CSharp Projects

C# and ASP.
NET
Projects
By
Shivprasad Koirala
Sham Shaikh
Visit us http://www.questpond.com for free interview question ebook.
Mail bpb@bol.net.in to buy the book
Write to the author directly at shiv_koirala@yahoo.com
The eBook is free but below are the limitation of this free ebook:-
-- The book has only 5 projects which are far less than what the actual book contains.
-- Practical Videos and code walkthrough of the projects is not available for download.
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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................................10
Dedication ................................................................................................................................................................10
Foreword ..................................................................................................................................................................10
About the authors....................................................................................................................................................10
Who should read this book ....................................................................................................................................11
Details of the book ..................................................................................................................................................11
What’s in the CD.....................................................................................................................................................12
PART I – THE FUNDAMENTALS ...........................................................................................................................13
CHAPTER 1 SDLC AND PROJECT DOCUMENTATION.......................................................................................13
What does this book target....................................................................................................................................13
The growth of a software professional................................................................................................................13
SDLC (Software development Life Cycle)..........................................................................................................16
Waterfall................................................................................................................................................................ 17
Iterative model ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
Evolutionary model............................................................................................................................................... 19
V-model ................................................................................................................................................................ 19
Which is the best model? ...................................................................................................................................... 21
Essential documentation in projects....................................................................................................................22
UML...........................................................................................................................................................................22
Three views of the project from UML perspective............................................................................................... 23
Structure diagram .................................................................................................................................................. 23
Behavior diagram .................................................................................................................................................. 24
Model management diagram................................................................................................................................. 24
Overall Explanation of the UML diagrams........................................................................................................... 25
Class diagram ........................................................................................................................................................ 25
Object diagram ...................................................................................................................................................... 25
Composite structure diagram ................................................................................................................................ 25
Deployment diagram............................................................................................................................................. 26
Component diagram .............................................................................................................................................. 26
Package diagram ................................................................................................................................................... 26
Activity diagram ................................................................................................................................................... 26
Use case diagram .................................................................................................................................................. 26
State machine diagram / Protocol state machine diagram .................................................................................... 26
Overview diagram................................................................................................................................................. 26
Sequence diagram ................................................................................................................................................. 26
Communication diagram....................................................................................................................................... 26
Timing diagram..................................................................................................................................................... 26
Which diagram is important.................................................................................................................................. 26
Use case diagram over view.................................................................................................................................. 27
Actors and Goals................................................................................................................................................... 27
Detail Explanation of the Use Case template........................................................................................................ 28
Included and Extended use case............................................................................................................................ 30
Differentiate between Included use case and extended use cases?....................................................................... 32
Class diagram ........................................................................................................................................................ 32
Associations in Class diagrams ............................................................................................................................. 32
Multiplicity............................................................................................................................................................ 33
Aggregation and composition............................................................................................................................... 34
Composite structure diagram ................................................................................................................................ 35
Reflexive associations........................................................................................................................................... 36
Generalization and specialization ......................................................................................................................... 36
Estimation in projects............................................................................................................................................ 37
Introduction to Function Points............................................................................................................................. 37
Basics of Function Points...................................................................................................................................... 38
Application Boundary........................................................................................................................................... 38
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Elementary Process............................................................................................................................................... 38
Dynamic and static elementary process................................................................................................................ 39
Elements of Function Points ................................................................................................................................. 39
Internal Logical Files (ILF)................................................................................................................................... 39
External Interface File (EIF) ................................................................................................................................. 40
Record Element Type (RET)................................................................................................................................ 40
DET (Data element types)..................................................................................................................................... 41
Data Communications........................................................................................................................................... 43
Distributed data p rocessing................................................................................................................................... 43
Performance .......................................................................................................................................................... 44
Heavily used configuration ................................................................................................................................... 44
On-Line data entry ................................................................................................................................................ 45
End-user efficiency ............................................................................................................................................... 46
On-Line update..................................................................................................................................................... 46
Complex processing.............................................................................................................................................. 47
Reusability ............................................................................................................................................................ 47
Installation ease..................................................................................................................................................... 48
Operational ease.................................................................................................................................................... 48
Multiple sites......................................................................................................................................................... 49
Facilitate change ................................................................................................................................................... 49
Function point template explanation...................................................................................................................63
Testing Document....................................................................................................................................................64
UPDATE ADDRESS....................................................................................................................................................65
CHAPTER 2 OOPS PRIMER ....................................................................................................................................65
Why OOPs................................................................................................................................................................65
Fundamentals of OOPS..........................................................................................................................................66
Abstract classes and Interfaces.............................................................................................................................68
CHAPTER 3 UNDERSTANDING THE IDE..............................................................................................................69
The IDE.....................................................................................................................................................................69
Windows form Code walk through.......................................................................................................................72
The IIS .......................................................................................................................................................................74
Web Application Code walk through...................................................................................................................74
CHAPTER 4 DATABASES AND ADO.NET ............................................................................................................81
MSDE Basics ...........................................................................................................................................................81
Difference between SQL and MSDE....................................................................................................................81
Installation of MSDE..............................................................................................................................................82
Basic SQL Commands............................................................................................................................................85
ADO.NET basics .....................................................................................................................................................86
Introducing the .NET Data Providers .................................................................................................................88
OLE DB.NET data provider..................................................................................................................................88
SQL Server.NET data provider.............................................................................................................................88
ODBC.NET data provider.....................................................................................................................................88
The Command Object.............................................................................................................................................90
The Command Object’s Methods.........................................................................................................................91
Understanding DataReader ..................................................................................................................................93
Understanding Dataset..........................................................................................................................................95
Sample code .............................................................................................................................................................95
Microsoft Data Application blocks......................................................................................................................96
PART II – THE FUN PART.........................................................................................................................................98
INTRODUCTION TO THE FUN PART .......................................................................................................................98
CHAPTER 5 – LETS ROCK: - THE MANDELBROT PROJECT.............................................................................98
What will you learn in this project.......................................................................................................................98
Overview of Mandelbrot project...........................................................................................................................98
How to start the Mandelbrot project................................................................................................................ 100
Code explanation.................................................................................................................................................. 101
CHAPTER 6 – FILE SEARCH MODULE................................................................................................................ 107
What will you learn in this project.................................................................................................................... 107
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Overview of File search Application................................................................................................................ 107
Fundamentals to complete the project.............................................................................................................. 108
File System............................................................................................................................................................ 108
Threading Concepts............................................................................................................................................. 109
Delegates and event concept.............................................................................................................................. 111
Class Diagram of File search Application ...................................................................................................... 114
Code Explanation................................................................................................................................................. 115
Enhancement in File Search Project................................................................................................................ 118
PART III – PROFESSIONAL PROJECTS .......................................................................................................... 119
CHAPTER 7 – RELIABLE COMPUTER CHAT APPLICATION.......................................................................... 119
Deliverables in CD for this Project .................................................................................................................. 119
Overview of Chat application ............................................................................................................................ 119
How to start the chat application...................................................................................................................... 120
Starters Chat code................................................................................................................................................ 120
Whats wrong with the above code..................................................................................................................... 124
Estimation of the Chat Application................................................................................................................... 125
External Input (EI) explanation......................................................................................................................... 125
External Inquiry (EQ) explanation................................................................................................................... 125
Internal Logical File (ILF) explanation........................................................................................................... 126
Explanation of Total Estimation........................................................................................................................ 127
Use Case ................................................................................................................................................................ 130
Details of the Use Case ....................................................................................................................................... 130
Caching fundamentals in ASP.NET .................................................................................................................. 132
Class diagram....................................................................................................................................................... 133
Code explanation.................................................................................................................................................. 137
Consuming the class library............................................................................................................................... 137
Auto refresh fundamentals.................................................................................................................................. 138
Login page explanation....................................................................................................................................... 139
Login button click logic....................................................................................................................................... 139
Displaying the chat message and the users..................................................................................................... 140
Change room and Send messages..................................................................................................................... 142
CHAPTER 8 – JOB S ITE APPLICATION.............................................................................................................. 143
How to load the jobsite....................................................................................................................................... 143
Overview of the Job Site Application................................................................................................................ 148
Estimation of the Job Site Application............................................................................................................. 149
Explanation of ILF ............................................................................................................................................... 149
Explanation of EIF and EO ................................................................................................................................ 149
Explanation for EQ .............................................................................................................................................. 150
Explanation for EI................................................................................................................................................ 150
Explanation for GSC ........................................................................................................................................... 150
Final Estimation................................................................................................................................................... 151
Use Case Explanation ......................................................................................................................................... 152
E-R Diagram Explanation.................................................................................................................................. 157
Architecture Explanation.................................................................................................................................... 159
Class Diagram Explanation............................................................................................................................... 161
Entity collection relation ship............................................................................................................................ 163
Explanation of clsMenu and clsMenus............................................................................................................. 163
Explanation of the user class ............................................................................................................................. 164
Calling the validation bridge............................................................................................................................. 165
Explanation of the businessvalidation bridge................................................................................................. 165
Explanation of the reflection.............................................................................................................................. 166
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Explanation of Validation library..................................................................................................................... 167
Setobject to validate............................................................................................................................................. 168
Explanation of Data access................................................................................................................................ 169
Explanation of UI ................................................................................................................................................. 170
CHAPTER 9 – QUADRA CLIENT W EB SERVICES ............................................................................................ 171
How to start the Quadra client.......................................................................................................................... 172
Web service Fundamentals................................................................................................................................. 173
Overview of the Quadra Client Application.................................................................................................... 178
Estimation of the Quadra Client Application.................................................................................................. 178
Use Case Explanation ......................................................................................................................................... 181
Class Diagram Explanation............................................................................................................................... 183
Setting up the quadra client webservice...........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER 10 – POINTS TO BE NOTED IN PROJECTS ....................................................................................... 185
PROJECTS COMING UP IN SECOND EDITION.................................................................................................... 189
Call centre project............................................................................................................................................... 189
MSC Accounting package................................................................................................................................... 190
INTERVIEW QUESTIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 190
.NET Interview Questions Book......................................................................................................................... 190
SQL Server Interview Questions Book ............................................................................................................. 199
JAVA Interview Questions Book........................................................................................................................ 206
Page 9 of 215
Introduction
Dedication
From Shivprasad koirala
This book is dedicated to my kid Sanjana, whose dad’s play time has been stolen and
given to this book.I am thankful to my wife for constantly encouraging me and also to BPB
Publication to give new comer a platform to perform. Finally at the top of all thanks To two
old eyes my mom and dad for always blessing me. I am blessed to have Raju as my Brother
who always keeps my momentum moving on.
From Shaam
This book is dedicated to my mom and dad for all the hard work done to see this day where
I am today.
Foreword
From Shivprasad Koirala
First thing I never thought that I will be able to complete this book. It was the worst phase
of career which I had gone through.Thanks to my family to support me, give me confidence
to make this book a success. This book has seen its own ups and downs to reach the final
light. I started this book with one of my friends Rajesh Nair and Pravin Joshi. Rajesh nair is
almost the co-author of the book. But because of their own software project dead lines they
had to fall of in between. But yes that does not upset me a bit. The value they had put in the
initial stages has made this book matured to a huge extent. I am also grateful to Mr. Sainath
to put his experience which has brought the value of book to an elite level. Thanks to
Shaam for all the effort. It was his tiresome three months of continuous writing that we
have finally made it. I hope this book really serves as a good bed for freshers to make
hands on and feel how projects are accomplished in international companies.
About the authors
Shivprasad Koirala
He works in a big multinational company and has over 8 years of experience in software
industry. He is working presently as project lead and in past has led projects in Banking,
travel and financial sectors.
But on the top of all, I am a simple developer like you all guys there doing an 8 hour job.
Writing is something I do extra and I love doing it. No one is perfect and same holds true
for me .So anything you want to comment, suggest, point typo / grammar mistakes or
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Technical mistakes regarding the book you can mail me at shiv_koirala@yahoo.com.
Believe me guys your harsh words would be received with love and treated to the top most
priority. Without all you guys I am not an author.
Who should read this book
• Developers who want to understand how project are completed using SDLC and
proper documentation.
• Developers who want to know how estimation, use cases, requirement analysis, test
cases and design documents are executed in live projects.
• Programmers who are looking for quick hands on projects.
• Senior and junior developers who are looking of how to do practical
implementation of OOPS in project.
• Developers who are looking at practically implementing UML.
• Developers who are looking at how estimation is done practically in software
projects.
Details of the book
• Book has in all six projects (Job Site, Chat application, File search, Job Site client,
Mandel brot and batch uploading) with three professional projects completed with
proper controlled SDLC and documentation.
• This book will give you a three dimension view of the project i.e from the
developer, architecture and project manager perspective.
• Full source code of all six projects with proper documentation included in the CD.
• All professional projects have Use cases, UML, Estimation and proper test plan.
This not only makes yo u practically confortable from coding point but also from
project point of view.
• There are decent videos which explain the source code and some basic
fundamentals in a detail fashion thus making yo u comfortable for real projects.
• MSDE is provided in the CD so that you can exploit sql server to the maximum
during database projects.
• Other than technical aspects this book also provides important points to be noted in
the project. For instance your attitude and behavior during the project.
• This book shows in depth of how to increase reusability by using Microsoft
Application blocks. This is excercised by using microsft data application blocks in
the job site project.
• Interview questions to judge yourself during interview. After completing the project
you would like to have a glance through the questions so that you are in a better
position during .NET interviews.
• Threading, Session management, webservices, ADO.NET and many such features
are explained with a project implementation which gives clearer idea of the subject.
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• Before the projects detail theory explanation of UML, Estimation, and SDLC and
design documentation is provided to the reader which will make him more
confortable while executing the project.
• Some applications are coded from two perspective one from an ok developer
perspective and the other from a good programmer perspective. Thus giving two
view points of the development perspective.
What’s in the CD
The CD has stuffs which will make you rock.
• Source code folder: - This folder has basically all the source code of projects
present in this book.
o Mandelbrot project
o Windows file search project
o Chat application project.
o Job site project ( Quadra job site)
o Job site client project ( Quadra client )
• Videos folder: - This folder contains videos from the perspective of this book.
Watching those videos will make you confident about the project. Below are the
various videos with what they explain :-
o IISPractical: - Gives a practical understanding of what exactly IIS is.
o IISTheoryExplanation :- Gives you theoritcial explanation of IIS.
o WindowsIDE :- Explains how to use VS.NET IDE in a efficient way.
o FunctionPointTemplate :- Explains how to use the function point template
for estimation.
o MandelBrotCodeWalkthrough :- Explains the Mandel brot code
walkthrough.
o BadChatApplicationCodeWalkThrough :- Explains the bad chat code
walkthrough.
o StarttheJobSiteProject :- This video will help you to make job site project up
and running.
o JobWebSiteFunctionalWalkThrough :- Gives functionality walkthrough for
the Job site application.
o JobSiteCodeUnderstanding :- Gives a code walkthrough of the jobsite
application.
o QuadraClientExplanation :- Gives a detail functionality explanation of the
quadr client project.
o QuadraClientCodeUnderstaing :- Gives a code walkthrough of the quadra
client code walkthrough.
Note: - In the installable folder windows media player is provided in

case you have issues viewing the videos.
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• Installable folder: - This folder contains following necessary installable required for
this project.
o Windows Media player and codec installable to view videos of this book.
o Data access application blocks for the DAL component of the project.
o MSDE 2000 Database (MSDE2000A.exe) as a database for this book.
o SQL Server 2000 Evaluation version. This software is in the CD so that we
can install the SQL Client to connect to MSDE 2000.
Part I – The fundamentals
Chapter 1 SDLC and Project documentation

What does this book target
The prime goal of this book is to make a programmer comfortable to work practically on
C# projects adhering to proper software quality processes. In my childhood times I wanted
to learn cycling. That’s because all the village girls liked boys who can ride cycle :- ). So I
some how managed to get myself in my village cycle training school, it was a four day
course. In the cycle training school I was taught theory for three days and then on the
fourth day I touched the cycle. But I was never confident enough to drive the cycle
independently. But one fine day one of my good friend just made me sit on the cycle and
continuously made me drive the cycle for three hours. LOL!!! I learnt it.
The same holds true for Software field one actual implementation is 1000 times worth than
big GURU talks. But there is one more important thing – Software quality process. I did
learn riding the cycle but for one week continuously I was struggling to manage brakes,
turns etc. In short I learnt to ride the cycle but not in a controlled and quality manner.
That’s a different thing I learnt to control the cycle over a period of time. So the second
aspect this book will target is not only to enable you practically but in a controlled fashion
so that you give quality code rather than quantity code.
Note: - The biggest difference between an ok programmer and good

programmer is quality coding.
So here's my equation for this book.
THIS BOOK = INSTANT PRACTICAL + PROPER QUALITY SOFTWARE PROCESS
The growth of a software professional
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If you are self taught programmer or working in a company which is not process oriented
the title of this section can sound a bit bureaucratic to you. A good software product other
than source code has proper documentation and process at place.
Every young developer in his initial part of the software career is hot blooded and full of
enthusiasm. The only goal he has in his mind is to complete the project. For these kind of
young developers source code is the most important section in the complete project.
As time passes by and the young developer starts gaining experience depending on the type
of the company and his number of year of exp his view point changes.
As the developer becomes senior source code becomes an insignificant entity and
documentation forms the most important part of the project from his perspective.
Below is the breakup and view point depending on maturity level of software professional.
0-2 Years of experience: - Developers having experience in this range give importance to
source code. They take pride and enjoyment to write cryptic and heroic logic. Developers
falling in this category think documentation as bureaucratic. If not controlled properly they
rarely will think to even comment codes. But yes software professionals in this experience
range have great technical enthusiasm. They love to get involved technically.
3-5 Year of experience: - Software professional in this category have lot of maturity in
technical section. They take pride in architecture work of the project. In fact many of the
developers would like to see themselves as architecture in the coming times. That’s a
different thing as they get to more senior position they want to see themselves as project
managers rather than in to technical. Software professional in this range think source code
with proper comments and technical documentation as the most important deliverable.
They have less focus on project planning, estimation and testing.
6 - 8 Years of experience: - Software professional in this experience range give importance

to technical documentation, estimation and source code. But they are bit soft when it comes
to project planning and testing.
9 and above Years: - This is the time he becomes a complete senior (he becomes a bit fat).
Source code deliverable becomes one of the smallest entities of the project. Planning,
monitoring, People issues, escalation and estimation become prime focus for him. He starts
following processes like CMMI and SIX SIGMA religiously. From this book i am not
trying to communicate that estimation, planning or project management is not a important
part. But as people become seniors why is that they start loosing technical touch. When we
know technical forms an important aspect of software projects.
In short the right proportion between management and technical is important. When a
software professional starts his career technical is the only thing for him and when he is at
his peak management is everything. If a professional makes a proper balance of both these
entities we have the MR Perfect with us.....And I know there are still many MR Perfect in
the software industry or else we would not have come so far.
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Figure 1.1 : - Viewpoints of software developer
Above figure shows how senior and junior view project deliverables. Projects in this book
will have all the above documents which will give us a complete view of the project.
If we do not have documentation in project you will probably complete the project but
when new people join knowledge transition becomes a huge task. The biggest advantage of
documentation is that the project becomes resource independent and which is a huge
success for any project. I know how difficult it is to convince juniors and developers
working in small scale software house the importance of documentation and proper process
to complete a project. How many times it has happened that you wanted to change your
project and your project manager did not allow you?. Yes because he knew that you are a
hero of the project and your leaving will create him problems. So first thing never be a hero
on a project rather work in co-coordinated fashion and make project independent of you.
Page 15 of 215
The best way to attain independency in project is by proper documentation. Clear cut
documentation makes new developers to join the project in much easy fashion and you can
move to new heights in the organization.
Now two cents!!!! For the seniors who do over documentation the project ;-). I still
remember one of my seniors who told me to document how a developer should behave in
the project. The above said document is related to project, but if it is not there it will not
affect the project in any way. In short introduce documents in project which are really
needed rather than just pushing something for namesake.
SDLC (Software development Life Cycle)
Every activity has a life cycle and software developme nt process is not an exception for the
same. Even if you are not aware of SDLC you still must be following it unknowingly. But
if a software professional is aware about SDLC he can execute the project in a much
controlled fashion. One of the big benefits of this awareness is that hot blooded developers
will not start directly execution (coding) which can really lead to project running in an
uncontrolled fashion. Second it helps customer and software professional to avoid
confusion by anticipating the problems and issues before hand. In short SDLC defines the
various stages in a software life cycle.
But before we try to understand what SDLC is all about. We need to get a broader view of
the start and end of SDLC. Any project started if it does not have a start and end then its
already in trouble. It’s like if you go out for a drive you should know where to start and
where to end or else you are moving around endlessly.
Figure 1.2 : - Entry, SDLC and Exit in action
Above is a more global view of the how the start and end of SDLC. Any project should
have entry criteria and exit criteria. For instance a proper estimation document can be an
entry criteria condition. That means if you do not have a proper estimation document in
place the project will not start. It can be more practical, if half payment is not received the
Page 16 of 215
project will not start. So there can be list of points which needs to be completed before a
project starts. Finally there should be end of the project also which defines saying that this
is when the project will end. For instance if all the test scenarios given by the end customer
is completed that means the project is finished. In the above figure we have the entry
criteria as an estimation document and exit criteria as a signed document by the end client
saying the software is delivered.
Below is the figure that shows typical flow in SDLC which has five main models .As per
use developers can select model for their project.
• Waterfall - Big Bang and Phased model.
• Iterative - Spiral and Incremental model.
Waterfall
Let’s have a look on Waterfall model which is basically divided into two subtypes:-
• Big Bang waterfall model.

• Phased waterfall model.
As the name suggests Waterfall means flow of water always goes in one direction so when
we say waterfall model we expect every phase/stage is freezed.
Big Bang waterfall model

The figure shows waterfall BigBang model which has several stages and are described as
below:-
• Requirement stage: - This stage takes basic business needs required for the project
which is from a user perspective so this stage produces typical word documents
with simple points or may be in a form of complicated use case documents. In this
book we will be using use case documents to describe this stage.
Note: use case are explained in detail in UML section
• Design stage : - Use case document / requirement document is the input for this
stage. Here we decide how to design the project technically and produce technical
document which has Class diagram, pseudo code etc.
• Build stage:- This stage follows the technical documents as an input so code can be
generated as an output by this stage. This is where the actual execution of the
project takes place.
• Test stage:- Here testing is done on the source code produced by the build stage and
final software is given a green flag. In this book we will have a test plan documents
for this stage.
• Deliver stage : - After succeeding in Test stage the final product/project is finally
installed at client end for actual production. This stage is start for the maintenance
stage.
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Figure 1.3: - SDLC in action (Waterfall big bang model)
In this model, it is assumed that all stages are freezed that means it’s a perfect world. But in
actual projects such processes are impractical.
Phased Waterfall model
In this model the project is divided into small chunks and delivered at intervals by different
teams. In short, chunks are developed in parallel by different teams and get integrated in
the final project. But the disadvantage of this model is there is improper planning may lead
to fall of the project during integration or any mismatch of co-ordination between the team
may cause huge failure.
Iterative model
Iterative model was introduced because of problems faced in Waterfall model.

Now let’s try to have a look on Iterative model which also has two basic subtype as
follows:-
Incremental model
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In this model work is divided into chunks like phase waterfall model but the difference is
that in Incremental model one team can work on one or many chunks which was unlike in
phase waterfall model.
Spiral model
This model uses series of prototype which refine on understanding of what we are actually
going to deliver. Plans are changed if required as per refining of the prototype. So every
time in this model refining of prototype is done and again the whole process cycle is
repeated.
Evolutionary model
In Incremental and Spiral model the main problem is for any changes in between SDLC
cycle we need to iterate through the whole new cycle. For instance, During the
final(Deliver)stage customer demands for change we retreat the whole cycle again that
means we need to update all the previous (Requirement, Technical documents, Source
code & Test plan) stages.
In Evolutionary model, we divide software into small units which can be earlier delivered
to the customer’s end which means we try to fulfill the customer’s needs. In the later stages
we evolve the software with new customers needs.
V-model
This type of model was deve loped by testers to emphasis the importance of early testing. In
this model testers are involved from requirement stage itself. So below is the diagram
which shows how for every stage some testing activity is done to ensure that the project is
moving as planned.
For instance,
• In requirement stage we have acceptance test documents created by the testers.
Acceptance test document outlines that if these test pass then customer will accept
the software.
• In specification stage testers create the system test document. In the coming section
system testing is explained in more elaborate fashion.
• In design stage we have integration document s created by the testers. Integration
test documents define testing steps of how the components should work when
integrated. For instance you develop a customer class and product class. You have
tested the customer class and the product class individually. But in practical
scenario the customer class will interact with the product class. So you also need to
test is the customer class interacting with product class properly.
• In implement stage we have unit documents created by the programmers or testers.
Lets try to understand every of this testing phase in more detail.
Unit Testing
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Starting from the bottom the first test level is "Unit Testing". It involves checking that each
feature specified in the "Component Design" has been implemented in the component.
In theory an independent tester should do this, but in practice the developer usually does it,
as they are the only people who understand how a component works. The problem with a
component is that it performs only a small part of the functionality of a system, and it relies
on co-operating with other parts of the system, which may not have been built yet. To
overcome this, the developer either builds, or uses special software to trick the component
into believe it is working in a fully functional system.
Integration Testing
As the components are constructed and tested they are then linked together to check if they
work with each other. It is a fact that two components that have passed all their tests, when
connected to each other produce one new component full of faults. These tests can be done
by specialists, or by the developers.
Integration Testing is not focused on what the components are doing but on how they
communicate with each other, as specified in the "System Design". The "System Design"
defines relationships between components.
The tests are organized to check all the interfaces, until all the components have been built
and interfaced to each other producing the whole system.
System Testing
Once the entire system has been built then it has to be tested against the "System
Specification" to check if it delivers the features required. It is still developer focused,
although specialist developers known as systems testers are normally employed to do it.
In essence System Testing is not about checking the individual parts of the design, but
about checking the system as a whole. In fact it is one giant component.
System testing can involve a number of specialist types of test to see if all the functional
and non- functional requirements have been met. In addition to functional requirements
these may include the following types of testing for the non- functional requirements:
• Performance - Are the performance criteria met?

• Volume - Can large volumes of information be handled?
• Stress - Can peak volumes of information be handled?
• Documentation - Is the documentation usable for the system?
• Robustness - Does the system remain stable under adverse circumstances?
There are many others, the need for which is dictated by how the system is supposed to
perform.
Acceptance Testing
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Acceptance Testing checks the system against the "Requirements". It is similar to systems
testing in that the whole system is checked but the important difference is the change in
focus:
Systems testing checks that the system that was specified has been delivered. Acceptance
Testing checks that the system will deliver what was requested.
The customer should always do acceptance testing and not the developer. The customer
knows what is required from the system to achieve value in the business and is the only
person qualified to make that judgment. This testing is more of getting the answer for
whether is the software delivered as defined by the customer. It’s like getting a green flag
from the customer that the software is up to the expectation and ready to be used.
Figure 1.4: - V model cycle flow
Which is the best model?

