung, cn zj l ta ca im t lc tp trung Pj(t);
b, Khi trn h c c lc phn b q(z,t), v cc lc tp trung P j(t) tc dng,
th hm Hi(t) c xc nh theo nguyn l cng tc dng.
3.3 DAO NG CNG BC KHNG C LC CN CA THANH
THNG TIT DIN KHNG I
(3-26)
Trong :
q(z) ch ph thuc ta khng gian z, biu din qui lut bin i
ca ti trng theo chiu di thanh, c gi l hm ti trng c s.
65
2
2
EJ
(
z
)
y
(
z
,
t
)
m
(
z
)
y ( z , t ) q ( z ) f (t )
2
2
(3-27)
y ( z , t ) yi ( z ) Si (t )
(3-28)
i 1
yk z
0
d2
dz 2
i 1
EJ z
d2
y i z Si t dz
2
dz
d2
y
Si t dz
i
2
0 k
dt
i 1
y z q z f t dz
k
(a)
q z yi z dz
d2
Si t + i2 Si(t) =
2
dt
f t
m z y z dz
hay = Ki f(t)
(3-29)
Trong k hiu h s
l
q z y z dz
i
Ki =
m z y z
i
(3-30)
dz
Ki =
q z y z dz
(3-30)
66
Ki
i
f ( )sin (t )d
i
(3-31)
( i = 1, 2, )
Kt lun:
gii bi ton dao ng cng bc, trc ht phi gii bi ton dao ng
t do xc nh cc tn s ring i v cc dng dao ng ring y i(z). Sau thay
vo (3-30) xc nh cc Ki, ri li thay vo (3-31) xc nh cc S i(t). Cui
cng, thay cc Si(t) tnh theo (3-31) vo (3-28), ta s nhn c li gii ca bi
ton.
y ( z , t ) yi ( z )
i 1
Ki t
f ( ) sin i (t )d
i 0
(3-28)
sinr; Cn Ki =
q 0 y i z dz
0
m z y z
i
dz
(3-32)
67
(3-
33)
k4 =
Trong k hiu
Nghim ring ca (3-33) l (
mr 2
EJ
(3-34)
q0
); Nn nghim tng qut ca (3-33) l:
k 4 EJ
q0
k EJ
(b)
y0'
C2 =
;
k
C3 =
M0
k 2 EJ
C4 =
q0
k 3 EJ
(c)
Thay (c) vo (b) v (3-15) ta c biu thc bin dao ng, v biu thc
bin ni lc ng khi thanh chu lc kch thch phn b u theo lut iu ha
q0sinrt l:
y0'
M
q
Bkz 2 0 Ckz Q0 Dkz 4 0 ( Akz 1)
k
k EJ
k EJ
M
Q
q
y '( z ) ky0 Dkz y0' Akz 0 Bkz 2 0 Ckz 3 0 Dkz
kEJ
k EJ
k EJ
Q
q
M ( z ) EJy ''( z ) k 2 EJy0Ckz kEJy0' Dkz M 0 Akz 0 Bkz 02 Ckz
k
k
q
Q( z ) EJy '''( z ) k 3 EJy0 Bkz k 2 EJy0' Ckz kM 0 Dkz Q0 Akz 0 Bkz
k
y ( z ) y0 Akz
(d1)
(d 2)
(3-35)
(d 3)
(d 4)
68
( f 1)
( f 2)
( f 3)
( f 4)
69
P(t)=Pf(t)
z
(a)
q(z)
q(z)
z
(b)
z 0
z
Hnh 3.4
Py i a
Ki =
m y z
i
(3-
dz
37)
Trng hp ring, khi P(t) l lc iu ha:
P(t) = P sin rt
(b)
(3-38)
Phng trnh (3-38) c dng nh PTVP (1-30) khi b qua lc cn, trong
Ki vn c tnh theo (3-37) ng vai tr ca (
P0
), nn nghim tng qut ca
M
Ki
sin rt
K i
(3-39)
70
Trong k hiu,
Ki
()
r2
= ( 1 2 )
i
(3-40)
y(z,t) =
Ki
y z K
i 1
sin rt
(3-
41)
Phn tch (3-40) v (3-41) ta li rt ra c nhn xt nh ni ti
chng hai. Hin tng cng hng s xy ra khi tn s lc kch thch r trng vi
mt tn s dao ng ring i bt k.
Ch :
a, Trng hp tit din thanh thay i th, EJ v m, trong cc cng thc
trn phi c thay bng EJ(z) v m(z).
b, Trng hp lc ng bin i iu ha, c hai cch gii bi ton:
Cch th nht: S dng cng thc truy hi (3-36) kt hp vi (3-35) t ra
rt c hiu qu nh c cc bng tra sn cc hm nh hng.
Cch th hai: Phn tch ti trng theo cc dng dao ng ring tnh. Lc
ny s dng cng thc (3-28) nu ti trng l phn b, cn ti trng tp trung ta
dng cng thc (3-41).
V D 3-1:
Cho dm n gin hai u khp di 2m, c EJ = 16 .10 7 kNcm2 = hng s;
trng lng bn thn q = 1kN/m. Dm chu lc ng P(kN)sinrt t gia nhp nh
trn hnh 3.5a. ( y m l m v o chiu di- mt)
Yu cu: V biu bin chuyn v ng ,v m men ng. Khi tnh ly
gn ng: g = 10
m
; 2 = 10 v r = 400 s-1.
s2
i22
l2
EJ
m
(a)
71
yi(z) = fi sin
i
z
l
(b)
P(t ) P sin rt
a) A
l
= 1m)
2
B
C
Cc thng s ban u:
(c)
c)
(x)
(d)
0,3063P
72.10-5P
M t( P )
m
0,25P
Hnh 3.5
(f)
yt( P )
cm
kN
0,5P
P
M 2 ( z ) M1 ( z) B
k k
l
z
2
f)
P
D
k EJ k
3
104.10-5P
d)
l
) z (l = 2m)
2
y2 ( z ) y1 ( z )
Xt on th hai CB
0,5798P
y1 ( z )
c (1m =
86.10-5P
0
Q
Bkz 3 0 Dkz
k
k EJ
Q
M 1 ( z ) kEJ 0 Dkz 0 Bkz
k
124.10-5P
y (x)
q0 = 0
b)
y0 = 0; y0 = 0 =?; M0 = 0; Q0 = ?;
l
z
2
yl = y2(z=l) = 0; v
Ml = M2(z=l) = 0;
(g)
kl
(3-42)
ta c,
0 = y0 = P
k 2 EJ
D B B D
2
B 2 D 2
(h)
Q0 = P
B B D D
2
2
B D
Bkz C D kz A
2
A 2 C 2
2
(i)
P
M1(z) =
2k
Bkz A D kz C
2
A 2 C 2
2
k4 =
1
mr 2
= 10 -8(
), suy ra
cm 4
EJ
K = 10 -2 cm -1, nn = kl = 2 v
Tra bng cc hm Kpo c:
A/2 = A1 = 1,04169;
C /2 =
= 0,50139;
= 1.
B/2 = 1,00833;
D/2 = 0,16686;
Thay cc gi tr ny vo (i) ta c,
cm
l
= 50cm, ngha l kz = 0,01z = 0,5; tra bng c:
4
l
) = 0,00086 P cm/kN;
4
M1(z=
l
) = 30, 625576 P cm;
4
l
= 100cm, ngha l kz = 0,01z = 1; Tra bng c:
2
l
) = 0,001243476 P cm/kN;
2
M1 (z=
l
) = 57,974992 P cm;
2
74
(a)
M (t ) M sin rt
0
Q
M
Bkz 2 Ckz 3 0 Dkz
k
k EJ
k EJ
(b)
Q0
Bkz
k
(b)
l
Hnh 3.6
Cc iu kin bin xc nh y0 , v Q0 l:
Ti z = l c:
yl = 0; v
Ml = 0;
(c)
B C A D
;
k EJ
B 2 D 2
M
Q0 = kM
DC A D
B 2 D 2
(3-43)
(t ) s inrt
Cc thng s ban u: Ti z = 0,
y0 = 0; yo = 0 = ; M0 = ?; Q0 = ?
(a)
yl = 0; v yl = 0.
