FORMULAS USEFUL IN CALCULATING WEIGHT OF CASTINGS

Rectangle and Parallelogram

Area = ab

Triangle

Area = cd.
Area = s (s a) (s b) (s c) when

s = (a + b + c)
Example: a = 3, b = 4, c = 5
s =

Area =

3" + 4" + 5"

2

= 6"

6 (6 3) (6 4) (6 - 5) = 6 sq in.

Regular Polygons

n = Number of sides, s = Length of one side, r = Inside radius

Area = nsr
Number of Sides
Area

5
1.72047 s = 3.63273 r

6
2.59809 s = 3.46408 r

7
3.63395 s = 3.37099 r

8
4.82847 s = 3.31368 r

9
6.18181 s = 3.27574 r
10
7.69416 s = 3.24922 r
11
9.36570 s = 3.22987 r
12
11.19616 s = 3.21539 r

Trapezium

Area = [a (e + d) + bd + ce]
Example: a = 10, b = 3, c = 5, d = 6, e = 8
Area = [10 (8 + 6) + (3 6) + (5 8)] = 99 sq. in.

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FORMULAS USEFUL IN CALCULATING WEIGHT OF CASTINGS

Segment of a Circle
Area = R

360

Area = 3.1416 5

C (R h)
2
120
360

8.66 (5 2.5)
2

= 15.355 sq. in.

Example: R = 5, = 120, C = 8.66, h = 2.5

Length of arc L = 0.0174533 R
Area = [LR C (R h)]
Example: R = 5, C = 8.66, h = 2.5, = 120
L = 0.0174533 5 120 = 10.472
Area = [(10.472 5) 8.66 (5 2.5)] = 15.355 sq. in.

Spandrel
Area = 0.2146 R = 0.1073 C
Example: R = 3
Area = 0.2146 3 = 1.9314

Parabolic Segment
Area = sh
Example: s = 3, h = 4
Area = 3 4 = 8

Ellipse
Area = ab = 3.1416 ab
Example: a = 3, b = 4
Area = 3.1416 3 4 = 37.6992

Ring of Circular Cross Section

Area of Surface = 4 Rr = 39.4784 Rr
Area of Surface = Dd = 9.8696 Dd
Volume = 2 Rr = 19.7392 Rr
Volume = Dd = 2.4674 Dd
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FORMULAS USEFUL IN CALCULATING WEIGHT OF CASTINGS

Pyramid
A = area of base
P = perimeter of base
Lateral Area = Ps
Volume = Ah

Frustum of a Pyramid
A = area of base
a = area of top
m = area of midsection
P = perimeter of base
p = perimeter of top
Lateral Area = s (P + p)
Volume =

h (a + A +

aA )

Volume = h (A + a + 4 m)

Cone
Volume = rh = 1.0472 rh = 0.2618 dh
Conical Area = rs = r r

+h

Frustum of a Cone
A = area of base
a = area of top
m = area of midsection
R = D 2; r = d 2
Area of Conical Surface = s (D + d) = 1.5708 s (D + d)
Volume = h (R + Rr + r) = 1.0472 h (R + Rr + r)
Volume =
Volume =

12

h(D + Dd + d) = 0.2618 h (D + Dd + d)

h (a + A +

aA ) =

h (a + A + 4 m)

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FORMULAS USEFUL IN CALCULATING WEIGHT OF CASTINGS

Sphere
Surface = 4 r2 = 12.5664 r2 = d2
Volume = r3 = 4.1888 r3
Volume = d3 = 0.5236 d3

Segment of a Sphere
Spherical Surface = 2rh = (c2 + 4 h2) = 0.7854 (c2 + 4 h2)
Total Surface = (c2 + 8 rh) = 0.7854 (c2 + 8 rh)
Volume = h2 (3 r - h) = 1.0472 h2 (3 r - h)
or
Volume = h (3 c2 + 4 h2) = 0.1309 h (3 c2 + 4 h2)

Sector of a Sphere
Total Surface = r (4 h + c) = 1.5708 r (4 h + c)
Volume = r2h = 2.0944 r2h

Cylinder
Cylindrical Surface = dh = 2 rh = 6.2832 rh
Total Surface = 2 r (r + h) = 6.2832 r (r + h)
Volume = r2h = d2h = 0.7854 d2h

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FORMULAS USEFUL IN CALCULATING WEIGHT OF CASTINGS

Circle
(the Greek letter Theta) = angle included between radii
(pi) = 3.1416, D = Diameter, R = Radius, C = Chord,
h = Height of Arc, L = Length of Arc.
Circumference = D = 2 = 2 Area

Diameter = 2 R = Circumference = 2
Radius = 1 2 D = Circumference 2 =

Area

Area

C
2
+h
2
Radius =
2h

Area = D2 = 0.7854 D2 = R2
Chord = 2 h (D - h) = 2 R sine ?
Height of Arc, h = R
Length of Arc, L =
1

2 ( in degrees)

Sine

360

C

2

2R = 0.0174533 R

= 28.6479

L
R

Circle Ring
Area = 0.7854 (D2-d2), or 0.7854 (D-d) (D + d)
Example: D = 10, d = 3
Area = 0.7854 (102 - 32) = 71.4714 sq. in.