In the previous sectio n we looked through all the models. But in real projects, hardly one
complete model can fulfill the entire project requirement. In real projects, tailor model are
proven to be the best because they share features from all models such as Waterfall,
Iterative, Evolutionary models etc and can fit in to real life time projects. Tailor model are
most productive and benefited for many organization.
As it is an educational book we will build up virtual project for clear understanding the
process so we will use Big Bang waterfall model. In waterfall project output of every stage
will be freezed as explained earlier no changes will be accepted once the requirement
document is freezed.
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Essential documentation in projects
In the previous section we discussed the various SDLC lifecycle models. For every stage in
the model we have documents created according to phases such as:-
• Requirement stage we have the Use case document
• Design stage we have the Technical document
• Build stage we have the source code
• Test stage we have the Test result document
• Deliver stage we have the sign off document
There are different documentation for every project and these documents change from
company to company and project to project.
For instance, some company will have 3 documents and some will have 12 documents in a
project depending upon project manager or the policy of the company to execute a project.
This book will include only 5 documents in a project which are as follows:-
• Requirement document
• Estimation document
• Use case document
• Technical document
• Test plan document
• Source code
Let’s try to understand in detail each document used in a software project
• Requirement document:-A requirement document can be a single English
document, probably a recorded audio or video conversation or can be a
complicated use case. In short it’s something raw which comes from the end client.
• Estimation document: - After getting requirement from the user we can judge cost
for the project. In this book we will be using the function point estimation model.
There is a complete chapter which is dedicated to function point in this book.
• Use case document:- This is a section of UML which basically describes in detail
the requirement document which serves as an input to the Design stage
• Technical document:- This document contains detail of how the project being
executed such as pseudo code, class diagram, objects diagram, etc.
• Test result document : - This document is written by the testers which describe the
test plan which needs to be executed and thus giving project a green flag to
production.
• Source code: - This is not basically a document but one of the important
deliverable which maps to the execution phase of SDLC cycle.
Note: - See the SDLC in action figure given above which shows how the
documents are mapped to SDLC cycle.
UML
The main object of UML is to make the project understanding more crisp and clear. It is a
global computer industry modeling language to communicate between software
professional in a project. UML helps us to create documents, artifacts & also give
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visualization so that we can understand the complex software engineering process of a
project.
Three views of the project from UML perspective
There are 12 diagrams in UML they are divided into 3 main views as below:-
• Structure diagram
• Behavior diagram
• Model management diagram
Structure diagram
They are used to show static structure of an application. Let’s try to understand what the
word static signifies. For instance in a civil construction when the engineer makes a model
of a civil construction. The outer structure of the building and bridge will remain same but
yes the inner part of the structure for instance the structure of room and passages (one
room, two rooms etc) can vary. Same holds true when we talk about software industry there
are static part and dynamic part of project. For example classes in project will rarely
change. Yes the attributes and methods in the class will change as user adds new
functionalities. For instance in the below figure you can see the Invoice header will have
multiple invoice details. The structure and relation between Invoice header and Invoice
detail will never change. But yes the invoice can pass through multiple stages like open
invoice, closed invoice or pending invoice which is dynamic.
Figure 1.5: - Project static nature
UML has four types of structure diagram :-
1) Class diagrams
2) Object diagrams
3) Component diagrams
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4) Deployment diagrams
Behavior diagram
UML gives us five Behavior diagram. They are used to show dynamic structure of an
applicatio n. Let’s try to understand what does a dynamic structure of a project means. In a
typical software project we can have business validations. Business validations of a project
are of very dynamic nature. For instance an invoice can have lot of states for instance open
invoice, closed invoice and paid invoice. And your software will change the invoice object
from one state to other state. This is a dynamic nature of the project.
Figure 1.6: - Project behavior in action

The above figure shows how the invoice section moves dynamically by making transition
from one state to other state. In UML to represent this kind of dynamic nature there are five
diagrams.
1. Use Case diagrams

2. Sequence diagrams
3. Activity diagrams
4. Collaboration diagrams
5. State chart diagrams
Model management diagram
Model management diagram gives a view how different application modules are managed ,
grouped and classified. For instance the below figure shows how Accounting, Payment and
common routines are grouped and organized.
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Figure 1.7: - Model Management diagram in action
UML provides three diagrams by which we can get the Model Management view. Below
are the three diagrams:-
1. Packages
2. Subsystems
3. Models
Overall Explanation of the UML diagrams

Class diagram
Use to show real-world entities, elements of analysis and design, or implementation classes
and their relationships
Object diagram
Use to show a specific or illustrative example of objects and their links. Often used to
indicate the conditions for an event, such as a test or an operatio n call
Composite structure diagram
Use to show the how something is made. Especially useful in complex structures-of-
structures or component-based design.
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Deployment diagram
Use to show the run-time architecture of the system, the hardware platforms, software
artifacts (deliverable or running software items), and software environments (like operating
systems and virtual machines).
Component diagram
Use to show organization and relationships among the system deliverables
Package diagram
Use to organize model elements and show dependencies among them
Activity diagram
Use to the show data flow and/ or the control flow of a behavior Captures workflow among
cooperating objects
Use case diagram

Use to show the services that actors can request from a system in actor and role form.
State machine diagram / Protocol state machine diagram

Use to show the life cycle of a particular object, or the sequences an object goes through or
that an interface must support.
Overview diagram
Use to show many different interaction scenarios (seque nces of behavior) for the same
collaboration (a set of elements working together to accomplish a goal)
Sequence diagram
Use to focus on message exchange between a group of objects and the order of the
messages.
Communication diagram
Use to focus on the messages between a group of objects and the underlying relationship of
the objects
Timing diagram
Use to show changes and their relationship to clock times in real-time or embedded
Systems work
Which diagram is important
In above section we have seen the basic definitions of all the UML diagrams. But in real
projects we do not draw all the diagrams instead we look towards the complexity of the
project or necessity of the project and accordingly we decide the diagrams and then
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diagrams are added to the technical document or the requirement document. So in this book
we will use two basic diagrams extensively:-
• Use case diagrams
• Class diagrams
The other diagram will be used if required and their respective explanation will be
provided at the same time. Let’s try to understand in detail the two basic diagram used
in the project. The first one is the Use case diagram and explained as the follows
Use case diagram over view

It’s a user functionality which the user wants to be completed by the system. For example
Travel Company’s director wants to book ticket, cancel ticket, refund ticket done by the
system. So basically it defines the actions of the user in the system. It basically defines
verbs of the system. The best way to identify a use case is by extracting verbs of the
requirement document given by the end customer.
Actors and Goals
Every use case will have the below two components actors and goals. Actors are stake
holders of the system. Stake holders provide requirement to your project and oppose in case
of any issues. Normally software users are the actors. For instance in an accounting
application accountant forms as an actor and for the same accounting application we have
cashier and charted accountant as another form of actors for the system. Every actor has
goal to perform when using the system. There are two types of actors:-
• Primary Actor:- This actor actually initiates the use case on the system.
• Secondary Actor:-While Secondary Actor contacts other actors or use cases to meet
the Primary Actor’s goal.
In the below example we have Ticket Reservation system here travel agent is a actor who is
using reserving ticket application and booking a ticket, canceling a ticket and refunding a
ticket. So booking, canceling and refunding of a ticket are goals performed by an actor. The
figure below shows the diagrammatic view to represent relationship between actors and
goals. But the diagram does not show the details of the goals.
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Figure 1.8:- Actors and Goals in action
So for the same we need to document it using use case documents which is explained in the
coming section. In the next section we will go through a use case template which we will
use in most of the project. Use case templates can be used to expand on the above diagram
in more detail manner.
Detail Explanation of the Use Case template
Below is the use case template which we will be using in most of our project. So let’s
understand every section of the template.
• Use case: - In order to identify particular use case we do unique numbering to it
like UC001, UC002 or QUEST POND 001, QUEST POND 002 etc as there are
N number of use cases in a project.
• Use case name:- It is a particular action taken by the user on the system or task
get done from the system in the form such as booking a ticket, Canceling a
ticket etc in actual which represents an action.
• Description:-It basically describes the details of a user case in a textual form.
• Primary actor:-Primary Actor is nothing but the user who actually initiates the
goal. For example in a travel agency the director sees the report booking done
by customers. So here the director acts as a primary actor who is fully
interested in how much booking is done over a period of time. But he is not
interested in making a booking as that’s the work of the travel agent. So in
“Make booking” use case the travel agent acts as a primary actor and the
director as the secondary actor. But in case of “View booking” use case the
travel agent acts as a secondary actor and the director as a primary actor.
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• Trigger:- Things which makes use case starts through an actor is called Trigger.
For example user starts the application.
• Pre-condition:- These are conditions in a use case to be considered as pre-
requirements such as to book a air ticket we need to have server connection and
also we have to validate in to the system then only the actor can book a ticket
for the customer.
• Assumptions: - These are assumptions which we define for the system.
• Failed end conditions:-This state signifies when the use case will fail. For when
User Id and Password is not proper id displayed on the Login screen it signifies
login failed condition.
• Actions : - This is the basic action by which the main scenario of the use case
starts such as login onto the system or to make booking of tickets we actually
perform actions like click on Login----File----New----Booking menu which in
return opens the page of booking section.
• Main scenario:-It describes the basic step which should be executed by the
user.
For instance below steps show the main scenario steps :-

o Travel agent logs in to the system.
o Travel agent goes to the ticket booking form.
o He enters Ticket Number, Travel routes of the customer, details of the
customer etc.
o Finally he adds the ticket to the system and prints the ticket.
• Alternate scenario: - Alternate scenarios are steps which have a slight different
flow other than the main scenario. The main scenario and the alternate scenario
have many steps in common but with a slight difference.
For instance below is the alternate scenario step which is different than the main
scenario:-
o Travel agent logs in to the system.

o Travel agent goes to the ticket booking form and enters the ticket
number.
o Travel agent is then popped with all details regarding the ticket
booking.
o Travel agent makes changes to the existing information.
o Once the changes are done the travel agent updates the information and
prints out the ticket.
• Success scenario:-Success scenarios indicate when this use case is successful.

For example the ticket is printed successfully, email is sent to the customer etc
etc.
• Note and open issues: - Some pending task about the use case which the
customer needs to make more clarification. For example from where does
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exactly the booking of air tickets happens, is it directly from the customer itself
or from the traveling agency.
Figure 1.9:- Use Case template
Note: - In every project we have use case documents as a part of

requirement gathering. So once you go through those use case you will
have good understanding of the same.
Included and Extended use case

In use cases we come across identical sequences between the actors and the system if such
kind of common sequence is not identified in use case document it can lead to redundancy
in the project. Because the requirement document trickles down to the technical document
which can lead to lot of redundancy coding.
Included and extended are the types of use cases which can be used to club together such
common sequences.
Included use case:-Below figure shows the included use case in an shoppingmall.com
project and uses the Included use case in the form of “check credit cards” for customers.
Let’s try to understand the following example of a customer where he orders the flowers,
greeting cards and cassettes but the payment is always done through the credit card. So
here flowers, greeting cards and cassettes always have to execute the check credit card
(common use case). So we make the check credit card use case as an included use case.
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Figure 1.10:- Included Use case in action
This kind of common interaction can be put in a common use case and called whenever
needed.
Extended use case system:-While writing use case it is possible to have multiple version of
the same use case. For instance you have to add a new customer and then you can also
update a customer. So update customer use case is an Extension of add new customer use
case.
Figure 1.11: - Extended Use Case
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Differentiate between Included use case and extended use cases?
If you need to deliver the use case with the base use case then it will form an included use
case type of relationship. But if use case can be delivered later and have steps in common
then its base use case forms an Extended use case type of relationship. The one thing in
common is that they have some common steps in sequence.
Class diagram
In this book for all projects the other diagram that will be extensively used is the class
diagram.Class is basically prototype which helps us create objects. Class defines the static
structure of the project. A class represents family of an object. By using Class we can
create uniform objects.
In the below figure you can see how the class diagram looks. Basically there are three
important sections which are numbered as shown in the below. Let’s try to understand
according to the numbering:-
• Class name:- This is the first section or top most section of the Class which
represents the name of the Class (clsCustomer).
• Attributes:- This is the second section or the middle section of the class which
represents the properties of the system.
• Methods: - This section carries operation or method to act on the attributes.
Figure 1.12: - Three sections of the class

In the previous section we have seen what basically the class is. Now in the next section we
will have a look on Association relationship between these classes
Associations in Class diagrams

A single Class cannot represent the whole module in a project so we need one or more
classes to represent a module. For instance, a module named ‘customer detail’ cannot be
completed by customer class in order to complete the whole module we need customer
class, address class, phone class in short there is relationship between the classes. So by
grouping and relating between the classes we create module and these are termed as
Association. In order to associate them we need to draw the arrowed lines between the
classes as shown in the below figure.
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In this figure, we can see Order class and the Payment class and arrowed line showing
relationship that order class is paid using payment class in other words order class is going
to be used by payment class to pay the order. The left to right marked arrow basically
shows the flow that order class uses the payment class.
In case payment class using the order class then the marked arrow should be right to left
showing the direction of the flow.
Figure 1.13:- Order is paid by Payments class
There are four signs showing the flow:-
Figure 1.14:- Direction signs in UML
Multiplicity
Multiplicity can be termed as classes having multiple associations or one class can be
linked to instances of many other classes. If you look at the below figure the customer class
is basically associated with the address class and also observes the notations (*, 0 and 1).If
you look at the right hand side the (1….*) notation indicates that at least one or many
instance of the address class can be present in the customer class. Now towards left hand
side we have (0….*) notation indicating that address class can exist without or many
customer class can link him.
In order to represent multiplicity of classes we have to show notations like (1….*), (0….*)
as shown in below figure.
Note: ‘*’ means “many” where as ‘(0, 1)’ means “(zero or at least one)”
respectively.
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Figure 1.15: - Multiplicity in Classes
Aggregation and composition

In this Association there are two types mainly Aggregation Association and Composition
Association.
Aggregation Association signifies that the whole object can exist without the Aggregated
Object. For example in the below figure we have three classes university class, department
class and the Professor Class. The university cannot exist without department which means
that university will be closed as the department is closed. In other words lifetime of the
university depend on the lifetime of department.
In the same figure we have defined second Association between the department and the
Professor. In this case, if the professor leaves the department still the department continues
in other words department is not dependent on the professor this is called as Composition
Association.
Note: - The filled diamond represents the aggregation and the empty
diamond represents the composition. You can see the figure below for more
details.
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Figure 1.16: - Aggregation and composition in action
Composite structure diagram

When we try to show Aggregation and Composition in a complete project the diagram
becomes very complicated so in order to keep it simple we can use Composite structure
diagram. In the below figure we have shown two diagrams one is normal diagram other is
Composite structure diagram and the simplicity can easily be identified. In the composite
diagram the aggregated classes are self contained in the main class which makes it simpler
to read.
Figure 1.17: - Composite Structure diagram
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Reflexive associations
In many scenarios you need to show that two instances of the same class are associated
with each other and this scenario is termed as Reflexive Association. For instance in the
below figure shows Reflexive Association in the real project. Here you can see customer
class has multiple address class and addresses can be a Head office, corporate office or
Regional office. One of the address objects is Head office and we have linked the address
object to show Reflexive Association relatio nship. This is the way we can read the diagram
Regional address object is blocked by zero or one instance of Head office object.
Figure 1.18: - Reflexive association
Generalization and specialization

In Generalization and Specialization we define the parent-child relationship between the
classes. In many instance you will see some of the classes have same properties and
operation these classes are called super class and later you can inherit from super class and
make sub classes which have their own custom properties. In the below figure there are
three classes to show Generalization and Specialization relationship. All phone types have
phone number as a generalized property but depending upon landline or mobile you can
have wired or simcard connectivity as specialized property. In this diagram the clsphone
represent Generalization whereas clslandline and clsmobile represents specialization.
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Figure 1.19:- Generalization and Specialization
Note: - In all the projects in the book we will be using class diagram
heavily.
Estimation in projects
One of the important sections in any project is estimation. Any project started with out
estimation means the software company has already decided to work for charity. In this
book we will be using one of the most used estimation technology function points to do
estimation. Please read this chapter again and again so that you do not have issues while
going through the estimation sheets in every project.
Introduction to Function Points
“This document contains material which has been extracted from the IFPUG
Counting Practices Manual. It is reproduced in this document with the
permission of IFPUG.”
Function Point Analysis was developed first by Allan J. Albrecht in the mid 1970s. It was
an attempt to overcome difficulties associated with lines of code as a measure of software
size, and to assist in developing a mechanism to predict effort associated with software
development. The method was first published in 1979, then later in 1983. In 1984 Albrecht
refined the method and since 1986, when the International Function Point User Group
(IFPUG) was set up, several versions of the Function Point Counting Practices Manual
have been coming out.
“The best way to understand any complicated system is breaking the system
in to smaller subsystem and try to understand those smaller sub-systems .
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In Function Point you break complicated huge system into smaller systems
and estimate those smaller pieces, then total up all the subsystem
estimate to come up with final estimate.”
Basics of Function Points

Following are some terms used in FPA [Function Point analysis].
Application Boundary
The first step in FPA is defining boundary. There are two types of major boundaries:
• Internal Application Boundary

• External Application Boundary
I will state features of external application boundary, so that internal application boundary
would be self explained.
External Application Boundary can be identified using following litmus test:
• Does it have or will have any other interface to maintain its data, which is not
developed by you. Example: Your Company is developing an “Accounts
Application” and at the end of accounting year, you have to report to tax
department. Tax department has his own website where companies can connect
and report there Tax transaction. Tax department application has other
maintenance and reporting screens been developed by tax software department.
These maintenance screens are used internally by the Tax department. So Tax
online interface has other interface to maintain its data which is not your scope,
thus we can identify Tax website reporting as External Application.
• Does your program have to go through a third party API or layer? In order
your application interacts with Tax Department Application probably your
code have to interact through Tax Department API.
• The best litmus test is to ask yourself do you have full access over the system.
If you have full rights or command to change then its internal application
boundary or else external application boundary.
Elementary Process
As said in introduction FPA is breaking huge systems in to smaller pieces and analyzing
them. Software application is combination of set of elementary processes.
EP is smallest unit of activity that is meaningful to the user. EP must

be self contained and leave the application in a consistent state.
When elementary processes come together they form a software application.
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Note:-Elementary process is not necessarily completely independent or can
exist by itself.So, we can define elementary process as small units of
self contained functionality from user perspective.
Dynamic and static elementary process

There are two types of elementary process: -
• Dynamic Elementary process.
• Static Elementary process.
Dynamic elementary process moves data from internal application boundary to external
Application boundary or vice-versa.
Examples of dynamic elementary process: -
• Input data screen where user inputs data in to application. Data moves from
the input screen inside application.
• Transaction exported in export files in XML or any other standard.
• Display reports which can come from external application boundary and internal
application boundary.
Static elementary process maintains data of application either inside application boundary
or in external application boundary.
Examples of static elementary process: -
• In a customer maintenance screen maintaining customer data is static elementary

process.
Elements of Function Points

Following are the elements of FPA.
Internal Logical Files (ILF)

Following are points to be noted for ILF: -
• ILF are logically related data from user point of view.
• They reside in Internal Application boundary and are maintained through
elementary process of application.
• ILF can have maintenance screen or probably not.
Caution: - Do not make a mistake of mapping one to one relationship

between ILF and technical database design, then FPA can go very
misleading. The main difference between ILF and technical database is ILF
is logical view and database is physical structure (Technical Design).
Example Supplier database design will have tables like Supplier, Supplier
Address, SupplierPhonenumbers, but from ILF point of view its only
Supplier. As logically they are all Supplier details.
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Figure 1.20: - ILF logical relationship
External Interface File (EIF)

• They are logically related data from user point of view.
• EIF reside in external application boundary.
• EIF is used only for reference purpose and are not maintained by internal
application.
• EIF is maintained by external application.
Record Element Type (RET)

Following are points to be noted for RET
• RET are sub-group element data of ILF or EIF.
• If there is no sub-group of ILF then count the ILF itself as one RET.
• A group of RET’s within ILF are logically related. Most probably with a parent
child relationship. Example: - Supplier had multiple addresses and every address
can have multiple phone numbers (See detail image below which shows database
diagrams).So Supplier, Supplier Address and Supplier phone numbers are RET’s.
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Figure 1.21:- ILF logical relationship
Please note the whole database is one supplier ILF as all belong to one logical section.
RET quantifies the relationship complexity of ILF and EIF.
DET (Data element types)

Following are the points to be noted for DET counting: -
• Each DET should be User recognizable. Example in the above given figure
we have kept auto increment field (Supplierid) for primary key. Supplierid field
from user point of view never exists at all , its only from software designing
aspect, so does not qualifies for DET.
• DET should be non-recursive field in ILF. DET should not repeat in the same
ILF again, it should be counted only once.
• Count foreign keys as one DET. “Supplierid” does not qualifies as DET but
its relationship in “supplieraddress” table is counted as DET. So “Supplierid_fk”
in supplieraddress table is counted as DET. Same folds true for
“Supplieraddressid_fk”.
File Type Reference (FTR)

Following are points to be noted for FTR: -
• FTR is files or data referenced by a transaction.
• FTR should be ILF or EIF. So count each ILF or EIF read during process.
• If the EP is maintaining an ILF then count that as FTR. So by default you will
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always have one FTR in any EP.
External Input (EI)

Following are points to be noted for EI: -
• It’s a dynamic elementary process [For definition see “Dynamic and Static
Elementary Process” Section] in which data is received from external
application boundary.
Example: - User Interaction Screens, when data comes from User Interface
to Internal Application.
• EI may maintain ILF of the application, but it’s not compulsory rule.
Example: - A calculator application does not maintain any data, but still the
screen of calculator will be counted as EI.
• Most of time User Screens will be EI, again no hard and fast rule. Examp le: -
An import batch process running from command line does not have screen,
but still should be counted as EI as it helps passing data from External
Application Boundary to Internal Application Boundary.
External Inquiry (EQ)

Following are points to be noted for EQ: -
• It’s a dynamic elementary process in which result data is retrieved from one or
more ILF or EIF.
• In this EP some input request has to enter the application boundary.
• Output results exits the application boundary.
• EQ does not contain any derived data. Derived data means any complex
calculated data. Derived data is not just mere retrieval but are combined with
additional formulae to generate results. Derived data is not part of ILF or EIF,
they are generated on fly.
• EQ does not update any ILF or EIF.
• EQ activity should be meaningful from user perspective.
• EP is self contained and leaves the business in consistent state.
• DET and processing logic is different from other EQ’s.
• Simple reports form good base as EQ.
Note:- No hard and fast rules that only simple reports are EQ’s.Simple
view functionality can also be counted as EQ.
External Output (EO)

Following are points to be noted for EO: -
• It’s a dynamic elementary process in which derived data crosses from Internal
Application Boundary to External Application Boundary.
• EO can update an ILF or EIF.
• Process should be the smallest unit of activity that is meaningful to end user in
business.
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• EP is self contained and leaves the business in a consistent state.
• DET is different from other EO’s.So this ensures to us that we do not count
EO’s twice.
• They have derived data or formulae calculated data.
Major difference between EO and EQ is that data passes across application boundary.
Example: - Exporting Accounts transaction to some external file format like XML or
some other format. Which later the external accounting software can import. Second
Important difference is in EQ its non-derived data and EO has derived data. Which means
EQ is a simple report but EO can have complex derived data like sum, count, summary etc.
General System Characteristic Section (GSC)

This section is the most important section. All the above discussed sections are counting
Sections. They relate only to application. But there are other things also to be considered
while making software, like are you going to make it an N-Tier application, what's the
Performance level the user is expecting etc these other factors are called GSC. These are
external factors which affect the software a lot and also the cost of it. When you submit
a function point to a client, he normally will skip everything and come to GSC first. GSC
gives us something called as VAF (Value Added Factor).
There are 14 points considered to come out with VAF (Value Added factor) and its
Associated rating table.
Data Communications
How many communication facilities are there to aid in the transfer or exchange of
information with the application or system?
Rating Description
0 Application is pure batch processing or a standalone PC.
1 Application is batch but has remote data entry or remote Printing.
2 Application is batch but has remote data entry and remote Printing.
3 Application includes online data collection or TP (Teleprocessing) front end
to a batch process or query system.
4 Application is more than a front-end, but supports only one Type of TP

communications protocol.
5 Application is more than a front-end, and supports more than One type of TP
communications protocol.
Table :- Data Communication
Distributed data processing
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How are distributed data and processing functions handled?
Rating Description
0 Application does not aid the transfer of data or processing Function between
compone nts of the system.
1 Application prepares data for end user processing on another component of
the system such as PC spreadsheets and PC DBMS
2 Data is prepared for transfer, then is transferred and processed on another
component of the system (not for end-user Processing).
3 Distributed processing and data transfer are online and in One direction
only.
4 Distributed processing and data transfer are online and in Both directions.
5 Processing functions are dynamically performed on the most Appropriate
component of the system
Table :- Distributed data processing
Performance
Did the user require response time or throughput?
Rating Description
0 No special performance requirements were stated by the
User.
1 Performance and design requirements were stated and
Reviewed but no special actions were required.
2 Responsetimeorthroughputiscriticalduringpeakhours.Nospec
ialdesignforCPU utilization was required. Processing
deadline is for the next business day.
3 Response time or through put is critical during all business
hours. No special design for CPU
utilizationwasrequired.Processingdeadlinerequirementswithi
nterfacing systems Are constraining.
4 In addition, stated user performance requirements are
stringent enough to require performance analysis tasks in the
Design phase.
5 In addition, performance analysis tools were used in the
design, development, and/or implementation phases to
meet The stated user performance requirements.
Table :- Performance
Heavily used configuration

How heavily used is the current hardware platform where the application will be executed?
Rating Description
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0 No explicit or implicit operational restrictions are included.
1 Operational restrictions do exist, but are less restrictive than a typical
application. No special effort is needed to meet the Restrictions.
2 Some security or timing considerations are included.
3 Specific processor requirement for a specific piece of the Application is
included.
4 Stated operation restrictions require special constraints on the application
in the central processor or a dedicated Processor.
5 In addition, there are special constraints on the application in The
distributed components of the system.
Table :- Heavily used configuration

Transaction rate
How frequently are transactions executed; daily, weekly, monthly, etc.?
Rating Description
0 No peak transaction period is anticipated.
1 Peak transaction period (e.g., monthly, quarterly, seasonally, Annually) is
anticipated.
2 Weekly peak transaction period is anticipated.
3 Daily peak transaction period is anticipated.
4 High transaction rate(s) stated by the user in the application requirements or
service level agreements are high enough to Require performance analysis
tasks in the design phase.
5 High transaction rate(s) stated by the user in the application requirem ents or
service level agreements are high enough to require perform ance analysis
tasks and, in addition, require the use of performance ana lysis tools in the
design, Development, and/or installation phases.
Table :- Transaction rate
On-Line data entry

What percentage of the information is entered On-Line?
Rating Description
0 All transactions are processed in batch mode.
1 1% to7% of transactions is interactive data entry.
5 M orethan30% of transactions is interactive data entry.
Table :- Online data entry
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End-user efficiency
Was the application designed for end-user efficiency? There are seven end- user efficiency
factors which govern how this point is rated.
Sr no End-user Efficiency Factor

1 Navigational aids(for example, function keys, jumps, dynamically
generated menus)
2 Menus
3 Online help and documents
4 Automated curs or movement
5 Scrolling
6 Remote printing(via online transactions)
7 Preassigned function keys
8 Batch jobs submitted from online transactions
9 Cursor selection of screen data
10 Heavy use of reverse video, highlighting, colors underlining, and other
indicators
11 Hard copy user documentation of online transactions
12 Mouse interface
13 Pop-up windows
14 .As few screens as possible to accomplish a business function
15 Bilingual support(supports two languages; count as four items)
16 Multilingual support (supports more than two languages; count as six
items).
Table :- End user efficiency factor
Rating Description
0 None of the above.
1 One to three of the above.
2 Four to five of the above.
3 Six or more of the above, but there are no specific user Requirements related
to efficiency.
4 Six or more of the above, and stated requirements for end-user efficiency are
strong enough to require design tasks for human factors to be included (for
example, minimize keystrokes, maximize defaults, use of templates).
5 Six or more of the above, and stated requirements for end-user efficiency are
strong enough to require use of special tools and processes to demonstrate
that the objectives have been achieved.
Table : End user efficiency
On-Line update
How many ILF’s are updated by On-Line transaction?
Rating Description
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1 Online update of one to three control files is included. Volume of
updating I slow and recovery is easy.
2 Online update off our or more control files is included. Volume of
updating is low and recovery easy.
3 Online update of major internal logical files is included.
4 In addition, protection against data lost is essential and has been
specially designed and programmed in the system.
5 In addition, high volumes bring cost considerations into the
Recovery process. Highly automated recovery procedures With
minimum operator intervention are included.
Table :- Online update
Complex processing
Does the application have extensive logical or mathematical processing?
S r no Complex Processing Factor