(b)
Hnh 3.7
2
EJ 2 B A D
Q0 = 2
l
C 2 B D
(3-44)
75
EJ
D
2
,
l
C B D
Q0 =
EJ
2C
l 2 C 2 B D
(3-45)
(a)
(t)
(t ) sin rt
l
Hnh 3.8
Ti z = l c:
yl = 0 v
Ml = 0;
(b)
EJ 3 C 2 A 2
Q0 = 3
l
B C A D
(3-46)
*************
76
Nhm th nht l cc phng php nng lng. Cc phng php nng lng
da vo nguyn l bo ton nng lng c hc c pht biu nh sau: Ti
mi thi im ca h dao ng. tng th nng v ng nng ca h lun lun
l mt hng s:
T + U = hng s
Trong :
(4-1)
T l ng nng ca h.
U l th nng ca h.
C th gii bi ton bng cch p dng trc tip phng trnh (4-1), hoc da vo
cc phng trnh Lagrange, hay nguyn l Hamilton.
Cc phng php nng lng s d cho kt qu gn ng v phi gi thit
trc dng dao ng ca h
-
77
(4-2)
A- Xt trng hp h c s bc t do hu hn (n bc t do):
Nu k hiu ak a1k
a2 k
l vc
t cha bin dao ng ca cc khi lng th 1, 2,...., n tng ng vi tn s
dao ng ring th k (dng dao ng ring th k) th vi vt liu n hi tuyn
tnh ta c:
Th nng cc i bng:
U max
1
T
ak K ak
2
(1)
(4-3)
ng nng cc i bng:
1
T
Tmax k2 ak M ak
2
(2)
trong : K l ma trn cng ca h, cn M l ma trn khi lng. Thay (43) vo (4-2) ta c tn s dao ng ring th k:
a K ak
k T
ak M ak
T
2
k
(4-4)
yk ( z, t ) yk ( z ) sin(k t )
(4-5)
M i2 ( z )
1
dz
2 i li EJ i
(4-6)
nn
(a)
1
EJ i yk'' ( z )
2 i li
dz
(4-7)
Ti v tr cn bng vn tc t cc i; m vk ( z, t ) yk ( z )k cos(k t ) nn
Vkmax yk ( z )k
(b)
Lc ny ng nng cc i
1
2
Tmax k2 yk ( z ) m( z )dz
2
i li
(4-8)
(4-9)
EJ
i
y ( z )
k
li
li
yk'' ( z )
dz
m( z )dz M j yk ( z j )
(4-10)
79
q=hng s
z
y( z)
1) Ly dng ng n hi ca trc y
dm do ti trng phn b u t tnh gy ra
lm dng dao ng ring th nht.
ql 4
4 z z 4
1
8 EJ
3l 3l 4
l
Hnh 4-1
4z z 4
y1 ( z ) A0 1 4
3l 3l
4 z 2
4
l
y1'' ( z ) A0
Khi :
(a)
(b)
Trong : A0 l mt h s.
Thay (a); (b) vo (4-10) v ch l M j=0, v k hiu m l cng khi lng
phn b u v A0 b trit tiu, ri tin hnh tch phn ta c:
2
4 z 2
0 l 4 dz
l
12
Suy ra:
EJ
m l
4z z
0 1 3l 3l 4 dz
4
3,5301 EJ
l2
m
16
3 EJ 162 EJ
5 l
104 m
13 ml 4
l
405
(c)
80
3,516
l2
EJ
, sai s 0,4%.
m
3z
y1 ( z ) A0 2
l
0
z 3
l 3
Pl 3
3z
y( z )
2
6 EJ
l
(d)
y
6 z
3
l
y1'' ( z ) A0
z 3
l 3
(f)
Hnh 4-2
6 z
0 l 3 dz
12
3 EJ 140 EJ
l
3 2
33
m
11 ml 4
3z z
l
0 2 l l 3 dz 35
EJ
12
m l
hay
3,568 EJ
; Sai s 1, 48%
l2
m
81
Trong :
(4-11)
Ci l cc h s
i(z) l cc hm tho mn cc iu kin bin ca bi ton.
0
Ci
(4-12)
(i=1, 2,...., n)
y l mt h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh cha n l v cc h s Ci.
Gii bi ton tr ring ny, ta s xc nh c cc .
V d, xc nh tn s dao ng ring ca dm chu un, ta thay (4-11)
vo (4-10), khi phng trnh (4-12) c dng:
l
Ci
Ci
EJ
y '' ( z )
m y( z )
dz
0
(a)
dz
m y( z ) dz
0
EJ y '' ( z )
Ci 0
dz EJ y '' ( z )
dz
2
m y ( z ) dz 0
Ci 0
(b)
Mt khc, t (4-10) ta c:
m y( z )
0
dz EJ y '' ( z )
dz
(c)
82
m y( z ) dz
2
EJ y '' ( z )
Ci 0
dz 2 m y ( z ) dz
2
2
m y ( z ) dz 0
Ci 0
(b)
Ci
EJ y ( z )
l
''
2m y( z)
dz 0
(4-13)
(i= 1, 2, ...., n)
H phng trnh (4-13) l dng chnh tc ca h phng trnh (4-12) khi
hm biu din dng dao ng ly theo (4-11).
Thc hin php vi phn, (4-13) cho ta mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun
nht vi n l C1, C2,..., Cn v . T iu kin tn ti dao ng, hay ni cch khc,
ma trn cc h s phi khng suy bin, ta thu c phng trnh tn s l phng
trnh bc n i vi 2. Gii phng trnh ny ta s c n tn s dao ng ring.
V D 4-2:
2b
2b
z
l
Hnh 4-3
2b
z
l
3
1 2bz
J ( z)
12 l
F ( z ) 2b
m( z )
z
g
gl
Trong :
83
z
z
z
y ( z ) C1 1 C2 1
l
l
l
z n 1 z
... Cn n 1 1
l
l
(d)
5,48 g
l2
Eg
3
z
z
z
y ( z ) C1 1 C2 1
l
l
l
(f)
Ci
24
2b l 2 C12 2C1C2 C22
2
2 b3
2
C
2
C
C
(
C
2
C
)
6
C
0
1
2
2
1
2
2
3
5
Eg 30
105
280
3 l
Tin hnh o hm ta c:
Eg b 2 2
2 Eg b 2 2
(...)
C
C2 0
1
4
C1
30
5 3l 4 105
3l
2 Eg b 2 2
2 Eg b 2 2
(...)
C
C2 0
1
4
4
C2
280
5 3l 105
5 3l
(g)
4
30
3l
2 Egb 2 2
4
105
5 3l
2 Egb 2 2
4
105
5 3l
0
2
2 Egb
2
4
280
5 3l
(h)
5,319b
l2
Eg
3
5,315b
l2
Eg
3
85
m=hng s
z
a)
M1
b)
c)
M3
M2
ml
3
ml
M3 M 4
6
Hnh 4-4
M1 M 2
M
21
M1
h
M
(3BTD) b)
a)
M2
M3 (3BTD)
ml
3
M2
M1 M 2 M 3
c)
M4
M3
M1
ml
3
ml
M3 M4
6
M1 M 2
(2BTD)
M4
(3BTD)
Hnh 4-5
M6
h
M4
l
b)
lh
M12m
2
M m h
342
3
M1
M2
M3
a
)
M1 2
2
mh
M 3 4 H
2
34
lmlh
M3
ml
M1 M 2 M 3
3
M1
M2
a)
M1
M7
M2
M3
M4
M5
l
ml h
M12;23
4M5mh;67ml
4
86
M
Hnh 4-6
(4-14)
Khi vn tc:
(a)
y ( z , t ) y ( z ) S&(t )
t
(b)
dz
1
M j y( z j )S& (t )
2 j
(c)
(d)
Thay (c); (d) vo (4-14) ta tnh c khi lng thay th tng ng:
Mt
m( z ) y ( z )
i
li
dz M j y ( z j )
y ( za )
(4-15)
87
V D 4-3:
Xc nh tn s c bn 1 ca dm n gin hai u khp, chiu di l v
khi lng phn b m = hng s. Hnh 4-7a
Bi gii:
bi ton ny, dng dao ng ring th nht l dng i xng, chuyn v
ln nht gia dm, nn khi a khi lng ca h v tp trung ti mt im th
ta a v gia dm. Ta xt bi ton trong hai trng hp.
1) Thay th khi lng ca h thnh mt Mt tnh theo (4-15).