Sector of a Circle
Area = LR
Example: L = 10.472, R = 5
Area =

10.472
2

or Area = R

5 = 26.180 sq. in.

360

= 0.0087266 R

Example: R = 5, = 120
2

Area = 3.1416 5

120
360

= 26.180 sq. in.

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ENGLISH/METRIC (SI) STRESS CONVERSION FACTORS

Look up stress to be converted in the boldface column.

0 to 100

If in ksi (103 psi), read MPa in righthand column.

If in MPa, read ksi in lefthand column.

Conversion factors: 1 MPa = 1 MN/m2 (meganewton per

square metre) or 1 N/mm2 (newton per square millimetre);
1 MPa = 0.1450377 ksi, and 1 ksi = 6.894759 MPa.
To convert ksi or MPa values above 400, use the
supplemental table. Example: Convert 1320 MPa to ksi. Solution: 1000 MPa = 145.04 ksi (from the small table), and 320
MPa = 46.41 ksi (from the large table).
Then, 145.04 = 46.41 = 191.45 ksi.

ksi

0
0.15
1
0.29
2
0.44
3
0.58
4
0.73
5
0.87
6
1.02
7
1.16
8
1.31
9
1.45
10
1.60
11
1.74
12
1.89
13
2.03
14
2.18
15
2.32
16
2.47
17
2.61
18
2.76
19
2.90
20
3.05
21
3.19
22
3.34
23
3.48
24
3.63
25
3.77
26
3.92
27
4.06
28
4.21
29
4.35
30
4.50
31
4.64
32
4.79
33
4.93
34
5.08
35
5.22
36
5.37
37
5.51
38
5.66
39
5.80
40
5.95
41
6.09
42
6.24
43
6.38
44
6.53
45
6.67
46
6.82
47
6.96
48
7.11
49
7.25
50

MPa

6.89
13.79
20.68
27.57
34.47
41.37
48.26
55.16
62.05
68.95
75.84
82.74
89.63
96.53
103.4
110.3
117.2
124.1
131.0
137.9
144.8
151.7
158.6
165.5
172.4
179.3
186.2
193.1
199.9
206.8
213.7
220.6
227.5
234.4
241.3
248.2
255.1
262.0
268.9
275.8
282.7
289.6
296.5
303.4
310.3
317.2
324.1
331.0
337.8
344.71

ksi
7.25
50
7.40
51
7.54
52
7.69
53
7.83
54
7.98
55
8.12
56
8.27
57
8.41
58
8.56
59
8.70
60
8.85
61
8.99
62
9.14
63
9.28
64
9.43
65
9.57
66
9.72
67
9.86
68
10.01
69
10.15
70
10.30
71
10.44
72
10.59
73
10.73
74
10.88
75
11.02
76
11.17
77
11.31
78
11.46
79
11.60
80
11.75
81
11.89
82
12.04
83
12.18
84
12.33
85
12.47
86
12.62
87
12.76
88
12.91
89
13.05
90
13.20
91
13.34
92
13.49
93
13.63
94
13.78
95
13.92
96
14.07
97
14.21
98
14.36
99
14.50
100

MPa
344.7
351.6
358.5
365.4
372.3
379.2
386.1
393.0
399.9
406.8
413.7
420.6
427.5
434.4
441.3
448.2
455.1
462.0
468.8
475.7
482.6
489.5
496.4
503.3
510.2
517.1
524.0
530.9
537.8
544.7
551.6
558.5
565.4
572.3
579.2
586.1
593.0
599.8
606.7
613.6
620.5
627.4
634.3
641.2
648.1
655.0
661.9
668.8
675.7
682.6
689.5

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ENGLISH/METRIC (SI) STRESS CONVERSION FACTORS

100 to 200

ksi
14.50
100
14.65
101
14.79
102
14.94
103
15.08
104
15.23
105
15.37
106
15.52
107
15.66
108
15.81
109
15.95
110
16.10
111
16.24
112
16.39
113
16.53
114
16.68
115
16.82
116
16.97
117
17.11
118
17.26
119
17.40
120
17.55
121
17.69
122
17.84
123
17.98
124
18.13
125
18.27
126
18.42
127
18.56
128
18.71
129
18.85
130
19.00
131
19.14
132
19.29
133
19.44
134
19.58
135
19.73
136
19.87
137
20.02
138
20.16
139
20.31
140
20.45
141
20.60
142
20.74
143
20.89
144
21.03
145
21.18
146
21.32
147
21.47
148
21.61
149
21.76
150