1 Sensitive control(for example, special audit
processing)and/or application specific security Processing
2 Extensive logical processing
3 Extensive mathematical processing
4 Much exception processing resulting in incomplete
transactions that must be processed again, for example,
incomplete ATM transactions caused by TP interruption,
missing data values, or failed edits
5 Complex processing to handle multiple input/output
possibilities, for example, multimedia, or device independence
Table :- Complex processing factor
Rating Description
1 Any one of the above.
2 Any two of the above.
3 Any three of the above.
4 Any four of the above.
5 All five of the above
Table :- Complex processing
Reusability
Was the application developed to meet one or many user’s needs?
Rating Description
0 No reusable code.
1 Reusable code is used within the application.
2 Less than 10% of the application considered
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more than one user's needs.
3 Ten percent (10%) or more of the application
considered more than one user's needs.
4 The application was specifically packaged
and/or documented to ease re-use, and the
application is customized by the user at source
code level.
5 The application was specifically packaged
and/or documented to ease re-use, and the
application is customized for use by means of
user parameter maintenance.
Table :- reusability
Installation ease
How difficult is conversion and installation
Description Rating
0 No special considerations were stated by the user, and no special
setup is required for installation.
1 No special considerations were stated by the user but special
setup is required for installation.
2 Conversion and installation requirements were stated by the user
and conversion and installation guides were provided and
tested. The impact of conversion on the project is not considered
to be important.
3 Conversion and installation requirements were stated by the user,
and conversion and installation guides were provided And tested.
The impact of conversion on the project is Considered to be
important.
4 In addition to 2 above, automated conversion and installation
Tools were provided and tested.
5 In addition to 3 above, automated conversion and installation
Tools were provided and tested.
Table : Installation ease
Operational ease
How effective and/or automated are start-up, back up, and recovery procedures?
Rating Description
0 No special operational considerations so other than the normal
Back- up procedures were stated by the user.
1-4 One, some, or all of the following items apply to the Application.
Select all that apply. Each item has a point Value of one, except as
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noted otherwise.
Effective startup, back-up, and recovery processes were Provided,
but operator intervention is required.
Effective startup, back-up, and recovery processes were provided,
but no operator intervention is required(count as Two items).
The application minimizes the need for tape mounts.
The application minimizes the need for paper handling.
5 The application is designed for unattended operation. Unattended
operation means no operator intervention is required to operate the
system other than to startup or shutdown the application.
Automatic error recovery is a feature Of the application.
Table: - operational ease
Multiple sites
Was the application specifically designed, developed, and supported to be installed at
multiple sites for multiple organizations?
Description Rating
0 User requirements do not require considering the needs of More than one
user/installation site.
1 Needs of multiple sites were considered in the design, and the application
is designed to operate only under identical Hardware and software
environments.
is designed to operate only under similar Hardware and or software
environments.
is designed to operate under different Hardware and or software
environments.
4 Documentation and support plan are provided and tested to support the
application at multiple sites and the application is as described by 1 or 2.
5 Documentation and support plan are provided and tested to support the
application at multiple sites and the application is as described by 3.
Table :- Multiple sites
Facilitate change
Was the application specifically designed, developed, and supported to facilitate change?.
The following characteristic s can apply for the application
Sr no Facilitate factors
0 None of above
1 Flexible query and report facility is provided that can handle simple requests;
for example, and/or logic applied to only one internal logical file (count as
one item).
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2 Flexible query and report facility is provided that can handle requests of
average complexity for example, and/or logic applied to more than one
internal logical file (count as two items).
3 Flexible query and report facility is provided that can handle complex
requests, for example, and/or logic combinations on one or more internal
logical files (count as three items).
4 Business control data is kept in tables that are maintained by the user with
online interactive Processes, but changes take effect only on the next business
day.
5 Business control data is kept in tables that are maintained by the user with
online interactive Processes and the changes take effect immediately (count
as two items)
Table : Facilitate change factors
Rating Description
1 Any one of the above.
2 Any two of the above.
3 Any three of the above.
4 Any four of the above.
5 All five of the above
Table :- Facilitate change
All the above GSC are rated from 0-5.Then VAF is calculated from the equation
below:-
VAF = 0.65 + ((sum of all GSC factor)/100).
Note: - GSC has not been accepted in software industry widely. Many
software companies use Unadjusted Function point rather than adjusted.
ISO has also removed GSC from its books and only kept unadjusted function
points as the base for measurement. Read GSC acceptance in software
industry Rating Tables for All elements of Function Points
Below shown are look up tables which will be referred during counting.
EI Rating
Table
Data Elements
FTR 1to 4 5 to 15 Greater than 15
Less than 2 3 3 4
Equal to 2 3 4 6
Greater than 2 4 4 6
Table :- EI rating table
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This table says that in any EI (External Input), if your DET count (Data Ele ment) and
FTR (File Type Reference) exceed these limits, then this should be the FP (Function Point).
Example, if your DET (data element) exceeds >15 and FTR (File Type Reference)
is greater than 2, then the Function Point count is 6. The rest down tables also show the
same things. These tables will be there before us when we are doing function point count.
The best is put these values in Excel with formulae so that you have to only put quantity
in the appropriate section and you get the final value.
Note :- We have provided a excel template for estimation. You can also
see the video of how to use the estimation sheet which will automate your
estimation to a great extent.
EO Rating Table
Data Elements
FTR 1 to 5 6 to 19 Greater than 19
Less than 2 4 4 5
2 or 3 4 5 7
Table :- EO rating table
EQ Rating Table
Data Elements
FTR 1 to 5 6 to 19 Greater than 19
Less than 2 3 3 4
2 or 3 3 4 6
Table :- EQ rating table
ILF Rating Table

Data Elements
RET 1 to 19 20 to 50 51 or more
1 RET 7 7 10
2 to 5 7 10 15
EIF Rating Table
RET 1 to 19 20 to 50 51 or more
1 RET 5 5 7
2 to 5 5 7 10
Table :- ILF rating table.
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Steps to Count Function Points
This section will discuss the practical way of counting the FP and coming out with a
Man/Days on a project.
• Counting the ILF, EIF, EI, EQ, RET, DET, FTR (this is basically all sections
discussed above): This whole FP count will be called as "unadjusted function
point".
• Then put rating values 0 to 5 to all 14 GSC. Adding total of all 14 GSC to
come out with total VAF. Formula for VAF = 0.65 + (sum of all GSC factor/
100).
• Finally, make the calculation of adjusted function point. Formula: Total
function point = VAF * Unadjusted function point.
• Make estimation how many function points you will do per day. This is also
called as "Performance factor".
• On basis of performance factor, you can calculate Man/Days
Let’s try to implement these details in a sample customer project.
Sample Customer Project

We will be evaluating the customer GUI. So we will just scope what the customer GUI is
all about.
Following is the scope of the customer screen:-

• Customer screen will be as shown below.
• After putting the customer code and Customer name. They will be verified
credit card check.
• Credit Card check is a external system.
• Every Customer can have multiple addresses.
• Customer will have add, update functionality.
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Figure:- 1.22 Custom screen
There is one ILF in the above screen:
• The customer ILF.
There is one EIF in the above form.

• Credit Card System
Following the ILF counting rules

• ILF are logically related data from user point of view. Customer and Customer
addresses belong logically to customer category.
• ILF reside in Internal Application boundary and are maintained through
Elementary process of application. Customer resides in inside application
boundary as we have full access over it.
So hence goes the counting below for ILF
ILF Customer
Description Number of DET Number of RET
There are total 9 DETs, all 9 1
add and update buttons,
even the credit check
button, the address list box,
check box active, all text
boxes.
There is only one RET, the
customer addresses.
So according to the above Total function 7
ILF ranking table
Table :- ILF for the customer
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EIF lie outside the application boundary.
EI Credit Card Information

Number of DET Number of RET
Description
The credit card information referenced is
EIF. Note this file is only referenced for
credit card check.
There's only one textbox credit card 1 1
number and hence one DET is put in the
side column. And RET 0.Looking at the
above rating table the total FP is 5.
So according to the above ranking table Total function 5
Table :- EI for the customer
Following EIF rules define in the previous sections:
• It’s a dynamic elementary process [For definition see “Dynamic and Static
Elementary Process” Section] in which data is received from external
Application boundary. Customer detail is received from external boundary
that is customer input screen.
• EI may maintain ILF of the application, but it’s not compulsory rule. In this
sample project Customer ILF is maintained.
• So there are two EI one for Add and one from update.
It is two because processing logic for add and update is different.
EI Add Customer Number of DET Number of FTR

Description
There are total 9 DETs, all add and update
buttons, even the credit check button, the
address list box, check box active, all text
boxes. 9 3
There are 3 FTRs, one is the address and
the second is the credit card information
and third is customer himself.
Table :- EI for the add customer
EI Update Customer
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There are total 9 DETs, all add and
update buttons, even the credit
check button, the address list box,
check box active, all text boxes.
There are 3 FTRs, one is the 9 3
address and the second is the credit
card information and third is
customer himself.
So according to the above ranking Total function 6
table
Table :- EI for the update customer
While counting EI I have seen many people multiplying it by 3.That means we are going
to do all CRUD functionality (ADD, UPDATE, and DELETE).This is not fair as it just
shows laziness of the Cost estimation team. Here the customer screen has add and update.
I can say the 2 * 6 that's = 12 FP for this EI customer. But later when some refers to your
FP sheet he will be completely lost.
Following are rules to recognize EO : -

• Data should cross application boundary and it should involve complex logic.
Credit card check process can be complex as the credit card API complexity is still not
known. Data that is credit card information crosses from credit card system to Customer
system.
EO check credit card

One DET Credit Card
number and one RET credit 1 1
card itself. Note if there are
no RET we count default as
one. Look for RET counting
rules defined in previous
section.
So according to the above
ranking table Total function 4
Table :- EO to check the credit card
Following are rules to recognize EQ: -
• It’s a dynamic elementary process in which result data is retrieved from one or
more ILF or EIF. For editing the customer we will need to retrieve the customer
details.
• In this EP some input request has to enter the application boundary. The
customer code is inputted from the same screen.
• Output results exits the application boundary. The customer details is displayed
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while the customer is editing the customer data.
• EQ does not contain any derived data. The above customer data which is
displayed does not contain any complex calculations.
EQ Display Customer Edit Information

Description Number of Number of FTR
DET
There are 5 DETs to be retrieved Customer Code,
Customer Name, Credit Card number, Active,
Customer Address. Only customer details and 5 2
customer address will be referenced.
Table :- EQ to display customer edit
So now, let’s add the total function point got from above tables:
Function Point Section Name Counted
ILF Customer
EO Credit Card check system 4
EIF credit card information 5
EI Customer (Add and 12
update)
EQ display customer edit 3
information
Total Unadjusted 31
Function Points
Table :- Total of all function point
So unadjusted function point comes to 31.Please note we have said this as Unadjusted
functio n as we have not accounted other variance factor of project (Programmers leaving
job, Language we will use, what architecture etc etc).
In order to make it adjusted function point, we have to calculate and tabulate the GSC
and come out with the VAF.
GSC Value(0-5)
Data communications 1
Distributed data processing 1
Performance 4
Heavily used configuration 0
Transaction rate 1
On-Line data entry 0
End-user efficiency 4
On-Line update 0
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Complex processing 0
Reusability 3
Installation ease 4
Operational ease 4
Multiple sites 0
Facilitate change 0
Total 22
Table :- GSC
VAF = 0.65 + ((sum of all GSC factor)/100). = 0.65 + (22/100) = 0.87.
This factor affects the whole FP like anything, be very particular with this factor. So now,
Calculating the
Adjusted FP = VAF * Total unadjusted

FP = 0.87 * 31 = 26.97 = rounded to 27 FP.
Now we know that the complete FP for the customer GUI is 27 FP. Now calculating the
Efficiency factor, we say that we will complete 3 FP per day that is 9 working days. So, the
whole customer GUI is of 9 working days (Note do not consider Saturday and Sundays in
this). I know upper manager people will say make it 7 FP per day and over load the
programmer. That’s why programmer works at night.
Considering SDLC (System Development Life Cycle)

Before reading this section please refers to different SDLC cycles in previous chapters.
The main intention of introducing this section is because estimations are heavily affected
by which software life cycle you follow. Because deliverables change according to SLDC
model the project manager chooses for the project. Example for waterfall model we will
have Requirement documents, Design documents, Source code and testing plans. But for
Prototyping models in addition to the documents above we will also need to deliver the
Rough prototype. For build and fix model we will not deliver any of the documents and
the only document delivered will be source code. So according to SDLC model
deliverables change and hence the quotatio n. We will divide the estimation across
requirement, design, implementation (coding) and testing .In what way the estimation has
to divide across all deliverables is all up to the project manager and his plans.
Phase Percentage distribution effort

Requirements 10% of total effort
Design Phase 20% of total effort
Coding Total effort given by
unadjusted FP
Testing 10% of total effort
Table :- Phase wise distribution of effort
The above sample is total 100 % distribution of effort across various phases. But as said
it up to the project manager to change according to scenarios.Ok now from the above
function point estimation the estimation is 9 days let’s try to
divide it across all phases.
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Phase Percentage distribution Distribution of man/
effort days across phases
Requirements 10 % of total effort 0.9 days
Design Phase 20 % of total effort 1.8 days
Coding 100 % as given by the 9 Days

unadjusted FP
Testing 10 % of total effort 0.9 days
Total 12.6 Days

Table :- Phase wise effort distribution of man days
The above table shows the division of project man/days across project. One of the
important point to note is the estimation derived from unadjusted FP is 9 days and
percentage of that man days is distributed across the total SDLC cycle. But for execution
we have taken the 100 % of the man days derived from unadjusted FP. Any estimation
technology (COCOMO, Use case points , FP , SMC) gives you total estimation of
execution and not for other activities like documentation etc. So we have allocated total
man days derived from unadjusted FP in coding and then percentage of it is distributed
across other phases. Now let’s put
down the final quotation. Just a small comment about test cases.
Total number of Test Cases = (Function Point) raised to power of 1.2.This is as suggested
from caper Jones.
Number of Acceptance Test Cases = 1.2 * Function Points
20-25 % of total effort can be allocated to testing phase. Test cases are non-deterministic.
That means if test passes it takes “X” amount of time and if it does not then to amend it
take “Y” amount of time etc etc.
Final Estimation
One programmer will sit on the project with around 1000 $ salary / Month. So his 12.6
days salary comes to 290 dollars approx. The upper quotation format is in its simplest
format.
Every company has his quotation format accordingly. So no hard and fast rule of quotation
template. But still if interested http://www.microsoft.com/mac/resources/
templates.aspx?pid=templates has good collection of decent temp lates.
XYZ SOFTWARE COMPANY
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To:
TNC Limited, Western road 17, California.
Quotation number: 90
Date: 1/1/2004
Customer ID: Z- 20090DATAENTRY
Quantity Description Discount Taxable Total
1 Customer Project 0% 0% 466 dollars
Quotation Valid for 100 days
Goods delivery date with in 25 days of half payment
Quotation Prepared by: - XYZ estimation department
Approved by :- SPEG department XYZ.
Table – Final bill
CustomerSampleFP.xls is provided with the CD which has all estimation details which
you can refer for practical approach.
Note: - In this book we have shipped a complete book “How to prepare

software Quotation”. This free E-book basically explains in detail manner
other estimation technology widely used in projects.
GSC Acceptance in Software industry
GSC factors have been always a controversial topic. Most of the software companies do
not use GSC, rather than they base line UAFP or construct there own table depending on
company project history. ISO has also adopted function point as unit of measurement,
but they also use UAFP rather than AFP. Let’s do a small experiment to view relationship
between FP, AFP, GSC and VAF. In this experiment we will assume UAFP = 120 and then
lot graph with GSC increment of five. So the formulae is VAF = 0.65 + (GS/100).
Here’s the table with every five incremental values in formulae and plot.
FP GSC
78 0
84 5
90 10
96 15
102 20
108 25
114 30
120 35
126 40
132 45
138 50
144 55
150 60
156 65
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162 70
Table :- GSC acceptance
Figure 1.23:- FP versus VAF
The following are the observation from the table and plot:-
• Graph is linear. It also captures that nature of complexity is linear.
• If the GSC value is zero then VAF is 0.65. So the graph starts from
UAFP*0.65.GSC = 35 AFP = UAFP. So the VAF = 1.
• When GSC < 35 then AFP < UAFP. That means complexity decreases.
• When GSC > 35 then AFP > UAFP. That means complexity increases.
Readers must be wondering why 0.65? There are fourteen GSC factor from zero to five.
So the maximum value of VAF = 0.65 + (70/100) = 1.35. In order that VAF does not
have any affect i.e. UAFP = FP VAF should be one. VAF will be one when GSC is 35 i.e.
half of 70. So in order to complete value “1” value “0.65” is taken. Note value is 0.35
when GSC is 35 to complete the one factor “0.65” is required.
But following is the main problem related to GSC. GSC is applied throughout FP even
when some GSC does not apply to whole function points. Here’s the example to
demonstrate GSC problem.
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Let’s take 11th GSC factor “installation ease”. The project is of 100 UAFP and there is
no consideration of installation previously by client so the 11th factor is zero.
GSC with installation ease with ZERO

GSC Value(0-5)
Performance 4
Transaction rate 1
On-Line update 0
Reusability 3
Installation ease 0
Operational ease 4
Multiple sites 0
Facilitate change 0
Total 18
Table : GSC with installation ease zero

VAF = 0.65 + (18/100) = 0.83. So the FP = 100 * 0.83 = 83 Function Points. But later
the client demanded for full blown installation for the project with auto updating when
new version is released. So we change out GSC table with installation ease to 5.
GSC with installation eases “5”
GSC with installation ease with FIVE

GSC Value(0-5)
Performance 4
Transaction rate 1
On-Line update 0
Reusability 3
Installation ease 5
Operational ease 4
Multiple sites 0
Facilitate change 0
Total 23
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Table :- GSC with Installation ease 5
So VAF = 0.65 + (23/100) = 0.88 so the FP = 100 * 0.88 = 88. The difference is of only
5 FP which from no way a proper effort estimate. To make an auto updation for a software
versioning can no way be done in 5 function points , just think downloading new version,
deleting the old version , updating any database structure changes etc etc. So that’s the
reason GSC is not accepted in software industry. Best ways is baseline you’re UAFP and
make your estimation on base of UAFP.
Enhancement Function Points
Major software project fail not because of programmer’s or project managers but due to
moody and changing customers. In one of our huge projects we had good programmers,
very enthusiastic. The project started of well but customer called ten times in a day to
change something or other. Believe me programmers get pissed if the customer is changing
his plans every fortnight. Well from this book point of view we have to evaluate this
changes which can be addition or deletion of requirements. Function point group has
come out with a methodology called as “Enhancement Function Points”.
Down is the formulae
Formulae of EFP (Enhanced Function Points) = (ADD + CHGA) * VAFA +

(DELFP) * VAFB
ADD: - This is new function points added. This value is achieved by counting all new EP
(Elementary process) given in change request.
CHGA: - Function points which are affected due to CR. This value is achieved by counting
all DET, FTR, ILF, EI, EO and EQ which are affected. Do not count elements which are
not affected.
VAFA: - This is VAF factor which is because of CR. Example previously the application
was desktop and now is changed to web so the GSC factor is affected.
DELFP: - When CR is for removing some functionality this value is counted. It’s rare that
customer removes functio nalities (at least in India), but if they ever estimator has to take
note of it by counting the deleted elementary process.
VAFB: - Again removal affects Value added factor.
Once we are through with calculating enhanced function points, it time to count total
Function points of the application.
Total Function points = [UFPB + ADD + CHGA] – [CHGB – DELFP]
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UFPB: - Function points previously counted before enhancement.
ADD: - Newly added functionality which leads to new function points after enhancements.
CHGA: - Changed function points counted after enhancements.
CHGB: - Changed function points before enhancements.
DELFP: - Deleted function points.
Enhancement function points is not covered from practical angle in this book and is left
to the user’s as exercise. CR (Change request) is covered in more detail in Change request
chapter.
Function point template explanation
In order to use FP in our project in easy fashion we will be using function point excel
template to automate our estimation. In both Jobsite and chat application you can find the
estimation sheet. When you open the sheet you can see the below section as shown in
figure below. Total Estimation has the full consolidation of the estimation.ILF, EIF, EO,
EQ, EI and GSC serves as an entry she et for all the necessary inputs.
Figure 1.25 :- Different sections in FP template
The main Action takes place in total estimation sheet. Below is the image snippet which
shows the various sections in the total estimation sheet. Let’s try to understand in numbered
fashion what exactly the sheet means:-
1 - These columns are pulled from individual ILF, EIF, EI, EO and EQ sheets.
2 - This column (Unadjusted function points) is the total of ILF, EIF, EO, EQ and EI.
3 - GSC is the total of all GSC section from the GSC sheet.
4 - Based on GSC we get the total adjusted function points. Please refer the function point
chapter in case you have doubts regarding what is EI, EO, EQ etc. We also input how much
FP a programmer can complete in one day. This depends on what kind of programmer are
you recruiting on the project. For instance if you have seniors in your project then you can
enter probably 2 FP per day as seniors will be more productive.
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5 - Here we distribute percentage wise man days according to the SDLC phases. But one
important point to be noted is the total FP is nothing but the execution phase of the project.
So we need to assign 100 % to execution and from that 100 % we take whatever percentage
and distribute it to the other phases.
6 - In this column we define how many developers will be working on the project.
7 - Based on number of developers defined in 6 we get project schedule which is nothing

but Total Man day divided by number of developers.
Figure 1.26:- Total Estimation Template
Note: - You can also watch the video explanation of the FunctionPoint
Template from the CD. In this book we have shipped a complete book “How
to prepare software Quotation”. This free E-book basically explains in
detail manner other estimation technology widely used in projects.
Testing Document
The success of every project is test, test and test. All the professional projects in this CD
have a test plan at the end. Below is the simple paste of a sample. This is basically an
address application. The below action is when user updates the address. So basically we
define steps with pass and failed conditions.
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Update Address
Steps for the test:
o Start the Address book application

o Select one of the addresses from the address data grid. Address details will
be displayed on the textboxes above.
o Change some information in all the three fields.
o Press Update button
Passed condition
o System should save the changed information and display the newly entered
data in the grid below.
Failed condition
o The system is not able to update the address data.
Note :- All the professional projects in this book will all have the
above documentation in project folder. That means every professional
project will have use case document , test plan , estimation and a
technical document.
Chapter 2 OOPs Primer
Why OOPs
Object oriented programming enables programmers define not only the data, but also its
associated behaviors/functions that can be applied to the data. It also enables programmers
to create relationships between one object and another. For example, objects can inherit
characteristics from other objects.
To understand the importance of OOP we need to first understand the problem with
procedural/structural programming practices. Procedural programming was suitable for
small projects. But as the program grew in size, along with it grew the maintenance
nightmare. Also, since the modules were tightly integrated changes in one part of the
module inadvertently breaks the other part. Team development was not truly achievable.
The next big problem with procedural programming was with respect to reusability. It was
very difficult to write truly reusable code, with minimum maintenance.
So why OOP? OOPs facilitates code reuse, team-development, eliminate redundant code,
easy management of software complexity etc. To understand how OOP practices enable us
to write better, maintainable software, we need to understand some of the fundamental
aspects of OOP.
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Fundamentals of OOPS
To understand the fundamentals of OOPS, we need to be familiar with some of the terms
programmers frequently use while developing object oriented software.
Classes and Objects

The class represents or defines the common characteristics/attributes of an object of a
particular type. For e.g. you might want to define a class of “Person”. Every person will
share some common characteristics/attributes like first name, last name, address etc.. So, a
class serves as a blueprint for similar type of object. A class is made up of attributes and
behavior. Attributes are defined in terms of member variables and behavior is expressed in
terms of function.
An object is an instance of a class. It is a representation of a real world thing. Object can

have both attributes/data and behaviors. For e.g. You, me are instance of the “Person”
class. We share some common attributes like we both have a first name, a last name and so
on. We have some common behaviors like walking, talking etc.
Abstraction
Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features without unnecessarily
including the background details or information i.e. representing a complex problem in
simple terms. Classes provides a mechanism to abstract the required attributes such as first
name, last name in case of “Person” class and functions to operate on these attributes.
Classes are also known as “Abstract Data Type or ADT”.
Encapsulation(or Information Hiding)

Encapsulation is a technique where data and its associated behaviors(function) are wrapped
in a single unit (Class). The data is hidden from the outside word. The purpose is to reveal
as little as possible about the inner workings of the class. The only way to access these
data is through public interfaces provided by the functions.
Inheritance
Inheritance is a technique with which an object of one class acquires attributes and
behaviors from an object of another class. This is one way to achieve reusability in OOP.
Inheritance models “is-a” relationship. For e.g. a “car” is an automobile. In this case
the “automobile” is called the base class and “car” is called as derived class or inherited
class. This type of reuse is often called white-box reuse. This term refers to the fact that
with inheritance, the parent class implementation is often visible to the subclasses.
Below is how practically encapsulation and inheritance is implemented in C#. The “:” says
that clsJobSeeker is the child of clsUser class and that’s how we define inheritance in C#.
The private key shows how the complication is hidden from the external world.
public class clsJobSeeker : clsUser

{
private string _JobSeekerName;
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private string _SurName;
private string _Address;
private string _PhoneNumber;
}
Composition
When reuse is achieved by composing another object, the technique is known as
composition. Composition models “has-a” relationship. This approach requires that the
objects have well-defined interfaces since the internals of the objects are unknown.
Because objects are treated only as "black boxes," this type of reuse is often called black-
box reuse
Below is the code snippet which shows how composition is implemented in C#. Ine the
below scenario clsUser is composed of clsMenus objects. So we create clsMenus object
inside the clsUser class.
public class clsUser

{
private clsMenus objMenus = new clsMenus();
}
Polymorphism
The ability of different objects to respond to the same message in different ways is called
polymorphism. Polymorphism is also the ability of an object to take more than one forms,
for e.g. an operation may exhibit different behavior in different instances. The behavior
depends upon the types of data used in the operation. There are basically two types of
polymorphism i.e. static and dynamic polymorphism. Method overloading is an example
of static polymorphism whereas overriding would be an example of dynamic
polymorphism.
Below is how we implement polymorphism in project practically. There are two methods
Login and Login with userId. So if the external consumer who is using this component
calls only the login method it loads all the user and if they pass the userid then it will load
only that user details.
public void login()

{
}
public void login(int intUserId)
{
}
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Message
An object in isolation is of no use. Its value comes from its interactions with other objects.
This interaction takes place through messages. A message consists of three parts
(i) A receiver object
(ii) A method the receiver knows how to execute
(iii) Parameters, if any.
Cohesion
Cohesion is a measure of how much an item, say for e.g. a class or method, makes sense.
Objects with low cohesion are more likely to be changed. A method is highly cohesive if it
does one thing and only one thing. High cohesion is desirable.
Coupling
Object coupling describes the degree of interrelationships among the objects that make up a
system. The more any one object knows about any other object in the system, the tighter
the coupling is between those objects. In other words, coupling is a measure of how two
items, such as classes or methods, are interrelated. When one class depends on another
class they are said to be coupled. When one class interacts with another class, but does not
have any knowledge of the implementation details of the other class they are said to be
loosely coupled. When one class relies on the implementation of another class, they are
said to be tightly coupled. Always try for loose coupling among objects.
Abstract classes and Interfaces
Abstract Class
Abstract are classes that cannot be instantiated, and are frequently either partially
implement ed, or not at all implemented. Abstract classes are useful when creating
components because they allow you specify an invariant level of functionality in some
methods, but leave the implementation of other methods until a specific implementation of
that class is needed. When implementing an abstract class, you must implement each
abstract method in that class, and each implemented method must receive the same number
and type of arguments, and have the same return value, as the method specified in the
abstract class. Classes can inherit from only one abstract class.
Interface
An interface is a reference type and it contains only abstract members. We cannot have
any implementation code in the interface. The interface contains only declaration for its
members. Interface’s members can be events, methods, properties and indexers. An
interface is also known as a “contract”. The entire client which uses the interface must
fulfill the contract by implementing the interface. A class can implement multiple
interfaces.
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Decide between Abstract class and Interface
If you want to provide common, implemented functionality among all implementations of
your component, use an abstract class. Abstract classes allow you to partially implement
your class, whereas interfaces contain no implementation for any members.
If the functionality you are creating will be useful across a wide range of disparate objects,
use an interface. Abstract classes should be used primarily for objects that are closely
related, whereas interfaces are best suited for providing common functionality to unrelated
classes.
Below is how interface and abstract classes are used in project. In order to define a
interface we use the interface keyword and to define abstract class we use the abstract
keyword.
public interface iEmployee

{
}
public abstract class clsEmployee : iEmployee
{
public clsEmployee()
{
}
}
Note :- 60 % of the software projects do not use OOPS or are either far
from the reality of OOPS.In this project book have a close look ah the
chat application and job site of how the classes are made.
Chapter 3 Understanding the IDE