Trc ht ta gi thit dng dao ng ring th nht l dng ng n hi
ca trc dm do mt lc P t tnh gia dm gy ra. Dng phng php ca sc
bn tnh c phng trnh ny c dng: Hnh 4-7b
3l 2 z 4 z 3
l3
y ( z ) A0
(a)
2
3l
y ( za ) y z l A0
2
4
2
A0
(b)
88
3l 2 z 4 z 3
mA
l 3
0
A02
l
2
0
Mt
dz
m
24
16
9 z 2 2 z 4 z 6 4 dz 0, 486ml
2
l 0
l
l
m=hng s
thay Mt vo (1-15) ta c:
1
9,92
l2
(c)
z
a)
EJ
; Sai s 0,6%
m
y
b)
2) Chia dm lm 2 on ri tp
A0
trung khi lng v hai u ca mi on y
3l 2 z 4 z 3
y ( z ) A0
ta c 3 khi lng tp trung. Hai khi
l3
th
l
2
Hnh 4-7
(d)
9, 798 EJ
; Sai s 0,7%
l2
m
9,86
l2
EJ
; Sai s 0,1%
m
Ch :
1- Tng t phng php khi lng tp trung, phng php bin dng tp
trung cng cho php chuyn mt h v hn bc t do v h c s bc t do hu
hn. T tng ca phng php l tp trung bin dng phn b trn ton h v mt
s im no m ta chn trc.
89
K F
Trong :
(4-16)
ca cc phn t hu hn c lp sn.
F l vc t lc nt, bao gm cc lc nt c sn v cc lc tc
dng trn phn t chuyn v cc nt.
M && C & K F
(4-17)
trong :
l vc t chuyn v ng ca cc nt
F l vc t ngoi lc nt ng.
&
&
& ln lt l vc t vn tc v gia tc chuyn v ng ca cc nt.
v
l ma trn cn
90
M && C & K 0
(4-18)
B
B1 1 2 2 1
B1
(4-19)
trong ,
B1 M i ii
i 1
n
i 1
i , k 1
B2 M i2 ii2 2 M i M k ik2
(ik)
*************
91
CHNG 5: NG LC HC CA KT CU
H THANH PHNG
phn trn, ta nghin cu cc phng php c bn tnh ton dao
ng ca mt h n hi bt k bao gm xc nh cc tn s dao ng ring
kim tra hin tng cng hng v tnh bin cc phn lc ng, ni lc ng,
chuyn v ng vv... phc v bi ton kim tra cng nh bi ton thit k. Tuy
nhin khi p dng cc phng php tng qut ny vo mt bi ton c th, i hi
ngi tnh phi phn tch k lng chn ra cch gii n gin nht m vn m
bo chnh xc yu cu.
Mt cng trnh xy dng thc t lun lun l mt h c v s bc t do. Li
gii chnh xc ca bi ton r rng l rt phc tp (Xem chng 3) thm ch l
khng thc hin c. Bi vy, trong nhiu trng hp ta phi gii gn ng.
Trong chng ny ta s nghin cu cch p dng cc phng php c trnh by
trong cc chng trc tnh ng lc hc ca cc kt cu h thanh phng bt k
nh dm, khung, dn, vm...
P(t)
M1
M1
M2
M2
J1
J2
Hnh 5-1
EJt
92
P(t)
a)
M1
b)
d)
M3
M4
M9
M2
M6
M1
M8
M7
P(t)
P(t)
P(t)
P(t)
M2
M4
M3
Hnh 5-2
V D 5-1:
Cho dn c kch thc v chu tc dng ca cc ti trng ng iu ho
cng tn s nh trn hnh 5-3a. Bit EF = hng s; P(t ) (20kN )s inrt ,trong
EF 1
(m ) v dn c ng xe chy di (m l vit tt ca mt).
M
r 0, 07
a)
6m
6m
4m A
6
2
P(t)
6m
7
3
P(t)
6m
c)
5
g)
102,87
72,31
26,81
(kN)
8
0
Z1=1
4
Z2=1
5 0
-45
(x)
Z2=1
-60
(x)
150
f)
90
(x)
43,29
e)
150
-26,81
-86,78
-118,96
-72,31
M3
M1=M2=M3=M
(x)
b)
M1
6m
d)
M2
8
3
P(t)
6m
210
4
P0=20
Z2=16,4
P0
(kN)
50
4
4
P0
Z1=22,9
P0
Z2=16,4
(kN)
Hnh 5-3
P0=20
P0=20
P0=20
Bi gii:
94
(a)
m
11 ( N1 )( N1 ) 52, 75 EF
( N )( N ) 105,5 m
2
2
22
EF
12 21 ( N1 )( N 2 ) 66, 25
m
EF
(b)
kNm
1P ( N1 )( N P0 ) 2380 EF
( N )( N ) 3435 kNm
2
P0
2 P
EF
Ch :
95
thuc trng thi gi to do lc khng th nguyn gy ra, cho nn tin dng, khi
v N i ta ly Z i 1 khng th nguyn, bi vy trong biu thc ca iK thiu mt
n v lc ca Zi. Cng v l do khng c n v lc trong Z i, nn kt qu cui
cng s xut hin th nguyn ca Zi l [ lc ] (trong bi ton ny l kN). Nh vy,
cch lm nh th ny cng cho kt qu ng khi tnh phn lc v ni lc.
3) Xc nh cc tn s dao ng ring:
Thay M 1 M 2 M v cc iK tnh c trn vo phng trnh tn s (2-11)
Ta c:
11M 1 u
21M 1
M 2
m
M m
u
52, 75M
66, 25
EF
2 EF
0
m
M m
22 M 2
u
u
66, 25M
105,5
EF
2 EF
2
12
(c)
u2 5,92 M
m
EF
m
EF
suy ra
1
EF 1
0,1002
m
u1
M
suy ra
1
EF 1
0, 4105
m
u2
M
96
(d)
1
1 m
m
11* 11
52, 75
151,33
2
2
M 1r
0, 07 EF
EF
1
2 m
m
22* 22
105,5
302, 66
2
M 2 2
0, 07 EF
EF
r
2
Gii (d) ta c:
Z1 22,90kN
Z 2 16, 40kN
(e)
Trong : r 0,319
EJ 3
m . Khi tnh b qua lc cn.(m l vit tt ca mt)
M
Bi gii:
Chia khung thnh 5 on v tp trung khi lng ca mi thanh v hai u
thanh, ta c 11 khi lng tp trung (hnh 5-4b). Gi thit cc nt khung khng
97
(a)
(b)
11 1,88
1P 123, 7
m3
EJ
m3
13 31 0, 75
EJ
m3
23 32 1,13
EJ
12 21 1,13
kNm3
kNm3
kNm3
; 2 P 202,5
; 3 P 22,5
.
EJ
EJ
EJ
2) Xc nh cc tn s dao ng ring:
98
11M 1 u
21M1
31M1
12
22
32
M 3
13 2
M 3
23 2
M 2
2
M2
u
2
M 2
2
M3
33 2 u
M
v k hiu l M*
2
(d)
u1 3,546 M *
m3
EJ
suy ra 1
1
EJ
0,531
m 3
u1
M*
u2 1,502 M *
m3
EJ
suy ra 2
1
EJ
0,816
m 3
*
u2
M
u3 1,139M *
m3
EJ
suy ra 3
1
EJ
0,937
m 3
*
u3
M
(f)
*
Trong ta tnh c cc ii trong phng trnh (2-24) nh sau:
99
m3
1
1 m3
1,88
7,94
2
M *r 2
0,319 EJ
EJ
m3
1
2 m3
22* 22
5,
63
14,
01
2
M * 2
0,319 EJ
EJ
r
m3
1
2 m3
33* 33
3,
00
16,
64
2
EJ
EJ
M * 2
0,319
11* 11
100
q(t)
P(t)
a)
P(t)
g)
EJ, m=
hng s
85
75
P0
6m
q(t)
P(t)
b)
P0=60kN
6m
52.5
kN
m
q0 20
10
5
MP0 q0
kNm
50
(x)
P(t)
P1=1
h)
1,5
M1
m
c)
M2
M1
M3
M2
M3
P2=1
m)
P2=1
1,5
18
d)
42 Z1=1
24
n)
12
Z2=1
e)
1
72
66
(x)
36
12
M1
m
12
(x)
Z2=1
1
48
M3
m
96,2
M2
m
88,1
l)
12
30
67,4
18
Z3=1
60 (x)
66
P3=1
P3=1
24
54
f)
M2
m
Z3=1
1
72
8,1
5
65,9
(x)
M3
m
Hnh 5-4
(a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, n, m, l)
M
kNm
101
S n s ca bi ton:
P(t)=P0sinrt
(5-1)
H c: ng = 2; nt = 1; nn n = 3
a)
P(t)
n = ng + nt
h
b)
Hnh 5-5
HCB
Z3sinrt
102
(a)
(b)
(c)
(i 1, 2,..., n)
(5-2)
103
bng).