MPa
689.5
696.4
703.3
710.2
717.1
724.0
730.8
737.7
744.6
751.5
758.4
765.3
772.2
779.1
786.0
792.9
799.8
806.7
813.6
820.5
827.4
834.3
841.2
848.1
855.0
861.8
868.7
875.6
882.5
889.4
896.3
903.2
910.1
917.0
923.9
930.8
937.7
944.6
951.5
958.4
965.3
972.2
979.1
986.0
992.9
999.7
1 007
1 014
1 020
1 027
1 034

ksi
21.76
150
21.90
151
22.05
152
22.19
153
22.34
154
22.48
155
22.63
156
22.77
157
22.92
158
23.06
159
23.21
160
23.35
161
23.50
162
23.64
163
23.79
164
23.93
165
24.08
166
24.22
167
24.37
168
24.51
169
24.66
170
24.80
171
24.95
172
25.09
173
25.24
174
25.38
175
25.53
176
25.67
177
25.82
178
25.96
179
26.11
180
26.25
181
26.40
182
26.54
183
26.69
184
26.83
185
26.98
186
27.12
187
27.27
188
27.41
189
27.56
190
27.70
191
27.85
192
27.99
193
28.14
194
28.28
195
28.43
196
28.57
197
28.72
198
28.86
199
29.01
200

200 to 300

MPa
1 034
1 041
1 048
1 054
1 062
1 069
1 076
1 082
1 089
1 096
1 103
1 110
1 117
1 124
1 131
1 138
1 145
1 151
1 158
1 165
1 172
1 179
1 186
1 193
1 200
1 207
1 213
1 220
1 227
1 234
1 241
1 248
1 255
1 262
1 269
1 276
1 282
1 289
1 296
1 303
1 310
1 317
1 324
1 331
1 338
1 344
1 351
1 358
1 365
1 372
1 379

ksi
29.01
200
29.15
201
29.30
202
29.44
203
29.59
204
29.73
205
29.88
206
30.02
207
30.17
208
30.31
209
30.46
210
30.60
211
30.75
212
30.89
213
31.04
214
31.18
215
31.33
216
31.47
217
31.62
218
31.76
219
31.91
220
32.05
221
32.20
222
32.34
223
32.49
224
32.63
225
32.78
226
32.92
227
33.07
228
33.21
229
33.36
230
33.50
231
33.65
232
33.79
233
33.94
234
34.08
235
34.23
236
34.37
237
34.52
238
34.66
239
34.81
240
34.95
241
35.10
242
35.24
243
35.39
244
35.53
245
35.68
246
35.82
247
35.97
248
36.11
249
36.26
250

MPa
1 379
1 386
1 393
1 400
1 407
1 413
1 420
1 427
1 434
1 441
1 448
1 455
1 462
1 469
1 475
1 482
1 489
1 496
1 503
1 510
1 517
1 524
1 531
1 538
1 544
1 551
1 558
1 565
1 572
1 579
1 586
1 593
1 600
1 606
1 613
1 620
1 627
1 634
1 641
1 648
1 655
1 662
1 669
1 675
1 682
1 689
1 696
1 703
1 710
1 717
1 724

ksi
36.26
250
36.40
251
36.55
252
36.69
253
36.84
254
36.98
255
37.13
256
37.27
257
37.42
258
37.56
259
37.71
260
37.85
261
38.00
262
38.14
263
38.29
264
38.43
265
38.58
266
38.73
267
38.87
268
39.02
269
39.16
270
39.31
271
39.45
272
39.60
273
39.74
274
39.89
275
40.03
276
40.18
277
40.32
278
40.47
279
40.61
280
40.76
281
40.90
282
41.05
283
41.19
284
41.34
285
41.48
286
41.63
287
41.77
288
41.92
289
42.06
290
42.21
291
42.35
292
42.50
293
42.64
294
42.79
295
42.93
296
43.07
297
43.22
298
43.37
299
43.51
300

MPa
1 724
1 731
1 737
1 744
1 751
1 758
1 765
1 772
1 779
1 786
1 793
1 800
1 806
1 813
1 820
1 827
1 834
1 841
1 848
1 855
1 862
1 868
1 875
1 882
1 889
1 896
1 903
1 910
1 917
1 924
1 931
1 937
1 944
1 951
1 958
1 965
1 972
1 979
1 986
1 993
1 999
2 006
2 013
2 020
2 027
2 034
2 041
2 048
2 055
2 062
2 068