The IDE
Humans are lazy, oh yes and programmers are humans. If you go back to the good old
times, compiling was luxury. We still remember people first writing the whole code on a
book and then sitting on the computer. To display a simple window or a command button
itself was a huge task. To develop as simple windows UI (User Interface) it use to take
hours. In order to increase programmer’s productivity and reduce redundancy RAD (Rapid
Application Development) tools where introduced.
In today’s competitive world no language can come up if there is no RAD tool companion
with the language. JAVA has ECLIPSE, VB6, VC++ and VFP had Visual studio and so on.
In the same way C# and VB.NET have Visual Studio.NET as the RAD tool. As this is a C#
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projects books lets get introduced to this beautiful tool which will help us to develop C#
projects effectively and in more speedy manner.
When you try to create new project using VS.NET you will see something as show in the
below figure. On the right hand side pane you can see different project templates like
Windows application, Class library etc. But let’s not get confused by all the templates at
once. Concentrate on the two important templates “Windows Application” and “ASP.NET
Web application”. On the left hand side of the pane you can see you can create these
templates using any of the languages.
Note: - This book will be using C# as the language to demonstrate all

projects. The only reason we have chosen C# is because of the huge
concentration that Microsoft gives to it.
Figure 3.1: - Different types of projects in Visual Studio
Note: - Windows applications are programs which run under Microsoft

windows operating system. For instance word, excel or a simple MSN chat
application are some examples of windows application. Web Application is
accessed using a browser over a network such as intranet or internet.
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Figure 3.2: - Complete IDE view
When you open a new project using Visual Studio.NET you will see a complicated
environment as shown in the above figure. Don't panic....You remember the first time you
took a drilling machine to put nails on the wall and found how complicated it was as
compared to a simple hammer. But surely as time passed by you praised the effectiveness
and speed by which you can use drilling machine rather than hammer.
The above whole environment is called as the IDE (Integrated development environment).
The major part of the whole IDE is occupied by the designer pane (its marked with double
head arrows as shown above).On the left hand side you can see the tool box which has
reusable components like text boxes , combo box etc which you can drag on the designer
pane. On the right hand side of the pane you can see the solution explorer. Solution
explorer gives view of your files and folder structure in your project. In order to build the
project yo u can click on the build option. You have two options one is you can build the
project or you can build the solution. Solution is a combination of one or more projects
(We will come to projects concept when we actually develop the project).
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Figure 3.3: - Compile, Debug and Run C# Projects
In order to run the application you will need to press F5 or click on Debug – Start. If you
get the above screen you have already made your first C# project. Definitely it has no
practical importance….But yes you did it.
Windows form Code walk through
When you created the above application you will see the designer has some code which is
already present by default. Let’s try to understand this sample code as we will frequently
come across it. Below figure depicts the pre-defined code inserted by the designer.
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Figure 3.4: - Code walk through for Windows application
A Windows Form is a Windows Form because it inherits its functionality from the
System.Windows.Forms namespace. This namespace is used across all .NET languages
that must implement Windows Forms applications. All windows application will follow the
above sequence defined in the image. The main entry point of the application is the “static
void main ()” method. You can also see “[STAThread]” attribute marked on the method.
This attribute is especially meant for COM Interop used in application. The “[STAThread]”
ensures that the thread in which the application runs is single threaded. With single
threaded model we can ensure that communication with COM components works perfectly
well. COM components run under single thread apartment and it’s essential that the entity
using him sho uld also run in a single thread.
In the above figure we have also mapped the sequence with code snippets. So you can
easily visualize that there are four important sequences and below is a detail explanation of
the same:-
• The first code snippet to execute is the main entry method i.e. Static void Main ().
This is the entry point for any windows application.
• Second section which is executed is the constructor of the form or UI. Every form
is a class. The constructor in turn calls the InitializeComponent() method.
• The InitializeComponent () section is the section where you can do all initialization
activity. Because InitializeComponent () is called by the constructor it will be
executed only once when the form object is created. InitializeComponent () section
can also be used to bind the event handlers with the method names.
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• The InitializeComponent () section then triggers the Form1_Load event.
The IIS
In this section we will discuss about IIS (Internet Information Service) which is basically
an answer to Microsoft’s web server.
As you see from below figure the web server sits between the websites & end user.
Here is the process how it actually interacts with the server:-
• User request for a website from his browser. for e.g. :- www.questpond.com
• The webserver processes the page and sends back the HTML/ASP page back to the
end user.
Figure 3.5 - IIS and user interaction
Web Application Code walk through
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Figure 3.6: -.NET and IIS
Now we have understood the fundamental of IIS. Let us try to understand how VS.NET
interacts with the IIS.
As you can see in the below figure. The developer opens the VS.NET and request
visual studio to create a web project. VS.NET then creates a project file on IIS.
From the below figure you can see visual studio creates project which is default named as
“webapplication1” with some default files.
The default important files created are:-
• WebApplication1.csproj
• Global.asax
• AssemblyInfo.cs
• Web.config
• Webform1.aspx.cs / resx / .aspx
Figure 3.7: - Different files in web application

Now let’s try to understand every individual file in more detail:
• Webapplication1.csproj file: - This file is like a index file and also defines
which file is present in a visual studio project. We always open this file using
VS.NET and that in turn loads all the other files. As you can see in the below
figure we have opened “csproj” file in notepad you can see that it is actually
pointing towards other file such as assemblyinfo.sys etc.In short, it is a file
which says what kind of file are present in a project.
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Figure 3.8: - CSproj data
• Global.asax file: - It allows you to write code in application level event. If you
open global.asax file you will find the following events. Try to open in notepad
you will come across many events. So let’s understand the events in more detail
fashion. The first four events are very important rest all are included for
knowledge sake which are as follows :-
• Application_Start: This event happens once in the beginning when any user
hits IIS application. Once this event has occurred it does not happen again
for every user.
• Application_End: In end when application ends this event happens. It is
used to cleanup memory and variables. When we say application end it can
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happen both when the server restarts, when IIS resets and when you change
the global.asax.
• Session_Start: This event happens when any new user visits the websites.
• Session_End: This event actually happens when user close the browser.
The other events are Application_Init, Application_Disposed, Application_Error,

Application_BeginRequest etc.
Figure 3.9:- Global.asax

2) assemblyinfo.cs file :- This file basically contains all information about assembly
such as Company, Configuration, Description, Version etc.Try to open
assemblyinfo.cs in notepad you will get more attributes like below figure
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Figure 3.10:-assemblyinfo.cs file
3) Web.config file :- This is the most important file in the web project. This is used to
define settings for ASP.net application. It is basically in XML format. Lets try to
open in notepad and understand in detail the web.config file which are as follows:-
Web.config file is a perfect place to save application configuration settings in ASP.net.For
instance, if we consider database connection string it can be placed in web.config file and
can easily access in ASP.net.and connection can also be changed to other database server if
required.
Lets have a look on example of Web.config file:-
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>

<configuration>
<appSettings>
<add key="sConnectionString" value="Provider=SQLOLEDB;Data
Source=myserver;Initial Catalog=mydatabase;User Id=myuser;Password=
mypwd;" />
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</appSettings>
<system.web />
</configuration>
Figure 3.11:- The AppSettings tag
As you observe a new section <appSettings> has added to web.config . <appSettings>

define custom settings of ASP.NET application. The <add> child element of the
<appSettings> adds value pair and can easily be accessible from your application as
follows:-
ConfigurationSettings.AppSettings("sConnectionString").
• <customErrors> section of web.config file is used to handle web application
errors. Lets try to understand the following syntax of customErrors. The default
URL in our example is www.questpond.com and 3 modes which decides the
status ‘ON’, ‘OFF’ and ‘REMOTEONLY’ means Enabled, Disabled and
Enabled for remote machines respectively.
ERROR STATUS CODE generate the error number in this case we have no. 404.
So it will redirect to default URL www.questpond.com
Figure 3.12:- CustomErrors Section
Another important section of web.config file is <identity> settings. Here identity is

required to access the application. For instance, ASPNET Windows account is required to
to access ASP.NET resource, this account is by default.
Figure 3.13:- Impersonation
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Impersonate is act by which application (ASP.NET) is executed by authenticated
(ASPNETWindows) account while accessing is provided by IIS. Here we can specify an
specific account instead of ASPNET Windows account by changing the syntax as follows
Figure 3.14:- Impersonation for Windows Account
The ASP.NET Web.config file can control many more settings like Session State, Tracing
and Authorization & Authentication etc.
Below is the figure, where it shows ASP.net lifecycle in action. In the below figure you
will find two sections the left section is the sequences of events happens and the right
section shows actual coding which happens behind ASP.net.
Towards left if we look there are four events

• page.init event:- In this event we attach the event handlers with the controls.
• page_load event- In this event we basically loads the controls. Binding of data with
the UI can be done in the Page_load event.
• Control event: - This is a basic event in which triggering or firing is done by the
user. For example : - In below figure we have a button click event.
• page_unload event : - In this event we can write clean up code to close the page.
The whole point is to understand the sequence of events to put right code in right event. As
we dive in to projects you will easily able to map the below events.
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Figure 3.15: - ASP.NET page life cycle
Chapter 4 Databases and ADO.NET

MSDE Basics
In this chapter we will be looking how to deal with persistent data. Database is the most
important part in a project. 85% projects in IT industry are database driven. Microsoft has
its own database called SQL server. Being educational material we are going to use
“MSDE2000” as database which is a scaled down version of SQL server 2000.
NOTE: - In CD, we have provided setup of “MSDE2000A”. As MSDE does not

have any UI (user interface) which help to maintain objects of the
database so we will be using client tools of SQL server for the same.
Client tools can be installed using “SQLEVAL” setup provided in the CD.
We have avoided using SQL 2005 in this book because for that we need VS.NET 2005 and
.NET 2.0 and this book is targeted for huge audience so we have kept backward
compatibility. “SQL server express edition” is the scaled down form of SQL 2005 you can
download from “http://www. microsoft.com”.
Difference between SQL and MSDE
MSDE is a royalty free, redistributable and cut short version of the giant SQL SERVER
database. It’s primarily provided as a low cost option for developers who need database
server which can easily be shipped and installed. It can serve as good alternative for
Microsoft Access database as it over comes quiet a lot of problems which access has.
Below is a complete list which can give you a good idea of differences:-
• Size of database: - MS ACCESS and MSDE have a limitation of 2GB while SQL
SERVER has 1,048,516 TB1.
• Performance degrades in MSDE 2000 when maximum number of concurrent
operations goes above 8 or equal to 8. It does not mean that you can not have more
than eight concurrent operations but the performance degrades. Eight connection
performance degradation is implemented by using SQL SERVER 2000 work load
governor (we will be looking in to more detail of how it works). As compared to
SQL SERVER 2000 you can have 32,767 concurrent connections.
• MSDE does not provide OLAP and Data ware housing capabilities.
• ?MSDE does not have support facility for SQL mail.
• MSDE 2000 does not have GUI administrative tool such as enterprise manager,
Query analyzer or Profiler.
But there are round about ways by which you can manage MSDE 2000:-
• Old command line utility OSQL.EXE.
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• VS.NET IDE Server Explorer: - Inside VS.NET IDE you have a
functionality which can give you a nice GUI administrative tool to
manage IDE.
• ?SQL SERVER WEB Data administrator installs a web based GUI
which you can use to manage your database. For any details refer
http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?familyid=c039a798
-c57a-419e-acbc-2a332cb7f959&displaylang=en
• SQL-DMO objects can be used to build your custom UI.
• There are lots of third party tools which provide administrative
capability GUI (Graphic User Interface).
• MSDE does not support Full text search.
Summarizing: - There are two major differences first is the size

limitation (2 GB) of database and second are the concurrent connections
(eight concurrent connections) which are limited by using the work load
governor.
Installation of MSDE
Let us make walk through of how to install MSDE and create database objects.
• Run “MSDE2000A.exe” from CD and click ‘install’ > accept agreement ‘I agree’
> select target folder for installation shown as below.
Figure 4.1: - Installation of MSDE2000
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• Once the installation is completed we need to create new instance in which we can
create database as shown in the figure below we need to run the setup command
prompt with the following parameter using instance name, password and security
mode as shown in the figure.
‘sa’ password specifies password for ‘sa’ user in SQL server.
Figure 4.2: - Creating the database instance

• As we have said earlier we do not have user friendly ‘UI’ to manage MSDE so will
be using “SQL2000ClientTools” to connect MSDE. In order to install
“SQL2000Client” run ‘SQLEVAL.exe’ setup from the CD and select ‘Client tools
only’ as shown in the figure below.
Figure 4.3: - Select the client tool for installation
• The instance created by the MSDE is actually registered as ‘Service’ in the

windows services. So we need to go to services and “start” the same as figure below
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Figure 4.4: - Start the service
• Now let us connect to MSDE instance using the client tools so click on Start >
Program > Microsoft SQL server > click ‘Enterprise manager’ > click ‘Microsoft
SQL server’ > right click on SQL server groups > click new SQL server registration
> Add server, while adding server you need to do as our example
“PERSONAL/MyJobsite” and click “add” button > authentication mode, if you
remember while creating instance we have given mode as ‘SQL’ so we need to
follow the second option in the authentication mode dialog box i.e. SQL server
login > add user ID and password for SQL server, if you remember we have
provided ‘sa’ user and ‘sa’ password so add the same and click ‘Finish’. SQL
server should be registered to your Enterprise Manager.
Figure 4.5 :- Setting up instance
NOTE: -enlarged view of command prompt is shown in below figure.
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Figure 4.6: -Connectionstring setup
• In order to create database, right click on database > click new database > give
database name.
Figure 4.7: - Create new database
Basic SQL Commands
In order to manipulate and create object in database we need to use SQL (Structured Query
Language). Let us make a quick walk through of basic SQL syntax in order to run SQL
commands we need to open Enterprise Manager > click on ‘Tools’ in the menu bar > click
on ‘SQL Query Analyzer’. This will open up a window where you can write a command
and execute the same as the below screen shots.
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Figure 4.8: - Running the query analyzer
Below are the basic SQL commands which you need to create new project and then
• CREATE TABLE: - This command creates a login table with two fields, user name
and password and both field are of 20 characters each.
• INSERT: - This command inserts data into the login table with the value (user name
= shiv1 and password = shiv1).
• SELECT: -This type of command selects all the data from login table.
• SELECT with criteria: - This will select the data where [user name = “shiv1”] is.
• UPDATE: - This SQL command updates the password for the given user name.
• DELETE: - This basically deletes the particular value from the login table.
Figure 4.9: - Simple SQL statement
ADO.NET basics
ADO.net is the latest kid on the data access framework block. ADO.net works in
disconnected mode unlike earlier data access technologies which used to work in connected
mode. What this implies is that, connection is made to the data store as and when only
required i.e. while reading or updating data. ADO.net uses XML (Extensible Markup
Language) behind the scenes as is indicated in the figure below.
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Below is the simplified diagram view of primary objects in the ADO.NET object model.
Here in ADO.NET classes are divided into two sections: -
• Consumers
• Data providers.
• SQL Server Database
Let us try to understand the above three entities step by step: -

• Consumers are basically windows forms and web forms which is interacted by
the end user directly but consumers cannot connect to database directly instead
they have to go through data providers. Microsoft has introduced ADO.NET as
a bridge between consumers and database.
NOTE : - One of the most important aspect of ADO.NET or data providers is

to make consumers more adaptable, in adapting different databases with
less changes. For example, if we want to connect to ORACLE then the
consumers needs to use the oracle ADO.NET data provider.
Figure 4.10: - ADO.net architecture
The two main components of the ADO.net architecture are the Data Provider and the
DataSet.
Let us dig into the details of the ADO.net architecture. The .NET framework class library
provides the following namespaces that contains types for ADO.NET.
• System.Data
• System.Data.Common
• System.Data.OleDb
• System.Data.SqlClient
• System.Data.SqlTypes
• System.Data.Odbc
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Introducing the .NET Data Providers
The following are the important data providers in ADO.net
OLE DB.NET data provider

This data provider is used for connecting to OLE DB data sources including MS SQL
Server 6.5 and earlier. The System.Data.OleDb namespace contains the types which you
can use to access and manipulate data in OLE DB data sources. This is the provider to use
if we need to connect to MS Access database.
SQL Server.NET data provider

This data provider is used for connecting to MS SQL Server 7.0 and later versions. The
System.Data.SqlClient namespace contains the types which you can use to access and
manipulate data in the above data provider. This provider uses its own protocol to
communicate with SQL Server and does not support the use of ODBC Data Source Name
(DSN as it is commonly known).
ODBC.NET data provider

This is the data provider for ODBC databases. The System.Data.Odbc namespace contains
the types to connect to these types of databases.
SQL Server OLE DB ODBC

SqlCommand OleDbCommand OdbcCommand
SqlConnection OleDbConnection OdbcConnection
SqlDataAdapter OleDbDataAdapter OdbcDataAdapter
SqlDataReader OleDbDataReader OdbcDataReader
Table: - important members of the Data Provider Namespaces

The Connection Object
The connection object in ADO.NET provides us a way to connect to the data source.
Connection object also supports transactions. Let’s have a look at some of the important
properties and methods of the Connection Object.
The Connection Object’s Properties
The following are the common properties of the connection class:
• ConnectionString : The string used to connect and open a data source.

• ConnectionTimeout : The number of seconds to wait when attempting to establish
a connection. After the specified number of seconds is elapsed an exception is
thrown.
• Database: The current database or the database to which to connect.
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• DataSource: This property represents the source of the data store. In the
OleDbConnection class, this property represents the path and filename of the data
source. In the SqlConnection class, this is the name of the instance of database
server to which to connect.
• State: This property represents the state of the connection. Its value is a bitwise
combination of the members of the System.Data.ConnectionState enumeration i.e.
Broken, Closed, Connecting, Executing, Fetching and Open.
Note: The OleDbConnection class has a property named Provider which is

not available in other connection classes. This property is a string
containing the name of the OLE DB provider.
The Connection Object’s Methods
The following are the common methods of the connection cla sses:
• BeginTransaction: This method is used to initiate/begin a transaction. This

method returns a Transaction object.
• Close: This method is used to close the database connection. If connection pooling
is enabled, the connection object is returned to the pool. Closing a connection rolls
back any pending transaction.
• CreateCommand: This method is used to create a command object associated

with the connection. Invoking this method returns a command object.
• Open: This method is used to open a database connection.
• Dispose: As usual once we are done with the work, we can clean up the resources
by disposing off the connection. This method destroys the connection object.
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Let’s see an example of connection object in action.
Let’s connect to an Access database
/// Build the connection object

OleDbConnection con = new OleDbConnection();
con.ConnectionString = @"Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data
Source=c:\order.mdb";
/// Open the connection

con.Open();
/// Close the connection

con.Close();
/// Clean up the connection

con.Dispose();
Let’s connect to MS SQL Server 2000 database
SqlConnection con = new SqlConnection ();

con.ConnectionString = @"Provider=SQLOLEDB;Data Source=localhost;Initial
Catalog=orderdb;”
con.Open();
con.Close();
con.Dispose();
So, now you have got a basic idea of how to connect to different databases. See the
similarities in the above code. Just use the correct connection object and you are done with
it.
The Command Object
The command object represents an SQL statement or stored procedure that can be executed
on the server.
The following are the common properties of the command classes.
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• CommandText: The SQL statement or the name of the stored procedure to
execute at the database server.
• CommandType : This represents the type of the command to be executed. The

value of this property determines how the value of the CommandText property is
interpreted. The value of the CommandType property can be one of the members
of the System.Data.CommandType enumerations i.e. StoredProcedure, TableDirect,
and Text.
• Connection: This represents the connection object used by the Command object.
• CommandTimeout : The number of seconds the command object will wait before
terminating and attempt to execute a command. On timeout and exception is
thrown.
• Parameters : This property represents the collection of parameter object within the
command object.
• Transaction: This property represents the transaction object with which the
command object is associated.
• UpdatedRowSource: The property of the Command object specifies how results

from calling the Update () method of the DataAdapter are applied to the
DataRow.
The Command Object’s Methods
The following are the common methods of the command classes:
• Cancel: Cancels the execution of the command object.
• ExecuteNonQuery : Executes an update, insert or delete SQL statement and

returns the number of records affected by the execution.
• ExecuteReader: Executes a select SQL statement and returns the result as a

DataReader object.
• ExecuteScalar: Executes the command object’s query that returns a single value.
This is one of the way by which you can optimize your query where only single
value is returned.
• Prepare : Compiles the command on the data source.
• CreateParameter: Creates a parameter object.
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• Dispose: Releases the resources on the Command object. Used to force garbage
collecting, ensuring no resources are being held after our connection is used.
Incidentally, by using the Dispose method you automatically call the Connection
object's Close method as well
Let’s see an example of command object in action.

Let’s build an OLE DB command object
string sql = " select * from customers";

OleDbConnection con = new OleDbConnection();
con.ConnectionString = @"Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data
Source=c:\order.mdb";
con.Open();
/// Build the command object

OleDbCommand cmd = new OleDbCommand();
/// Associate the connection object with the command object

cmd.Connection = con;
/// Assign the sql to the commandtext property
cmd.CommandText = sql;
Let’s build a SQL command object
string sql = " select * from customers";

SqlConnection con = new SqlConnection ();
con.ConnectionString = @"Provider=SQLOLEDB;Data Source=localhost;Initial
Catalog=orderdb;”;
con.Open();
/// Build the command object

SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand ();
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/// Associate the connection object with the command object
cmd.Connection = con;
/// Associate the sql with the CommandText property

cmd.CommandText = sql;
Hopefully, you get your feet with the command object too. Let’s see what’s more in store
for us.
Understanding DataReader
DataReader plays a very important role in the overall ADO.net framework. The
DataReader is the read-only, forward cursor over a rowset of ADO.NET data. The
DataReader is implemented in ADO.net as SqlDataReader, OdbcDataReader, and
OleDbDataReader etc. It’s important to note that the all the DataReader class implements
IDataReader interface. So, if tomorrow you need to write your own DataReader for your
own customized database, then you know what to do.
When you get the results into the DataReader, its’ important to note that the “cursor” or
logical row pointer in the returned data is just before the first row. So, you need to call
.Read() method once to read any data. Read() will return true as long as there is an
additional row to be read.
The important methods of DataReader are noted below:
• Read: The read method moves the record pointer to the first row, which allows the
data to be read by column name or index position.
• HasRows: This method is introducted in .NET v1.1. HasRows checks if any data
exists, and is used instead of the Read method.
• IsClosed: This method is used to determine whether DataReader is closed or not.
• NextResult: This method is equivalent to ADO’s NextRecordset method. This

method is used to move to the next set of data, if the DataReader is opened with
multiple set of data [multiple SQL statements].
• Close: Closes the DataReader
Understanding Dataset
Data Set is the memory representation as shown in the figure below. DataSet can be
considered as simplified RDBMS in memory. One of the most important features of
DataSet is that it always gets disconnected from database; in short it does not know which
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data it is carrying and also goes a step further that it can contain data from multiple
databases.
DataSet is composed of two primary objects: -
• Data table collection: - Object that has multiple data tables and in turn data tables
have rows, columns and constraints.
• Data relation collection: - Object contains one or more data relation. Data relation
provides simple way of navigating from master row in one table to related row in
another table for example you can navigate from a customer table to customer’s
address table using data relation collection object within a data set.
Figure 4.11: - Internal dataset structure
• DataAdapter:-It is functionally most complex object in Data provider. It is a

bridge between a Connections and a Data Set. It contains four command
objects: -
• Update Command
• Insert Command
• Select Command
• Delete Command
As you expect, that DataAdapter uses the ‘SelectCommand’ to fill a DataSet
and the remaining three commands to transmit changes back to the data source
as required. TableAdapter are strong type of DataAdapter. You can manipulate
the SelectCommand property of DataAdapter at run time to retrieve data from
any table in the database specified by its connection, but the TableAdapter is
specific to DataTable in a typed DataSet. In real terms TableAdapter contains
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both DataAdapter object and Connections object as private properties and also
adds some additional functionality that makes connecting to data source both
simpler and more powerful.
Figure 4.12: - Dataset loading process
Understanding Dataset
Difference between DataSet and DataReader
The major differences between DataSet and DataReader are:-
• DataReader provides forward-only and read-only access to data, while the DataSet
object can hold more than one table (in other words more than one row set) from
the same data source as well as the relationships between them. Dataset can move
back and forth as compared to datareader which can only move in forward
direction.
• Dataset is a disconnected architecture while DataReader is connected architecture.
• DataSet can persist contents while DataReader cannot persist contents, they can
only forward it.
Sample code
Now that we have gone through the theory of ADO.NET let us look at one complete
sample code for the same. In the below code snippet we are going to call a
“StoredProcedure” – “getUserByUserNameAndPassword”. This “StoredProcedure” takes
two parameters “UserNameAndPassword” below sample code is numbered and let us try
understand the same: -
(1) In this step we open the connection object “SqlConnection” class takes the
connection string as an input to its constructor.
(2) and (3) As said before, the “StoredProcedure” takes two parameters
“UserNameAndPassword” in these two steps we create the command object and
two parameters objects. The command object has two important parameters
“CommandType” and “CommandText” we have set the “CommandText” to store
procedure name and “CommandType”as store procedure.
(4) and (5) Now we open connection object and SQL data reader object.
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Figure 4.13: - ADO.NET basic code
Microsoft Data Application blocks
In the previous section we have looked at various steps to connect to database using
ADO.NET. But in actual projects it is difficult to write all these steps again and again for
every stored procedure. Microsoft made one step advanced by introducing “Microsoft
Enterprise Library” to increase reuse and bring down the development time. So let us look
at how to use ‘Microsoft Data Application Blocks’ to increase the productivity in the
project.
Note: - In order to use ‘Microsoft Data Application Blocks’ you need to

install “DataAcessApplicationBlock.exe” from the setup provided in the
CD.
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Figure 4.14: - Path of the Data application block DLL
Once you have installed ‘Microsoft Data Application Blocks’ setup you will get the
following files as shown in the figure below you need to get refer the
‘Microsoft.ApplicationBlocks.Data.DLL’ in your project and also include the same
namespace using the statement “using Microsoft ApplicationBlock.Data;”. Below is the
code snippet which calls the same stored procedure which was shown in the previous
section. If you count the number of code lines it has been reduced from “15 lines” to “1
line” as shown in the below figure.
Figure 4.15: - Execution using ADO.NET
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Figure 4.16: - One line execution
Let us understand the code

(1) There are three important parameters which you need to pass to the SQL helper
class “SqlHelper” is a static class so we do not need to create object of the same but
for the current scenario we need to get the SQL data reader so we are calling the
Execute Reader method. The first parameter is the connection string followed by
the stored procedure name and input parameters.
Note: - In this book we will always use “Microsoft Data Application

Blocks” to connect to the database.
Part II – The Fun part

Introduction to the fun part
This book we have divided in to two parts the fun part and the professional part. There are
two projects in fun part and three projects in professional part of the book. The main
intension of segregating in two parts is one is for warm up and the other is moving towards
professionalism. So the fun part will be more of logic warm up and the second section will
be targeted towards becoming professionals. It’s like growing up from a junior programmer
to a senior programmer. So lets start the journey of a developers life from rags to riches.
Chapter 5 – Lets rock: - The Mandelbrot project

What will you learn in this project
In this project you will learn the following things:-
• Use structures in project

• Graphic objects like bitmaps, methods like fillrectangle, drawrectangle etc.
Overview of Mandelbrot project
Let’s start with a small project on Mandelbrot. Are you confused by the name or you must
be thinking what kind of project is this. Well it’s interesting and will make your first C#
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project more interesting. Let me give you some gurugyan (Knowledge) about Mandelbrot.
We are going to go bit mathematical in this so tolerate me. But yes just as we enter maths
below figure shows the mathematical art generated by Mandelbrot and yes we are going to
display the same thing.
Figure 5.1: - The Mandelbrot
So let’s first define Mandelbrot. It is a set of collection of complex numbers. Ok so what is

a complex number? Let me revise for your guys what is a complex number. A normal
number is like 1, -2, -9 etc. When we multiply any normal number with itself we can never
get a negative result. That means if we multiple -2 X -2 we will get a 4 which is a positive
number. This means that you can not take the square root of a negative number and get a
real number. When you take the square root of a number, you find a number that can be
squared to get that number. The number I is defined to be the square root of -1. This means
that I squared is equal to -1. So when you square an imaginary number you can get a
negative number. For example, 3i squared is -9. So complex number has two parts one real
and other imaginary one for instance 3 + i2.
Now that you have understood complex numbers lets move ahead to understand
Mandelbrot set. Mandelbrot set is set of numbers which reside inside the set. To determine
that is whether a number is inside the set or outside the set we use the following equation:-
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Z = Z2 + C
C is the number we are testing. Z starts out as zero, but it changes as we repeatedly iterate
this equation. With each iteration we create a new Z that is equal to the old Z squared plus
the constant C. So the number Z keeps changing throughout the test. As we iterate our
equation, Z changes and the magnitude of Z also changes. The magnitude of Z will do one
of two things. It will either stay equal to or below 2 forever, or it will eventually surpass
two. Once the magnitude of Z surpasses 2, it will increase forever. In the first case, where
the magnitude of Z stays small, the number we are testing is part of the Mandelbrot set. If
the magnitude of Z eventually surpasses 2, the number is not part of the Mandelbrot set.
So was we test and plot the graph we should get the above image. So what are you guys
waiting for lets get the above decent Mandelbrot image.
How to start the Mandelbrot project
Figure 5.2 : - Open the Mandelbrot solution
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Figure 5.3 : - Run the Mandelbrot solution
Code explanation
The complete project is in the CD in WindowsMandelBrot folder. Click on

WindowsMandelBrot solution file to open the project. Below is over all structure snippet.
We have one structure and two classes. Ok first let me revise what is a structure?.
A structure in C# is simply a composite data type consisting of a number elements of other

types. A C# structure is a value type and the instances or objects of a structure are created
in stack. The structure in C# can contain fields, methods, constants, constructors,
properties, indexers, operators and even other structure types.
The keyword struct can be used to declare a structure. The general form of a structure
declaration in C# is as follows.
<modifiers> struct <struct_name>

{
//Structure members
}
Where the modifier can be private, public, internal or public. The struct is the required
keyword.
For example
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struct MyStruct
{
public int x;
public int y;
}
The objects of a struct can be created by using the new operator as follows.
MyStruct mstruct = new MyStruct();
The individual members of a struct can be accessed by using the dot (.) operator as showing
below.
mstruct.x = 70;
mstruct.y = 90;
Remember that unlike classes, the strcut object can also be created without using the new
operator
The structs in C# seems to similar to classes. But they are two entirely different aspects of
the language. The classes are reference types while a struct is a value type in C#. The
objects of class types are always created on heap while the objects of struct types are
always created on the stack. But C# structs are useful for small data structures that have
value semantics. Complex numbers, points in a co-ordinate systems etc are good examples
for struct types.
So the below code structure snippet has one structure and 3 classes.The structure represent
the complex number. MandelBrot and Julia class inherit from the fractal class. The one big
reason why MandelBrot and Julia class is inheriting from fractal is because they have lot of
things in common. So below is the numbered explanation:-
1 - Defines the structure for complex number.
2 - Fractal abstract class which has some basic methods which will be then overridden by
its child classes MandelBrot and Julia.
3 , 4 - The final solid classes which define the implementation for Julia and MandelBrot.
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Figure 5.4 : - Classes in project
The physical project is as shown in figure below. Below is the numbered explanation of the
figure.
1 - clsFractal.cs is the file in which we have one structure and three classes as explained in
the previous section.
2 - FrmMandelBrot.cs is the UI part of the project. FrmMandelBrot.cs consumes the

clsFractal.cs class to make the mandelBrot and Julia display. FrmMandelBrot uses the
graphics object to display the same on the form.
Figure 5.5 : - Project structure

The structure complex has two properties m_real and m_Imaginary. Below is the numbered
explanation of the same.
1 - The private properties m_Real and m_Imaginary which will hold value of the complex.
2 - Return the value if the complex number.
3 - Set and get properties for m_real and m_Imaginary.
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Figure 5.6 : - the Complex structure object
Below is the code snippet of the three classes Fractal, MandelBrot and Julia. Fractal forms
the parent class. MandelBrot and Julia inherit from Fractal class. In both the constructur we
have defined the boundary between which the plot should happen. You can see in the code
snippet below 1 and 2 define the boundary of the corner and side for MandelBrot as well as
Julia respectively.
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Figure 5.7: - Class structure
In the Fractal class we have an inner class called as ColorMap. This inner class
loads the 256 color array in in- memory so that we can use the same to plot the
graph. Below is the numbered explanation of the same.
1 - Define the total colors that are 512.
2 and 3 define the factor and the construct the color array of 256 colors.
4 - Use the FromArgB function to fill the array with all color values.
The whole point of making this method is basically we do not need to construct the
whole color array again and again.We have also made the Color() array static so
that it stays in memory and shared across all objects.
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Figure 5.8: - Loading colors
The draw function forms the heart of the project. Below is the code snippet. We
have numbered the same so that we can understand every line of it.
1 and 2 - We create a Bitmap object with a specific height and width on which we
will draw the Julia or the MandelBrot set.
3 - Create the object of the complex structure with the range within which the
complex number should fluctuate.
4,5,6 and 7 -- Loop with the given width and iterations. Also use the color array
defined in the static object to plot the graph. We are using drawrectangle to plot the
results.
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Figure 5.9:- The draw function
Note: - Though this project is simple and does not really construct
somethng fruitful. But it can serve as good warm project for start up.
There is also a video of the mandelbrot code walkthrough in the CD. You
can go through the same for better understanding.
Chapter 6 – File search module

• Threading, Threading and Threading.