5.2.1 Xc nh tn s dao ng t do
H phng trnh biu din dao ng t do theo phng php chuyn v c
c t (5-2):
ri1Z1 ri 2 Z 2 ... Rin Z n 0
(i 1, 2,..., n)
(5-3)
r12
r22
...
rn 2
...
...
...
...
r1n
r2 n
0
...
rnn
(5-4)
(5-5)
104
P
s inrt nh trn hnh
2
40 kN
1
v r 10 .
3 m
s
Bi gii:
Ta dng phng php chuyn v gii bi ton
1) Xc nh cc tn s dao ng ring
H c ng =1; nt = 0 nn n = ng + nt = 1
nn phng trnh tn s l:
r11 = 0
(a)
P
s inrt
2
Z1=1sinrt
0,5093
1,0172
P(t )
0,259
P(t)
1
b
0,3225
l 6m
4 EJ
1 (1a )
l
a
a)
l
3m
2
EJ
8 (1b )
l
2
0,1213
0,0642
()
b)
P s inrt
0,2613
c)
Hnh 5-6
Xt cn bng nt 1 trn biu M 1 ta c:
105
r11
4 EJ
EJ
1 (1a )
8 (1b )
l
l
2
(b)
1a Kl1a Kl ; 1b Kl1b K
2 2
(c)
cos
2
ch 2 sin 2 sh
2ch
ch sin sh cos
2
2
1-ch cos
2
0
cos
2
2
(a)
suy ra
K1
3,56
l
(d)
2 K 2l 7, 43
Theo (3-9):
i K i2
suy ra
K2
7, 43
l
EJ
(m l cng khi lng phn b u) (f)
m
q 40kN 2 2 4
s m kNs 2 m 2 ; v EJ vo (f) ta c:
g 3 10
3
3,56
7, 43
2
4 104 3
1
60, 7 ;
2
4s
s
4 104 3
1
265,5 ;
2
4s
s
mr
EJ
40
102
3 10
0, 24( m 1 )
4
4 10
nn
1a kl 0, 24m 1 6m 1, 44
l
2b k 0, 24m 1 3m 0, 72
2
r11 5,588652
EJ
l
Ch :
tnh r11 ta tra bng ph lc c:
1 (1a ) 1 (1, 44) 0,989515
cn 8 (1b ) 8 (0, 72) khng c trong bng tra, nn ta phi tra trc tip theo
cng thc:
8 ( )
A2 C2
A B C D
cn
R1P
P C AK0 A CK0
0, 75730 Pm
2 K A B C D
hay
EJ
Z1 0, 7573P 0
l
Z1 0,12865
Pl
m
EJ
(m l vit tt ca mt)
(g)
107
'
y(0) 0; y(0)
0;
2 EJ
2 EJ
Pl
2 (1, 44) Z1
1, 0155 0,12865
m 0, 26129 Pm
l
l
EJ
6 EJ
EJ
Pl
Q(0) 2 2 (1, 44) Z1
1, 02241 0,12865
0,13153P
l
l
EJ
M (0)
(h)
M (0) M 1Z1 M P0
Pl
m
EJ
EJ
8 (0, 72) Z1 0, 7573P 0,50929 P
l
2
EJ
l 2
(0, 72) Z1 P
2 9
B A
K0
D CK0
A B C D
(i)
108
3EJ
3EJ
5 ( )
5 ( ) 0
l
l
5 ( ) 0
suy ra
4 sh sin
6ch sin sh cos . Do mu s khc khng nn
sin=0
Suy ra:
(i 1, 2,..., )
(j)
EJ
m
(k)
(i=1,
2,..., s)
m=hng
a)
y
b)
c)
109
y
Hnh 5-7
BI TP CHNG 5
1) Tnh tn s dao ng ring 1 ca cc kt cu cho trn hnh bng hai phng
php: Tnh chnh xc v tnh gn ng theo cng thc ca S.A.Pestel. V biu
bin m men ng.
a)
b)
P0 sin rt
M1
1
M1
M2
1m
1m
c)
P0 sin rt
1m
M2
1m
P0 sin rt
M2
M1
2m
2m
P0 sin rt
d)
M1
2m
M2
2m
2
2
Hnh 1
110
1m
Bit: EJ, m (l khi lng phn b trn 1 mt di), bng hng s, P=20kN,
r 0, 25
EJ
( met ) 3
ml
P0 sin rt
P0 sin rt
P0 sin rt
a)
b)
c)
2
Cho:
EJ, m = hng s
Hnh 2
3) V biu bin mmen ng, kt cu cho trn hnh 3. Bit: EJ, m= hng s;
Kab=0,6 m-1; Kac=0,3 m-1; Kad=0,5 m-1.
P0 sin rt
a
c
b
4m
d
4m
2m
2m
Hnh 3
111
M ba M l
4 EJ
1 ( )
l
2 EJ
2 ( )
l
M0
Ml
1sinrt
Qab M 0
6 EJ
1 ( )
l2
Qba Ql
6 EJ
2 ( )
l2
l
Q0
Ql
M0
Ml
1sinrt
Q0
M0
Q0
Ql
1sinrt
6 EJ
3 ( )
l2
3EJ
5 ( )
l
6 EJ
4 ( )
l2
12 EJ
4 ( )
l3
3EJ
5 ( )
l2
12 EJ
4 ( )
l3
3EJ *
5 ( )
l2
Ql
112
Ql
M0
3EJ
6 ( )
l2
3EJ
6 ( )
l3
3EJ *
5 ( )
l3
3EJ
7 ( )
l2
3EJ
7 ( )
l3
3EJ
8 ( )
l3
EJ
9 ( )
l2
1sinrt
Q0
M0
1sinrt
Q0
Ql
M0
EJ
8 ( )
l
Ml
1sinrt
mr 2
;
k
EJ
4
Q0
EJ
9 ( )
l
kl ; Cc hm , trn bng 3
M0
P0sinrt
Ml
l
Q0
Ql
q0sinrt
M0
Q0
M0
Q0
P0
D Cka C Dka 1
k
Ql P0 B Dka C Cka 1
Ml
M 0 M l
Ml
Q0 Ql
q0
C ( A 1) D2
k2
q0
C D B ( A 1) 1
k
P0
D Bk (l a ) B Dk ( l a ) 2
k
Q0 P0 A Dk ( l a ) C Bk ( l a ) 2
M0
Ql
P0sinrt
y'l
M l P0 B Cka A Dka 2
yl'
P0
C Dka D Cka 2
k EJ
2
Ql
113
q0
C D B ( A 1) 2
k2
q
Q0 0 A ( A 1) C2 ) 2
k
q
Ql 0 A ( A 1) B D 2
k
q
yl' 2 0 D2 C ( A 1)
2
k EJ
P
M 0 0 A Ck ( l a ) D Dk (l a ) 3
k
P
Q0 3 0 B Dk ( l a ) C Ck ( l a ) 3
k EJ
P
M l 0 C Aka A Cka 3
k
Ql P0 D Cka B Aka 3
q
M 0 02 D 3
k
q
Q0 4 0 C D B ( A 1) 3
k EJ
q
M l 02 A D B C 3
k
q0
D2 B2
Ql
3
k
M0
q0sinrt
M0
y'l
Q0
M0
Ql
P0sinrt
y0
Ml
Ql
q0sinrt
M0
Ml
y0
1 C2 B D ; 2 A D B C ; 3 A B C D
Ql
shkz sin kz
2
shkz sin kz
Dkz
2
Akz
Bkz
o hm ca cc hm s:
dAkz
k .Dkz ;
dz
dBkz
k . Akz ;
dz
dCkz
k .Bkz
dz
dDkz
k .Ckz
dz
Tch phn ca cc hm s:
kz
dz
1
Bkz ;
k
z. A
kz
dz
C
z
Bkz kz2
k
k
114
1
Ckz ;
k
1
Ckz dz k Dkz ;
1
Dkz dz k Akz ;
kz
dz
D
z
Ckz kz2
k
k
A
z
z.Ckz dz k Dkz kkz2
B
z
z.Dkz dz k Akz kkz2
z.B
kz
dz
Lin h gia cc hm s:
1 ch cos
2
1
A D B C ( sh cos -chsin )
2
2
2
B D 2( A C D2 ) sh sin
C2 B D
A2 C2 ch cos
1
A B C D (ch sin sh cos )
2
1
A C B2 D2 A C sh sin
2
2
2
2A C B D
1
B D A2 (1 ch cos )
2
kz
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
Akz
1.000000
1.000000
1.000070
1.000340
1.001065
Bkz
0.000000
0.100000
0.200005
0.300020
0.400085
Ckz
0.000000
0.005000
0.020000
0.045000
0.080005
Dkz
0.000000
0.000170
0.001335
0.004500
0.010665
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.002605
1.005405
1.010005
1.017070
1.027350
0.500265
0.600645
0.701400
0.802735
0.904925
0.125025
0.180065
0.245165
0.320360
0.405740
0.020835
0.036005
0.057180
0.085375
0.121595
1.00
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08
1.416900
1.045130
1.048780
1.052640
1.056735
1.008335
1.029205
1.050140
1.071160
1.092250
0.501390
0.521760
0.542560
0.563770
0.585405
0.166865
0.177095
0.187740
0.198800
0.210290
1.10
1.12
1.14
1.041690
1.061060
1.070440
1.008338
1.134695
1.156050
0.501390
0.629945
0.652850
0.166863
0.234595
0.247420
115
1.16
1.18
1.075525
1.080875
1.177510
1.199080
0.676185
0.699955
0.260710
0.274470
1.20
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.28
1.086510
1.092430
1.098650
1.105180
1.112030
1.220750
1.242540
1.264445
1.286485
1.308660
0.724150
0.748780
0.773850
0.799390
0.835310
0.887100
0.303440
0.318665
0.334395
0.350640
1.30
1.32
1.34
1.36
1.38
1.119205
1.126730
1.134595
1.142835
1.151440
1.330970
1.353430
1.376040
1.398815
1.421755
0.851705
0.878550
0.905845
0.933595
0.961800
0.367410
0.384710
0.402560
0.420955
0.439905
1.40
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.48
1.160435
1.169825
1.179615
1.189835
1.120048
1.444875
1.468175
1.491670
1.515365
1.539265
0.990465
1.019595
1.049195
1.079265
1.109810
0.459425