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ENGLISH/METRIC (SI) STRESS CONVERSION FACTORS

300 to 400

ksi

43.51

43.66
43.80
43.95
44.09
44.24
44.38
44.53
44.67
44.82
44.96
45.11
45.25
45.40
45.54
45.69
45.83
45.98
46.12
46.27
46.41
46.56
46.70
46.85
46.99
47.14
47.28
47.43
47.57
47.72
47.86
48.01
48.15
48.30
48.44
48.59
48.73
48.88
49.02
49.17
49.31
49.46
49.60
49.75
49.89
50.04
50.18
50.33
50.47
50.62
50.76

300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350

MPa
2 068
2 075
2 082
2 089
2 096
2 103
2 110
2 117
2 124
2 130
2 137
2 144
2 151
2 158
2 165
2 172
2 179
2 186
2 193
2 199
2 206
2 213
2 220
2 227
2 234
2 241
2 248
2 255
2 261
2 268
2 275
2 282
2 289
2 296
2 303
2 310
2 317
2 324
2 330
2 337
2 344
2 351
2 358
2 365
2 372
2 379
2 386
2 392
2 399
2 406
2 413

500 to 5000
ksi

50.76
50.91
51.05
51.20
51.34
51.49
51.63
51.78
51.92
52.07
52.21
52.36
52.50
52.65
52.79
52.94
53.08
53.23
53.37
53.52
53.66
53.81
53.95
54.10
54.24
54.39
54.53
54.68
54.82
54.97
55.11
55.26
55.40
55.55
55.69
55.84
55.98
56.13
56.27
56.42
56.56
56.71
56.85
57.00
57.14
57.29
57.43
57.58
57.72
57.87
58.02

350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400

MPa

2 413
2 420
2 427
2 434
2 441
2 448
2 455
2 461
2 468
2 475
2 482
2 489
2 496
2 503
2 510
2 517
2 523
2 530
2 537
2 544
2 551
2 558
2 565
2 572
2 579
2 585
2 592
2 599
2 606
2 613
2 620
2 627
2 634
2,641
2 648
2 654
2 661
2 668
2 675
2 682
2 689
2 696
2 703
2 710
2 717
2 723
2 730
2 737
2 744
2 751
2 758

ksi
72.52
500
87.02
600
101.53
700
116.03
800
130.53
900
145.04 1000
290.08 2000
435.11 3000
580.15 4000
725.19 5000

MPa
3447
4137
4826
5516
6205
6895
13 790
20 684
27 579
34 474

Source: Anton deS. Brasunas. University of Missouri-Rolla

MID-JUNE 1979 METAL PROGRESS

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TEMPERATURE CONVERSION
read known temperatures in bold face and corresponding temperatures in degrees fahrenheit will be found in the column to the left
temperatures in celsius (centigrade) to the right
F
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......

418
416
414
412
410
408
406
404
402
400
398
396
394
392
390
388
386
384
382
380
378
376
374
372
370
368
366
364
362
360
358
356
354
352
350
348
346
344
342
340
338
336
334
332
330
328
326
324
322
320
318
316
314
312
310
308
306
304
302
300
298
296
294
292
290

C
250.00
248.89
247.78
246.67
245.56
244.44
243.33
242.22
241.11
240.00
238.89
237.78
236.67
235.56
234.44
233.33
232.22
231.11
230.00
228.89
227.78
226.67
225.56
224.44
223.33
222.22
221.11
220.00
218.89
217.78
216.67
215.56
214.44
213.33
212.22
211.11
210.00
208.89
207.78
206.67
205.56
204.44
203.33
202.22
201.11
200.00
198.89
197.78
196.67
195.56
194.44
193.33
192.22
191.11
190.00
188.89
187.78
186.67
185.56
184.44
183.33
182.22
181.11
180.00
178.89

F
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
457.6
454.0
450.4
446.8
443.2
439.6
436.0
432.4
428.8
425.2
421.6
418.0
414.4
410.8
407.2
403.6
400.0
396.4
392.8
389.2
385.6
382.0
378.4
374.8
371.2
367.6
364.0
360.4
356.8
353.2
349.6
346.0
342.4
338.8
335.2
331.6
328.0
324.4
320.8
317.2
313.6
310.0
306.4
302.8
299.2
295.6
292.0
288.4
284.8
281.2
277.6
274.0
270.4
266.8
263.2
259.6
256.0

288
286
284
282
280
278
276
274
272
270
268
266
264
262
260
258
256
254
252
250
248
246
244
242
240
238
236
234
232
230
228
226
224
222
220
218
216
214
212
210
208
206
204
202
200
198
196
194
192
190
188
186
184
182
180
178
176
174
172
170
168
166
164
162
160