• Using the system.io namespace for the file search.
Overview of File search Application
In this chapter we will develop a simple file search application. Following are the key
features of File search module:-
• User should be able specify the folder location in which file and its contents has to
be searched.
• User should be able search files by File name, Keyword and File type.
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• Keyword is any data with in the file. For instance you have a word document which
has word called as “C# projects”, user should be able to search by putting the same
in the keyword section.
• User can restrict the search to specific file types like *.doc, * .txt.
• While searching huge file list the program should not hang.
Figure 6.1: - File search application
Above figure gives a pictorial expectation of the project.
Fundamentals to complete the project

In order to complete the above project we need the following fundamental understanding:-
• File system concepts.

• Threading concepts.
• Delegates and event concept.
File System
As the whole project is based on searching files, we need to understand how file system
works in .NET. The System.IO namespace offers classes, methods, and properties that are
necessary for working with directories and files. As such file system is huge by itself but
we will only see what’s needed from the current project perspective. We need two things
from the project perspective browse the folders , browse files with in folders to check if the
any file with that name exits and read the file contents so that we can check if the keyword
exist in the file contents.
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First thing is to include the namespace System.IO namespace. Below is the code snippet for
the same.
using System.IO;
If you want to browse through the directory we can use GetDirectories from the Directory
class. Be low is the code snippet for the same. strDirectory is the directory which is
browsed.
foreach (string strDir in Directory.GetDirectories(strDirectory))
If you want to browse the files you need to use the GetFiles function from the Directory
class. strDir is the directory and strFiletype specify which types of files to be searched for
instance *.doc , *.txt etc.
foreach (string strFile in Directory.GetFiles(strDir, strFileType))
If you want the read the file we can use the FileStream and the stream reader class. To read
a file is a five step process. Below is a sample code snippet with detail commenting.
// Open the file stream object specifying the mode in which it

FileStream file = new FileStream(strFileName, FileMode.Open,
FileAccess.Read);
// use the stream reader class to get the streamreader object

StreamReader sr = new StreamReader(strFileName);
// Read contents of file into a string
string strFileData = sr.ReadToEnd();
// Close StreamReader
sr.Close();
// Close file
file.Close();
Threading Concepts
Note: - You must be wondering at this point why we are discussing

threading as it’s not required in the current project. If you read the
overview again you will see one of the requirements is, the application
should not hang while searching large directories. This is one of the
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important things while doing project forecasting unseen problems and uses
the right approach. For instance in this application if you just move
ahead with a simple search while looping through huge directory
application will completely freeze out. From a simple user perspective
this can be very annoying. Just think if you windows search starts
hanging will you really use it.
In order the application does not hang we need move the entire heavy duty search on a
different thread. You must be wondering what is heavy duty in this project. The below
figure will give you a clear indication of the heavy duty we will be performing in this
project. Below figure shows a folder structure for SQL Server directory. Let’s say we want
to find the defaultaliases file. In order to find default aliases you need to make seven
recursive. The file is lying in the 1033 folder. So you start from the top branch Microsoft
SQL Server and go on inside recursively searching for the file.
Figure 6.2: - Recursive call to find a file

The above recursive calling is very much heavy duty process. So let’s first define what
multitasking, process is and later move to define threads. Multitasking refers to an
operating system's ability to run more than one application at a time. For instance while
you are reading this book its possible that you are also chatting on messenger. When an
application is running memory is allocated for that application. This memory is allocated
for this application only and can not be shared by other applications. Physical separation of
memory and resources is called as process. In short it’s possible in a word application you
can open multiple word documents. Every word document is allocated its own memory and
is not mixed with other opened word document in the same instance. Every process has an
execution sequence and this execution sequence is called as thread. For instance when you
are typing in a word document it’s possible in the back end, word is doing a spell check. In
short the processor is dividing himself between two activities with out the user knowing it.
Executing multiple code paths in one instance is termed as threading.
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By default .NET starts in its primary thread whose entry point is defined in static Main ()
method in the project. It begins with a call to Application.Run(). Below is the code snippet
which starts our windows search application.
[STAThread]
static void Main()
{
Application.Run(new frmFileSearch());
}
In short our heavy duty recursive logic should run on a different thread. Below is the code
snippet of how to use threads. Thread is created by using the thread class and passing the
method which will run on the thread.
Thread objthread = new Thread(new ThreadStart(Search));

In the above code snippet search is the heavy duty and resource intensive method. So we
have created a new thread and directed that it should run on the newly created thread
objThread.
Note: - Threading is a specialized area by itself. As this is a projects

book we will look in to fundamentals and implementation rather than going
in to depth. For more details on threading refer MSDN.
Delegates and event concept
One more core concept we will need in this project is delegates and events. It’s possib le to
code this project with out using delegates and events but then there will too much heavy
coupling between modules.
Note: - There are two types of programmers one who can complete a project
and the other who completes a project with elegancy and proper decision
making. Such kind of small decision while implementing projects shows the
programmers thinking and the approach.
Event-based programming is one of the features of object oriented programming. The main
purpose of events is to decouple functiona lity of one object from other object that will
depend or use it. Second using events are clean approaches to implement asynchronous
mechanism.
As said before the file recursive search is a heavy duty mechanism. So here’s what we will
like to do we start the file search recursive mechanism and go to do something else. This
recursive mechanism logic then runs on a separate thread. When the logic receives some
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file names or keywords matching it raises events and send the information to the user and
then again continues further with its recursive logic.
In order to achieve events in .NET we will need to use delegates and events. A delegate is
like a pointer to a method. Unlike a simple function pointer, delegate is type safe. We
define a delegate to specify the signature of methods we would like to call through the
delegate. We can then create a delegate object and bind it to any method whose signature
matches that of the delegate.
Using a delegate is a four step process:
• Declare the delegate
public delegate void SimpleDelegate()
• Create a delegate object and bind the delegate to a method
SimpleDelegate simpleDelegate = new SimpleDelegate(MyFunc);
• Invoke the method by using the delegate object
simpleDelegate();
Note: - We can also associate multiple methods with a delegate. These

types of delegates are called as multi-cast delegate.
Now let’s try to understand the second concept what are events? Delegates are main bricks
for events in C#. Any event has a publisher and a subscriber as shown in figure below. The
publisher pushes events and subscriber then uses those events to call the event handlers.
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Figure 6.3: - Publisher and Subscriber in events
There are total five steps to get events working in C#. Three at the publisher end and two at
the subscriber end.
• Declare a delegate
public delegate void HandleLog(string logMessage);
• Declare a event based on that delegate
public event HandleLog Log;
• Fire the event
public void Error(string strErrorMessage)

{
Log(message);
}
• Subscriber subscribes the event.

• Event handler finally caches the event to perform actions.
myClass.Log += new MyClass.HandleLog(ErrorLogger);
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Where ErrorLogger is the method which will be fired when events are received by the
subscriber.
In the next section you will be clearer on how we will be actually using Events and
Delegates for this project.
Class Diagram of File search Application
Figure 6.4: - Class diagram for File search application
Note: - In this book we will be using UML diagrams to understand the

project design in a better fashion. You can revisit the UML chapter
specified in this book in the beginning sections.
Above is the class diagram it has two entities one is the GUI which is “frmFileSearch” and
the other is the class “clsFileReader”. “frmFileSearch” is the main UI which was shown in
overview section of this project. “clsFileReader” class is responsible for the following
functionalities :-
• Browse directory.
• Browse files with in directories
• Raise events when its finds a match to the “frmFileSearch” UI.
frmF ileSearch class is the UI of the project and is responsible for the following
functionalities :-
• Capture from the user folder path, file name to search, keywords etc.
• Display results on the data found.
Note: - One of the important aspects while designing your system in

project is proper separation of responsibilities. For instance you can
see from class diagram of this project how all the file reading and
searching capabilities has been allocated to “clsFileReader” and the
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“frmFileSearch” is a simple GUI which just sends which file to search in
which folder. The time you start mixing this responsibilities you can no
more use the components individually.
Code Explanation
Note: - You can find code walkthrough for this application in video “File
Search code walkthrough” in Video folder. You can find code in the source
code folder in “File Search” folder.
In this section we will make a code walkthrough of important code snippets in the file
search project. First let’s make a code walkthrough of clsFileReader class. It has two
delegates FoundContent (this delegate will be called when keywords are found in the file
content) and FoundFile (this delegate will be called when file name specified is found in
the directory). For each of these delegates we have events objFoundContent and
objFoundFile.
We have defined four properties for the class which will set by the UI:-
• strDirectory: - Directory in which file has to be searched.

• strFileName: - File name which has to be searched in the directories.
• strKeyword :- Keyword which has to be searched with in the file content.
• strFileType: - This property will accept which types of file the search has to be
restricted.
We have defined two methods Search and Doesexist. Search method does a recursive
search to find the files. Below is the code snippet which defines the properties and
methods.
Page 115 of 215

Figure 6.5: - clsFileReader code walkthrough
The most important part is the recursive search subroutine Search (). Below is the code
snippet which shows the search subroutine. We have put inline comments so that you can
understand the logic of the same.
// First loop through the directory

foreach (string strDir in Directory.GetDirectories(strDirectory))
{
// Loop through the file
foreach (string strFile in Directory.GetFiles(strDir, strFileType))
{
if (strFileName.Trim().Length != 0)
{
FileInfo objFileInfo = new FileInfo(strFile);
// Check the file name specified is same as the file name given
// by the user
if (objFileInfo.Name.ToLower().IndexOf(strFileName.ToLower())!= -1)
{
objFoundFile(strFile);
}
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}
// If there is keyword specified by the user then see that it exists with
// in the file contents.
if (strKeyWord.Trim().Length != 0)
{
if (doesExist(strFile,strKeyWord))
{
objFoundContent(strFile);
}
// In a directory we can have multiple sub directories. So make a
//recursive call to the Search() method again. This recursive call will
// continue until we have browsed all the directory inside the directory.
strDirectory = strDir;
Search();
}
}
There are two important for each loop in the above code. One for the directories and other
for the files inside the directory. The most important section is the recursive call which is
made to the subroutine itself so that we can browse any directory depth. You can see in the
above code snippet at the end we are calling the Search () method recursively.
The next part is the UI code. From the UI code the Search button click is where all the UI
action is happening.
private void btnSearch_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)

{
try
{
// Clear the lstFiles so that we do not get the old data
lstFiles.Items.Clear();
// Create the object of delegate and attach the files with the delegates
FoundFile objFoundFile = new FoundFile(addFile);
FoundContent objFoundContent = new FoundContent(addContent);
// Create the clsFileReader class object
clsFileReader objclsReader = new clsFileReader();
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// Attach the delegate with the event
objclsReader.objFoundContent += objFoundContent;
objclsReader.objFoundFile += objFoundFile;
// Set the necessary four properities from the textboxes of the UI
objclsReader.strFileName = txtFileName.Text;
objclsReader.strDirectory = txtFilePath.Text;
objclsReader.strKeyWord = txtKeyWord.Text;
objclsReader.strFileType = txtFileType.Text;
// As search is a heavy duty method save run this on a separate thread
Thread objthread = new Thread(new ThreadStart(objclsReader.Search));
// Finally Start the thread
objthread.Start();
}
catch(Exception ex)
{
MessageBox.Show(ex.ToString());
}}
Enhancement in File Search Project
You can do the following enhancement in the file search project:-
• Display the total number of counts for the data found.

• When user right clicks on the list box he will be given two options :-
o To open the file.
o To browse to the folder.
• When user clicks on the file he the file will open in the default application if
specified. For instance if it’s a doc file it will open using the word application. But
the type is not known then it should open which application will be used to open
these kinds of files.
• When user clicks to open the folder he will be taken to the folder where the file is
located.
Page 118 of 215

Part III – Professional Projects
After you have walked through the fun part it’s now time to become a bit professional. In
this section we will have professional projects with complete SDLC cycle, proper
documentation, architecture and estimation.
Chapter 7 – Reliable Computer Chat Application

• How to use application, session and cache objects.

• Client pull technologies using the Meta refresh tag.
Deliverables in CD for this Project
All the below deliverables are in folder ChatApplication.
Deliverables Name of the file / Folder

Requirement and Use Reliable Chat Application Version.doc
Case document
Estimation FunctionPoints.xls
Technical Document TechnicalDocumentChatApplication.doc
Source In the source code folder
Test document TestingDocumentChatApplication.doc
Overview of Chat application
Reliable computers is a mid-scale organization mainly into selling of computers. For past
one year the company sales have grown into multiples geographical location. Currently in
order to give customer support Reliable computers uses phone to interact with his client but
this medium is not very cost-effective from small customer’s point of view. So the
company wants to builds Web Chat application. Where the small customers can have chat
with customer support engineers.
Following are the requirement for the Web Chat application:-
• User logs in using user id.

• User id should be unique in the system.
• Once he enters the room he sees a list of user in the room.
• He can then sent message and the engineer can reply for the same.
• Currently, 50 users can login at a time.
• User will not be validated in the chat room. But they can enter there invoice number
with there user id. For instance MRX (INV23847).
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How to start the chat application
• Copy the chat application folder on your hard drive.

• After copying the chat application right click and select properties.
• Then click on the Web Sharing tab and click share this folder
• You will popped up with a dialog box. Enter the name alias as ChatApplication and
click ok.
• Finally close the dialog box by clicking apply.
• If everything is fine enter http://localhost/ChatApplication/Login.aspx and you
application sho uld start successfully.
Starters Chat code
The difference between a programmer and a good programmer is coding with elegenace
and maturity. In order to see what the exact difference is between an ok programmer and
good programmer we will code the chat application twice. Once with a mind set of how an
ok programmer will code and one how a good programmer will code. In this section we
will look in to how an ok programmer will code. Then we will code the same application
with proper SDLC cycle. This will also clear differences between good and bad
programming.
Note :- In CD for the chat application we have two type of code one with
proper SDLC cycle which is present in ChatApplication folder. The other
folder NotPlannedChat has the chat application which is coded from an ok
ok programmer perspective.
Figure 7.1 : - Solution explorer of Ok Ok Chat Application
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In the project explorer we have four important files as shown in the figure below. Below is
the numbered explanation of the same.
1 - Chat.aspx is the HTML frame in which we display Messages.aspx and

sendMessage.aspx.
2 - Login.aspx is the main login page. We validate that the user is unique in this section.
3 and 4 - Messages.aspx is the file which displays the messages sent by user.
SendMessage.aspx is the form in which the user types the chat message and sends it.
Figure 7.2 :- Bad code solution explorer

Below is the code snippet of the login page code behind. Below is the numbered
1 - When a user logs in we add the username to Cache["Users"] object.

checkDoesUserExist method checks if the user already exists in the Cache["users"] object.
If the user already exists then we throw an exception saying that the user already exists.
2 and 3 – If the user does on exists then we add the user to the arraylist and set
session(“UserName”) variable. saveToCache method updates the arraylist to the Cache
Users.
4 and 5 :- When the user clicks login command button we call the CheckDoesUserExist
method. In case if the user already exists in the cache users object it will throw an error.
We have also enclosed the checkDoesUserExist method in try catch and later displayed the
error in lblErrorMsssage label. If we do not have any errors in the checkDoesUserExist
method we transfer the control to Chat.aspx page using the server.transfer command.
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Figure 7.3 :- Login page source code
Below is the code snippet of messages.aspx page. We have two types of cache object one
which stores users and the other stores messages. The user cache object was discussed in
the previous section. In this section we will look in to the other cache object i.e
cache[“Messages”]. Cache messages object stores the messages which are sent by the user.
So lets understand the below code snippet in numbered fashion.
1 and 2 - In the page load we load the cache users and messages object in two page level
variables arrayUserList and arrayUserMessages. So we check if the cache users or the
messages object is not null then load both the variables accordingly.
3 – LoadUsers and loadMessages sub routine loads the messages and users data in the user
interface control.
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Figure 7.4 : - Code snippet for Messages.aspx
Below is the code snippet sendmessage.aspx page. Below is the numbered explanation of
the code snippet.
1 – We load the cache messages object in arrayusersMessages variable which is a page

variable.
2 – addMessage subroutine adds the user messages to the array list with user name
appended. addMessage subroutine is called in every cmdSendMessage button click. If the
arrayUserMessages variable is updated that will also update the Cache[“Messages”] object
because both the objects are linked byref. When we say byref means any change in object
will also affect the other object. So any changes in arrayUser Messages variable will affect
Cache[“Messages”] data also.
Note: - Please read byref and byval fundamental from MSDN you will have a
good idea of what we are discussing.
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Figure 7.5 :- Send message code snippet
What’s wrong with the above code
If you run the above application it works fine. If you have read above code walkthrough it
will also make you think that it looks good. But as we said previously the difference
between a coder and a developer is quality code. Coder is a bad word given to any
programmer fo r the bad quality code. Every car runs but it’s important to evaluate which
one runs with elegance and efficiency. In the same fashion every code runs but we need ask
ourselves question will this code consume future changes, is it efficient , can it be taken by
new programmers for maintenance etc. So let’s try to understand what are the issues with
the above coded chat application.
• The first thing to be no ted in the above application if we have two cache objects one
for the user and other for the chat messages. So in case if we want to add room’s
future we need to add one more cache object. This leads to many scattered cache
object through out the application. This can lead to maintenance problems in future.
• The application is not object oriented which means that the application is not
flexible to consume future changes. For instance if we want to add room
functionality in the above application we need to change in lot of places.
So now that we know the issues with the above code. Let’s complete this project with
dignity like a developer. In the next section we will first start with estimation and then
move ahead with design document and execution
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Estimation of the Chat Application
In the chat application folder we have given you the estimation document. In this section
we will explore how we have reached to that estimation. Currently, 27 man days is the
estimation for chat application project we will be using Function Points to estimate it.
NOTE: - Please refer to FUNCTION POINTS chapter for more clarification.
External Input (EI) explanation
We have identified two elementary processes in which data is received from the external
application boundaries for this chat application. Because it does not refer to any external
file and does not have sub groups so we have kept the values File Type Reference (FTR)
=1 and Record Element Types (RET) =1. Below is the EI table which is taken from
estimation sheet.
Figure 7.6: - EI of chat application
External Inquiry (EQ) explanation
As shown in the EQ table below three elementary process showRoom, showUser and
displayMessage is retrieved from corresponding Internal Logical Files (ILF). These three
entities become EQ because results exit the application boundary (from the chat variables
on the web sites), it is retrieved from one or more ILF, and it is simple and meaningful
from user perspective.
Figure 7.7: - EQ of chat application
Page 125 of 215

Internal Logical File (ILF) explanation
As we know fundamentally ILF resides in the internal application boundary and are
maintained through elementary process. One of the most important criteria to identify ILF
is that they are logically related data from user perspective. In this chat application Rooms,
User and Message forms the ILF. While the Data Element Type (DET) values taken in the
table we have considered one complete DET for Rooms and Message but for User ILF we
have two DET, one is “user ID” and other is “Password”.
Figure 7.8: - ILF of chat application
External Interface File (EIF), External Output (EO) and General System
Characteristic (GSC) explanation
In this chat application we do not have any externa l application so there is no EIF. We do
not have any complex query outputs which derive data from internal to external application
boundaries hence there is no EO. As it is a simple application we have kept all the GSC
value as 1.
Figure 7.9: - EIF and EO in chat application
Page 126 of 215

Figure 7.10: - GSC for chat application
Explanation of Total Estimation
Once all the counting is done we need to convert the Function Points into Man Days.
Below is the process of conversion as follows: -
• Calculating unadjusted Function Points.
• Calculating adjusted Function Points.
• Calculating Man Days.
• Distributing Man Days across SDLC phase.
Page 127 of 215

Figure 7.11: - Total Estimation for Chat application
Below is the figure which shows how man days are calculated for chat application.
Now let’s look at how we distribute the man days across the SDLC phase. One of most
important point to know is any estimation methodology always gives execution man days.
It does not consider time period for requirement, technical design and testing phase.
So the procedures of calculating is that the percentage of execution time is distributed for
every phase and finally added to execution of man days. For this Chat application we had
calculated 18.96 man days as the execution man days.
From 18.96 man days we have taken 20% for requirement stage, 20% for technical stage
and 5% for testing stage.
Page 128 of 215

Figure 7.12: - SDLC phase estimation distrubution
NOTE: -For more details refer to chat application folder in the CD

provided.
Page 129 of 215

Use Case
Figure 7.13: - Use case diagram for the chat application
Details of the Use Case

In this project we have ana lyzed three uses cases as explained below.
Use Case Rel001

Use Case Name Login
Description This uses depicts the flow of how user will log-
in into the chat application.
Primary Actor Reliable computers and their users.
Trigger User types chat application on URL of the
browser.
Pre-condition NA
Assumption No password is currently present for the system
Rooms will remain constant as explained in the
assumption section of this document
Failed End conditions Duplicate user name is not allowed in the chat
application.
Action User clicks on the log-in button.
Main Scenario • User types chat application on URL of
the browser which in turn opens the
main page.
• In the main page of application user is
popped up with ‘Enter user name’
option and various ‘rooms’ option drop
down menu.
• User then types the name and selects
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one of the room from drop down menu
and then clicks on the ‘Log-in’ button.
• Application then checks whether the
user name is unique in the system if not
then user is popped up with error
message that “user already exist”.
• After entering the unique name the user
is finally logged in the application.
Action NA
Alternate Scenario NA
Action
Alternate Scenario 1.
Success Scenarios 1. Opens page of a selected room in that
other user names and their messages can
be seen.
Note and Open Issues NA
2 Sending messages
Use Case Rel002

Use Case Name Sending messages
Description This uses depicts how user will be sending
messages in the chat application.
Trigger User wants to send messages to the room.
Pre-condition NA
Assumption User is logged in the system
Failed End conditions Cannot see messages of other rooms.
Action User types the messages and clicks ‘send’
button.
Main Scenario • User types the message to be sent in the
room.
• User then clicks on the send button.
• Message is then seen by the user and
other users in the room.
Action NA
Success Scenarios Here messages are send and received
successfully.
Use Case Rel003

Use Case Name Change room
Description This use case depicts how the user will be
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changing room during the chat session.
Trigger User wants to change room during the chat
session.
Pre-condition NA
Assumption User is already logged in to the chat
application.
Failed End conditions User is not able to change room and can not see
messages and users in other room.
Action User clicks on the change room button during
the chat session.
Main Scenario • User clicks on the room which he want
to go.
• User then clicks on the change room
button.
• System then changes the user to the
other room.
Action NA
Success Scenarios User has successfully changed the room and
can see the messages and users of the
changed room.
Caching fundamentals in ASP.NET
In ASP.NET we are provided with cache object. Any data in the cache object is shared
between all users connected to the same IIS website. But following is the difference
between the application object and cache object.
• Cache object are thread safe while application object are not.
• Cache can be configured to expire after specific number of seconds or depending on
changes happening to other entities like file, directories or external events this was
not possible with old application object in classic ASP.
For this chat application we will use cache object to share data between all the users.
Currently for this project we need to share chat messages, rooms etc which can be done by
the cache object. Below are the methods of the cache class.
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Method Description
Add Adds the specified items to the cache.
Get Retrieves the value of specified ‘n’ item to
the cache.
GetEnumerator Returns a dictionary enumerator object to

iterate through all the valid items stored in
the cache.
Insert Insert the specified item into the cache.
Remove Removes the specified item from the cache.
Table: - Cache class methods
In the below diagram we have also shown ho w session, application and cache object
works. Currently session is not related to the project but try to understand from
knowledge perspective. Session object are private to the users while cache and
application objects are shared between users. You can see in the below figure User1 ,
User2 and User3 have common application and cache object while Session1 , Session2
and Session3 are unique for every user.
Figure 7.14: - Session, Application and Cache object in action
Class diagram
Page 133 of 215

This class diagram is not only easy to understand but also scalable.If you carefully read the
use case properly we can extract three nouns from them users, room and messages and the
whole class diagram will be built from these nouns. Below is the class diagram for the chat
application “clsRooms” forms the top most objects which the client will consume. One of
the things to be noted in the class diagram is naming convention are plural as well as
singular for example we have “clsRoom” and “clsRooms” which means that class
“clsRooms” have collection of “clsRoom” object. In the same way we have association of
“clsUsers” and “clsMessages” with “clsUser” and “clsMessage” respectively. The class
diagram depicts the actual scenario of the chat application in real world. We have not used
inheritance because we do not want to increase the complexity of the architecture. So the
class diagram very typically signifies that we have many rooms and each room has users as
well as messages. So in technical scenario “clsRooms” have many “clsRoom” objects and
“clsRoom” has “clsUsers” and “clsMessages”.
Figure 7.15: - Relation ship between all classes
• “clsMessage” and “clsMessages” class:-