0.479525
0.500210
0.521465
0.543385
1.50
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.58
kz
1.60
1.62
1.64
1.66
1.68
1.211575
1.223120
1.235140
1.247640
1.260635
Akz
1.274130
1.288155
1.302710
1.317815
1.333485
1.563385
1.587735
1.612315
1.637140
1.662225
Bkz
1.687570
1.713195
1.713195
1.765305
1.791815
1.140835
1.172350
1.204350
1.236840
1.269835
Ckz
1.303330
1.337335
1.371860
1.406905
1.442475
0.565895
0.589025
0.612785
0.637200
0.662565
Dkz
0.688000
0.714405
0.741490
0.769285
0.797775
1.70
1.72
1.74
1.76
1.78
1.349740
1.367575
1.384015
1.402080
1.420785
1.818645
1.845810
1.873315
1.901175
1.929405
1.476580
1.515225
1.552415
1.590160
1.628465
0.826985
0.856920
0.887595
0.919025
0.951205
1.80
1.82
1.84
1.86
1.88
1.440135
1.460155
1.430860
1.502255
1.524375
1.958010
1.987015
2.016420
2.046250
2.076520
1.667335
1.706785
1.768200
1.787445
1.828675
0.984160
1.017905
1.052440
2.087780
1.123940
1.90
1.92
1.94
1.96
1.98
1.547220
1.570815
1.595180
1.620320
1.646265
2.107230
2.138415
2.170065
2.202220
2.234890
1.870510
1.912965
1.956050
1.999770
2.044145
1.160940
1.198765
1.237455
1.277010
1.317450
116
2.00
2.02
2.04
2.06
2.08
1.673025
1.700620
1.729070
1.758395
1.788610
2.268080
2.301181
2.336110
2.370985
2.406450
2.089175
2.134870
2.181250
2.228315
2.276090
1.358780
1.401020
1.444180
1.488275
1.533320
2.10
2.12
2.14
2.16
2.18
1.819730
1.851785
1.884795
1.918765
1.953730
2.442535
2.479245
2.516661
2.555465
2.593365
2.324580
2.373795
2.423755
2.474465
2.525940
1.579325
1.626305
1.674280
1.723265
1.773265
2.20
2.22
2.24
2.26
2.28
1.989705
2.026710
2.064765
2.103990
2.144125
2.632805
2.672965
2.713880
2.755560
2.798040
2.578205
2.631260
2.685125
2.739820
2.795355
1.824305
1.876395
1.929560
1.983810
2.039160
2.30
2.32
2.34
2.36
2.38
kz
2.40
2.42
2.44
2.46
2.48
2.185470
2.227955
2.271610
2.316450
2.362495
Akz
2.409780
2.158320
2.508140
2.559275
2.611745
2.811335
2.885465
2.930455
2.976340
3.023125
Bkz
3.070845
3.119525
3.191900
3.219850
3.271565
2.851750
2.909015
2.967170
3.026240
3.086235
Ckz
3.447170
3.209070
3.271960
3.358450
3.400755
2.095625
2.153235
2.211995
2.271930
2.333055
Dkz
2.395385
2.458045
2.523750
2.589830
2.657165
2.50
2.52
2.54
2.56
2.58
2.665575
2.720790
2.777415
2.835485
2.895025
3.324335
3.378200
3.433180
3.893100
3.546605
3.466715
3.533740
3.601855
3.671075
3.741435
2.725865
2.795870
2.867220
2.939950
3.014075
2.60
2.62
2.64
2.66
2.68
2.956060
3.018615
3.082730
3.148430
3.215745
3.605115
3.664860
3.725870
3.788180
3.851830
3.812950
3.885645
3.959550
4.034690
4.111085
3.089615
3.166600
3.245050
3.324990
3.406450
2.70
2.72
2.74
2.76
2.78
3.284700
3.355330
3.427670
3.501750
3.577600
3.916820
3.983215
4.051045
4.120340
4.191125
4.188770
4.267770
4.348110
4.429820
4.512930
3.489440
3.574005
3.660165
3.747940
3.837365
2.80
3.655255
4.263455
4.597475
3.928465
117
2.82
2.84
2.86
2.88
3.734750
3.816120
3.899395
3.984610
4.337350
4.412855
4.490010
4.568845
4.683480
4.770980
4.860005
4.950590
4.021270
4.115815
4.212120
4.310225
2.90
2.92
2.94
2.96
2.98
4.071810
4.161030
4.252305
4.345670
4.441165
4.649405
4.731730
4.815860
4.091840
4.989700
5.042770
5.136580
5.232055
5.329230
5.428135
4.410155
4.511950
4.615630
4.721240
4.828810
3.00
3.02
3.04
3.06
3.08
4.538835
4.638715
4.740850
4.845275
4.952040
5.079495
5.171270
5.265060
5.360915
5.458885
5.528825
5.631335
5.735690
5.841945
5.950140
4.938375
5.049980
5.163610
5.279415
5.397335
3.10
3.12
3.14
3.16
3.18
kz
3.20
3.22
3.24
3.26
3.28
5.061180
5.172750
5.286785
5.403345
5.522455
Akz
5.644180
5.768555
5.895640
6.025480
6.158130
5.559015
5.661350
5.765940
5.872840
5.982090
Bkz
6.093755
6.207875
6.324515
6.443725
6.565550
6.060320
6.172520
6.286785
6.403170
6.521715
Ckz
6.642470
6.765485
6.890800
7.018480
7.148570
5.517435
5.639760
5.764350
5.891250
6.020490
Dkz
6.152425
6.286205
6.422765
6.561850
6.703520
3.30
3.32
3.34
3.36
3.38
6.293640
6.432060
6.573450
6.717860
6.865345
6.690065
6.817320
6.947370
7.080275
7.216100
7.281120
7.416190
7.553830
7.694100
7.837065
6.847815
6.994780
7.144480
7.296955
7.452260
3.40
3.42
3.44
3.46
3.48
7.015970
7.169785
7.326850
7.487230
7.650990
7.354910
7.496765
7.641725
7.789860
7.941235
7.982770
8.131275
8.282660
8.436970
8.594270
7.610450
7.771585
7.935725
8.102910
8.273225
3.50
3.52
3.54
3.56
3.58
7.818180
7.988880
8.163450
8.341040
8.522640
8.095925
8.253985
8.415500
8.580535
8.749165
8.754640
8.918130
9.084825
9.254780
9.428070
8.446705
8.632425
8.803450
8.986845
9.173665
3.60
3.62
3.64
8.708010
8.897225
9.090345
8.921470
9.097510
9.277380
9.604770
9.784955
9.968695
9.363990
9.557880
9.755410
118
3.66
3.68
9.287465
9.488640
9.461155
9.648910
10.156075
10.347170
9.956650
10.161680
3.70
3.72
3.74
3.76
3.78
9.693955
9.903490
10.117420
10.335525
10.558190
9.840725
10.036695
10.236895
10.441415
10.650345
10.542055
10.740820
10.943550
11.150325
11.361240
10.370565
10.583385
10.800225
11.021155
11.246265
3.80
3.82
3.84
3.86
3.88
10.785405
11.017250
11.253805
11.495180
11.741145
10.863775
11.081795
11.304495
11.531975
11.764335
11.576375
11.795820
12.019675
12.248030
12.409850
11.476350
11.709365
11.947495
12.190165
12.437445
3.90
3.92
3.94
3.96
3.98
kz
4.00
4.02
4.04
4.06
4.08
11.992710
12.249055
12.510585
12.777405
13.049605
Akz
13.327295
13.610575
13.899555
14.194345
14.495060
12.001665
12.244075
12.491665
12.744535
13.002795
Bkz
13.266560
13.553593
13.811015
14.091945
14.378830
12.718640
12.961850
13.208435
13.460785
13.748255
Ckz
13.980935
14.248955
14.522415
14.801435
15.086130
12.689435
12.946225
13.207915
13.474595
13.746375
Dkz
14.023360
14.305650
14.593355
14.886585
15.185450