C
177.78
176.67
175.56
174.44
173.33
172.22
171.11
170.00
168.89
167.78
166.67
165.56
164.44
163.33
162.22
161.11
160.00
158.89
157.78
156.67
155.56
154.44
153.33
152.22
151.11
150.00
148.89
147.78
146.67
145.56
144.44
143.33
142.22
141.11
140.00
138.89
137.78
136.67
135.56
134.44
133.33
132.22
131.11
130.00
128.89
127.78
126.67
125.56
124.44
123.33
122.22
121.11
120.00
118.89
117.78
116.67
115.56
114.44
113.33
112.22
111.11
110.00
108.89
107.78
106.67

F
252.4
248.8
245.2
241.6
238.0
234.4
230.8
227.2
223.6
220.0
216.4
212.8
209.2
205.6
202.0
198.4
194.8
191.2
187.6
184.0
180.4
176.8
173.2
169.6
166.0
162.4
158.8
155.2
151.6
148.0
144.4
140.8
137.2
133.6
130.0
126.4
122.8
119.2
115.6
112.0
108.4
104.8
101.2
97.6
94.0
90.4
86.8
83.2
79.6
76.0
72.4
68.8
65.2
61.6
58.0
54.4
50.8
47.2
43.6
40.0
36.4
32.8
29.2
25.6
22.0

158
156
154
152
150
148
146
144
142
140
138
136
134
132
130
128
126
124
122
120
118
116
114
112
110
108
106
104
102
100
98
96
94
92
90
88
86
84
82
80
78
76
74
72
70
68
66
64
62
60
58
56
54
52
50
48
46
44
42
40
38
36
34
32
30

C
105.56
104.44
103.33
102.22
101.11
100.00
98.89
97.78
96.67
95.56
94.44
93.33
92.22
91.11
90.00
88.89
87.78
86.67
85.56
84.44
83.33
82.22
81.11
80.00
78.89
77.78
76.67
75.56
74.44
73.33
72.22
71.11
70.00
68.89
67.78
66.67
65.56
64.44
63.33
62.22
61.11
60.00
58.89
57.78
56.67
55.56
54.44
53.33
52.22
51.11
50.00
48.89
47.78
46.67
45.56
44.44
43.33
42.22
41.11
40.00
38.89
37.78
36.67
35.56
34.44

www.hkramer.com

312/226-6600
7-9

TEMPERATURE CONVERSION
read known temperatures in bold face and corresponding temperatures in degrees fahrenheit will be found in the column to the left
temperatures in celsius (centigrade) to the right
F
18.4

14.8
11.2
7.6
4.0
0.4
3.2
6.8
10.4
14.0
17.6
21.2
24.8
28.4
32.0
35.6
39.2
42.8
46.4
50.0
53.6
57.2
60.8
64.4
68.0
71.6
75.2
78.8
82.4
86.0
89.6
93.2
96.8
100.4
104.0
107.6
111.2
114.8
118.4
122.0
125.6
129.2
132.8
136.4
140.0
143.6
147.2
150.8
154.4
158.0
161.6
165.2
168.8
172.4
176.0
179.6
183.2
186.8
190.4
194.0
197.6
201.2
204.8
208.4
212.0

28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100

C
33.33
32.22
31.11
30.00
28.89
27.78
26.67
25.56
24.44
23.33
22.22
21.11
20.00
18.89
17.78
16.67
15.56
14.44
13.33
12.22
11.11
10.00
8.89
7.78
6.67
5.56
4.44
3.33
2.22
1.11
0.00
1.11
2.22
3.33
4.44
5.56
6.67
7.78
8.89
10.00
11.11
12.22
13.33
14.44
15.56
16.67
17.78
18.89
20.00
21.11
22.22
23.33
24.44
25.56
26.67
27.78
28.89
30.00
31.11
32.22
33.33
34.44
35.56
36.67
37.78

F
215.6
219.2
222.8
226.4
230.0
233.6
237.2
240.8
244.4
248.0
251.6
255.2
258.8
262.4
266.0
269.6
273.2
276.8
280.4
284.0
287.6
291.2
294.8
298.4
302.0
305.6
309.2
312.8
316.4
320.0
323.6
327.2
330.8
334.4
338.0
341.6
345.2
348.8
352.4
356.0
359.6
363.2
366.8
370.4
374.0
377.6
381.2
384.8
388.4
392.0
395.6
399.2
402.8
406.4
410.0
413.6
417.2
420.8
424.4
428.0
431.6
435.2
438.8
442.4
446.0

102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
118
120
122
124
126
128
130
132
134
136
138
140
142
144
146
148
150
152
154
156
158
160
162
164
166
168
170
172
174
176
178
180
182
184
186
188
190
192
194
196
198
200
202
204
206
208
210
212
214
216
218
220
222
224
226
228
230