In the below figure we have pasted the snap- it of both classes. “clsMessage” is a simple
class with a message property while “clsMessages” inherits from collection base and stores
each object of “clsMessage”. Collection base is a member of system and collections
“clsMessages” has add message methods which takes user name and message as a input it
then creates object of “clsMessage” and add it to the collection. Currently we have
designed for both of these classes in a very abstract manner. In technical sense we can
associate the “clsMessages” object with any room or user.
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Figure 7.16: - Message and Messages class
• “clsUser” and “clsUsers” class:- In the below figure we have pasted the snap-it of
both classes. “clsUser” is a simple class with two properties ‘user name’ and
‘room’. ‘user name’ is the value which the user will enter on the log-in screen of the
chat application. “clsRoom” object is aggregated inside the “clsUser” class. This
room object signifies which room this user currently belongs too.
The “clsUsers” class has five methods which are as follows: -
o getRoom: - This function takes user name and returns back the room in
which the user is currently present.
o addNewUser: - This method takes two parameter user name and the room
object and associates the user with the room.
o removeUser: - It removes the user from the user’s collection.
o checkUser: - It checks if duplicate name exists in the user’s collection.
o getUser: - This takes user name and returns “clsUser” object.
Page 135 of 215

Figure 7.17: - User and Users class
• “clsRoom” and “clsRooms” class: - In the below figure we have pasted the snap- it
of both classes. “clsRooms” is a collection of objects “clsRoom” has “clsMessages”
and “clsUsers” collection logically messages and users form part of a room the
clients main interface will be “clsRooms”. So let try to understand how the
“clsRooms” operates.
There are four methods in “clsRooms” as follows.
o checkUser: - This checks user method calls the check user method of
“clsRoom” who in turn calls the check user method of “clsUsers” class.
o loginMethod: - This type of method first calls the check user method and
then adds the user to the room.
o changeRoom: - This method selects the current room where the user logged
in and removes the user from the room. He then takes the new room and
adds the user to the new room.
o sendMessage: - this method selects the current room and send messages to
that room.
The beauty of the “clsRooms” class is that it calls “clsRoom” for performing the
functionalities and “clsRoom” in turn calls either “clsMessages” or
“clsUsers” depending on the functioning. So one of the important things to be
noted is every class performs his work independly.
Page 136 of 215

Figure 7.18: - Room and Rooms class
Code explanation
Consuming the class library
The project is divided into two main parts mainly into GUI and class library as shown in
the below figure.
Page 137 of 215

Figure 7.19: - Solution explorer of the chat application
The GUI part has all the aspx pages the end user comes in contact with GUI part. The GUI
part has following aspx pages:-
• Login.aspx: - It takes the user ID and password and allows you to select the room
to enter the chat application.
• Messages.aspx: -It basically just displays the messages to the user.
• SentMessages.aspx: - It is used to send the messages.
• Chat.aspx:- This is a frame which combines “Messages.aspx” and
“SentMessages.aspx” page.
Figure 7.20: - Frames for chat application
Auto refresh fundamentals
Chat applications are very dynamic. The end user screen should be capable of seeing the
latest messages we some how need to ping the server for new messages so in order to
achieve this we have used the HTML metatag in “Messages.aspx”. As seen in the below
figure the metatag says to refresh the “Messages.aspx” page after every 10 seconds.
Figure 7.21: - Refresh rate for the chat application
Page 138 of 215

Login page explanation
As we all know from class diagram “classrooms” is the main class of all the classes
(clsRoom, clsMessage) etc. As discussed before we will be using cache API to share
messages and rooms across the users. Below is the code snap it of the page load event of
Login.aspx pages.
The following are the sequences occurred in the page load event: -
• If the cache object is NULL it creates rooms object and assign it to the cache
object.
• If the rooms object are already present then it type casts from the cache object to
the module variable “objRooms”.
• Finally loads the rooms in combo box you can see final output page in the same
figure.
Figure 7.22: - Login page flow
Login button click logic
Page 139 of 215

After user puts the user ID and password in the login screen and clicks the login button the
below shown snap it figure is executed and the following events takes place: -
• We call the login method of the “clsRooms” class.
NOTE: we have already explained in the class diagram how the login method
works.
• We set the user name and select room in the session variable.
NOTE: session variables are private to the user.
• If the first two events are successfully done then we redirect the user to the chat
page.
• In case of any error we cache the exceptions and display the same on the “lblError”
label.
Figure 7.23: - Login button click logic
Displaying the chat message and the users
When the user is finally logged in the rooms below snaps are executed to display messages
and users.
Let’s try to understand the explanation of the code from below snap it: -
• The “objRooms” object is taken from cache object and currently logged in room.
Object is taken from the “objRooms” object taken from the session variable
Session[“RoomIndex”].
• The load user’s method loads the users in the room. The load messages method
loads the messages in the room.
NOTE: - The simplicity of above code is because of the proper class
diagram which shows relationship between users, rooms and messages.
Page 140 of 215

Figure 7.24: - Message and user class
Page 141 of 215

Figure 7.25: - Loading messages and users
Change room and Send messages

Below is the code snap it which explains how the GUI will add new messages and change
room.
• Send message method is used to send the messages in the particular room which is
denoted by “objRooms” object.
• Change room object is done by calling the change room method of “objRooms”
object. The change room method takes user name and the new room where the
user wants to go. Finally it sets the room index and session variable.
NOTE: - If the GUI code is kept simple all the business logic is in
classes which makes the architecture more decent.
Page 142 of 215

Figure 7.26: - Sending message in chat application
Chapter 8 – Job Site Application

• How to write a good object oriented project

• How to implement Microsoft data application blocks.
• How to write your own rules engine.
• Database designing in complete third normal form for the project.
• How to use ADO.NET and SQL Server.

Requirement and Use UseCases.doc
Case document
Estimation FunctionPoints.xls
Technical Document Left to te readers
Test document Left to the readers
Videos • JobWebSiteFunctionalWalkThrough :- Gives a functionality walk
through.
• StarttheJobSiteProject :- Gives a walkthrough of how we can load
the job site project and run the same.
• JobSiteCodeUnderstanding :- Gives a detail understanding of the
job site code.
How to load the jobsite

In the CD we have provided “FullJobsite” folder if you open the folder you will find
various other sub folders like Business Objects, Business Validation, Business Validation
Page 143 of 215

Library, Data Access, Documents, Solution, TheJobSite, GetServiceGetJobs, and
BACKUP etc.
Business Objects: -It contains objects required for the project such as ‘user.cs’ which has
self-contained clsUser and clsUsers class similarly other classes like Jobseeker.cs and
Menu.cs have their respective classes.
Business Validation: -It basically acts as a bridge between Business Objects and Business
Validation Library.
Business Validation Library: -It consists of all the validation required for the project.
Data Access: - It basically has the data access layer of the project. It uses the SQL Helper
class or Microsoft Application Blocks to connect to the SQL Server.
Documents: -It consists of Requirement, Design, Build, Testing and Delivery document.
Solution: -It has .sln file this unites all the project subunits together and to make the project
development more easy.
TheJobSite: - This folder consists of the UI (User Interface) part of the project.
GetServiceGetJobs: - It is clients to our projects which observes and see what jobs are
posted by the company and inform to the job seeker.
BACKUP: - It is basically back up of the database in our project so that you can load the
SQL server database very easily.
In this section we will understand how to load the complete Jobsite project.
• In the CD provided to you we have folder named “FullJobsite” copy this folder
from CD to your local drive for instance (c:) so after copying to local drive you will
have the following path written on the address bar “c:\ FullJobsite”.
• Go to the SQL server by clicking Start>Programs>Microsoft SQL
server>Enterprise Manager, you will be prompted with a screen ‘SQL server
Enterprise Manager’ in this window under the ‘console root’ there is a ‘database’
folder right click onto this folder and create ‘New Database’ with a name ‘Jobsite’
as shown in the following figure below
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Figure 8.1 : - Create a new database
• After creating a database named ‘Jobsite’ we will now load a BACKUP of a project
provided in the CD and now in your local drive “c:\ FullJobsite\ BACKUP” with
the following steps: -
Right click ‘Jobsite’ folder>All Task>Restore Database>click ‘From Device’>select

device>click Add>give path “c:\ FullJobsite\ BACKUP” as shown in the below figure
Figure 8.2: - Restore database
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Figure 8.3: - Backup path
• As this project is web you need to do following changes before starting it. In the
‘FullJobsite’ folder there is a subfolder named ‘TheJobsite’, right click on
it>properties>click‘WebSharing’>add ‘TheJobsite’ folder as sharing as shown in
the following figure
Figure 8.4 : - Give Alias name
• Similarly same changes for sharing for the ‘WebServiceGetJobs’.

In the ‘FullJobsite’ folder there is a subfolder named ‘WebServiceGetJobs’, right click on
it>properties>click‘WebSharing’>add ‘GetServiceGetJobs’ folder as sharing as shown in
the following figure
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Figure 8.5 : - Alias name for WebserviceGetjobs
• Now two important settings should be done in the Web.Config file: -
• One for database
• Other for the Business Validation DLL Path
To edit Web.Config file, open ‘FullJobsite’ folder>open ‘Solution’ folder>open

‘JobSiteSolution’>open ‘JobSiteSolution.sln’>view Solution Explorer>open web.config
file and edit it as shown in the following figure
Figure 8.6 (A): - Configurations for the jobsite
• You have to provide the path where the ‘BusinessValidationLibrary.dll’ is. It should
be same as Figure (A) arrowed 1 = Figure (B) arrowed 1
Figure 8.7 (B): - Path of the validation library DLL
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• While installation of the database if you have changed the user ID and password
then you have to make the same changes in the connection string
Note: - we have kept the default user ID and password for the database.
Note: - once again have a check whether you have properly loaded the
database.
• After editing Web.Config file and making changes in the properties properly, press
the “ctrl and F5” key together, you will see a Login screen as shown in the
following figure and you have loaded the project ‘JobSite’ properly and ready to
run it.
Figure 8.8 : - Jobsite home age
Note – You can watch the Start jobsite video in case you have issues.
Overview of the Job Site Application
Quadra is a multinational company mainly into recruiting business over a period of time.
Quadra has now multiplied its business four times the current one. Till today the working
procedures are manually operated but due to recent heavy demand now the company is
thinking of going automated with the help of information technology. Quadra mainly acts
as intermediate between the jobseekers and the company trying to meet the needs of
employee and the employer so they want a website which can consume their current
workload so following are their requirements in bulleted form: -
• There are two types of users ‘jobseekers’ and ‘companies’.
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• Any kind of users should have login “user id” and “password”.
• Both kind of user ‘jobseekers’ and ‘companies’ need to register themselves with
Quadra website to access the services.
• To register for ‘jobseeker’ “user name” and “password” should be the two
compulsory fields other fields may be included on company’s requirement.
• To register for ‘companies’ following are the fields: -
o ‘Companies’ should login with their own unique ‘user name” and
“password”.
o ‘Companies’ can post multiple jobs posting in order to make job posting
following details are needed “closed” and “job description”.
“Job description” in short describes the work profile of the candidate and
“closed” specifies the vacancies of jobs are filled up.
• ‘Jobseekers’ can apply for any job posting posted by any company and jobseeker
should be able to see a list of posting to which he can apply.
• ‘Jobseeker’ cannot apply to a job more than one time.
• There should be two types of “job reports” one for ‘Jobseekers’ and one for
‘companies’. ‘Jobseeker’ can see the report to which company he has applied and
the ‘companies’ can see the report of job seeker who has applied for it.
• The system should have enough flexibility to enable and disable validation on run
time.
Estimation of the Job Site Application

The estimation is pretty simple and straight forward. But still let’s make a walk through of
how we have arrived to this estimation. You can find the estimation document in the
Jobsite folder in the CD. Total Man days has come to 43 man days in approximation.
Below is the section wise explanation of the same.
Explanation of ILF
In this project we have six logical files which we maintain. Below is the image which
explains in details regarding the same. The description section defines which DET we are
referring to.
Figure 8.9: - ILF for jobsite project
Explanation of EIF and EO
Because we do not have any complex output there is EO in this project. We are also not
referring to any external system so we do not have any EIF in this project.
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Explanation for EQ
There are two simple reports in the project. One is for the jobseeker which says which jobs
he has applied for and second report is for the company in which we display who has
applied for the jobs.
Figure 8.10: - EQ in jobsite application
Explanation for EI
There are five EI’s in the project. If you make a walkthrough of the project you can easily
figure out which are the EI in the project.
Figure 8.11:- EI in jobsite application
Explanation for GSC

In real projects lot of thought has to be put when you define your GSC. But for simplicity
sake currently we assume as one for all the sections.
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Figure 8.12:- GSC for jobsite application
Final Estimation
Below is the final estimation using 1.5 FP per day as baseline. Once all the counting is
done we need to convert the Function Points into Man Days.
important point to know is any estimation methodology always given in the execution
point. It does not consider time period for requirement, technical design and testing phase.
So the procedures of calculating are that the percentage of execution time is distributed for
every phase and finally added to execution of man days. For this jobsite application we had
and 5% for testing stage. By using two developers we can complete the project in 21.38
man days.
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Figure 8.13: - Final Estimation of job site application
Use Case Explanation
Below are the use cases for this project. In the first section we will have a pictorial look and
then a detail explanation for the same is given in a tabular format.
Figure 8.14: - Logon and Logoff
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Figure 8.15: - Register Company and post jobs
Figure 8.16 : - Register jobseeker and Apply jobs
Use Case UC001

Use Case Name Login in the Jobsite
Description This use case depicts the flow of how a jobseeker or a company
will login in to the Jobsite
Primary Actor Jobseeker and Companies
Trigger User opens the job URL
Pre-condition
Assumption
Failed End conditions 1. Login User Name is required
2. Password is required.
3. Userid and Password does not exists in the system.
Action User opens the home page of the website
Main Scenario 1. User open the job site URL.
2. User is displayed a login screen with Userid and
Password field.
3. User enters the userid and password.
4. System validates the user and check if he is a jobseeker
or a company.
5. If the user is a jobseeker he sees Maintain User , Apply
jobs and Whom I applied.
6. If he is a Company he will see maintain company , Post
jobs and Who Applied.
Action Wrong userid and password entered
Alternate Scenario 1. Step1 to Step3 in executed from the first action(User
opens the home page of the website).
2. System validates userid and password is wrong.
3. System is again redirected to the same login page with a
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error message saying that UserId and Password does not
exist .
Success Scenarios 2. User is able to login in the home page and see the
respective menus depending on whether it’s a company
or a jobseeker.
Note and Open Issues
Use Case UC002

Use Case Name Log Off
Description This use case depicts the flow of how a jobseeker or a company
will log of from the Jobsite
Trigger User wants to log from the jobsite
Pre-condition User is already logged in to the website
Assumption
Failed End conditions 1. User does not log of the system and still sees the
same main menu page
Action User clicks on the Log off button on the menu page
Main Scenario 1. User is on the main menu page
2. User clicks on the Log off button
3. User is then taken to the log in page of the website.
Success Scenarios 1. User logs off and goes to the main login page
Use Case UC003

Use Case Name Register User
Description This use case depicts the flow of how jobseeker and companies
can register in the jobsite.
Trigger User wants to register with the website
Pre-condition User opens the job website
Assumption
Failed End conditions 1. User is not able to login in to the website
Action Company wants to register with the website
Main Scenario 1. User opens the website
2. User clicks on register company link.
3. User enters the following details Username,
Password, Organization Name, Organization Phone
and Address.
4. After the user fills in all information he clicks the
update button.
5. User is then displayed with a message saying “You
have been registered successfully go to the Login
page to login”.
Action Job Seeker wants to register with the website
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Main Scenario 1. User opens the website
2. User clicks on the jobseeker register link.
3. User enters the following details Username , Password ,
Surname , Phone , Address , Jobseeker Name and
Resume.
4. User fills all the information and clicks on the update
button.
5. If all the information is proper user is displayed message
saying “You have been registered successfully go to the
Login page to login”.
Success Scenarios 1. After registration user is able to login in to the website
Use Case UC004

Use Case Name Post jobs
Description This use case depicts how companies will post jobs
Primary Actor Companies
Trigger Companies wants to post new jobs
Pre-condition Companies should be logged on in to the website
Assumption
Failed End conditions Companies are not able to post jobs and jobseeker can not apply
for new jobs.
Action User clicks on Post new job
Main Scenario 1. Company user uses his userid and password and logs on
in to the website.
2. Company user clicks on post jobs.
3. Company user then enters a job description and opens the
new job so that job seeker can apply to the job.
4. After that company clicks on Add jobs.
Action User wants to edit the job.
Main Scenario 1. Step1 and 2 is executed from the main scenario.
2. User clicks on the job which he wants to edit.
3. User enters the new job description which the user
should see. He can also update if he wants to open or
close the job.
4. Once the user fills in all details. He clicks update button
to update the information.
Success Scenarios 1. Posted jobs by companies can be applied by job seekers.
Use Case UC005
Use Case Name Apply jobs
Description This use case depicts how jobseeker can apply for jobs
Primary Actor Jobseeker
Trigger Jobseeker wants to apply for jobs.
Pre-condition Jobseeker is logged on in to the jobsite.
Assumption
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Failed End conditions Jobseeker can not apply for jobs.
Action User clicks on apply jobs
Main Scenario 1. User logs on the website and clicks apply jobs.
2. User is show a list of job which he has not applied for.
3. User can then check saying which jobs he wants to apply
for.
4. Once he has finished with jobs he wants to apply he
clicks the update button.
5. Page is then refreshed and list of jobs are shown. In this
list he is not shown the jobs which he has already
applied.
Success Scenarios Jobseeker can apply for jobs.
Use Case UC006

Use Case Name View Applied jobs
Description This use case depicts a report by which the user can view
applied jobs.
Trigger Jobseeker wants to view how many jobs he has applied till now.
Pre-condition Jobseeker is logged on in to the jobsite.
Assumption
Failed End conditions Jobseeker failed to get a proper report of the applied jobs.
Action User clicks on apply jobs
Main Scenario 1. User logs on the website and clicks whom I applied.
2. User is viewed list of jobs he has applied till now,
Success Scenarios Jobseeker can view the report of the applied jobs.
Use Case UC007

Use Case Name View who applied for the job
Description This use case depicts a report by which the companies can view
who applied for jobs.
Primary Actor Company user
Trigger Companies want to view who has applied for the job.
Pre-condition Company user is logged on inside the jobsite.
Assumption
Failed End conditions Company user fails to get proper report of the jobseeker who has
applied for the job.
Action Company User clicks on Who Applied.
Main Scenario 1. Company User logs on the website and clicks who
applied.
2. Company user is viewed list of
Success Scenarios Jobseeker can view the report where he can view who has
applied for the job with his resume, job seeker name, surname,
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address and phone number.
E-R Diagram Explanation
Below is the explanation of the ER diagram. Let us understand the ER diagram step by
step.
ER diagram basically gives you a idea how your database structure will look like.
Below is the Menu , MenuMaster and Login user relationship. The first diagram shows the
ER relation ship and the next the actual data. Menu Master table has the MenuName and
the ASPX page where it will redirect to when we click on the menu. The Login table is
simple with UserName , Password and the UserType. UserType will have value 1 when he
is a jobseeker and value 2 when he is a company. MenuUser table is a many to many
relationship table which defines the relationship of user and which menu they can see. So
in this table we have the UserType_FK and the MenuId_FK fields which define the
relationship.
Figure 8.17 : - Menu and Menu master
In our project we have two types of user. So the Login table is further extended in two
tables Organization and the JobSeeker table. In both these tables the UserId_fk key defines
the relationship.
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Figure 8.18 :- Different users in the system
There are two main operations which are performed in this project company want to post
jobs and applicant will apply for the same. The job posting table defines which company
has posted jobs and the jobApplication table defines who have applied to the jobs. Both
these table have relationship defined by using UserId key.
Figure 8.19 :- Job Application and Job Posting
If you note one of the important requirement in the project is that validation has to be
flexible. Below is the ER diagram which shows the rules tables of the project. Rule tables
has basically all the rules of the project. Action has the action of the project for instance
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Login, Delete user, Apply jobs etc which is represented in ActionMaster. Every action is
associated with a rule which is defined by the ActionRules table.
Figure 8.20:- The rules engine
Architecture Explanation
The Architecture is pretty simple if you think and pretty complex if you think. Below is a
bird eye view of the architecture. We have the following sections and corresponding is
there explanation:-
• UI: - This is the UI through which the user will interact with our system. Currently
it is the ASPX pages.
• Business layer: - This section has the business objects of the system like User,
Company, Jobseeker, Posting etc. Please note these are just value object and denote
strong type classes.
• Validation layer: - This section has all the validations of the project. Any business
object passes through this validation layer. This validation layer takes rules from the
rules table depending on action and applies to the object. Below is the code snippet
of the validation class. You can see from the figure below it is just a collection of
validations in the project.
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Figure 8.21: - Validation library
• Business Validation Bridge

Business Bridge basically stands between the validation engine and the Business
objects. Technically Business Bridge takes the loaded business objects and invokes the
methods from the validation engine using reflection.
• Data Access
Data Access layer is the main connector to the SQL Server database. Technically the
Data Access layer uses Microsoft application blocks to connect to database.
• SQL Helper
SQL Helper is a part of Microsoft Data Application blocks. Microsoft Data Application
blocks are given a part of the CD.
• SQL Server
SQL Server is the database. SQL Helper is the actual section which connects to the
physical SQL Server database.
Below are two figures one which shows the various section in the project and the other
shows how these section is mapped actually in the project.
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Figure 8.22: - Architecture of the project
Class Diagram Explanation
Let’s go through the class diagram explanation of the project.
In our project there are two types of user Jobseekers and Company Users. So we have three
classes as shown in the figure below clsUser, clsJobSeeker and clsCompanyUser. ClsUser
has common properties like Username, Password etc. clsJobSeeker and clsCompanyUser
then inherit clsUser to define user specific properties. clsBusinessValidation class is the
bridge who takes the business objects and validates the objects using
BusinessValidationLibrary project. Every business object will have one object of
clsBusinessValidation class. So there is a 1-1 relation ship between clsUser,clsJobSeeker
,clsCompanyUser and clsBusinessValidation .
Figure 8.23: - Class diagram from user, jobseeker and company user
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The heart of the whole project is the clsBusinessValidation class. The
clsBusinessValidation class uses the clsBusinessValidationLibrary class for validation.
clsBusinessValidationLibarary is nothing but collection of business validation which fire
depending on objects , action and rules. See the Action table ER diagram for more details.
Figure 8.24 :- Rules engine
Every user has menus depending on rights given to him. So you can see in the below
diagram clsMenu is aggregated in clsUser class. Again we have the clsBusinessValidation
class which will tie up the business objects with the validation library.
Figure 8.25 : - User and Menu relationship
In our project we have two types of actions performed by the company and jobseeker type
of users i.e. Apply jobs and postjobs. PostJob action has lot of things common with
Applyjob. So we have created a inheritance relationship between clsPostJob and
clsApplyJob. Again we have the clsBusinessValidation class which will tie up the business
objects with the validation library.
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Figure 8.26:- JobPosting and Applyjob
Code Explanation
Entity collection relation ship
All business objects are divided in to two part single entity and multiple entities. For
instance in Menu.cs you will have clsMenu and clsMenus. clsMenus is collection of
clsMenu class type. Same way you have clsUser and clsUsers again the same thing clsUser
is the entity and clsUsers is the collection.
Explanation of clsMenu and clsMenus
Below is the class code snippet of clsMenu and clsMenus. Below is the numbered
1 – This defines the private variables of the class. _MenuDescription defines the menu
description and _menuAspxPageName defines the Page name which the menu will redirect
once clicked.
2 – Public property which do the set and get for both the private variables.
3 – clsMenus defines a collection class which will store strongly types collection of
clsMenu.
4- LoadbyUserType method will load all the menus in the collection according to
userType.
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Figure 8.27:- Code snippet of clsmenu and clsMenus
In the below figure you can see how loadbyUserType is coded. It has three steps first it
creates the object of clsDbAccess, then calls the DB which in turns fires the stored
procedure and gets the datareader and finally loops and loads the menu collection. All our
collection objects are loaded in the same way.
Figure 8.28:- Load by usertype code snippet
Explanation of the user class
Below is the detail explanation of the user class. Let us try to understand in numbered
fashion looking at the figure below.
1 – clsDbAccess object is aggregated to fire SQL to the SQL Server database.

2 – The relation ship between user and menus is of one as to many and aggregated
relationship. That means one user can have many menus. So clsMenus class object is create
in the clsUser class.
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3 – clsBusinessValidation is the bridge which connects the business object to library using
reflection.
4 – As this is a business object we have the private properties of the class.
5 – GetMenus function is basically to get the objmenus collection of clsMenus type.
6- The set and get properties of the class clsUser.
7 – Validate method which validates if the object is proper or not. If you make a code walk
through it basically uses the clsBusinessValidation class, connects to the library and fires
validation according to the action table data.
8 - Login method which validates if the user is valid or not.
Figure 8.29:- User class code snippet
Calling the validation bridge
This is the heart of the project the validation engine. Lets try to understand in detail. The
whole base of validation engine is using reflection. Using reflection we can browse through
the attributes and methods of the class and invoke them dynamically.
Explanation of the businessvalidation bridge
The core logic of the rules engine lies in clsBusinessValidation class. Below is the
numbered code snippet and the explanation.
1 – Addbusinessobject – This method basically adds the business objects which are o be
validated. clsBusinessValidation basically inherits from collection base. The
Addbusinessobject method adds the business object to this collection base. At any moment
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of time we can have more than one business object for validation so we have implemented
collections.
2 – The validate method basically uses reflection and calls the validation library methods.
We will understand the same in detail manner in the next section.
Figure 8.30:- businessvalidation code snippet
Explanation of the reflection
The validate method is crucial as it forms the heart of the rules engine. It basically takes the
state for which it is validating and loads the rules from the ActionRules and rules table.
Below is the numbered explanation of the same.
1 – Load the rule s from the ActionRules and Rules tables.
2 – All the rules are in validation library DLL. In web.config file we have given the path
where the DLL is physically. We load the Assembly using the assembly namespace.
3 – Get the type of the validation library.
4 – Create a instance of the object because we need to invoke methods on the object.
5 – get th setObjecttoValidate method so that we can pass the business objects we need to
validate.
6 – Loop through all the business object we want to validate and set the same.
7 – Dynamically invoke the rules using the methodname specified in the ActioRules and
Rules table.
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Figure 8.31: - Reflection code snippet
Explanation of Validation library
The validation library is where all our business validation lies. In the below code snippet
you can easily visualize all the methods which are checking the object data.
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Figure 8.32: - BusinessValidation Library
Setobject to validate Method
In order to validate the business validation library engine also needs the object. So we pass
the same to the setObjecttoValidate method which in turns sets the object inside the library.
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Figure 8.33:- SetobjectToValidate
Explanation of Data access
The data access is a done using the clsdbAccess class. All our database operations are
written in stored procedures. These all stored procedures are invoked from clsDbaccess
class. Below is the figure which shows the mapping.
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Figure 8.34 : - Data access layer maps to the stored procedures
Explanation of UI
UI of the project is pretty simple. All the business objects are used in same fashion i.e.
create the object and use it. For instance to add a new company we create the
clsCompanyUser object, set the properties and call the update method. Step 1 is where we
set all the properties and Step 2 is where we call the update method. The below code
snippet shows how company user object is used , in the same manner we can use Menu ,
Job objects etc.
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Figure 8.35 : - Consuming business objects in client
Note :- In case you have issues understanding the code. You can watch the
code walkthrough video of the jobsite which is provided in the CD.
Chapter 9 – Quadra Client Web services

• How to consume webservices
• How to implement security in webservices.