4.10
4.12
4.14
4.16
4.18
14.801805
15.114700
15.433865
15.759425
16.091495
14.671790
14.970495
15.276420
15.588345
15.906840
15.376625
15.673040
15.975505
16.284145
16.599085
15.490070
15.800555
16.117030
16.439615
16.768440
4.20
4.22
4.24
4.26
4.28
16.430200
16.775680
17.128060
17.487465
17.854050
16.232045
16.564090
16.903120
17.249260
17.602665
16.920460
17.248410
17.583070
17.924585
18.273090
17.103625
17.445300
17.793600
18.148670
18.510635
4.30
4.32
4.34
4.36
4.38
18.227940
18.609280
18.998225
18.394910
18.799490
17.963470
18.331830
18.707895
19.091815
19.483740
18.628740
18.991680
19.362065
19.740050
20.125790
18.879640
19.255830
19.639355
20.030365
20.429010
4.40
4.42
4.44
4.46
4.48
20.212120
20.632960
21.062170
21.499910
21.946350
19.883850
20.292285
20.709220
21.134825
21.569275
20.519450
20.921200
21.331200
21.749630
22.176650
20.835450
21.249845
21.672350
22.103145
22.542395
119
4.50
4.52
4.54
4.56
4.58
22.401660
22.866960
23.339600
23.822585
24.315160
22.012740
22.465400
22.927440
22.399050
22.880410
22.612460
23.057220
23.511140
23.974385
24.447160
22.990270
23.446950
23.912620
24.387460
24.871660
4.60
4.62
4.64
4.66
4.68
24.817515
25.329840
25.852335
26.385200
26.928650
24.371720
24.873175
25.384980
26.907340
26.440160
24.929665
25.422100
25.924665
26.347570
26.961030
25.365410
25.868915
26.382360
26.905970
27.439940
4.70
4.72
4.74
4.76
4.78
kz
4.80
4.82
4.84
4.86
4.88
27.482870
28.048095
28.624540
29.212420
29.811965
Akz
30.423410
31.046990
31.682945
32.331530
32.992980
26.984560
27.539850
28.106555
28.684905
29.275130
Bkz
29.877465
30.492145
31.119425
31.759550
32.412770
27.495260
28.040485
28.596930
29.164830
29.744405
Ckz
30.335910
30.939590
31.555685
32.184450
32.826150
27.984480
28.539820
29.106175
29.683775
30.272850
Dkz
30.873625
31.486365
32.111295
32.748680
33.398760
4.90
4.92
4.94
4.96
4.98
33.667560
34.355540
35.057175
35.772745
36.502530
33.079360
33.759565
34.453670
35.161945
35.884670
33.481050
34.149420
34.831525
35.527655
36.238100
34.061810
34.738095
35.427880
36.131445
36.849080
5.00
5.02
5.04
5.06
5.08
37.246805
38.005865
38.780010
39.569540
40.374765
36.622145
37.374645
38.142480
38.925950
39.725537
36.963145
37.703085
38.458230
39.228890
40.015375
37.581065
38.327705
39.089290
39.866140
40.658555
5.10
5.12
5.14
5.16
5.18
41.195990
42.033545
42.887755
43.758955
44.647490
40.541050
41.373315
43.222500
43.088940
43.972970
40.818010
41.637125
42.473055
43.326145
44.196730
41.466860
42.591385
43.132460
43.990420
44.865620
5.20
5.22
5.24
5.26
5.28
45.553700
46.477945
47.420585
48.381995
49.362550
44.692190
45.795240
46.734195
47.692190
48.669600
45.081580
45.991855
46.917115
47.861345
48.824930
45.758405
46.669150
47.598205
48.545960
49.512790
5.30
50.362635
49.666820
49.808265
50.499090
120
5.32
5.34
5.36
5.38
51.382650
52.422980
53.484050
54.566275
50.684240
51.722265
52.781295
53.861765
50.811740
51.835770
52.880770
53.947165
51.505250
52.531695
53.578825
54.647065
5.40
5.42
5.44
5.46
5.48
55.670080
56.795895
57.944475
59.115365
60.309930
54.994095
56.088715
57.236075
58.406635
59.600850
55.035390
56.145875
57.279085
58.435475
59.615510
55.736855
56.848635
57.982845
59.139955
60.320420
5.50
5.52
5.54
5.56
5.58
kz
5.60
5.62
5.64
5.66
5.68
61.528340
62.771080
64.038640
65.334520
66.650240
Akz
67.995310
69.367270
70.766665
72.194040
73.649975
60.819190
62.062145
63.330200
64.623855
65.943635
Bkz
67.290040
68.663625
70.064915
71.494480
72.952870
60.819670
62.048440
63.302320
64.581820
65.887450
Ckz
67.219740
68.579230
69.966475
71.382020
72.826445
61.524730
62.753375
64.006840
65.285635
66.590285
Dkz
67.921310
69.279255
70.664665
72.078100
73.520140
5.70
5.72
5.74
5.76
5.78
75.135040
76.649830
78.194940
79.770985
81.378595
74.440670
75.958470
77.506865
79.086475
80.697915
74.300330
75.804270
77.338870
78.904755
80.502545
74.991360
76.492350
78.023735
79.586115
81.180135
5.80
5.82
5.84
5.86
5.88
83.018405
84.691070
86.397255
88.137645
89.912920
82.341884
84.018870
85.729700
87.474990
89.255435
82.132885
83.796440
85.493865
87.225855
88.993400
82.806435
84.465670
86.158520
87.885660
89.647785
5.90
5.92
5.94
5.96
5.98
91.723790
93.570985
95.455235
97.377290
99.337920
91.071740
92.924630
94.814830
96.743090
98.710180
90.796310
92.636215
94.513545
96.429600
98.383530
91.445620
93.279880
95.151320
97.060680
99.008740
6.00
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
101.337905
102.352905
103.378040
104.413420
105.459145
100.716870
101.735315
102.763960
103.802910
104.852265
100.377735
101.389985
102.412470
103.445300
104.488565
100.996290
102.005115
103.024120
104.053400
105.093065
6.06
6.07
6.08
107.582045
108.659430
109.747585
106.982605
108.063810
109.155830
106.606845
107.682070
108.768155
107.203945
108.275380
109.357620
121
6.09
110.846620
110.258790
109.865220
110.450780
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
111.956640
113.077755
114.210080
115.353730
116.508815
111.372800
112.497965
113.634395
114.782200
115.941505
110.973370
112.092715
113.223370
114.365440
115.519045
111.554960
112.670285
113.796855
114.934790
116.084205
6.16
6.17
6.18
6.19
118.853755
120.043850
121.245845
122.459870
118.295055
119.489535
120.695970
121.914490
117.861335
119.050250
120.251165
121.464210
118.417925
119.602475
120.798970
122.007540
6.20
6.21
6.22
6.23
6.24
123.686040
124.924475
126.175305
127.438660
128.714650
123.145210
124.388250
125.643740
126.911800
128.192550
122.689500
123.927155
125.177305
126.440070
127.715580
123.228300
124.461370
125.706880
126.964960
128.235725
6.46
6.27
6.28
131.305080
132.619775
133.947630