C
38.89
40.00
41.11
42.22
43.33
44.44
45.56
46.67
47.78
48.89
50.00
51.11
52.22
53.33
54.44
55.56
56.67
57.78
58.89
60.00
61.11
62.22
63.33
64.44
65.56
66.67
67.78
68.89
70.00
71.11
72.22
73.33
74.44
75.56
76.67
77.78
78.89
80.00
81.11
82.22
83.33
84.44
85.56
86.67
87.78
88.89
90.00
91.11
92.22
93.33
94.44
95.56
96.67
97.78
98.89
100.00
101.11
102.22
103.33
104.44
105.56
106.67
107.78
108.89
110.00

F
449.6
453.2
456.8
460.4
464.0
467.6
471.2
474.8
478.4
482.0
485.6
489.2
492.8
496.4
500.0
503.6
507.2
510.8
514.4
518.0
521.6
525.2
528.8
532.4
536.0
539.6
543.2
546.8
550.4
554.0
557.6
561.2
564.8
568.4
572.0
575.6
579.2
582.8
586.4
590.0
593.6
597.2
600.8
604.4
608.0
611.6
615.2
618.8
622.4
626.0
629.6
633.2
636.8
640.4
644.0
647.6
651.2
654.8
658.4
662.0
665.6
669.2
672.8
676.4
680.0

232
234
236
238
240
242
244
246
248
250
252
254
256
258
260
262
264
266
268
270
272
274
276
278
280
282
284
286
288
290
292
294
296
298
300
302
304
306
308
310
312
314
316
318
320
322
324
326
328
330
332
334
336
338
340
342
344
346
348
350
352
354
356
358
360

C
111.11
112.22
113.33
114.44
115.56
116.67
117.78
118.89
120.00
121.11
122.22
123.33
124.44
125.56
126.67
127.78
128.89
130.00
131.11
132.22
133.33
134.44
135.56
136.67
137.78
138.89
140.00
141.11
142.22
143.33
144.44
145.56
146.67
147.78
148.89
150.00
151.11
152.22
153.33
154.44
155.56
156.67
157.78
158.89
160.00
161.11
162.22
163.33
164.44
165.56
166.67
167.78
168.89
170.00
171.11
172.22
173.33
174.44
175.56
176.67
177.78
178.89
180.00
181.11
182.22

www.hkramer.com

312/226-6600
7-10

TEMPERATURE CONVERSION
read known temperatures in bold face and corresponding temperatures in degrees fahrenheit will be found in the column to the left
temperatures in celsius (centigrade) to the right
F
683.6
687.2
690.8
694.4
698.0
701.6
705.2
708.8
712.4
716.0
719.6
723.2
726.8
730.4
734.0
737.6
741.2
744.8
748.4
752.0
755.6
759.2
762.8
766.4
770.0
773.6
777.2
780.8
784.4
788.0
791.6
795.2
798.8
802.4
806.0
809.6
813.2
816.8
820.4
824.0
827.6
831.2
834.8
838.4
842.0
845.6
849.2
852.8
856.4
860.0
863.6
867.2
870.8
874.4
878.0
881.6
885.2
888.8
892.4
896.0
899.6
903.2
906.8
910.4
914.0

362
364
366
368
370
372
374
376
378
380
382
384
386
388
390
392
394
396
398
400
402
404
406
408
410
412
414
416
418
420
422
424
426
428
430
432
434
436
438
440
442
444
446
448
450
452
454
456
458
460
462
464
466
468
470
472
474
476
478
480
482
484
486
488
490

C
183.33
184.44
185.56
186.67
187.78
188.89
190.00
191.11
192.22
193.33
194.44
195.56
196.67
197.78
198.89
200.00
201.11
202.22
203.33
204.44
205.56
206.67
207.78
208.89
210.00
211.11
212.22
213.33
214.44
215.56
216.67
217.78
218.89
220.00
221.11
222.22
223.33
224.44
225.56
226.67
227.78
228.89
230.00
231.11
232.22
233.33
234.44
235.56
236.67
237.78
238.89
240.00
241.11
242.22
243.33
244.44
245.56
246.67
247.78
248.89
250.00
251.11
252.22
253.33
254.44

F
917.6
921.2
924.8
928.4
932.0
935.6
939.2
942.8
946.4
950.0
953.6
957.2
960.8
964.4
968.0
971.6
975.2
978.8
982.4
986.0
989.6
993.2
996.8
1000.4
1004.0
1007.6
1011.2
1014.8
1018.4
1022.0
1040.0
1058.0
1076.0
1094.0
1112.0
1130.0
1148.0
1166.0
1184.0
1202.0
1220.0
1238.0
1256.0
1274.0
1292.0
1310.0
1328.0
1346.0
1364.0
1382.0
1400.0
1418.0
1436.0
1454.0
1472.0
1490.0
1508.0
1526.0
1544.0
1562.0
1580.0
1598.0
1616.0
1634.0
1652.0