Requirement and Use Left to the readers as exercise
Case document
Estimation Estimation.xls
Technical Document Left to the readers as exercise
Test document Left to the readers as exercise
Videos QuadraClientExplanation :- This video explains the functionality of
Quadra client.
QuadraClientCodeUnderstaing :- Gives a code walkthrough for quadra
client.
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How to start the Quadra client
‘WebServiceGetJobs’ is a client to our project. To load it we have to make the following

changes: -
• Note that the ‘JobSite’ should be properly running properly.
• If the Web Sharing of ‘WebServiceGetJobs’ not done previously then it should be

done. Right click ‘WebServiceGetJobs’ folder>Properties>Web Sharing>Share this
folder>Click Add.
• In Solution Explorer, click windows consumer>right click ‘service jobs’>update
‘Web Reference’> click “Yes to all” as shown in the figure below. This will update
the web service proxie s in case it is not up to date.
Figure 9.1 : - Update web reference
• Once the proxies are updated, build the project and run it. If everything goes
properly we should get the below screen.
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Figure 9.2:- Quadra client running successfully
Web service Fundamentals
Microsoft introduced web services so that we can expose our functionality in XML which
can then be consumed by hetrogenous languages. Because the functionality is exposed in
XML it can be consumed by other languages. For instance in our job application we have
exposed functionality to get recent jobs. So now we can consume this service either using
JAVA , C# or any other language who understand XML.
Note: - In this project at both ends we have C# as a language. This

scenario does not reflect the actual use of web service. The ideal
scenario is when we have different language other than C# consuming the
server. For instance we have a java client which is consuming the job web
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service. We have used web service for this scenario as it will save lot
of time in integration and thinking from future perspective , what if
tomorrow we have scenarios where some other language other than C# have
to consume this service.
Below are the steps to add reference to the webservice.
• The first step is to add reference and generate proxy for the webservice. So as
shown in the figure below we right click on the windows consumer client and click
on add web reference.
Figure 9.3:- Add web reference

• After you click on add web reference you will be popped with a screen as sho wn in
figure below. The screen shows which web services do you want to add to the
project and generate proxy. Currently our webservice is hosted in the local machine
itself. So we click on Web services on the local machine.
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Figure 9.4: - Bro wse web services
• In the local web service we can see our quadra job service getJobs. Click on it to
generate proxy.
Figure 9.5: - Web service getJobs
• Once you click on getJobs you will popped with a screen below which says what
name you would like to name proxy. Your client will refer the same using the proxy
name.
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Figure 9.6: - Add reference
• In case you want to test the webservice. You can do the following. Set the web
service project as start up.
Figure 9.7:- Set the webservice project as start up
• After you have set the web service as start up run the project. You will get the
below screen. Click on the Login link. The below display shows the functionalities
exposed through the web service. Web service exposes its functionality using
WSDL i.e. Web service e Description language. So the below screen is generated
by reading the WSDL file made by the web service. Also note the ASMX file on
the browser URL. Basically you can know what functionalities is exposed by the
web service using the ASMX file. Click on the login link.
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Figure 9.8 :- Exposing functionalities of the webservice
• Once you click on login link you will get the below screen. Enter a valid userid and
password and click invoke. If everything is successful then you should get a bla nk
screen. Using the ASMX ( which internally uses WSDL) we can invoke the web
service with proper data with out actually making the UI.
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Figure 9.9 :- Login web service invoked
Overview of the Quadra Client Application
This project is enhancement of first project. Quadra successfully launches its website but
they want some serious value addition for jobseeker.After having a discussion with top
management Quadra came out with a solution and decided to launch “Quadra Client”.
“Quadra Client” will ha ve the following features: -

1) “Quadra Client” will be a desktop client which the end user or jobseeker will install
in his desktop machine.
2) A “Quadra Client” will then ping the job site with in a particular period of time. As
soon as any company posts a new job the same will be displayed on the Quadra
client.
In order to use a “Quadra Client” user has to login the “Quadra Client” using the same
Quadra ‘user ID’ and ‘Password’ given in the website. This ‘user ID’ and ‘Password’ is
same which he has received from the jobseeker registration form.
Estimation of the Quadra Client Application
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Below is the detail estimation explanation of the quadra client.
ILF and EO
There are no ILF in the system because it’s a simple webservice and does not maintain any
logical files as such. There are no complex report in the system so there are no EO’s also.
EIF
There are two external data which we refer in the system on is for login and second for the
displaying the jobs.
Figure 9.10:- EIF for quadra client
EQ
There is one simple display for the recent jobs posted so there is one EQ in the system.
Figure 9.11:- EQ for the quadra client
EI
We have two sections in which data passes from one boundary to other that is the login
section and second the job display section.
Figure 9.12:- EI for the quadra client
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GSC
As usual we have considered GSC as 1.
Figure 9.13: - GSC for quadra client
Total Estimation
Below is the final estimation using 1.5 FP per day as baseline. Once all the counting is
done we need to convert the Function Points into Man Days.
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important point to know is any estimation methodology always gives execution
(development and coding) estimation. It does not consider time period for requirement,
technical design and testing phase.
So the procedures of calculating is that the percentage of execution time is distributed for
every phase and finally added to execution of man days. For this jobsite application we had
and 5% for testing stage. By using two developers we can complete the project in 7 man
days approximately.
Figure 9.14: - Quadra client estimation
Use Case Explanation

Basically there are two use case in this system. First user logs in to quadra client second he
views the jobs. Below are the diagrams and the explanation of the use cases.
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Figure 9.15 :- Quadra client use cases
Use Case UC001

Use Case Name Login in the Quadra client
Description This use case depicts the flow of how a jobseeker will login in
to the quadra client
Trigger User double clicks and opens the quadra client.
Pre-condition
Assumption
Failed End conditions 1. Login User Name is required
2. Password is required.
3. Userid and Password does not exists in the system.
Action User opens the home page of the website
Main Scenario 1. User opens the quadra client.
2. User is displayed a login screen with Userid and
Password field.
3. User enters the userid and password.
4. System validates the user and checks if he is a valid user.
5. If he is a valid user user can see job recently posted.
Action Wrong userid and password entered
Alternate Scenario 1. Step1 to Step3 in executed from the first action
2. System validates userid and password is wrong.
3. System is again redirected to the same login page with a
error message saying that UserId and Password does not
exist .
Success Scenarios 1. User is able to see recent jobs posted by companies.
Use Case UC002

Use Case Name View recent posted jobs in quadra client
Description This use case depicts how jobs will be viewed using quadra
client
Trigger User wants to view jobs using quadra client
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Pre-condition User is already logged in to quadra client
Assumption
Failed End conditions 1. User is disconnected from the quadra client
Action User logs in to the quadra client
Main Scenario 1. User logs in to the quadra client
2. User sees a list of jobs currently posted.
3. System waits for 2 minutes.
4. After two minutes system goes to the server to get
the job list again.
5. Step2 to Step4 is repeated with two minutes time
interval.
Success Scenarios 1. User logs off and goes to the main login page
In this use case (UC002) one of the worth looking thing is how we have depicted the
repetitive steps of the refresh mechanism. Below is the use case snippet figure of how the
loop is written. Many time in projects you will see this need because steps are same in
alternate scenarios of the use case.
Figure 9.16:- Defining the use case loop
Class Diagram Explanation

The class is pretty simple. We have added a new class by name servicejobsite. It has two
methods Login and getJObs. serviceJobSite class is the webservice class. YOu can also see
the code snippet after the explanation. Login method is useful to check whether the user
exists in the system. ServiceJobSite class is just a webservice which exposes the class
functionality of the job site. Both the methods are attributed as webmethod true so that they
can be exposed as a webservice and also are stateful. The true value indicates that the
method is stateful. Just after the figure we have numbered the steps as 1 , 2 and 3. 1 and 2
are the methods which are exposed as webmethod. The third method is a bit tricky let’s try
to understand what the use of that method is.
Webservice are used bascially to expose the functionality in XML so that we can use the
same across hetrogenous languages. But you can only expose functionality which are in
disconnected mode. The webservice stands on the previous classes of the jobsite database
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access layer which returns only datareader. Datareader is a connection oriented object
which the webservice can not expose. So convertdatareadertodataset basically converts the
datareader to dataset so that we can expose the same through webservice.
Figure 9.17 : - class diagram for the webservice
Figure 9.18 :- Methods exposed through webservice
Code Explanation
Let’s make a code walkthrough of inner details of the webservice. Below is the expanded
version of the code snippet for both login and getjobs method. Both the methods are
numbered. In the login method in 1 we have set the properties and in the second step i.e. 2
we have set the object to a session variable so that we can get the same object is subsequent
request. One of the important point to note is webservices are my default stateless and to
make it stateful you need to use the HttpContext object.
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Figure 9.19 :- Using the clsUser inside webservice
getJobs is pretty simple object. The first thing we check is whether he has logged in to the
webservice. This is done by checking the session variable set in the login method. In the
second step we get the datareader , convert to dataset and pass back the same to the client.
Figure 9.20 :- getJobs function in action
Chapter 10 – Points to be noted in projects

Here are some important points which can really make you work efficiently in projects.
• There is life outside projects....your life and your family. Love your work but not
your project or the company. Many developers after a certain amount of time
become possessive about the project and the company. Do a professional job but
don’t end up marrying the project or the company. Try to come on time and go on
time. So that you do not get saturated and work on the project for a longer time and
effectively. Don’t become a zombie - nobody said on his death bed that he would
have liked to spend more time in the office.
• Try to freeze your requirements before the start of the project. In practical scenarios
it is very difficult to control the end customer. But if you can at least control the
changes it will help you manage the project comfortably. The best way to control
changes is by taking official sign offs from the end Customer. As the saying goes,
building quality software and skating on ice are both easy to do provided
requirements are frozen.
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• Do not try to be a hero in the project. Because heroes also have to go through all the
hardships. So believe in distributing the load equally which is not only good for the
project but also for you in the long run. Do not try to be an octopus - unfortunately
you were born with only two hands.
• Every project has parasite developers. In short every project has developers who
constantly take help from others thus bringing down their productivity. Yes it is
possible that they are your friends, but think for a moment - what’s smarter, giving
a person one fish everyday from your catch or teaching him how to fish. Step in to
help others when they are stuck but you should know when to step out as well.
There’s a thin line between helping somebody cross a tough hurdle and carrying
him on your shoulders - always be aware of this.If you are a developer avoid doing
their work from start to finish. Yes, give them hints but do not do complete coding
for them.If you are a project manager you should analyze such kind of developers
and take effective action at the very beginning which may even mean removing the
resource from the project. Remember, your team is only as strong as its weakest
link.
• Do not make projects your learning ground. Customer’s pay heavily for making
software so do not make it a learning ground. In many projects developers try to
implement new technologies in mid of the project just by hearing jargons.
• Test, Test and Test. That’s the key to success for any software project.
• Do not hide your defects. Developers are the best guys who know where the code
will crash. Do not hide it, analyze and fix it. Do not cheat and leave the same till it
goes to the end client.
• Avoid ego issues during the project. Many times in a project developers and
managers get stuck up with ego issues. Sometimes stepping back makes the project
move further
• Tackle bigger problems of the project first. The best way to complete any project is
to start those screens which are used by the customer more often. For instance every
project has non-frequent masters code them later and start the transaction screens
first. Many time developers end up doing nitty gritty work and forget the bigger part
of the project.
• Do not talk about stars. Every project starts with talking about stars but later ends
up somewhere else. Developers talk about concepts of OOPS, full database
normalization, design patterns etc etc. These fundamentals are important but it
should end up with only jargons. Some times practical deadlines make it impossible
to implement these features. Keep yourself flexible and compromise with quality
when you have deadlines…..believe me it’s not a sin if a customer is giving you
unreasonable deadlines.
• Maintaining a right project hierarchy is very important i.e. the A model. In a model
you have one senior person at the top, project manager, team leader, senior
developers and then juniors. The right proportion of people from each grade is
important. On any level if you have too much concentration you will have ego issue
and promotion issues.
• Do not treat your project people as a resource. Project managers have this jargon of
thinking of every one as a resource. That’s bookish thinking; any one working in a
project is finally a human being with emotions. The moment you consider them as a
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resource they will also consider you as a resource. Moreover the word resource
reminds you of water resources, mineral resources, oil & natural gas resources, etc
which become empty some day - you get the point. In your own interests wipe off
the word from your vocabulary.
• Make yourself visible. If you think you have done something good show it,
advertise it, make it visible. It will help you during your assessment.
• Avoid getting into project politics. Peace of mind is the most important thing.
Getting into egos and politics will only complicate things.
• If you are working in a maintenance project upgrade yourself time to time. Change
is the only constant in life - this is painfully true in the software industry more than
anywhere else.
• In case you are maintaining some other developers’ code do not criticize the code.
Who knows in what circumstances the project was made .
• If you are a project manager in the project do not make it a compulsory rule that
you will never touch coding. Remember juniors respect their seniors only if they sit
with them for development and understand their difficulties. This is a time tested
rule - people only respect leaders who lead from the front rather than issue orders
from the rear - don’t be a preacher, let your actions do the talking.
• If any resource is working on a project for more than a year his performance comes
down. Prepare a proper KT plan and bring in new resources and roll the old
resources off for some better prospects.
• Avoid unnecessary meetings.
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• Identify what makes the other person tick - for some it could be gaining technical
knowledge, for some awards, for others the lure of going onsite. Whatever it is, as a
PM it is mandatory you realize what makes people tick and utilize it for achieving
the end goal. Proactive quality developers are like fast moving cars - you only need
to navigate them and they will reach the goal. Average developers need to be
pushed into action and monitored continuously, much like starting up a car and then
there are those whom you just cannot coax into doing their job, you may need to
inevitably remove them from the project much like sending broken down cars to the
garage - else you will end up spending your time and energy pushing these worn out
cars and get exhausted.
• Keep the team motivated - as a Project Manager this is one of your primary
responsibilities. Keep the environment relaxed and don’t impose unnecessary
restrictions. The occasional team outings, dinners go a long way in keeping people
happy - use the staff welfare budget wisely.
• Spend 80% of your time with the top 20% of the developers who are the champions
in the project. You will get more output generated in this manner. Don’t spread
yourself too thin.
• Assume that your best developers will not last the entire length of the project. Have
a back up plan in place in case some of your best developers quit midway through
the project.
• Build leadership across your team across all levels. This will greatly help you in
handling bigger projects involving more than 50 developers. In this way you will
also indirectly help your key developers to become better leaders which boosts their
long term career prospects - building people is an ongoing exercise to be done on a
daily basis and not something to be remembered only during the annual appraisal
meetings.
• Handle people issues in a sensitive manner - people don’t care how much you know
until they know how much you care.
• Recognize & reward efforts - it could be a small gesture like presenting an ipod to a
star performer but it means a lot to people. You will end up building a strong and
loyal team who rise to the occasion when needed. People will also realize that their
efforts are being noticed - too many times it happens that people are working in
isolation with no recognition for their efforts. Catch people doing something right -
genuine praise for a job well done is one of the strongest motivators for people.
• Use delegation effectively - delegate the right tasks to the right people. At the same
time remember delegation is not abdication - you are eventually responsible for
final delivery of the project.
• Be an empowering leader, scout for team members who are better than you are and
assign tasks respectively. The best leaders are those who consistently surround
themselves with people who are better than they are in a certain area and develop
synergy towards achieving the common goal.
• Finally remember, TEAM WORK MAKES THE DREAM WORK
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Projects coming up in second edition
In second edition we will be convering the following projects. But if you can complete the
same on your own send us the code with documentation and we will review and send it
across. You can mail your source code to shiv_koirala@yahoo.com.
Call centre project
ERS call centre is an mid cap firm mainly in to mobile business. They do marketing using
their call centre division located in India. They buy huge bulk of phone numbers from DFL
telecom limited located in US.The ERS call centre then makes cold calls to these numbers
to generate sales. For every phone number they pay 50 cents. ERS wants a IT solution
which should provide the following functionality :-
• User should be able to upload every day phone data received fro DFL telecom.
• System should upload the data and check if any duplicate data has come back. This
check will be done on the basis of phone number.
• There will be an report which will be used by management to see how much data is
duplicate and how much is fresh and pay accordingly to DFL telecom.
Note :- This project will need a good knowledge of windows process and
knowledge about reporting system like crystal.
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MSC Accounting package
DBSS accounting firm software company wants to develop accounting package for Mid
size companies. DBSS is looking for a IT solution which will have the following
functionalities :-
• Voucher and cash entry according to company gains and spendings

• Will generate Trial balance, Balance sheet and profit/loss report.
Interview questions
Once you are done with hands on project its time to find a job. Below are all the questions
from my three Interview question .NET Interview question , SQL Server Interview
questions and Java Interview questions. If you want to buy those book you can get it from
any BPB book shop mentioned in this books first page or else you can mail the same to
bpb@bol.net.in or bpb@vsnl.com.
.NET Interview Questions Book
Basic .NET Framework questions

What is IL? (Twist :- What is MSIL or CIL , What is JIT?)
What is the CLR?
What is the CTS?
What is CLS(Common Language Specification)?
What is Managed Code?
What is Assembly ?
What are different types of Assembly?
What is NameSpace?
What is Difference between NameSpace and Assembly?
If you want to view a Assembly how to you go about it (Twist : What is ILDASM ?) ?
What is Manifest?
Where is version information stored of a assembly ?
Is versioning applicable to private assemblies?
What is GAC (Twist :- What are situations when you register .NET assembly in GAC
?) ?
What is concept of strong names (Twist :- How do we generate strong names or what is
the process of generating string names , What is use of SN.EXE , How do we apply
strong names to assembly ? , How do you sign an assembly ?)?
How to add and remove a assembly from GAC?
What is Delay signing ?
What is garbage collection?
Can we force garbage collector to run ?
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What is reflection?
What are different type of JIT ?
What are Value types and Reference types ?
What is concept of Boxing and Unboxing ?
What’s difference between VB.NET and C# ?
What’s difference between System exceptions and Application exceptions?
What is CODE Access security?
NET Interoperability
How can we use COM Components in .NET (Twist : What is RCW ?)?
Once i have developed the COM wrapper do i have to still register the COM in
registry?
How can we use .NET components in COM (Twist :- What is CCW (COM callable
wrapper) ?, What caution needs to be taken in order that .NET components is
compatible
with COM ?) ?
How can we make Windows API calls in .NET?
When we use windows API in .NET is it managed or unmanaged code ?
What is COM ?
What is Reference counting in COM ?
Can you describe IUKNOWN interface in short ?
Can you explain what is DCOM ?
How do we create DCOM object in VB6?
How to implement DTC in .NET ?
How many types of Transactions are there in COM + .NET ?
How do you do object pooling in .NET ?
What are types of compatibility in VB6?
Threading
What is Multi- tasking ?
What is Multi- threading ?
What is a Thread ?
Did VB6 support multi- threading ?
Can we have multiple threads in one App domain ?
Which namespace has threading ?
Can you explain in brief how can we implement threading ?
How can we change priority and what the levels of priority are provided by .NET ?
What does Addressof operator do in background ?
How can you reference current thread of the method ?
What's Thread.Sleep() in threading ?
How can we make a thread sleep for infinite period ?
What is Suspend and Resume in Threading ?
What the way to stop a long running thread ?
How do i debug thread ?
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What's Thread.Join() in threading ?
What are Daemon thread's and how can a thread be created as Daemon?
When working with shared data in threading how do you implement synchronization ?
Can we use events with threading ?
How can we know a state of a thread?
what is a monitor object?
what are wait handles ?(Twist :- What is a mutex object ?)
what is ManualResetEvent and AutoResetEvent ?
What is ReaderWriter Locks ?
How can you avoid deadlock in threading ?
What’s difference between thread and process?
Remoting and Webservices
What is an application domain?

What is .NET Remoting ?
Which class does the remote object has to inherit ?
What are two different types of remote object creation mode in .NET ?
Describe in detail Basic of SAO architecture of Remoting?
What is the situation you will use singleton architecture in remoting ?
What is fundamental of published or precreated objects in Remoting ?
What are the ways client can create object on server in CAO model ?
Are CAO stateful in nature ?
In CAO model when we want client objects to be created by “NEW” keyword is there
any precautions to be taken ?
Is it a good design practice to distribute the implementation to Remoting Client ?
What is LeaseTime,SponsorshipTime ,RenewonCallTime and LeaseManagerPollTime?
Which config file has all the supported channels/protocol ?
How can you specify remoting parameters using Config files ?
Can Non-Default constructors be used with Single Call SAO?(Twist :- What are the
limitation of constructors for Single call SAO ?)
How can we call methods in remoting Asynchronously ?
What is Asynchronous One-Way Calls ?
What is marshalling and what are different kinds of marshalling ?
What is ObjRef object in remoting ?
What is a WebService ?
What is UDDI ?
What is DISCO ?
What is WSDL?
What the different phase of acquiring a proxy object in Webservice ?
What is file extension of Webservices ?
Which attribute is used in order that the method can be used as WebService ?
What are the steps to create a webservice and consume it ?
Do webservice have state ?
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Caching Concepts
What is application object ?

What’s the difference between Cache object and application object ?
How can get access to cache object ?
What are dependencies in cache and types of dependencies ?
Can you show a simple code showing file dependency in cache ?
What is Cache Callback in Cache ?
What is scavenging ?
What are different types of caching using cache object of ASP.NET?
How can you cache different version of same page using ASP.NET cache object ?
How will implement Page Fragment Caching ?
What are ASP.NET session and compare ASP.NET session with classic ASP session
variables?
Which various modes of storing ASP.NET session ?
Is Session_End event supported in all session modes ?
What are the precautions you will take in order that StateServer Mode work properly ?
What are the precautions you will take in order that SQLSERVER Mode work properly
?
Where do you specify session state mode in ASP.NET ?
What are the other ways you can maintain state ?
What are benefits and Limitation of using Hidden fields ?
What is ViewState ?
Do performance vary for viewstate according to User controls ?
What are benefits and Limitation of using Viewstate for state management?
How an you use Hidden frames to cache client data ?
What are benefits and Limitation of using Hidden frames?
What are benefits and Limitation of using Cookies?
What is Query String and What are benefits and Limitation of using Query Strings?
OOPS
What is Object Oriented Programming ?

What’s a Class ?
What’s a Object ?
What’s the relation between Classes and Objects ?
What are different properties provided by Object-oriented systems ?(Twist :- Can you
explain different properties of Object Oriented Systems?)(Twist :- What’s difference
between Association , Aggregation and Inheritance relationships?)
How can we acheive inheritance in VB.NET ?
What are abstract classes ?
What’s a Interface ?
What is difference between abstract classes and interfaces?
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What is a delegate ?
What are event’s ?
Do events have return type ?
Can event’s have access modifiers ?
Can we have shared events ?
What is shadowing ?
What’s difference between Shadowing and Overriding ?
What’s difference between delegate and events?
If we inherit a class do the private variables also get inherited ?
What are different accessibility levels defined in .NET ?
Can you prevent a class from overriding ?
What’s the use of “MustInherit” keyword in VB.NET ?
Why can not you specify accessibility modifier in Interface ?
What are similarities between Class and structure ?
What’s a difference between Class and structure’s ?
What does virtual keyword mean ?
What are shared (VB.NET)/Static(C#) variables?
What is Dispose method in .NET ?
Whats the use of “OverRides” and “Overridable” keywords ?
Where are all .NET Collection classes located ?
What is ArrayList ?
What’s a HashTable ?(Twist :- What’s difference between HashTable and ArrayList ? )
What are queues and stacks ?
What is ENUM ?
What is nested Classes ?
What’s Operator Overloading in .NET?
In below sample code if we create a object of class2 which constructor will fire first ?
What’s the significance of Finalize method in .NET?
Why is it preferred to not use finalize for clean up?
How can we suppress a finalize method?
What’s the use of DISPOSE method?
How do I force the Dispose method to be called automatically, as clients can forget to
call Dispose method?
In what instances you will declare a constructor to be private?
ASP.NET
What’s the sequence in which ASP.NET events are processed ?

In which event are the controls fully loaded ?
How can we identify that the Page is PostBack ?
How does ASP.NET maintain state in between subsequent request ?
What is event bubbling ?
How do we assign page specific attributes ?
Administrator wants to make a security check that no one has tampered with ViewState
, how can we ensure this ?
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What’s the use of @ Register directives ?
What’s the use of SmartNavigation property ?
What is AppSetting Section in “Web.Config” file ?
Where is ViewState information stored ?
What’s the use of @ OutputCache directive in ASP.NET?
How can we create custom controls in ASP.NET ?
How many types of validation controls are provided by ASP.NET ?
Can you explain what is “AutoPostBack” feature in ASP.NET ?
How can you enable automatic paging in DataGrid ?
What’s the use of “GLOBAL.ASAX” file ?
What’s the difference between “Web.config” and “Machine.Config” ?
What’s a SESSION and APPLICATION object ?
What’s difference between Server.Transfer and response.Redirect ?
What’s difference between Authentication and authorization?
What is impersonation in ASP.NET ?
Can you explain in brief how the ASP.NET authentication process works?
What are the various ways of authentication techniques in ASP.NET?
How does authorization work in ASP.NET?
What’s difference between Datagrid , Datalist and repeater ?
From performance point of view how do they rate ?
What’s the method to customize columns in DataGrid?
How can we format data inside DataGrid?
How will decide the design consideration to take a Datagrid , datalist or repeater ?
Difference between ASP and ASP.NET?
What are major events in GLOBAL.ASAX file ?
What order they are triggered ?
Do session use cookies ?
How can we force all the validation control to run ?
How can we check if all the validation control are valid and proper ?
If you have client side validation is enabled in your Web page , Does that mean server
side code is not run?
Which JavaScript file is referenced for validating the validators at the client side ?
How to disable client side script in validators?
I want to show the entire validation error message in a message box on the client side?
You find that one of your validation is very complicated and does not fit in any of the
validators , so what will you do ?
What is Tracing in ASP.NET ?
How do we enable tracing ?
What exactly happens when ASPX page is requested from Browser?
How can we kill a user session ?
How do you upload a file in ASP.NET ?
How do I send email message from ASP.NET ?
What are different IIS isolation levels?
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.NET Architecture
What are design patterns ?

What’s difference between Factory and Abstract Factory Pattern’s?
What’s MVC pattern? (Twist: - How can you implement MVC pattern in ASP.NET? )
How can we implement singleton pattern in .NET?
How do you implement prototype pattern in .NET?(Twist: - How to implement cloning
in .NET ? , What is shallow copy and deep copy ?)
What are the situations you will use a Web Service and Remoting in projects?
Can you give a practical implementation of FAÇADE patterns?
How can we implement observer pattern in .NET?
What is three tier architecture?
Have you ever worked with Microsoft Application Blocks, if yes then which?
What is Service Oriented architecture?
ADO.NET
What is the namespace in which .NET has the data functionality classes ?
Can you give a overview of ADO.NET architecture ?
What are the two fundamental objects in ADO.NET ?
What is difference between dataset and datareader ?
What are major difference between classic ADO and ADO.NET ?
What is the use of connection object ?
What is the use of command objects and what are the methods provid ed by the
command object ?
What is the use of dataadapter ?
What are basic methods of Dataadapter ?
What is Dataset object?
What are the various objects in Dataset ?
How can we connect to Microsoft Access , Foxpro , Oracle etc ?
How do we connect to SQL SERVER , which namespace do we use ?
How do we use stored procedure in ADO.NET and how do we provide parameters to
the stored procedures?
How can we force the connection object to close after my datareader is closed ?
I want to force the datareader to return only schema of the datastore rather than data ?
How can we fine tune the command object when we are expecting a single row or a
single value ?
Which is the best place to store connectionstring in .NET projects ?
What are steps involved to fill a dataset ?(Twist :- How can we use dataadapter to fill a
dataset ?)
What are the various methods provided by the dataset object to generate XML?
How can we save all data from dataset ?
How can we check that some changes have been made to dataset since it was loaded
?(Twist :- How can cancel all changes done in dataset ? ,How do we get changed value
dataset ? )
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How add/remove row’s in “DataTable” object of “DataSet” ?
What’s basic use of “DataView” ?
What’s difference between “DataSet” and “DataReader” ?
How can we load multiple tables in a DataSet ?
How can we add relation’s between table in a DataSet ?
What’s the use of CommandBuilder ?
What’s difference between “Optimistic” and “Pessimistic” locking ?
How many way’s are there to implement locking in ADO.NET ?
How can we perform transactions in .NET?
What’s difference between Dataset. clone and Dataset. copy ?
SQL SERVER
What is normalization? What are different type of normalization?