130.792665
132.112280
133.445105
130.305350
131.619865
132.947640
130.815815
132.125460
133.448295
1 ( )
; 2 ( )
;
4
1
4
1-ch cos
2 1 2 1-ch cos
3 ( )
5 ( )
2 D2 A C 2 sh sin
C 2 ch cos
; 4 ( )
;
6
1
6 1-ch cos
3 1
6 1-ch cos
D2 B2 2
sh sin
2 A B C D 2 sh cos ch sin
; 6 ( )
;
3 2
3 chsin sh cos
3
2
3 chsin sh cos
A2 C2
2 B 2
sh sin
2ch sin
; 8 ( )
;
3 2
3 ch sin sh cos
3
chsin sh cos
A
ch cos
9 ( )
;
3
chsin +sh cos
7 ( )
2 A C B2 2 sh sin
2 C
1 ( )
3 ( ); 2 ( )
4 ( );
6
1
6
1
6 1
3 A B C D 2 sh cos ch sin
3 ( )
;
12
1
12
1 ch cos
3 B 2 sh sin
2 A B C D 2 sh cos ch sin
4
; 5 ( )
;
12 1 12 1 ch cos
3
2
3 ch sin sh cos
2 B 2
sh sin
3 C2 A2 3
2ch cos
( )
7 ( ); 6 ( )
;
3 2
3 ch sin sh cos
3
2
3 ch sin sh cos
*
5
122
3 A 3
ch cos
3 B D A2 3
1 ch cos
( )
7 ( ); 8 ( )
;
3 2
3 ch sin sh cos
3
2
3 ch sin sh cos
B C A D
ch sin sh cos
9 ( ) 2
2
;
3
ch sin sh cos
*
6
1; 2; 3 xem bng 2
1()
2()
3()=1()
4()=2()
2()
6()=5()
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
0.99998
0.99994
1.00000
1.00000
1.00001
1.00003
1.00009
1.00000
1.00000
0.99999
0.99993
0.99978
1.00000
1.00000
1.00001
1.00003
1.00014
1.00000
1.00000
0.99999
0.99994
0.99984
1.00000
1.00009
0.99995
0.99977
0.99927
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
0.99985
0.99969
0.99943
0.99902
0.99844
1.00022
1.00046
1.00086
1.00146
1.00235
0.99945
0.99887
0.99790
0.99642
0.99427
1.00032
1.00067
1.00124
1.00211
1.00339
0.99960
0.99918
0.99847
0.99739
0.99582
0.99821
0.99630
0.99314
0.98828
0.98121
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
0.99761
0.99650
0.99504
0.99317
0.99079
1.00358
1.00525
1.00744
1.01026
1.01384
0.99126
0.98719
0.98184
0.97496
0.96627
1.00517
1.00758
1.01075
1.01483
1.02000
0.99363
0.99065
0.98673
0.98167
0.97525
0.97133
0.95796
0.94034
0.91762
0.88882
1.50
1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
0.98784
0.98422
0.97983
0.97455
0.96826
1.01828
1.02375
1.03039
1.03838
1.04791
0.95547
0.94223
0.92618
0.90692
0.88400
1.02643
1.03433
1.04394
1.05551
1.06933
0.96723
0.95734
0.94525
0.93060
0.91289
0.85289
0.80859
0.75455
0.68920
0.61071
2.00
2.10
2.20
2.30
2.40
0.96083
0.95210
0.94189
0.93000
0.91622
1.05922
1.07255
1.08819
1.10646
1.12776
0.85694
0.82519
0.78815
0.74512
0.69533
1.08572
1.10507
1.12778
1.15436
1.18536
0.89188
0.86617
0.83678
0.80120
0.75891
0.51698
0.40552
0.27334
0.11685
-0.06838
2.50
2.60
2.70
2.80
2.90
0.90027
0.88187
0.86064
0.83618
0.80797
1.15252
1.18121
1.21465
1.25340
1.29844
0.63789
0.57178
0.49582
0.40859
0.30844
1.24146
1.26345
1.31227
1.30906
1.43520
0.70855
0.64838
0.57610
0.48864
0.38175
-0.28792
-0.54885
-0.86042
-1.23499
-1.68954
123
3.00
3.10
3.20
3.30
3.40
0.77540
0.73772
0.69399
0.64300
0.58322
1.35089
1.41217
1.48404
1.56877
1.66931
0.19336
0.06090
-0.09197
-0.26908
-0.47534
1.51241
1.60282
1.70914
1.83484
1.98444
0.24973
0.08256
-0.13252
-0.41847
-0.81502
-2.24817
-2.94636
-3.83880
-5.01472
-6.63059
3.50
3.60
0.51264
0.42845
1.78959
1.93491
-0.71717
-1.00321
2.16396
2.38160
-1.39906
-2.34150
-8.98677
-12.76200
1()
2()
3()=1()
4()=2()
2()
6()=5()
3.70
3.80
3.90
0.32694
0.20271
0.04780
2.11269
2.33351
2.61310
-1.34530
-1.76031
-2.27304
2.64874
2.98174
3.40484
-4.11481
-8.68383
-47.55530
-19.80680
-37.84500
-190.68800
4.00
4.10
4.20
4.30
4.40
-0.15008
-0.41099
-0.77004
-1.29502
-2.13568
2.97580
3.46151
4.14023
5.14721
6.78170
-2.92177
-3.76880
-4.14023
-6.59517
-9.24895
3.95573
4.69608
5.73426
7.27962
9.79564
19.46700
9.17015
6.39342
5.09273
4.33068
72.58920
32.01490
20.98440
15.74350
12.60740
4.50
4.60
4.70
4.80
4.90
-3.70212
-7.66550
-37.94770
18.30480
8.34376
9.86350
17.73460
78.23820
-34.33280
-14.48300
-14.17530
-26.49220
-120.37400
53.83900
22.90350
14.75210
26.72950
120.43000
-53.95580
-23.25230
3.32358
3.45605
3.17311
2.94125
2.74520
10.46030
8.84763
7.54806
6.43993
5.44965
5.00
5.10
5.20
5.30
5.40
5.74862
4.54448
3.84172
3.37489
3.03685
9.37158
-7.04949
-5.73831
-4.90802
-4.34539
14.78660
10.97120
8.70237
7.15699
6.00243
-15.36250
-11.79660
-9.80006
-8.55222
-7.72326
2.57221
2.41419
2.26523
2.12066
1.97654
4.52887
3.64239
2.76656
1.87670
0.95373
5.50
5.60
5.70
5.80
5.90
2.77590
2.56393
2.38420
2.22596
2.08186
-3.94830
-3.66194
-3.45455
-3.30668
-3.20607
5.07780
4.29505
3.60123
2.96183
2.35258
-7.15559
-6.76502
-6.50316
-6.34091
-6.26051
1.82925
1.67518
1.51046
1.33058
1.13003
-0.02214
-1.07206
-2.22019
-3.49580
-4.93603
6.00
6.10
6.20
1.94654
1.81579
1.68609
-3.14497
-3.11863
-3.12451
1.75508
1.15419
0.53635
-6.25142
-6.30816
-6.42908
0.90164
0.63564
0.31810
-6.59010
-8.52590
-10.84110
124
7()
3()
4()
6()
7()
8()
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
1.00000
1.00000
1.00002
1.00011
1.00034
1.00000
1.00000
0.99995
0.99975
0.99921
1.00000
1.00000
1.00002
1.00009
1.00027
1.00000
0.99998
0.99974
0.99869
0.99585
1.00000
1.00000
1.00007
1.00038
1.00119
1.00000
0.99999
0.99987
0.99936
0.99799
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00082
1.00170
1.00315
1.00537
1.00862
0.99806
0.99599
0.99257
0.98732
0.97968
1.00067
1.00139
1.00257
1.00439
1.00704
0.98998
0.97901
0.96111
0.93362
0.89361
1.00290
1.00602
1.01116
1.01906
1.03057
0.99509
0.98981
0.98112
0.96779
0.94837
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.01316
1.01931
1.02743
1.03792
1.05125
0.96902
0.95462
0.93569
0.91135
0.88064
1.01074
1.01575
1.02234
1.03083
1.04157
0.83772
0.76210
0.66264
0.53448
0.37238
1.04667
1.06850
1.09733
1.13462
1.18201
0.92152
0.88458
0.83630
0.77412
0.69549
1.50
1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
1.06794
1.08859
1.11391
1.14470
1.18194
0.84252
0.79583
0.73933
0.67165
0.59133