492
494
496
498
500
502
504
506
508
510
512
514
516
518
520
522
524
526
528
530
532
534
536
538
540
542
544
546
548
550
560
570
580
590
600
610
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
700
710
720
730
740
750
760
770
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
880
890
900

C
255.56
256.67
257.78
258.89
260.00
261.11
262.22
263.33
264.44
265.56
266.67
267.78
268.89
270.00
271.11
272.22
273.33
274.44
275.56
276.67
277.78
278.89
280.00
281.11
282.22
283.33
284.44
285.56
286.67
287.78
293.33
298.89
304.44
310.00
315.56
321.11
326.67
332.22
337.78
343.33
348.89
354.44
360.00
365.56
371.11
376.67
382.22
387.78
393.33
398.89
404.44
410.00
415.56
421.11
426.67
432.22
437.76
443.33
448.89
454.44
460.00
465.56
471.11
476.67
482.22

F
1670.0
1688.0
1706.0
1724.0
1742.0
1760.0
1778.0
1796.0
1814.0
1832.0
1850.0
1868.0
1886.0
1904.0
1922.0
1940.0
1958.0
1976.0
1994.0
2012.0
2030.0
2048.0
2066.0
2084.0
2102.0
2120.0
2138.0
2156.0
2174.0
2192.0
2210.0
2228.0
2246.0
2264.0
2282.0
2300.0
2318.0
2336.0
2354.0
2372.0
2390.0
2408.0
2426.0
2444.0
2462.0
2480.0
2498.0
2516.0
2534.0
2552.0
2570.0
2588.0
2606.0
2624.0
2642.0
2660.0
2678.0
2696.0
2714.0
2732.0
2750.0
2768.0
2786.0
2804.0
2822.0

910
920
930
940
950
960
970
980
990
1000
1010
1020
1030
1040
1050
1060
1070
1080
1090
1100
1110
1120
1130
1140
1150
1160
1170
1180
1190
1200
1210
1220
1230
1240
1250
1260
1270
1280
1290
1300
1310
1320
1330
1340
1350
1360
1370
1380
1390
1400
1410
1420
1430
1440
1450
1460
1470
1480
1490
1500
1510
1520
1530
1540
1550

C
487.78
493.33
498.89
504.44
510.00
515.56
521.11
526.67
532.22
537.78
543.33
548.89
554.44
560.00
565.56
571.11
576.67
582.22
587.78
593.33
598.89
604.44
610.00
615.56
621.11
626.67
632.22
637.78
643.33
648.89
654.44
660.00
665.56
671.11
676.67
682.22
687.78
693.33
698.89
704.44
710.00
715.56
721.11
726.67
732.22
737.78
743.33
748.89
754.44
760.00
765.56
771.11
776.67
782.22
787.78
793.33
798.89
804.44
810.00
815.56
821.11
826.67
832.22
837.78
843.33

www.hkramer.com

312/226-6600
7-11

TEMPERATURE CONVERSION
read known temperatures in bold face and corresponding temperatures in degrees fahrenheit will be found in the column to the left
temperatures in celsius (centigrade) to the right
F
2840.0
2858.0
2876.0
2894.0
2912.0
2930.0
2948.0
2966.0
2984.0
3002.0
3020.0
3038.0
3056.0
3074.0
3092.0
3110.0
3128.0
3146.0
3164.0
3182.0
3200.0
3218.0
3236.0
3254.0
3272.0
3290.0
3308.0
3326.0
3344.0
3362.0
3380.0
3398.0
3416.0
3434.0
3452.0
3470.0
3488.0
3506.0
3524.0
3542.0
3560.0
3578.0
3596.0
3614.0
3632.0
3650.0
3668.0
3686.0
3704.0
3722.0
3740.0
3758.0
3776.0
3794.0
3812.0
3830.0
3848.0
3866.0
3884.0
3902.0
3920.0
3938.0
3956.0
3974.0
3992.0

1560
1570
1580
1590
1600
1610
1620
1630
1640
1650
1660
1670
1680
1690
1700
1710
1720
1730
1740
1750
1760
1770
1780
1790
1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100
2110
2120
2130
2140
2150
2160
2170
2180
2190
2200