What is denormalization ?
What is a candidate key ?
What are different types of joins and whats the difference between them ?
What are indexes and What is the difference between clustered and nonclustered
indexes?
How can you increase SQL performance ?
What is the use of OLAP ?
What's a measure in OLAP ?
What are dimensions in OLAP ?
What are levels in dimensions ?
What are fact tables and dimension tables in OLAP ? (Twist :- can you explain the star
schema for OLAP ? )
What is DTS?
What is fillfactor ? (Twist :- When does plage split occurs ?)
What is RAID and how does it work ?
What's the difference between DELETE TABLE and TRUNCATE TABLE
commands?
What are the problems that can occur if you do not implement locking properly in SQL
SERVER ?
What are different transaction levels in SQL SERVER ?(Twist :- what are different
types of locks in SQL SERVER ?)
What are different locks in SQL SERVER ?
Can we suggest locking hints to SQL SERVER ?
What is LOCK escalation?
What are the different ways of moving data/databases between servers and databases in
SQL Server?
What are advantages of SQL 2000 over SQl 7.0 ?
What is the difference between a HAVING CLAUSE and a WHERE CLAUSE?
What is difference between UNION and UNION ALL SQL syntax ?
How can you raise custom errors from stored procedure ?
What is ACID fundamental and what are transactions in SQL SERVER ?
What is DBCC?
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What is purpose of Replication ?
What are different type of replication supported by SQL SERVER ?
What is BCP utility in SQL SERVER ?
What are different types of triggers in SQl SERVER 2000 ?
If we have multiple AFTER Triggers on table how can we define the sequence of the
triggers ?
What is SQl injection ?
UML
What is UML?
How many types of diagrams are there in UML ?(Twist :- Explain in short all types of
diagrams in UML ?)
What are advantages of using UML?(Twist: - What is Modeling and why UML ?)
What’s the sequence of UML diagrams in project?(Twist: - How did you implement
UML in your project?)
Just a small Twist: - Do I need all UML diagrams in a project?
Give a small brief explanation of all Elements in activity diagrams?
Explain Different elements of a collaboration diagram ?
Explain Component diagrams ?
Explain all parts of a deployment diagram?
Describe various components in sequence diagrams?
What are the element in State Chart diagrams ?
Describe different elements in Static Chart diagrams ?
Explain different elements of a Use Case ?(Twist: - What’s difference between Activity
and sequence diagrams?(I leave this to the readers))
Project Management
What is project management?
Is spending in IT project’s constant through out the project?
Who is a stakeholder ?
Can you explain project life cycle ?(Twist :- How many phases are there in software
project ?)
Are risk constant through out the project ?
Can you explain different software development life cycles ?
What is triple constraint triangle in project management ?
What is a project baselines ?
What is effort variance?
How is normally a project management plan document organized ?
How do you estimate a project?
What is CAR (Causal Analysis and Resolution)?
How do you handle change request?
What is internal change request?
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What is difference between SITP and UTP in testing ?
What are the software you have used for project management?
What are the metrics followed in project management?(Twist: - What metrics will you
look at in order to see the project is moving successfully?)
You have people in your team who do not meet there deadlines or do not perform what
are the actions you will take ? (Twist :- Two of your resources have conflict’s between
them how would you sort it out ?)
How do you start a project?
How did you do resource allocations?
How do you do code reviews ?
SQL Server Interview Questions Book
Database Concepts
What is a database or database management systems (DBMS)?

What’s difference between DBMS and RDBMS ?
What are CODD rules?
Is access database a RDBMS?
What’s the main difference between ACCESS and SQL SERVER?
What’s the difference between MSDE and SQL SERVER 2000?
What is SQL SERVER Express 2005 Edition?
What is SQL Server 2000 Workload Governor?
What’s the difference between SQL SERVER 2000 and 2005?
What are E-R diagrams?
How many types of relationship exist in database designing?
Can you explain Fourth Normal Form?
Can you explain Fifth Normal Form?
What’s the difference between Fourth and Fifth normal form?
Have you heard about sixth normal form?
What is Extent and Page?
What are the different sections in Page?
What are page splits?
In which files does actually SQL Server store data?
What is Collation in SQL Server?
Can we have a different collation for database and table?
SQL
Revisiting basic syntax of SQL?

What are “GRANT” and “REVOKE’ statements?
What is Cascade and Restrict in DROP table SQL?
What is a DDL, DML and DCL concept in RDBMS world?
Page 199 of 215

What are different types of joins in SQL?
What is “CROSS JOIN”?
You want to select the first record in a given set of rows?
How do you sort in SQL?
How do you select unique rows using SQL?
Can you name some aggregate function is SQL Server?
What is the default “SORT” order for a SQL?
What is a self-join?
What's the difference between DELETE and TRUNCATE ?
Select addresses which are between ‘1/1/2004’ and ‘1/4/2004’?
What are Wildcard operators in SQL Server?
What’s the difference between “UNION” and “UNION ALL” ?
What are cursors and what are the situations you will use them?
What are the steps to create a cursor?
What are the different Cursor Types?
What are “Global” and “Local” cursors?
What is “Group by” clause?
What is ROLLUP?
What is CUBE?
What is the difference between “HAVING” and “WHERE” clause?
What is “COMPUTE” clause in SQL?
What is “WITH TIES” clause in SQL?
What does “SET ROWCOUNT” syntax achieves?
What is a Sub-Query?
What is “Correlated Subqueries”?
What is “ALL” and “ANY” operator?
What is a “CASE” statement in SQL?
What does COLLATE Keyword in SQL signify?
.NET Integration
What are steps to load a .NET code in SQL SERVER 2005?

How can we drop a assembly from SQL SERVER?
Are changes made to assembly updated automatically in database?
Why do we need to drop assembly for updating changes?
How to see assemblies loaded in SQL Server?
I want to see which files are linked with which assemblies?
Does .NET CLR and SQL SERVER run in different process?
Does .NET controls SQL SERVER or is it vice-versa?
Is SQLCLR configured by default?
How to configure CLR for SQL SERVER?
Is .NET feature loaded by default in SQL Server?
How does SQL Server control .NET run-time?
What’s a “SAND BOX” in SQL Server 2005?
What is a application domain?
Page 200 of 215

How are .NET Appdomain allocated in SQL SERVER 2005?
What is Syntax for creating a new assembly in SQL Server 2005?
Do Assemblies loaded in database need actual .NET DLL?
Does SQL Server handle unmanaged resources?
What is Multi- tasking ?
What is Multi- threading ?
What is a Thread ?
Can we have multiple threads in one App domain ?
What is Non-preemptive threading?
What is pre-emptive threading?
Can you explain threading model in SQL Server?
How does .NET and SQL Server thread work?
How are exception in SQLCLR code handled?
Are all .NET libraries allowed in SQL Server?
What is “Hostprotectionattribute” in SQL Server 2005?
How many types of permission level are there for an assembly?
Can you name system tables for .NET assemblies?
Are two version of same assembly allowed in SQL Server?
How are changes made in assembly replicated?
Is it a good practice to drop a assembly for changes?
In one of the projects following steps where done, will it work?
What does Alter assembly with unchecked data signify?
How do I drop an assembly?
Can we creat SQLCLR using .NET framework 1.0?
While creating .NET UDF what checks should be done?
How do you define a function from the .NET assembly?
Can compare between T-SQL and SQLCLR ?
With respect to .NET is SQL SERVER case sensitive?
Does case sensitive rule apply for VB.NET?
Can nested classes be accessed in T-SQL?
Can we have SQLCLR procedure input as array?
Can object datatype be used in SQLCLR?
How’s precision handled for decimal datatypes in .NET?
How do we define INPUT and OUTPUT parameters in SQLCLR?
Is it good to use .NET datatypes in SQLCLR?
How to move values from SQL to .NET datatypes?
What is System.Data.SqlServer?
What is SQLContext?
Can you explain essential steps to deploy SQLCLR?
How do create function in SQL Server using .NET?
How do we create trigger using .NET?
How to create User Define Functions using .NET?
How to create User Defined Create aggregates using .NET?
What is Asynchronous support in ADO.NET?
What is MARS support in ADO.NET?
What is SQLbulkcopy object in ADO.NET ?
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How to select range of rows using ADO.NET?
ADO.NET
Which are namespaces for ADO.NET?

Can you give a overview of ADO.NET architecture ?
What are the two fundamental objects in ADO.NET ?
What is difference between dataset and datareader ?
What are major difference between classic ADO and ADO.NET ?
What is the use of connection object ?
What are the methods provided by the command object ?
What is the use of dataadapter ?
What are basic methods of Dataadapter ?
What is Dataset object?
What are the various objects in Dataset ?
How can we connect to Microsoft Access , Foxpro , Oracle etc ?
What’s the namespace to connect to SQL Server?
How do we use stored procedure in ADO.NET?
How can we force the connection object to close?
I want to force the datareader to return only schema?
Can we optimize command object when there is only one row?
Which is the best place to store connectionstring ?
What are steps involved to fill a dataset ?
What are the methods provided by the dataset for XML?
How can we save all data from dataset ?
How can we check for changes made to dataset?
How can we add/remove row’s in “DataTable” object of “DataSet” ?
What’s basic use of “DataView” ?
What’s difference between “DataSet” and “DataReader” ?
How can we load multiple tables in a DataSet ?
How can we add relation’s between table in a DataSet ?
What’s the use of CommandBuilder ?
What’s difference between “Optimistic” and “Pessimistic” locking ?
How many way’s are there to implement locking in ADO.NET ?
How can we perform transactions in .NET?
What’s difference between Dataset. clone and Dataset. copy ?
Whats the difference between Dataset and ADO Recordset?
Notification Services
What are notification services?

What are basic components of Notification services?
Can you explain architecture of Notification Services?
Which are the two XML files needed for notification services?
What is Nscontrols command?
What are the situations you will use “Notification” Services?
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Service Broker
What do we need Queues?

What is “Asynchronous” communication?
What is SQL Server Service broker?
What are the essential components of SQL Server Service broker?
What is the main purpose of having Conversation Group?
How to implement Service Broker?
How do we encrypt data between Dialogs?
XML Integration
What is XML?
What is the version information in XML?
What is ROOT element in XML?
If XML does not have closing tag will it work?
Is XML case sensitive?
What’s the difference between XML and HTML?
Is XML meant to replace HTML?
Can you explain why your project needed XML?
What is DTD (Document Type definition)?
What is well formed XML?
What is a valid XML?
What is CDATA section in XML?
What is CSS?
What is XSL?
What is Element and attributes in XML?
Can we define a column as XML?
How do we specify the XML data type as typed or untyped?
How can we create the XSD schema?
How do I insert in to a table which has XSD schema attached to it?
What is maximum size for XML datatype?
What is Xquery?
What are XML indexes?
What are secondary XML indexes?
What is FOR XML in SQL Server?
Can I use FOR XML to generate SCHEMA of a table and how?
What is the OPENXML statement in SQL Server?
I have huge XML file which we want to load in database?
How to call stored procedure using HTTP SOAP?
What is XMLA ?
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Data Warehousing/Data Mining
What is “Data Warehousing”?

What are Data Marts?
What are Fact tables and Dimension Tables?
What is Snow Flake Schema design in database?
What is ETL process in Data warehousing?
How can we do ETL process in SQL Server?
What is “Data mining”?
Compare “Data mining” and “Data Warehousing”?
What is BCP?
How can we import and export using BCP utility?
What is Bulk Insert?
What is DTS ?
Can you brief about the Data warehouse project you worked on?
What is an OLTP (Online Transaction Processing) System?
What is an OLAP (On- line Analytical processing) system?
What is Conceptual, Logical and Physical model?
What is Data purging?
What is Analysis Services?
What are CUBES?
What are the primary ways to store data in OLAP?
What is META DATA information in Data warehousing projects?
What is multi-dimensional analysis?
What is MDX?
How did you plan your Data ware house project?
What are different deliverables according to phases?
Can you explain how analysis service works?
What are the different problems that “Data mining” can solve?
What are different stages of “Data mining”?
What is Discrete and Continuous data in Data mining world?
What is MODEL is Data mining world?
How are models actually derived?
What is a Decision Tree Algorithm?
Can decision tree be implemented using SQL?
What is Naïve Bayes Algorithm?
Explain clustering algorithm?
Explain in detail Neural Networks?
What is Back propagation in Neural Networks?
What is Time Series algorithm in data mining?
Explain Association algorithm in Data mining?
What is Sequence clustering algorithm?
What are algorithms provided by Microsoft in SQL Server?
How does data mining and data warehousing work together?
What is XMLA ?
What is Discover and Execute in XMLA?
Page 204 of 215

Integration Services/DTS
What is Integration Services import / export wizard?

What are prime components in Integration Services?
How can we develop a DTS project in Integration Services?
Replication
Whats the best way to update data between SQL Servers?

What are the scenarios you will need multiple databases with schema?
How will you plan your replication?
What is a publisher, distributor and subscriber in “Replication”?
What is “Push” and “Pull” subscription?
Can a publication support push and pull at one time?
What are different models / types of replication?
What is Snapshot replication?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using Snapshot replication?
What type of data will qualify for “Snapshot replication”?
What’s the actual location where the distributor runs?
Can you explain in detail how exactly “Snapshot Replication” works?
What is merge replication?
How does merge replication works?
What are advantages and disadvantages of Merge replication?
What is conflict resolution in Merge replication?
What is a transactional replication?
Can you explain in detail how transactional replication works?
What are data type concerns during replications?
Reporting Services
Can you explain how can we make a simple report in reporting services?
How do I specify stored procedures in Reporting Services?
What is the architecture for “Reporting Services “?
Database Optimization
What are indexes?

What are B-Trees?
I have a table which has lot of inserts, is it a good database design to create indexes on
that table?
What are “Table Scan’s” and “Index Scan’s”?
What are the two types of indexes and explain them in detail?
What is “FillFactor” concept in indexes?
What is the best value for “FillFactor”?
What are “Index statistics”?
How can we see statistics of an index?
Page 205 of 215

How do you reorganize your index, once you find the problem?
What is Fragmentation?
How can we measure Fragmentation?
How can we remove the Fragmented spaces?
What are the criteria you will look in to while selecting an index?
What is “Index Tuning Wizard”?
What is an Execution plan?
How do you see the SQL plan in textual format?
What is nested join, hash join and merge join in SQL Query plan?
What joins are good in what situations? 298
Transaction and Locks
What is a “Database Transactions “?

What is ACID?
What is “Begin Trans”, “Commit Tran”, “Rollback Tran” and “Save Tran”?
What are “Checkpoint’s” in SQL Server?
What are “Implicit Transactions”?
Is it good to use “Implicit Transactions”?
What is Concurrency?
What kind of problems occurs if we do not implement proper locking strategy?
What are “Dirty reads”?
What are “Unrepeatable reads”?
What are “Phantom rows”?
What are “Lost Updates”?
What are different levels of granularity of locking resources?
What are different types of Locks in SQL Server?
What are different Isolation levels in SQL Server?
If you are using COM+ what “Isolation” level is set by default?
What are “Lock” hints?
What is a “Deadlock” ?
What are the steps you can take to avoid “Deadlocks” ?
How can I know what locks are running on which resource?
JAVA Interview Questions Book
OOPS and CORE JAVA
What is JVM (Java Virtual Machine)?

What is JIT (Just- in-Time) Compilation?
What is Object Oriented Programming?
What’s a Class?
What’s an Object?
What’s the relation between Classes and Objects?
Page 206 of 215

What are different properties provided by Object-oriented systems?
How do you implement inheritance in Java?
How can we implement polymorphism in Java?
What’s an interface and how will you go about implementing an interface?
What is an Abstract class?
What are Abstract methods?
What’s the difference between “Abstract” classes and “Interfaces”?
What’s difference between Static and Non-Static fields of a class?
What are inner classes and what’s the practical implementation of inner classes?
What are packages?
What is a constructor in class?
Can constructors be parameterized?
Can you explain transient and volatile modifiers?
What is the use if “instanceof ” keyword?
What are Native methods in Java?
Explain in depth Garbage collector?
How does the garbage collector determine that the object has to be marked for deletion?
Can you explain “finalize()” method?
How can we force the garbage collector to run?
What’s the main difference between “Switch” and “If ” comparison?
What’s the use of JAVAP tool?
What are applets?
In which package is the applet class located?
What are native interfaces in Java?
what are Class loader’s?
what is Bootstrap, Extension and System Class loader?
Can you explain the flow between bootstrap, extension and system class loader?
Can you explain how can you practically do dynamic loading?
How can you copy one array in to a different array?
Can you explain the core collection interfaces?
Can you explain in brief the collection classes which implement the collection
interfaces?
What’s the difference between standard JAVA array and ArrayList class?
What’s the use of “ensureCapacity” in ArrayList class?
How can we obtain an array from an ArrayList class?
What is “LinkedList” class for?
Can you explain HashSet class in collections?
what is LinkedHashSet class?
what is a TreeSet class?
what’s the use of Comparator Interface?
How can we access elements of a collection?
What is Map and SortedMap Interface?
Have you used any collection algorithm?
Why do we use collections when we had traditional ways for collection?
Can you name the legacy classes and interface for collections?
What is Enumeration Interface?
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what’s the main difference between ArrayList / HashMap and Vector / Hashtable?
Are String object Immutable, Can you explain the concept?
what is a StringBuffer class and how does it differs from String class?
what is the difference between StringBuilder and StringBuffer class?
What is Pass by Value and Pass by reference? How does JAVA handle the same?
What are access modifiers?
what is Assertion?
Can you explain the fundamentals of deep and shallow Cloning?
How do we implement Shallow cloning?
How do we implement deep cloning?
What’s the impact of private constructor?
What are the situations you will need a constructor to be private?
Can you explain final modifier?
What are static Initializers?
If we have multiple static initializer blocks how is the sequence handled?
Define casting? What are the different types of Casting?
Can you explain Widening conversion and Narrowing conversion?
Can we assign parent object to child objects?
Define exceptions?
Can you explain in short how JAVA exception handling works?
Can you explain different exception types?
Can you explain checked and unchecked exceptions?
Can we create our own exception class?
What are chained exceptions?
What is serialization?
How do we implement serialization actually?
What’s the use of Externalizable Interface?
Threading
What’s difference between thread and process?

What is thread safety and synchronization?
What is semaphore?
What are monitors?
What’s the importance of synchronized blocks?
How do we create threads?
what’s the difference in using runnable and extends in threads?
Can you explain Thread.sleep?
How to stop a thread?
What is wait() and notify() ?
Can you explain how Scheduling and Priority works in threads?
Can you explain Yielding in threading?
what are daemon threads?
Page 208 of 215

JDBC
How does JAVA interact with databases?

Can we interact with non-relational sources using JDBC?
Can you explain in depth the different sections in JDBC?
Can you explain in short how you go about using JDBC API in code?
How do you handle SQL exceptions?
If there is more than one exception in SQLException” class how to go about displaying
it?
Explain Type1, Type2, Type3 and Type4 drivers in JDBC?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using JDBC-ODBC bridge driver?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using Native-API/ Partially Java Driver?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using Net-Protocol/ All-Java driver?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using Native-protocol/ All- Java driver?
Define meta-data?
What is DatabaseMetaData?
Can you explain “ConnectionFactory” class?
I want to display tables of a database how do I do it?
Define “ResultSetMetaData”?
What is the difference between “ResultSet” and “RowSet”?
Can “ResultSet” objects be serialized?
Can you explain “ResultSet”, “RowSet”, “CachedRowset”, “JdbcRowset” and
“WebRowSet” relation ship?
what are the different types of resultset?
Explain the concept of “PreparedStatement “statement interface?
What’s the difference between “Statement” and “PreparedStatement”?
How can we call stored procedure using JDBC?
Can you explain “CallableStatement” interface in detail?
How do you get a resultset object from stored procedure?
How can we do batch updates using “CallableStatement” Interface?
Define transactions?
what is ACID in transaction?
what are the four essential properties of a transaction?
Explain concurrency and locking?
What are different types of locks?
What are the different types of levels of resource on which locks can be placed?
Define lock escalation?
What is Table level and Row level locking?
What are the problems that can occur if you do not implement locking properly?
What are different transaction levels?
Twist: - what are different types of locks?
What is difference between optimistic and pessimistic locking?
What are deadlocks?
How can we set transaction level through JDBC API?
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Can you explain transaction control in JDBC?
What are Savepoints in a transaction?
Servlets and JSP
What are Servlets?

What are advantages of servlets over CGI?
Can you explain Servlet life cycle?
What are the two important API’s in for Servlets?
Can you explain in detail “javax.servlet” package?
What’s the use of ServletContext?
How do we define an application level scope for servlet?
What's the difference between GenericServlet and HttpServlet?
Can you explain in detail javax.servlet.http package?
What’s the architecture of a Servlet package?
Why is HTTP protocol called as a stateless protocol?
What are the different ways we can maintain state between requests?
What is URL rewriting?
What are cookies?
What are sessions in Servlets?
What’s the difference between getSession(true) and getSession(false) ?
What’s the difference between “doPost” and “doGet” methods?
Which are the different ways you can communicate between servlets?
What is functionality of “RequestDispatcher” object?
How do we share data using “getServletContext ()”?
Explain the concept of SSI?
What are filters in JAVA?
Can you explain in short how do you go about implementing filters using Apache
Tomcat?
Twist: - Explain step by step of how to implement filters?
what’s the difference between Authentication and authorization?
Explain in brief the directory structure of a web application?
Can you explain JSP page life cycle?
What is EL?
how does EL search for an attribute?
What are the implicit EL objects in JSP?
How can we disable EL?
what is JSTL?
Can you explain in short what the different types of JSTL tags are?
How can we use beans in JSP?
What is <jsp:forward> tag for ?
What are JSP directives?
what are Page directives?
what are include directives?
Can you explain taglib directives?
How does JSP engines instantiate tag handler classes instances?
Page 210 of 215

what’s the difference between JavaBeans and taglib directives?
what are the different scopes an object can have in a JSP page?
what are different implicit objects of JSP?
what are different Authentication Options available in servlets?
Can you explain how do we practically implement security on a resource?
How do we practically implement form based authentication?
How do we authenticate using JDBC?
Can you explain JDBCRealm?
Can you explain how do you configure JNDIRealm?
How did you implement caching in JSP?
EJB
What is EJB?
what are the different kind of EJB’s?
you are designing architecture for a project how do you decide whether you should use
session, entity or message driven bean?
Can you explain “EJBHome” and “EJBObject” in EJB?
Can client directly create object of session or entity beans?
Can you explain the concept of local interfaces?
What are the limitations of using Local object?
Which application server have you used for EJB ?
Can you explain step by step practically developing and deploying EJB component?
what is Passivation and Activation in EJB?
Can beans who are involved in transaction have “Passivation” process?
How does the server decide which beans to passivate and activate?
In what format is the conversational data written to the disk?
Can you explain in brief Life cycle for Stateless and Stateful beans?
Struts
What’s MVC pattern?

Define struts?
Can you explain the directory structure for a struts folder in brief ?
Can you give an overview of how a struts application flows?
Twist: - What are action and action form classes in Struts?
XML and Web Services
What is XML?
What is the version information in XML?
What is ROOT element in XML?
If XML does not have closing tag will it work?
Is XML case sensitive?
What is the difference between XML and HTML?
Page 211 of 215

Is XML meant to replace HTML?
Can you explain why your project needed XML?
What is DTD (Document Type definition)?
What is well formed XML?
What is a valid XML?
What is CDATA section in XML?
What is CSS?
What is XSL?
What is element and attributes in XML?
What are the standard ways of parsing XML document?
In What scenarios will you use a DOM parser and SAX parser?
What is XSLT?
Define XPATH?
What is the concept of XPOINTER?
What is a Web Service ?
What is DISCO ?
What is SOAP ?
What is WSDL ?
Can you explain UDDI ?
Can you explain JAXP ?
What is a XML registry?
What is JAXR?
What is JAXM?
Can you explain how JAXM messaging model works?
Can you explain JAX-RPC?
Internationalization
Can you explain i18n and l10n?
Can you explain internationalization and localization?
What is Locale?
How do we display numbers, currency and Dates according to proper Locale format?
what are resource bundles?
How do we load a resource bundle file?
How can we do inheritance in resource bundles?
JNI
What is Native Interface in JAVA?

Can you say in brief steps required to implement Native interfaces in Java?
Can JNI be used for VB6, C# or VB.NET directly?
What are JNI functions and pointers?
How does the garbage collector know JNI objects are no more used?
Twist: - What are the different types of references JNI supports?
Twist: - How to do you delete global objects?
how does the native language C or C++ understand data types in JAVA?
Can you explain exception handling in JNI?
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What are limitations for “JNIEnv” pointer in multi- threading scenarios?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using “JNI”?
Architecture
What are design patterns ?
What is the difference between Factory and Abstract Factory Patterns?
What is MVC pattern?
Twist: - How can you implement MVC pattern in Servlets and JSP?
How can we implement singleton pattern in JAVA?
How do you implement prototype pattern in JAVA?
Twist: - How to implement cloning in JAVA? What is shallow copy and deep copy ?
Can you give a practical implementation of FAÇADE patterns?
How can we implement observer pattern in JAVA?
What is three tier architecture?
What is Service Oriented architecture?
What is aspect oriented programming?
Project Management
What is project management?

Is spending in IT projects constant through out the project?
Who is a stakeholder ?
Can you explain project life cycle ?
Twist :- How many phases are there in software project ?
Are risk constant through out the project ?
Can you explain different software development life cycles ?
What is triple constraint triangle in project management ?
What is a project baselines ?
What is effort variance?
How is normally a project management plan document organized ?
How do you estimate a project?
What is CAR (Causal Analysis and Resolution)?
What is DAR (Decision Analysis and Resolution) ?
What is a fish bone diagram ?
Twist:- What is Ishikawa diagram ?
What is pareto principle ?
Twist :- What is 80/20 principle ?
How do you handle change request?
What is internal change request?
What is difference between SITP and UTP in testing ?
What is the software you have used for project management?
What are the metrics followed in project management?
Twist: - What metrics will you look at in order to see the project is moving
successfully?
You have people in your team who do not meet there deadlines or do not perform what
are the actions you will take ?
Page 213 of 215

Twist :- Two of your resources have conflicts between them how would you sort it out
?
What is black box testing and White box testing?
What’s the difference between Unit testing, Assembly testing and Regression testing?
What is V model in testing?
How do you start a project?
How did you do resource allocations?
How will you do code reviews ?
What is CMMI?
What are the five levels in CMMI?
What is continuous and staged representation?
Can you explain the process areas?
What is SIX sigma?
What is DMAIC and DMADV ?
What are the various roles in Six Sigma implementation?
What are function points?
Twist: - Define Elementary process in FPA?
What are the different types of elementary process in FPA?
What are the different elements in Functions points?
Can you explain in GSC and VAF in function points?
What are unadjusted function points and how is it calculated?
Can you explain steps in function points?
What is the FP per day in your current company?
Twist :- What is your company’s productivity factor ?
Do you know Use Case points?
What is COCOMO I, COCOMOII and COCOMOIII?
What is SMC approach of estimation?
How do you estimate maintenance project and change requests?
UML
What is UML?
How many types of diagrams are there in UML ?
Twist :- Explain in short all types of diagrams in UML ?
What are advantages of using UML?
Twist: - What is Modeling and why UML ?
What is the sequence of UML diagrams in project?
Twist: - How did you implement UML in your project?
Just a small Twist: - Do I need all UML diagrams in a project?
Give a small brief explanation of all Elements in activity diagrams?
Explain Different elements of a collaboration diagram ?
Explain Component diagrams ?
Explain all parts of a deployment diagram?
Describe the various components in sequence diagrams?
Page 214 of 215

What are the element in State Chart diagrams ?
Describe different elements in Static Chart diagrams ?
Explain the different elements of a Use Case ?
Twist: - What is the difference between Activity and sequence diagrams?(I leave this to
the readers)
Page 215 of 215

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C# and ASP.

Mail bpb@bol.net.in to buy the book

Write to the author directly at shiv_koirala@yahoo.com

• Call your city book shop MUMBAI-22078296/97/022-22070989,KOLKATA-

Other books written by the Shivprasad Koirala and Team

You can buy the above book from

If you want to buy from Amazon

From Shivprasad koirala

From Shivprasad Koirala

About the authors

Who should read this book

Details of the book

The CD has stuffs which will make you rock.

Note: - In the installable folder windows media player is provided in

Part I – The fundamentals

Chapter 1 SDLC and Project documentation

Note: - The biggest difference between an ok programmer and good

So here's my equation for this book.

THIS BOOK = INSTANT PRACTICAL + PROPER QUALITY SOFTWARE PROCESS

The growth of a software professional

6 - 8 Years of experience: - Software professional in this experience range give importance

SDLC (Software development Life Cycle)

Figure 1.2 : - Entry, SDLC and Exit in action

• Big Bang waterfall model.

Big Bang waterfall model

Note: use case are explained in detail in UML section

Phased Waterfall model

Iterative model was introduced because of problems faced in Waterfall model.

• Performance - Are the performance criteria met?

Figure 1.4: - V model cycle flow

Which is the best model?

Three views of the project from UML perspective

Figure 1.5: - Project static nature

UML has four types of structure diagram :-

Figure 1.6: - Project behavior in action

1. Use Case diagrams

Model management diagram

Overall Explanation of the UML diagrams

Composite structure diagram

Use case diagram

State machine diagram / Protocol state machine diagram

Which diagram is important

Use case diagram over view

Actors and Goals

Detail Explanation of the Use Case template

For instance below steps show the main scenario steps :-

o Travel agent logs in to the system.

• Success scenario:-Success scenarios indicate when this use case is successful.

Figure 1.9:- Use Case template

Note: - In every project we have use case documents as a part of

Included and Extended use case

Figure 1.11: - Extended Use Case

Figure 1.12: - Three sections of the class

Associations in Class diagrams

Figure 1.13:- Order is paid by Payments class

There are four signs showing the flow:-

Figure 1.14:- Direction signs in UML

Aggregation and composition

Composite structure diagram

Figure 1.17: - Composite Structure diagram

Figure 1.18: - Reflexive association

Generalization and specialization

Introduction to Function Points