1.05495
1.07141
1.09144
1.11557
1.14442
0.17050
-0.07768
-0.37944
-0.74297
-1.17151
1.24142
1.31504
1.40540
1.51549
1.64887
0.59757
0.47721
0.33090
0.15468
-0.05590
2.00
2.10
2.20
2.30
2.40
1.22675
1.28054
1.34499
1.42221
1.51486
0.49673
0.38609
0.25746
0.10867
-0.06265
1.17870
1.21920
1.26683
1.32266
1.38794
-1.69362
-2.30348
-3.02127
-3.86381
-4.85132
1.80980
2.00346
2.23621
2.51603
2.85300
-0.30593
-0.60126
-0.94869
-1.35628
-1.83370
2.50
2.60
2.70
2.80
2.90
1.62631
1.76099
1.92479
2.12566
2.37473
-0.25924
-0.48401
-0.74051
-1.03267
-1.36510
1.46412
1.55296
1.65655
1.77743
1.91871
-6.00856
-7.36650
-8.96474
-10.85530
-13.10850
3.26008
3.75427
4.35821
5.10279
6.03118
-2.39277
-3.04824
-3.81896
-4.72963
-5.81363
3.00
3.10
3.20
3.30
3.40
2.68795
3.08906
3.61495
4.32616
5.32940
-1.74324
-2.17360
-2.66408
-3.22447
-3.86709
2.08425
2.27887
2.50873
2.78172
3.10821
-15.82280
-19.14160
-23.28410
-28.60530
-35.72480
7.20554
8.71851
10.71440
13.43040
17.28490
-7.11762
-8.70949
-10.69290
-13.23570
-16.63060
125
3.50
3.60
3.70
6.83166
9.29380
13.99080
-4.60787
-5.46784
-6.47565
3.50200
3.98191
4.57418
-45.83660
-61.58710
-90.27690
23.09050
32.65720
50.99400
-21.44150
-28.91840
-42.50940
7()
3()
4()
6()
7()
8()
3.80
3.90
26.22730
131.07600
-7.67158
-9.11447
5.31656
6.26517
-162.26400
-764.08100
98.94480
510.81600
-76.54490
-360.74400
4.00
4.10
4.20
4.30
4.40
-50.02020
-22.35040
-15.00170
-11.65410
-9.77808
-10.89450
-13.15770
-16.15900
-20.38810
-26.92540
7.50722
9.18596
11.55200
15.09230
20.88290
269.20400
108.34700
63.46710
41.20980
27.08610
-200.99700
-92.44860
-63.77640
-50.85040
-43.73380
127.06100
51.05060
29.79270
19.21000
12.46120
4.50
4.60
4.70
4.80
4.90
-8.60946
-7.83952
-7.31942
-6.96999
-6.74570
-38.72540
-67.82150
-286.43100
117.88200
45.47060
31.87390
60.09390
277.77500
-127.58400
-56.28450
16.70070
8.25542
0.86832
-5.95313
-12.51440
-39.42790
-36.72140
-35.03650
-34.00673
-33.64170
7.47032
3.38788
-0.20327
-3.53645
-6.75683
5.00
5.10
5.20
5.30
5.40
-6.61931
-6.57441
-6.60156
-6.69622
-6.85771
26.03480
16.55680
10.62840
6.33368
2.89632
38.05190
29.87730
25.36140
22.59900
20.85580
-19.02400
-25.63810
-32.48520
-39.68110
-47.33980
-33.66110
-34.07120
-34.84730
-35.98720
-37.50730
-9.96388
-13.23260
-16.62510
-20.19780
-24.00680
5.50
5.60
5.70
5.80
5.90
-7.08877
-7.39562
-7.78837
-8.28201
-8.89804
-0.06147
-2.74869
-5.29338
-7.78152
-10.27620
-19.67770
-18.96190
-18.56900
-18.43540
-18.52450
-55.58200
-64.55400
-74.38780
-85.31460
-97.58370
-39.44290
-41.84960
-44.80780
-48.43030
-52.87430
-28.11150
-32.57970
-37.49210
-42.94900
-49.08010
6.00
6.10
6.20
-9.66722
-10.63400
-11.86420
-12.82790
-15.48130
-18.27900
-18.81760
-19.30910
-20.00420
-111.54200
-127.67000
-146.65900
-58.36100
-65.20740
-73.88130
-56.05890
-64.12900
-72.62790
126
CC DNG DAO NG
Loi dm
0, 774l
0, 644l
B 22, 4
0,5l
B 9,86
B 22, 4
B 15, 4
B 39,5
0,5l
0,868l
B 121,0
B 61, 7
0,333l
0, 667l
B 88,9
0,5l
0,359l 0, 641l
B 61, 7
B 121
0,560l
0,384l 0, 692l
B 50, 0
B 104
0, 644l 0,906l
0,356l
0, 25l
0,5l
0, 75l
B 158
0, 278l 0, 5l
0, 722l
B 250
0, 294l 0,529l
0, 765l
B 178
127
MC LC
M u
CHNG 1: DAO NG CA H MT BC T DO
1-1- Mt s khi nim v l thuyt dao ng
1-1-1- Khi nim v chu k v tn s
1-1-2- Dao ng iu ho v vc t quay
1-1-3- Lc cn v m hnh lc cn
1-2- Phng trnh vi phn dao ng ngang tng qut ca h mt bc t do
1-3- Dao ng t do-tn s dao ng t do (hay tn s dao ng ring)
1-3-1- Dao ng t khng c lc cn
1-3-2- Dao ng t do c lc cn
1-4- Dao ng cng bc chu lc kch thch iu ho P(t)=P0sinrt -h s ng
1-4-1- Xt trng hp lc cn b
1-4-2- Xt trng hp khi khng c lc cn
1-4-3- Phn tch h s ng-hin tng cng hng
1-5- H mt bc t do chu lc kch ng-hm ng lc v tch phn Duhamel
CHNG 2: DAO NG CA H C NHIU (n) BC T DO
2-1- Khi nim ban u
2-2- Phng trnh vi phn dao ng ngang tng qut ca h c n bc t do
2-3- Dao ng t do ca h c n bc t do-phng trnh tn s
2-3-1- Tn s v phng trnh tn s
2-3-2- Dng dao ng ring v tnh cht trc giao ca cc dng dao ng
ring
A- Dng dao ng ring
B- Tnh cht trc giao ca cc dng dao ng ring
C- Chun ho cc dng dao ng ring
2-3-3- Phn tch ti trng theo cc dng dao ng ring
128
HN BC T DO
3-1- Phng trnh vi phn tng qut dao ng ngang ca thanh thng
3-2- Dao ng t do khng c lc cn ca thanh thng tit din hng s-tnh
cht trc giao ca cc dng dao ng ring
3-2-1- Phng trnh vi phn dao ng t do khng c lc cn
3-2-2- Gii phng trnh vi phn (3-6)-Xc nh qui lut dao ng t do
3-2-3- Gii phng trnh vi phn (3-7)-Xc nh tn s dao ng ring v
dng dao ng ring
3-2-4- Xc nh tn s dao ng ring ca cc dm mt nhp
3-2-5- Tnh cht trc giao ca cc dng dao ng ring
3-2-6- Phn tch ti trng theo cc dng dao ng ring
3-2-7- Dng chun ca cc dng dao ng ring
3-3- Dao ng cng bc khng c lc cn ca thanh thng tit din khng
i
3-3-1- Trng hp lc kch thch phn b bt k q(z,t)
3-3-2- Trng hp lc kch thch phn b u theo quy lut iu ho
q(z,t)=q0sinrt
3-3-3- Trng hp lc tp trung P(t)
3-3-4- Dao ng cng bc khng c lc cn ca dm mt nhp, tit din
khng i, chu tc ng ca ti trng v di chuyn gi ta bin i iu ho
129
NG LC HC CNG TRNH
4-1- Cc phng php nng lng
4-1-1- Phng php Rayleigh
A- Xt trng hp h c s bc t do hu hn
B- Trng hp khi lng phn b-h c v hn bc t do
4-1-2- Phng php Rayleigh-Ritz
4-2- Phng php khi lng tp trung
CHNG 5: DAO NG CA KT CU H THANH PHNG
5-1- Cch tnh gn ng
5-2- Phng php tnh chnh xc
5-2-1- Xc nh tn s dao ng t do
5-2-2- Biu bin ni lc ng
**************************
130
n nh v ng lc hc cng trnh.
Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut-H Ni 1979.
2) Nguyn vn Tnh C s dao ng cng trnh
Nh xut bn Xy dng H ni 1987
3) Nguyn Vn Phng
ng lc hc cng trnh.
Dynamics of Structures
Budapest 1976
5) Groschy Bla
Budapest 1984
6) Norris.Ch.H.
Cnpaok no ake
131