C
848.89
854.44
860.00
865.56
871.11
876.67
882.22
887.78
893.33
898.89
904.44
910.00
915.56
921.11
926.67
932.22
937.78
943.33
948.89
954.44
960.00
965.56
971.11
976.67
982.22
987.78
993.33
998.89
1004.4
1010.0
1015.6
1021.1
1026.7
1032.2
1037.8
1043.3
1048.9
1054.4
1060.0
1065.6
1071.1
1076.7
1082.2
1087.8
1093.3
1098.9
1104.4
1110.0
1115.6
1121.1
1126.7
1132.2
1137.8
1143.3
1148.9
1154.4
1160.0
1165.6
1171.1
1176.7
1182.2
1187.8
1193.3
1198.9
1204.4

F
4010.0
4028.0
4046.0
4064.0
4082.0
4100.0
4118.0
4136.0
4154.0
4172.0
4190.0
4208.0
4226.0
4244.0
4262.0
4280.0
4298.0
4316.0
4334.0
4352.0
4370.0
4388.0
4406.0
4424.0
4442.0
4460.0
4478.0
4496.0
4514.0
4532.0
4550.0
4568.0
4586.0
4604.0
4622.0
4640.0
4658.0
4676.0
4694.0
4712.0
4730.0
4748.0
4766.0
4784.0
4802.0
4820.0
4838.0
4856.0
4874.0
4892.0
4910.0
4928.0
4946.0
4964.0
4982.0
5000.0
5018.0
5036.0
5054.0
5072.0
5090.0
5108.0
5126.0
5144.0
5162.0

2210
2220
2230
2240
2250
2260
2270
2280
2290
2300
2310
2320
2330
2340
2350
2360
2370
2380
2390
2400
2410
2420
2430
2440
2450
2460
2470
2480
2490
2500
2510
2520
2530
2540
2550
2560
2570
2580
2590
2600
2610
2620
2630
2640
2650
2660
2670
2680
2690
2700
2710
2720
2730
2740
2750
2760
2770
2780
2790
2800
2810
2820
2830
2840
2850

C
1210.0
1215.6
1221.1
1226.7
1232.2
1237.8
1243.3
1248.9
1254.4
1260.0
1265.6
1271.1
1276.7
1282.2
1287.8
1293.3
1298.9
1304.4
1310.0
1315.6
1321.1
1326.7
1332.2
1337.8
1343.3
1348.9
1354.4
1360.0
1365.6
1371.1
1376.7
1382.2
1387.8
1393.3
1398.9
1404.4
1410.0
1415.6
1421.1
1426.7
1432.2
1437.8
1443.3
1448.9
1454.4
1460.0
1465.6
1471.1
1476.7
1482.2
1487.8
1493.3
1498.9
1504.4
1510.0
1515.6
1521.1
1526.7
1532.2
1537.8
1543.3
1548.9
1554.4
1560.0
1565.6

F
5180.0
5198.0
5216.0
5234.0
5252.0
5270.0
5288.0
5306.0
5324.0
5342.0
5360.0
5378.0
5396.0
5414.0
5432.0
5450.0
5468.0
5486.0
5504.0
5522.0
5540.0
5558.0
5576.0
5594.0
5612.0
5702.0
5792.0
5882.0
5972.0
6062.0
6152.0
6242.0
6332.0
6422.0
6512.0
6602.0
6692.0
6782.0
6872.0
6962.0
7052.0
7142.0
7232.0
7322.0
7412.0
7502.0
7592.0
7682.0
7772.0
7862.0
7952.0
8042.0
8132.0
8222.0
8312.0
8402.0
8492.0
8582.0
8672.0
8762.0
8852.0
8942.0
9032.0
9122.0
9212.0

2860
2870
2880
2890
2900
2910
2920
2930
2940
2950
2960
2970
2980
2990
3000
3010
3020
3030
3040
3050
3060
3070
3080
3090
3100
3150
3200
3250
3300
3350
3400
3450
3500
3550
3600
3650
3700
3750
3800
3850
3900
3950
4000
4050
4100
4150
4200
4250
4300
4350
4400
4450
4500
4550
4600
4650
4700
4750
4800
4850
4900
4950
5000
5050
5100

C
1571.1
1576.7
1582.2
1587.8
1593.3
1598.9
1604.4
1610.0
1615.6
1621.1
1626.7
1632.2
1637.8
1643.3
1648.9
1654.4
1660.0
1665.6
1671.1
1676.7
1682.2
1687.8
1693.3
1698.9
1704.4
1732.2
1760.0
1787.7
1815.5
1843.3
1871.1
1898.8
1926.6
1954.4
1982.2
2010.0
2037.7
2065.5
2093.3
2121.1
2148.8
2176.6
2204.4
2232.2
2260.0
2287.7
2315.5
2343.3
2371.1
2398.8
2426.6
2454.4
2482.2
2510.0
2537.7
2565.5
2593.3
2621.1
2648.8
2676.6
2704.4
2732.2
2760.0
2787.7
2815.5

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